The Future of Energy & Reduction in Greenhouse
Emissions
Applied Filter TechnologyApril 22nd, 2010
2April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
APPLIED FILTER TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Applied Filter Technology (AFT) facilitates the conversion of waste stream BioGas into
energy. The energy output can be broken into two markets: the production of electricity and
the production of Natural Gas.BioGas is a mixture of methane and other gases produced from the decomposition of
organic materials. It is produced naturally in landfills and from the processing of animal
waste, sewage, crop waste, and cellulose and non-cellulose crops.
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3April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
BIO GAS PERSPECTIVE
A 1998 study by the United States Department of Energy concluded that in the US it is feasible
to capture and use over a third of the biogas potential from landfills, animal waste and
sewage or about 1.25 quadrillion BTU. If all this were used in transportation, it would displace 10
billion gasoline-gallon-equivalent per year. In the vehicle example this would reduce
greenhouse gases by 500 million metric tons of CO2 per year or removing the emissions
equivalent of 90 million light-duty gasoline vehicles from the road
storage.
Applied Filter TechnologyOpportunity and Challenge of BioGas for Sustainability and Green House Emissions
Renewable Energy Cost TrendsLevelized cents/kWh in constant $20001
Wind
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
PVC
OE
cen
ts/k
Wh
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
40
30
20
10
0
100
80
60
40
20
0
BiomassGeothermal Solar thermal
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
CO
E c
ents
/kW
h
10
8
6
4
2
0
70605040302010
0
15
12
9
6
3
0Source: NREL Energy Analysis Office (www.nrel.gov/analysis/docs/cost_curves_2002.ppt)1These graphs are reflections of historical cost trends NOT precise annual historical data.Updated: October 2002
6April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
Total BIOGAS Quality Management
BIOGAS USE PRESENTS BOTH OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
The future will include the effective use of Biogas for plant operations, grid
power, and energy security. Engines and turbines will continue to play a larger
role in this market.
7April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
Experience
Applied Filter TechnologyExperience that matters:
• 167 operating systems on Biogas• First system on exhaust catalyst 1997
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SUPPLY AND DEMANDENERGY SECURITY
DISTRIBUTED ENERGY TRENDCONSUMER APPEAL (“GREEN”)RELEASE OF “GREENHOUSE”
GASESREGULATORY – EMISSIONS
(SOx, NOx, CO - California, New Jersey)
ENERGY CREDITS – CO2, Greenhouse
MARKET DRIVERS
THE AMERICASChanging attitudes and market
drivers are creating a bright future for technology companies in biogas processing and power
generation.
THE PACIFIC RIMChina is driving the demand for
traditional fuels forcing other Countries in the region to seek higher cost sources, and utilize
biogas for power generation
THE OPPORTUNITY
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April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
Market Overview
The historical use of biogas as a secondary heat source for digesters is rapidly being replaced as a valuable
resource for reducing operating costs.Drivers for change Include:
High cost of purchased energy Aging equipment
Staff reductions Plant upgrades
Equipment sensitivity Environmental concerns
Green energy and carbon credits Social conscience
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SAGPack Systems
System Capacities from
small microturbines to
natural gas quality
Custom Designs for Specific Applications
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April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
Total BIOGAS Quality Management
Engineering Considerations Effective baseline data
Design simulation and modeling Gas utilization equipment
matching Total Plant integration
Long Term O/M plan Supplier Qualifications
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April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
Total BIOGAS Quality Management
Each BIOGAS has its own “Signature”
Methane Gas Content Non-Methane Gas Fraction
Moisture Content Sulfur Species Content
Volatile Organic Contaminants
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April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
Total BIOGAS Quality Management
BIOGAS “A” BIOGAS “B”
MethaneMethane
CO2 CO2
Water WaterOther Other
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April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
Total BIOGAS Quality Management
C6 to C12
H2S
SiloxanesHVOCs
Oxy. VOCs
SiloxanesHVOCsC6 to C12
Oxy. VOCs
H2S
BIOGAS “A” BIOGAS “B”
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April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
Total BIOGAS Quality Management
What are siloxanes?Siloxanes are organosilicons added
to many personal care products and are present in almost all
biogas. Typical levels are:
Landfills – 0.5 to 50 ppm v/v Digesters – 0.5 to 140 ppm v/v
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April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
Total BIOGAS Quality Management
Type of Siloxanes Polydimethylsiloxanes - [Me2SiO]x - (MM, MDM, MD2M) are highly volatile.
Cyclomethicones [Me2SiO]x D3, D4, D5, D6 are not highly volatile
None are regulated as VOC or ODC.
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April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
Total BIOGAS Quality Management
Polydimethylsiloxane Chemical Formula
CH3 CH3
H3C Si O Si CH3
CH3 CH3
MM
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April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
Total BIOGAS Quality Management
Cyclomethicone Chemical Formulas
SiO
O
O
SiSi
CH3 CH3
CH3
CH3
H3C
H3C
D3
O
OO
OSi
Si
SiSi CH3
CH3
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3
H3C
H3C
D4
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April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
Total BIOGAS Quality Management
5,200------1Trimethylpropoxysilane610------1Trimethylfluorosilane170------1Tetramethylsilane352765373Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6)
3,42218,12910247Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5)2,45620,1443346Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4)2,1558,7002855Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3)
1834653212Octamethyltrisiloxane (MDM)8472,2604610Hexamethyldisiloxane (MM)76100512Pentamethyldisiloxane85------11,1,3,3-Tetramethyldisiloxane
227------1Methoxytrimethylsilane920------1Butoxytrimethylsiloxane
AverageHighLowNo. of HitsOrganic Silicon SpeciesppbvRange, ppbv
Concentration
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April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
Total BIOGAS Quality Management
Combustion of Siloxane D5 C10Si5H30O5 (D5) + 15O2 5SiO2 + 10CO +
15H2O Mass: 370.8 479.7 300.4 280
270.1
Or C10Si5H30O5 (D5) + 20O2 5SiO2 + 10CO2 + 15H2O
Mass: 370.8 639.6 300.4 440 270.1
A 140 CFM gas stream containing 0.5 ppm v/v D5, upon combustion will
generate almost 60 pounds per year of silicon dioxide, the main constituent of
sand.
Common ResultsBoilers and Engines
DEPOSITS FROM LOW LEVELS OF SILOXANES IN ENGINE
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April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
Total BIOGAS Quality Management
Deposits are formed containing mostly silica and silicates (SiO2 and SiO3), but can also
contain calcium, copper, sodium, sulfur, and zinc.
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April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
Total BIOGAS Quality Management
Constituent or Contaminant
Problems Requiring Attention in BIOGAS Treatment System Design and Operation
Nitrogen Corrosion NOx Emissions Remove for Pipelines
CO2 Corrosion Hampers VOC Removal Remove for Pipelines
Water Corrosion Inhibits Removal of Siloxanes, HVOCs
Silicate Formation Remove for Pipelines
H2S, Sulfides Corrosion Inhibits Removal of Siloxanes, HVOCs
SOx Emissions Remove for Pipelines
Siloxanes Silicate Formation
Increase O&M $
Decrease Power
Catalyst Poisons Remove for Pipelines
Oxy. VOCs Inhibit Siloxane Rem. Inhibit HVOC Rem. Contaminate
CondensateProduce Odors
Hal. VOCs Corrosion Contaminate Condensate
Contribute to Emissions
Methane Reformer Poison
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April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
Total BIOGAS Quality Management
• Removal of hydrogen sulfide• Gas chilling• Removal of water vapor• Removal of siloxanes• Gas Compression• Gas Drying• Removal of halogenated organic species (low molecular
weight contaminants containing bromine, chlorine, and fluorine);
• Separation of the methane from the carbon dioxide (methane content upgrade).
Steps in Complete SAGPackTM Treatment Process
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April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
Total BIOGAS Quality Management
CISTM Process in SAGPackTM Treatment System
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April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
Total BIOGAS Quality Management
Moisture Removal in SAGPackTM Treatment Process
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April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
Total BIOGAS Quality Management
SAGPackTM System with H2S and Siloxane Removal
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April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
Total BIOGAS Quality Management
Dublin San Ramon WWTP, CA
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April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
Total BIOGAS Quality Management
Riverside WWTP, CA
Oro Loma SAGPack™ System Digester Gas-300 scfm
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Many Applications and Systems
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March 30, 2010 Technical Presentation
Total BIOGAS Quality Management
City Brew, La Crosse WI
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April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
Total BIOGAS Quality Management
Glacier Ridge, WI
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April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
Total BIOGAS Quality Management
Madison, WI
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April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
Total BIOGAS Quality Management
Tulare, CA SAGPackTM System
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April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
Vehicle Fuels and Upgrade
To Pipeline
Gas Source
Regenerant Gas To Discharge
Gas/Gas Exchanger
CoalescerCompressor
V3
H2S Removal
Hot Gas Source
V1 V2
Drain
V4V5
Booster( 5 psig )
600 psig +Stage 1
PSA System
98% + Methane
130 psig
40 0F at Pressure Dew Point
77 0F
125 psig
Stage 2
Heat Exchanger
90-100 0F
80 0F
98% + Industrial Grade CO2
112 0F
200 0F Gas/Liquid Exchanger
Drain
Condenser
Drain
Chiller
Condenser
300 0F
Heat to Recovery
Compressor
DrainDrain
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April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
Regenerable Technology Options
AFT SWOPTM (Thermal Swing Operated Biogas Purification Process)
Refined Biogas
Crude Biogas
VOC RemovalVessel
Regeneration Vessel
Pneumatic Conveyance
Dirty MediaClean Media
Clean, Hot Regenerant Gas
300 to 600 oF
VOC-Rich Regenerant Gas
To Flare or Thermal Oxidizer
From Inert Gas Generator
Cooling Stage
Detail ofMixed Media
Biogas with water,
hydrocarbons, siloxane
and H2S
Cleaned Biogas
Media with contaminant
s
Regenerated media
Water and liquid
hydrocarbons (with siloxane)
H2S oxidation reactor
Sulfur capture
SiO2 capture
Hydrocarbon oxidation
reactor
Carbon filter
Vent
Microwave Reactor
Mediaadsorber
Nitrogen
Microwave Regeneration and Oxidation
Microwave Regeneration and Oxidation Reactor System
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April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
Capabilities
Project feasibility and gas testingSystem design and supply
Removal ofSulfur, moisture, VOC, siloxanes
Gas UpgradingSystem Operations
Long Term Service Support45
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April 22, 2010 Technical Presentation
Total BIOGAS Quality Management
SummaryThe AFT Difference• Packaged Systems matched to end use products
• Long Term System Support with trained service people• Sales and support thru the established network of
dealers• Parts and Service provided and supported by AFT• Plug and Play treatment processes on each site
specific gas• Proper sizing and design of treatment processes • Ongoing BIOGAS influent and effluent testing to assure
consistent engine performance