The Four States of Matter

Four StatesSolid

LiquidGas

Plasma

STATES OF MATTER

Based upon particle arrangementBased upon energy of particles

Based upon distance between particles

STATES OF MATTER

Matter is made up of particles which are in continual random motion.

KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER

STATES OF MATTERSOLIDS

•Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position.

•Solids have a defiite shape and a definite volume. Heat

STATES OF MATTERLIQUID

Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are

far enough apart to slide over one another.

Liquids have an indefinite shape and a

definite volume.

Heat

STATES OF MATTERGAS

Particles of gases are very far apart and move freely.

Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite

volume. Heat

Evaporation =

Condensation =

Melting =

Freezing =

Sublimation =

Liquid -> Gas

Gas -> Liquid

Solid -> Liquid

Liquid -> Solid

Solid -> Gas

F. PHASE CHANGES – PHYSICAL

PHASE CHANGES

Description of Phase Change

Term for Phase Change

Heat Movement DuringPhase Change

Solid to liquid

MeltingHeat goes into the solid as it melts.

Liquid to solid

FreezingHeat leaves the liquid as it freezes.

PHASE CHANGES

Description of Phase Change

Term for Phase Change

Heat Movement During Phase Change

Liquid to gas

Vaporization, which includes boiling and evaporation

Heat goes into the liquid as it vaporizes.

Gas to liquid

CondensationHeat leaves the gas as it condenses.

Solid to gas SublimationHeat goes into the solid as it sublimates.

BUT WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU RAISE THE TEMPERATURE TO

SUPER-HIGH LEVELS…BETWEEN

1000°C AND 1,000,000,000°C ?

Will everything just be a gas?

STATES OF MATTERPLASMA

A plasma is an ionized gas.

A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is

affected by magnetic fields.

Plasmas, like gases have an indefinite

shape and an indefinite volume.

• Plasma is the common state of matter

STATES OF MATTER

SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA

Tightly packed, in a regular pattern

Vibrate, but do not move from place

to place

Close together with no regular arrangement.Vibrate, move

about, and slide past each other

Well separated with no regular arrangement.

Vibrate and move freely at high

speeds

Has no definite volume or shape and is composed

of electrical charged particles

SOME PLACES WHERE PLASMAS ARE FOUND…

1. Flames

2. Lightning

3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

Signs of a Chemical Change

change in color or odor

formation of a gas

formation of a precipitate (solid)

change in light or heat

G. CHEMICAL CHANGES

Examples:

rusting iron

dissolving in water

burning a log

melting ice

grinding spices

H. PHYSICAL VS. CHEMICAL CHANGES

chemical

physical

chemical

physical

physical

Match: (1) solid, (2) liquid, or (3) gas.

____ A. Has a definite volume, but shape of the container.

____ B. Its particles are moving rapidly.

____ C. Fills the volume of a container.

____ D. Particles are in a fixed structure.

____ E. Particles are close together, but

mobile.

LEARNING CHECK S1

21

Heat = g water x 80. cal g water

= g water x 334 J

g waterHow much heat in calories is

needed to melt 15.0 g of water?

15.0 g water x 80. cal = 1200 cal

1 g water

HEAT CALCULATION FOR FUSION

22

A. Why does the temperature of ice stay at 0°C while the ice melts?

B. How much heat in joules is needed to melt 1.00 g of ice of 0°C?

1) 1.00 J 2) 100 J 3) 334 J

C. How many joules of heat are released when 100.0 g of water at 0°C freezes (0°C)? 1) 3.34 J 2) 3340 J 3) 33,400

J

LEARNING CHECK CS2

23

A. Why does the temperature of ice stay at 0°C while the ice melts?

Energy goes into the change of state.

B. How much heat in joules is needed to melt 1.00 g of ice of 0°C?

3) 334 J

C. How many joules of heat are released when 100.0 g of water at 0°C freezes (0°C)?

3) 33,400 J

SOLUTION CS2

24

Amount of heat needed to change 1 gram of liquid to gas at its boiling point

Boiling (Condensing) Point of Water = 100°C

Heat of Vaporization (water) = 2260 J/g

HEAT OF VAPORIZATION

25

A. Ice cubes in a warm drink will

1) melt 2) freeze 3) not change

B. The liquid drink _________ energy.

1) loses 2) gains 3) does not change

C. The ice ___________energy.

1) loses 2) gains 3) does not change

D. The final temperature of the ice and liquid is

1) the same 2) different

LEARNING CHECK CS4

26

A. Ice cubes in a warm drink will 1) melt

B. The liquid drink 1) loses energy.

C. The ice 2) gains energy.

D. The final temperature of the ice and liquid is 1) the same

SOLUTION CS4

27

Although chemical changes occur, mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction

Mass of reactants equals mass of products

I. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS REVIEW FROM BALANCING CR CH. 11

massreactants = massproductsts

A + B C

In an experiment, 10.00 g of red mercury (II) oxide powder is placed in an open flask and heated until it is converted to

liquid mercury and oxygen gas. The liquid mercury has a mass of 9.26 g. What is the mass of the oxygen formed in the

reaction?

I. CONSERVATION OF MASS

Mercury (II) oxide mercury + oxygenMmercury(II) oxide = 10.00 gMmercury = 9.26Moxygen = ?

GIVEN:Mercury (II) oxide mercury + oxygen

Mmercury(II) oxide = 10.00 g

Mmercury = 9.86 g

Moxygen = ?

WORK:10.00 g = 9.86 g + moxygen

Moxygen = (10.00 g – 9.86 g)

Moxygen = 0.14 g

massreactants = massproducts

A. MATTER FLOWCHART

MATTER

Can it be physically separated?

Homogeneous Mixture

(solution)

Heterogeneous Mixture Compound Element

MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE

yes no

Can it be chemically decomposed?

noyesIs the composition uniform?

noyes