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The French Revolution… and Napoleon
The Old Regime
First Estate Clergy and the Church Less than 1%
Second Estate Nobility Less than 2%
Third Estate Everyone else in France … 97%
“What is the Third Estate”
First Estate
Church owned 15% of land in France
Collected massive amounts of taxes
But they didn’t have to pay taxes
Second Estate
Held the highest positions in government and army
Rarely paid any taxes
Third Estate
Bourgeoisie Merchants, manufacturers,
doctors, lawyers
Working Class Artisans, city workers
Peasants
Forced to pay heavy amounts of taxes not paid by the First or Second Estate
Growing Discontent
Population Growth Needs increase
Economic conditions Peasants forced to pay
higher taxes Food prices increase Wages remain the same
Growing Discontent
Bourgeoisie prospered through 1700sWanted better positions
Merchants and manufacturers resented paying taxesClergy and nobility didn’t have to pay taxes
What do they have in common THEY ALL SHARE DISCONTENT FOR THE SYSTEM!!!
They start calling for liberty and equality
Financial Crisis
Louis XIV Debt from wars and
Versailles
Louis XVIDebt from American
RevolutionTried to raise taxes of
First and Second Estate… DENIED
Palace of Versailles
Palace of Versailles
Palace of Versailles
Palace of Versailles
Meeting of the Estates General (1789)… first since 1614
Louis XVI called for the meeting to have all three Estates agree on new taxes
Louis XVI wanted them to meet separately with each Estate receiving one voteThird Estate refused, broke off and created the
National AssemblyTennis Court Oath
Need new constitution
Marks the TRUE beginning of the Revolution
Spread of the Revolution
Louis XVI feels threatened and decides to bring troops into Paris The people fear they will
be used on National Assembly
Citizens take the Bastille Prison looking to free political prisoners and gain weapons (July 14, 1789)
Reforms by National Assembly
Elections for all local officials Seized land of the Church and sold it to the public Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790)
Places Church control under the French Government… First Time Ever!!!!!!First Estate is now part of the Revolution
Reforms by National Assembly
Constitution of 1791 Limited authority of the king Divided government into three branches
Executive, legislative, judicial
Tax-paying male voters elected members to new government body
This is the creation of the Legislative Assembly (New government #2)
King Louis XVI’s flight (June 20-21, 1791)
King Louis XVI leaves Paris on night of June 20-21, 1791 He gets caught The French people no longer
trust the kingThey go from wanting a
constitutional monarchy to a REPUBLIC
Another RADICAL change that France has never had
I’m out of here!!
Legislative Assembly (Government #2)
Very weak government Radicals, Moderates, Conservatives (Left, Middle, Right)
Where have you seen these terms before?
Could not agree on anything… sounds like Washington D.C. 200 years laterException is the idea of war with foreign powers in
order to protect the RevolutionWho is scared?
War with Austria April 1792 – Legislative Assembly declares war on
Austria Marie Antoinette (Louis’s wife) is Austrian King Louis XVI sees this as an opportunity…
Louis XVI supported the foreign powers… is this treasonous?
Other monarchies around Europe are scared of revolution spreading to their countries AND they want to restore Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette to their rightful throne
What idea does this represent that we talked about last week?
End of Monarchy
Legislative Assembly suspends office of the king in August 1792
The Paris Commune takes over Paris in order to protect it from foreign invadersThis is a revolutionary group that wanted to end the
monarchy in France Paris Commune decides a new constitution is
needed (#2) Elections for a National Convention (Government #3)
The National Convention
Elected by universal manhood suffrage (Voting for all men)
Girondins (moderate) Jacques-Pierre Brissot
Jacobins (Very, very, very, very, very radical)Georges-Jacques Danton, Maximilien
Robespierre, Jean Paul Marat Both groups want a Republic!
Jacobin Rule
Believed the Revolution should be led by the politicians of Paris
Ruled for National Convention for 3 years They were ultra-radical, some would say
fanatical, and were maybe even tyrannical #RapGame
Declare end to monarchy and write constitution
The National Convention Brought Louis XVI to trial
Executed January 21, 1793 (ended monarchy)
Decided a new constitution was needed (#3)
ReformsCreated the Committee of Public
Safety
This is how we rolllll-olll-
ollll!
Committee of Public Safety
Republic of Virtue or based on high morals New society no associated with the Monarchy but
society based on Virtue
Wage and price controls We can eat!!!
Adopted the metric system New revolutionary calendar
Started with day 1 year 1 of the Revolution
Reign of Terror
Lasted from September 1793 – July 1794 Law of Suspects (1793)
If you were suspected of treason against the state you could be executed without any evidence
Committee of Public Safety directed the Terror Nobility, anyone “suspected” of disloyalty Danton declares the Terror over in Spring 1794
Robespierre gets insanely scared, kills off DantonPeople see Robespierre is clearly out-of-his-mind!
Ends with the Death of Robespierre
Reign of Terror
300,000 arrested 17,000 executed 10,000 estimated to have died in prison before
trial The Committee of Public Safety was willing to
eliminate freedoms in order to protect the revolution
The Directory (government #4)1795-1799
A group of wealthy menWanted something between the super-ultra-
crazy radical Jacobins and the Old Regime… a healthy medium
This group creates another constitution (#4)Bi-carmel legislature = 2 different houses to
decide on laws
The Directory (government #4)1795-1799
Still have a lot of the same problems as the Old Regime Who remembers what these were?
Financial difficultiesPoor still sufferedcorruption Life
The Directory (government #4)1795-1799
Biggest issue is this group could not pick a policy and stick to it This is similar to the
Legislative AssemblyHaving multiple people who
are in charge is extremely new to France
THEY HAVE HAD A KING FOOOOORRRRRRREEEEEVVVVVERRRRRR!
Napoleon Bonaparte
“Whiff of Grape Shot” He defended the Directory
when the Tuileries was stormed
Conquest of ItalyEach victory provided
him more support
Napoleon Bonaparte
The Directory is very weak They agree to a campaign
in EgyptNapoleon is out of FrancePopular move
Foreign alliances against France worried the people
Napoleon the Dictator
Supporters plot to overthrow Directory, scared of Royalists1799 – Napoleon’s Coup d’etat