71
Chapter 1 Chapter 1
Chapter 1Chapter 1
IntroductionIntroduction
Civic ResponsibilityCivic Responsibility
Persistent Problems with High School Persistent Problems with High School EducationEducation
Persistent Problem with College Persistent Problem with College EducationEducation
CCJ StudentsCCJ Students
CCJ Mission StatementsCCJ Mission Statements
Overview of the BookOverview of the Book
Myth of the Myth of the AmericanAmerican criminal justice system criminal justice system
Most college graduates take positions in the Most college graduates take positions in the FloridaFlorida criminal justice system. criminal justice system.
UF Bob Graham Center for Public ServiceUF Bob Graham Center for Public Service
Enhance adult participation in civic Enhance adult participation in civic activity.activity.
Enhance civic education in K–12.Enhance civic education in K–12.
The Civic Health Index for 2008 ranked The Civic Health Index for 2008 ranked Florida 46Florida 46thth in the nation. in the nation.
For 2008, Florida ranked:For 2008, Florida ranked:
3434thth in average voter turnout; in average voter turnout;
4949thth in the percentage of citizens who in the percentage of citizens who volunteer;volunteer;
4848thth in the percentage of citizens who in the percentage of citizens who attend a public meeting; and,attend a public meeting; and,
3737thth in the percentage of citizens who in the percentage of citizens who worked with others to address a worked with others to address a community issue.community issue.
How bad is it to be “among the worst in How bad is it to be “among the worst in the nation?”the nation?”
In 2011, the Hillsborough County In 2011, the Hillsborough County Supervisor of Elections:Supervisor of Elections:
Listed 1,422 registered voters on the Listed 1,422 registered voters on the USF campus.USF campus.
Only Only 77 voted in a recent local election!!! voted in a recent local election!!!
A civics exam administered nationally to A civics exam administered nationally to high school seniors:high school seniors:
28% graded as “proficient.”28% graded as “proficient.”
64% graded as “passing.”64% graded as “passing.”
A U.S. history exam administered A U.S. history exam administered nationally to high school seniors:nationally to high school seniors:
12% graded as “proficient.”12% graded as “proficient.”
45% graded as “passing.”45% graded as “passing.”
Observations from a national history test:Observations from a national history test:
Nearly a quarter of 17-year-olds did not Nearly a quarter of 17-year-olds did not know that George Washington know that George Washington commanded the American army in the commanded the American army in the Revolutionary War.Revolutionary War.
40% could not identify the proper half-40% could not identify the proper half-century in which the First World War took century in which the First World War took place.place.
25% thought Christopher Columbus had 25% thought Christopher Columbus had landed in the New World after 1750.landed in the New World after 1750.
More than a quarter did not know that it More than a quarter did not know that it is the Declaration of Independence is the Declaration of Independence which declares that all men “are which declares that all men “are endowed by their Creator with certain endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights.”unalienable rights.”
1 out of every 3 Florida high school 1 out of every 3 Florida high school freshmen will become a drop-out.freshmen will become a drop-out.
Florida ranks 44Florida ranks 44thth in terms of high school in terms of high school graduation rates.graduation rates.
36% of all college freshmen signed up for 36% of all college freshmen signed up for at least one remedial course in 2007–08.at least one remedial course in 2007–08.
57% of freshmen entering a four-year 57% of freshmen entering a four-year college in 2002 had graduated six years college in 2002 had graduated six years later.later.
Findings from Findings from Academically AdriftAcademically Adrift (2011): (2011):
45% of the students showed no change 45% of the students showed no change in their critical thinking, complex in their critical thinking, complex reasoning, and writing skills after being in reasoning, and writing skills after being in college for 2 years.college for 2 years.
The average college student spends The average college student spends about 12 hours a week studying, with about 12 hours a week studying, with 37% saying they put in less than 5 hours 37% saying they put in less than 5 hours a week.a week.
Students avoided classes that had Students avoided classes that had reading assignments of 40+ pages per reading assignments of 40+ pages per week or a written term paper.week or a written term paper.
After four years of college:After four years of college:
36% show no gains beyond freshmen 36% show no gains beyond freshmen CLA tests.CLA tests.
Most spend less than 9 hours a week Most spend less than 9 hours a week studying alone.studying alone.
After four years of college:After four years of college:
Over one-third spent less than 5 hours a Over one-third spent less than 5 hours a week getting ready for their classes.week getting ready for their classes.
The average senior wrote one term The average senior wrote one term paper per year during his or her college paper per year during his or her college stay.stay.
The vast majority intend to work in the The vast majority intend to work in the criminal justice system, most likely the law criminal justice system, most likely the law enforcement sector.enforcement sector.
Almost a quarter of incoming CCJ Almost a quarter of incoming CCJ students expect to study less than 10 students expect to study less than 10 hours a week.hours a week.
70% expect to study less than 20 hours a 70% expect to study less than 20 hours a week—less than the standard 40-hour week—less than the standard 40-hour work week in the “real world.”work week in the “real world.”
The average CCJ student skips at least The average CCJ student skips at least one class every other week.one class every other week.
The average CCJ student spends more The average CCJ student spends more time focusing on social, rather than time focusing on social, rather than academic, activities.academic, activities.
Among 265 Florida municipal police Among 265 Florida municipal police departments in 2010, a college degree is departments in 2010, a college degree is notnot an essential ingredient when hiring an essential ingredient when hiring new officers.new officers.
Only one agency (Coral Springs PD) Only one agency (Coral Springs PD) requires incoming sworn personnel to requires incoming sworn personnel to have a four-year college degree.have a four-year college degree.
Ten police departments in Florida Ten police departments in Florida advertise for a two-year college degree.advertise for a two-year college degree.
Among 67 Florida county sheriff offices in Among 67 Florida county sheriff offices in 2010, a college degree is 2010, a college degree is notnot an essential an essential ingredient when hiring new deputies.ingredient when hiring new deputies.
Only two agencies (Collier and Only two agencies (Collier and Jacksonville SO) require incoming Jacksonville SO) require incoming sworn personnel to have a four-year sworn personnel to have a four-year college degree.college degree.
Only two other SOs require a two-year Only two other SOs require a two-year college degree (Hillsborough and Leon).college degree (Hillsborough and Leon).
Of the 78 jails operated by state, county, Of the 78 jails operated by state, county, private, or sheriff offices in 2010, private, or sheriff offices in 2010, nonenone require new hires to have any college require new hires to have any college education.education.
In short, prospective criminal justice In short, prospective criminal justice employers are employers are NOTNOT convinced that a convinced that a college diploma signals a better prepared college diploma signals a better prepared employee.employee.
A A mission statementmission statement outlines the outlines the institution’s top priorities or goals.institution’s top priorities or goals.
For example, the FSU mission statement For example, the FSU mission statement states it “is a comprehensive, national, states it “is a comprehensive, national, graduate research university that puts graduate research university that puts research into action for the benefit of our research into action for the benefit of our students and society.”students and society.”
FAUFAU:: “To provide quality graduate and “To provide quality graduate and undergraduate education within a liberal undergraduate education within a liberal arts context and is designed to prepare arts context and is designed to prepare students for careers in criminal justice or students for careers in criminal justice or other fields that become attractive to other fields that become attractive to students.”students.”
FGCUFGCU: “To prepare students with the skill : “To prepare students with the skill sets that are in demand by employing, sets that are in demand by employing, criminal justice agencies.”criminal justice agencies.”
UWFUWF: “To inspire and challenge students, : “To inspire and challenge students, faculty, and staff through a variety of faculty, and staff through a variety of opportunities to achieve personal and opportunities to achieve personal and professional growth for a lifetime.”professional growth for a lifetime.”
USFUSF: “To provide students with an in-: “To provide students with an in-depth exposure to all facets of the criminal depth exposure to all facets of the criminal justice system . . . . to develop a sound justice system . . . . to develop a sound education basis either for graduate work education basis either for graduate work or for professional training.”or for professional training.”
In short, CCJ mission statements have In short, CCJ mission statements have two common themes:two common themes:
1.1. Students should become familiar with Students should become familiar with how the criminal justice system works; how the criminal justice system works; and,and,
2.2. Students are apprentices preparing for Students are apprentices preparing for future careers.future careers.
Given these pragmatic concerns, why Given these pragmatic concerns, why NOTNOT a course devoted to the a course devoted to the FloridaFlorida, as , as opposed than the generic opposed than the generic AmericanAmerican, , criminal justice system?criminal justice system?
Chapter 2: Florida CrimeChapter 2: Florida Crime
Chapter 3: Florida Law EnforcementChapter 3: Florida Law Enforcement
Chapter 4: Florida Criminal LawChapter 4: Florida Criminal Law
Chapter 5: Florida CourtsChapter 5: Florida Courts
Chapter 6: Florida CorrectionsChapter 6: Florida Corrections
Chapter 6: Florida CorrectionsChapter 6: Florida Corrections
Chapter 7: The Florida Death PenaltyChapter 7: The Florida Death Penalty
Chapter 8: Florida Juvenile JusticeChapter 8: Florida Juvenile Justice
Chapter 9: Florida VictimsChapter 9: Florida Victims
* * * End of Chapter 1 * * ** * * End of Chapter 1 * * *
Chapter 2Chapter 2
Chapter 2 OutlineChapter 2 Outline
IntroductionIntroduction
The Florida The Florida Uniform Crime ReportsUniform Crime Reports ProgramProgram
A Word of CautionA Word of Caution
The Crime ClockThe Crime Clock
Chapter 2 Outline Chapter 2 Outline (cont’d)(cont’d)
The Crime RateThe Crime Rate
Another Word of CautionAnother Word of Caution
Crime TrendsCrime Trends
A Further Word of CautionA Further Word of Caution
Chapter 2 Outline Chapter 2 Outline (cont’d)(cont’d)
Crime in Florida CitiesCrime in Florida Cities
Even More Words of CautionEven More Words of Caution
SummarySummary
IntroductionIntroductionTop 10 States, Serious Violent Crime RatesTop 10 States, Serious Violent Crime Rates
RankRank 20012001 20022002 20032003 20042004 20052005 20062006 20072007 20082008 20092009 20102010
11 FLFL SCSC SCSC SCSC SCSC SCSC SCSC SCSC NVNV NVNV
22 MDMD FLFL FLFL FLFL TNTN TNTN TNTN NVNV SCSC AKAK
33 NMNM MDMD MDMD MDMD FLFL NVNV NVNV TNTN TNTN DEDE
44 TNTN NMNM TNTN TNTN MDMD FLFL LALA DEDE DEDE TNTN
55 SCSC TNTN NMNM NMNM NMNM LALA FLFL FLFL AKAK SCSC
66 LALA LALA DEDE LALA DEDE ARAR DEDE LALA LALA NMNM
77 IDID NVNV LALA ARAR ARAR DEDE NMNM AKAK NMNM LALA
88 ILIL ILIL NVNV NVNV NVNV MDMD ALAL NENE FLFL MDMD
99 CACA DEDE ARAR DEDE LALA NMNM MDMD MDMD MDMD FLFL
1010 DEDE CACA CACA CACA MIMI MIMI MIMI OKOK ARAR AKAK
Introduction Introduction (cont’d)(cont’d)
Top 10 States, Serious Property Crime RatesTop 10 States, Serious Property Crime Rates
RankRank 20012001 20022002 20032003 20042004 20052005 20062006 20072007 20082008 20092009 20102010
11 AZAZ AZAZ AZAZ AZAZ WAWA AZAZ AZAZ AZAZ TXTX SCSC
22 HIHI HIHI HIHI WAWA AZAZ WAWA SCSC SCSC FLFL TXTX
33 WAWA WAWA OROR HIHI HIHI SCSC HIHI FLFL LALA WAWA
44 FLFL FLFL WAWA OROR OROR HAHA TXTX ALAL AKAK TNTN
55 OROR TXTX TXTX SCSC SCSC TNTN FLFL NCNC ALAL LALA
66 LALA OROR SCSC TXTX TXTX NCNC TNTN TNTN TNTN GAGA
77 TXTX SCSC FLFL LALA TNTN NVNV NCNC GAGA NMNM AKAK
88 NMNM LALA TNTN TNTN NVNV TXTX LALA TXTX NCNC FLFL
99 NCNC NMNM LALA GAGA GAGA LALA WAWA NMNM WAWA AZAZ
1010 TNTN TNTN OKOK OKOK NMNM FLFL ALAL AKAK GAGA ALAL
Florida UCR ProgramFlorida UCR Program
Florida Dept. of Law Enforcement Florida Dept. of Law Enforcement (FDLE)(FDLE)
Four program objectives:Four program objectives:
1.1. Gather summary crime data from all Gather summary crime data from all law enforcement agencies in the law enforcement agencies in the state.state.
Florida UCR Program Florida UCR Program (cont’d)(cont’d)
2.2. Maintain a statewide database Maintain a statewide database regarding crime.regarding crime.
3.3. Publish reports analyzing these data.Publish reports analyzing these data.
4.4. Collect other supplemental crime-Collect other supplemental crime-related materials.related materials.
UCR Crime DefinitionsUCR Crime Definitions
Offers standardized definitions Offers standardized definitions across the country.across the country.
Makes comparisons over time Makes comparisons over time possible.possible.
Murder Murder
The willful killing of one human The willful killing of one human being by another.being by another.
Does Does notnot include: include:
Deaths caused by negligenceDeaths caused by negligence
Murder Murder (cont’d)(cont’d)
SuicideSuicide
AccidentAccident
Justifiable homicidesJustifiable homicides
Forcible Rape Forcible Rape
The carnal knowledge of a female The carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will.forcibly and against her will.
Attempts or assaults to commit rape Attempts or assaults to commit rape by force or threat of force are also by force or threat of force are also included.included.
Statutory rape (without force) and Statutory rape (without force) and other sex offenses are excluded.other sex offenses are excluded.
Robbery Robbery
The taking or attempting to take The taking or attempting to take anything of value.anything of value.
From the care, custody, or control of From the care, custody, or control of a person or persons.a person or persons.
By force or threat of force or By force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim violence and/or by putting the victim in fear.in fear.
Aggravated Assault Aggravated Assault
An unlawful attack by a person upon An unlawful attack by a person upon another.another.
To inflict severe or aggravated To inflict severe or aggravated bodily injury.bodily injury.
Usually accompanied by the use of Usually accompanied by the use of a weapon or other means likely to a weapon or other means likely to produce death or great bodily harm.produce death or great bodily harm.
Burglary Burglary
Unlawful entry of a structure.Unlawful entry of a structure.
To commit a felony or a theft.To commit a felony or a theft.
LarcenyLarceny/Theft/Theft
Unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or Unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the riding away of property from the possession of another.possession of another.
Motor Vehicle Motor Vehicle TheftTheft
Theft or attempted theft of a motor Theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle.vehicle.
A motor vehicle is a self-propelled A motor vehicle is a self-propelled vehicle that runs on land surfaces.vehicle that runs on land surfaces.
Record ProcessRecord Process
Local agencies compile a monthly Local agencies compile a monthly UCR report.UCR report.
Local agencies forward these Local agencies forward these reports to FDLE every 6 months.reports to FDLE every 6 months.
FDLE forwards statewide report to FDLE forwards statewide report to FBI.FBI.
CautionCaution
Hierarchical reportingHierarchical reporting
A criminal event is classified A criminal event is classified according to the most serious crime according to the most serious crime that occurred.that occurred.
Can produce an undercounting of the Can produce an undercounting of the actual amount of crimes known to the actual amount of crimes known to the police.police.
The Crime ClockThe Crime Clock
Portrays how often crimes occur on Portrays how often crimes occur on a 24-hour basis.a 24-hour basis.
See Figure 2.3 [See Figure 2.3 [click here]
ShortcomingsShortcomings No adjustments for daily/seasonal No adjustments for daily/seasonal
fluctuations.fluctuations.
Crime RatesCrime Rates
Crime Rates Crime Rates (cont’d)(cont’d)
2010 Crime Rates2010 Crime Rates
OffenseOffense
United StatesUnited States FloridaFloridaNumberNumber
ofof
OffensesOffenses
RateRate
PerPer
100,000100,000
NumberNumber
ofof
OffensesOffenses
RateRate
PerPer
100,000100,000
Violent CrimeViolent Crime
MurderMurder
Forcible RapeForcible Rape
RobberyRobbery
Aggravated AssaultAggravated Assault
Property CrimeProperty Crime
BurglaryBurglary
Larceny-TheftLarceny-Theft
Motor Vehicle TheftMotor Vehicle Theft
Total ViolentTotal Violent
Total PropertyTotal Property
14,74814,748
84,76784,767
367,832367,832
778,901778,901
2,159,8782,159,878
6,185,8676,185,867
737,142737,142
1,246,2481,246,248
9,082,8879,082,887
4.84.8
27.527.5
119.1119.1
252.3252.3
699.6699.6
2003.52003.5
238.8238.8
403.6403.6
2941.92941.9
987987
5,4945,494
30,88130,881
71,29071,290
181,658181,658
479,282479,282
50,20450,204
108,652108,652
711,144711,144
5.35.3
29.329.3
164.5164.5
379.8379.8
967.7967.7
2553.22553.2
267.4267.4
578.8578.8
3788.43788.4
CautionCaution
Caution Caution (cont’d)(cont’d)
For burglary, the “population at risk” is For burglary, the “population at risk” is the number of structures, not people.the number of structures, not people.
For motor vehicle theft, the For motor vehicle theft, the “population at risk” is the number of “population at risk” is the number of vehicles, not people.vehicles, not people.
Crime TrendsCrime Trends
Trend analysis = crime over timeTrend analysis = crime over timeSolid line = Florida; broken line = Solid line = Florida; broken line =
U.S.U.S.
Crime Trends Crime Trends (cont’d)(cont’d)
Crime Trends Crime Trends (cont’d)(cont’d)
Crime Trends Crime Trends (cont’d)(cont’d)
Crime Trends Crime Trends (cont’d)(cont’d)
Crime Trends Crime Trends (cont’d)(cont’d)
Crime Trends Crime Trends (cont’d)(cont’d)
CautionCaution
Dark figure of crimeDark figure of crime
Two sources:Two sources:
1.1. Crimes that are not reported to the Crimes that are not reported to the police.police.
2.2. Crimes that are not recorded by the Crimes that are not recorded by the police.police.
Caution Caution (cont’d)(cont’d)
See Figure 2.6 [See Figure 2.6 [click here]
Florida City Crime Rates, 2010Florida City Crime Rates, 2010
CityCity
PopulationPopulation
TotalTotal
MurderMurder
ForcibleForcible
RapeRape
RobberyRobbery
AggravatedAggravated
AssaultAssault
BurglaryBurglary
LarcenyLarceny
MotorMotor
VehicleVehicle
TheftTheft
JacksonvilleJacksonville
MiamiMiami
TampaTampa
St. PetersburgSt. Petersburg
OrlandoOrlando
HialeahHialeah
Ft. LauderdaleFt. Lauderdale
TallahasseeTallahassee
Cape CoralCape Coral
Port St. LuciePort St. Lucie
Pembroke PinesPembroke Pines
HollywoodHollywood
GainesvilleGainesville
Coral SpringsCoral Springs
MiramarMiramar
Miami GardensMiami Gardens
ClearwaterClearwater
Palm BayPalm Bay
West Palm BeachWest Palm Beach
Pompano BeachPompano Beach
901,271901,271
422,870422,870
343,209343,209
246,378246,378
233,160233,160
226,329226,329
179,523179,523
178,923178,923
164,673164,673
156,392156,392
150,587150,587
142,397142,397
132,217132,217
127,359127,359
113,010113,010
109,798109,798
109,625109,625
103,422103,422
102,475102,475
98,71198,711
5,1065,106
6,1716,171
3,9693,969
6,7276,727
7,7807,780
3,8923,892
6,2786,278
5,8025,802
2,4672,467
2,3012,301
3,5213,521
5,5205,520
4,7724,772
2,4692,469
3,7093,709
5,8945,894
4,6644,664
2,8822,882
5,7005,700
6,0676,067
99
1616
88
55
88
55
44
77
22
22
33
55
33
11
88
2020
55
44
1919
77
3737
1111
1414
4343
4848
1818
4141
7373
1414
2929
88
2828
6565
66
3030
2323
3232
1818
4848
5151
197197
439439
199199
305305
288288
113113
349349
275275
3939
3131
6161
166166
151151
6161
150150
320320
223223
5858
258258
369369
406406
688688
411411
766766
760760
284284
362362
652652
113113
185185
112112
219219
467467
137137
289289
604604
447447
424424
446446
578578
1,1091,109
1,0891,089
912912
1,4471,447
1,7221,722
485485
1,5831,583
1,6321,632
658658
581581
732732
1,2871,287
917917
406406
1,1171,117
1,2031,203
709709
716716
1,2161,216
1,1151,115
3,1173,117
3,3503,350
2,1812,181
3,6593,659
4,4424,442
2,5152,515
3,5863,586
2,9682,968
1,5761,576
1,4221,422
2,4032,403
3,3693,369
2,9192,919
1,7211,721
1,8571,857
3,2013,201
3,0653,065
1,5681,568
3,3333,333
3,5753,575
231231
579579
244244
502502
512512
471471
354354
195195
6666
5151
203203
446446
251251
137137
257257
523523
183183
9595
382382
372372
CautionCaution
The FBI warning about ranking The FBI warning about ranking areasareas
See Figure 2.7 [See Figure 2.7 [click here]
Caution Caution (cont’d)(cont’d)
Other factors to consider in crime Other factors to consider in crime rates:rates:
Population composition.Population composition.
Influx of commuters.Influx of commuters.
Daily tourist population.Daily tourist population.
SummarySummary
Florida has a substantial crime problem.Florida has a substantial crime problem.
Now we can turn our focus to examining Now we can turn our focus to examining how the various segments of the how the various segments of the FloridaFlorida criminal justice system address the criminal justice system address the concern with crime in the “Sunshine concern with crime in the “Sunshine State.”State.”
* * * End of Chapter 2 * * ** * * End of Chapter 2 * * *
