CHAP 4 AND 5 AND 6
The Fundamentals of Biology,The Marine Microbial World,
Multicellular Primary Producers
Life
8 characteristics of living things 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)
Life needs Energy: Photosynthesis
Organisms need to capture, store and use energy Most organisms use only 2 sets of reactions
Photosynthesis Respiration
Photosynthesis: Making the Fuel
Capture the sun’s energy and use it to make glucose
Pigment chlorophyll captures the solar energy
Photosynthesis
We rely on photosynthesis for food and oxygen
Autotrophs- organisms that photosynthesize = Producers Plants on land; bacteria
and algae in the ocean Algae, plants, and some
microorganisms
CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 (glucose) + O2
Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs
Various ways to obtain energy Autotrophs –
“Self feeders” Use light or chemicals to create own energy
Photosynthesis (light) or Chemosynthesis (chemicals) Use Light, Hydrogen Sulfide, Ammonium, Nitrate, Iron,
etc.
Heterotrophs – Cannot make their own food/energy must eat/ingest to get their food, energy
Life needs Energy: Respiration
Respiration: Burning the Fuel Both autotrophs and heterotrophs do it Releases the energy from org. compounds Reverse of photosynthesis Organic matter C6H12O6 (glucose) + O2 H2O +
CO2
Chemical energy captured in ATP molecule
Life needs Energy : Respiration
Various ways to break down and release this energy =Respiration
Aerobic Organic matter broken down using oxygen to release
energyAnaerobic
Organic matter broken down in the absence of oxygen
Types of cells: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes Primitive cells Ancient, simple, small No membrane-bound organelles Ex: Bacteria, Archaea Prokaryotes have few structures:
Cell wall – support Ribosomes – assemble proteins DNA – loose in the cytoplasm Flagella – locomotion
Types of cells: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic cells are organized and complex
Larger than prokaryotes
Membrane-bound organelles
Have specialized organelles
Eukaryotes
Have specialized organelles: Nucleus – contains
chromosomes (DNA) Endoplasmic reticulum –
make proteins and other org. molecules for the cell
Golgi apparatus – package, transport molecules
Mitochondria – respiration center to provide energy
May have flagella and cilia – for movement
Diversity of Life in the Sea
The vast diversity of organisms in the ocean came through millions of years of evolution = The gradual alteration of a species’ genetic makeup = Explains how species change over time
Evolution occurs because of genetic differences Individual organisms show variation in how they:
Find food, avoid being eaten, reproduce, find mates, metabolize, etc.
The best-adapted produce more offspring than the others This process is called natural selection
Diversity of Life in the Sea
Natural selection As their genes get passed on the favorable traits
become more common The population’s genetic makeup changes over
time as it adapts to its environment Populations either:
adapt to the changes in the environment or become extinct.
Classifying Living Things
To discuss the huge variety of life forms we must first classify them
What is a species? A type of organism? = a population with common characteristics
that can successfully breed with each other (fertile offspring)
Binomial Nomenclature
Organisms are identified with a two-word name - Genus and species = Binomial Nomenclature
Blue whale – Balaenoptera musculusFin whale – Balaenoptera physalusMinke whale – Balaenoptera acutorostrata
Latin or Greek is used for naming Common names are confusing, scientific names
are used worldwide to precisely identify a species
Phylogenetic: Reconstructing Evolution
Organisms are grouped according to their relatedness
Related organisms share an evolutionary history, or phylogeny
Share a common ancestor Look at fossil record Anatomy Reproduction Embryo development DNA Behavior, etc.
Phylogeny of Sea Stars
Tree of Life
Classifications have changed over time Started with two kingdoms – Animalia and
Plantae Then 5 kingdoms – added Fungi, Monera, &
Protista Now--3 domain system
Classification: The Three Domains
Domain Archaea– Includes newly discovered cell types – Contains 1 kingdom – the Archaebacteria
Domain Bacteria– Includes other members of old kingdom Monera – Has 1 kingdom – the Eubacteria
Domain Eukarya– Includes all kingdoms composed of organisms made up of eukaryotic cells
– Protista – Fungi – Animalia – Plantae
Prokaryotes:-No Nucleus-No membranebound organelles
Eukaryotes:-DNA in nucleus-MembraneBound organelles
Kingdoms are divided into groups called phyla Phyla are subdivided into classes
Classes are subdivided into orders
Orders are subdivided into families
Families are divided into genera Genus contain closely related species
Species are unique
Each grouping is called a Taxon, Taxa plural
Ex: Classification
Domain: EukaryaKingdom: AnimaliaPhyla: ChordataClass: MammaliaOrder: CarnivoraFamily: PhocidaeGenus: PagophilusSpecies: groenlandicus
Harp Seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus
Marine Microbes and Primary Producers
Prokaryotes Bacteria Archae
Unicellular Algae Diatoms Dinoflagellates
Protozoans Formaniferans Radiolarians Ciliates
Fungi
Multicellular Algae Red-Rhodophyta Green-Chlorophyta Brown-Phaeophyta
Flowering Plants True Plants
Seagrass Salt Tolerant
Mangroves Salt marsh grass
Bacteria
CyanobacteriaRed Tide
Archaea
Methanogens
Extremophiles
Extreme Halophiles
Thermoacidophiles
Hot springs sewage
Great salt lakes
Unicellular Algae
Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Zooxanthelle
Protozoa: Foraminiferans and CiliatesAnimal-like
Fungi
Biotec.or.th
Multicellular Algae
Padina japonica
Macrocystis pyrifera
Flowering Plants