TheThe French French Approach Approach to to RapidRapid Transit Mode Transit Mode Selection Selection
andand Project PlanningProject Planning
Thierry Gouin / Certu
Transport Forum / World Bank / Washington / 28 March 2006
François Rambaud33 (4) 72 74 59 [email protected]
The Center The Center for for the Study the Study of of Urban Urban Planning, Planning, Transportation Transportation andand Public Public Facilities Facilities
www.certu.fr
1. Before 2000 : How political will at thenational level has influenced mode selection
2. After 2000 : How a lack of available fundshas helped to bring about a new approachto mode selection
3. Transit mode selection and planning at thelocal level in 2006
1. Before 2000 : How political will at thenational level has influenced mode selection
2. After 2000 : How a lack of available fundshas helped to bring about a new approachto mode selection
3. Transit mode selection and planning at thelocal level in 2006
19701970--1980 : French 1980 : French Metros Metros
• Until the 70’s, the Paris metro stood alone(opened in 1900)
• Transport Levy introduction in Paris, then in other regions
• Construction of metros in the largest cities(Lyon, Lille, Marseille, Toulouse)
Paris
Marseille
Lyon
Lille
Toulouse
Rennes
19701970--1980 : French 1980 : French Metros Metros
19701970--1980 : French 1980 : French Metros Metros
• 1982 : DecentralizationDomestic Transport Orientation Law (LOTI)
• Until the 70’s, the Paris metro stood alone(opened in 1900)
• Transport Levy introduction in Paris, then in other regions
• Construction of metros in the largest cities(Lyon, Lille, Marseille, Toulouse)
19901990--2000 : 2000 : TheThe ReRe--Birth Birth Of French TramwaysOf French Tramways
• 1996 : Air Law, Urban Transport Plans
• State subsidies
• Global approach / shared use of the street: rapid transit rises to the surface again!
Shared Shared use of use of the streetthe street
19901990--2000 : 2000 : TheThe ReRe--Birth Birth Of French TramwaysOf French Tramways
• Re-birth of the tramway after itsdisappearance in the 1950’s
• 1996 : Air Law, Urban Transport Plans
• State subsidies
• Global approach / shared use of the street: rapid transit rises to the surface again!
• Transport and urban enhancement tool
StrasbourgStrasbourg
S ou r
c e :
ww
w. c
asaf
ree .
c om
Station « L’homme de fer »
St DenisBobigny
Val de Seine
Caen Nancy
St Etienne
Lille
Marseille
Nantes
Grenoble
Strasbourg
Rouen
Montpellier
Orléans
Lyon
Bordeaux
Nice
French tramwaysFrench tramways
Clermont-Ferrand
Le Mans
Mulhouse
Toulon
Valenciennes
ReimsAngers
Brest
TheThe Situation In 2000Situation In 2000
• Metros : a few of them / no standard design
• Tramways : only in urban areas (e.g. historical zones; public space enhancement)
• Importance of innovation / image (teething problems : Lyon Maggaly, Nancy TVR, Bordeaux APS)
CitadisCitadis
Bordeaux Lyon
Orléans Montpellier
TheThe Situation In 2000Situation In 2000
S ou r
c e :
A MTU
IR
TheThe Situation In 2000Situation In 2000
• Bus systems are still not optimal, low level of investment
• Metros : a few of them / no standard design
• Tramways : only in urban areas (e.g. historic zones; public space enhancement)
• Importance of innovation / image (teething problems : Lyon Maggaly, Nancy TVR, Bordeaux APS)
1. Before 2000 : How political will at thenational level has influenced mode selection
2. After 2000 : How a lack of available fundshas helped to bring about a new approachto mode selection
3. Transit mode selection and planning at thelocal level in 2006
AfterAfter 20002000• Rapid Transit operating costs :
7 bn € Paris + 5 bn € other regions every year
• Passenger use is leveling out, public transport mode share is declining except in rapid transit towns where it remains stable
• Huge need for investment(60 rapid transit projects over the next 10 years)
• 2003 : decentralization, stage 2
• End of State subsidies
Certu publication« Bus à Haut Niveau de ServiceConcept et recommandations »(BRT – Concept and recommendations)
2005: BHNS*2005: BHNS*
• How best to meet demand ?
• Light Rail is not always the best option
• Make better use of bus technologies
* BRT
French BRTFrench BRT
RennesBrest
RouenMaubeuge
Annecy
Nice
La Rochelle
La Réunion
St Denis
Amiens
Douai
Lorient Nantes
Nîmes
Orléans
ParisParis
« Mobilien » : Certifying bus routes
POWERSpeed - Regularity - Frequency
Amplitude - Capacity
IDENTITYImage - Personality - Style - Name
INTERFACESUrbanity - Intermodality
Stations insertion
SERVICESReception - Information - Services
Comfort
S ou r
c e :
RA T
P
NantesNantes
« Busway » : Street enhancement
Sour
ce :
S EM
I TA N
RouenRouen
« Teor » : Optical guidance
Sour
ce :
A gg l
o R
o ue n
NNîîmesmes
A BRT network for a small town without Light Rail
Sour
ce :
A gg l
o N
îmes
1. Before 2000 : How political will at thenational level has influenced mode selection
2. After 2000 : How a lack of available fundshas helped to bring about a new approachto mode selection
3. Transit mode selection and planning at thelocal level in 2006
Local Transit Local Transit ProjectsProjects
• Transit policy : complete autonomy for local organizing authorities
• Transit projects : a culture of « pre-project evaluation » (State subsidies)
• Transit mode selectionrelevance of various transport modes: supply, urban « insertion », environment, accessibility and comfort, intermodality, cost
Local Transit Local Transit ProjectsProjects
Certu publication« Les modes de transports collectifs urbainsEléments de choix par une approche globale des systèmes »(Urban transit modesGuidance for a system global approach)
Metros
Tramways
Capacity(pass./hour)
12 00032 000
1 3006 400
Cost(M€/km)
7080
1528
Buses 0,310
7003 000
TakingTaking All Transport Modes All Transport Modes Into AccountInto Account……
• Urban Transport Plans : global approach, all modes
> Pre-diagnostic > Diagnostic > Setting objectives> Comparing alternatives > Action plan
• See : US Alternatives Analysis
• Consultation (stakeholders involvement)
TakingTaking All Transport Modes All Transport Modes Into AccountInto Account……
Certu publication« Guide pour l’élaboration des Plans de Déplacements Urbains »(Urban Transport Plan elaboration guide)
…… WorkingWorking OverOver A A LargerLarger Area : Area : «« TheThe BiggerBigger PicturePicture »»
• ScoT : a land use approach - large areas
• Limiting urban sprawl
• Going from a superficial « facelift » approachto an integrated town and transit planning approach
Certu publication« SCoT et déplacements »(Land use and mobility)
Urban Area Integrated Scheme (SCoT)
Inte
grat
ed T
own
and
Tran
sit P
lazn
ning
App
roac
h
Large Specified Area
Urban Transport Plan (PDU)
Urban Area
All
Mod
es
Rapid Rapid Transit Mode Transit Mode Selection Selection and and Project PlanningProject Planning
Transit Mode Selection
Publ
ic T
rans
port
Public Transport Network
Vehicle+ Infrastructure+ Operation
Transport System
DifficultiesDifficulties and challengesand challenges
• Improve public transport efficiency
• Improve connectivity between networks (intermodality : a technical and institutionalissue)
• Improve evaluation
• Improve dissemination
Thank you