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THE FUTURE OF OPAQUE FACADES PHILIPP HOFMANN MANAGING PARTNER HOFMANN FACADES DECARBONIZE FACADES
THE FUTURE OF OPAQUEFACADES
PHILIPP HOFMANNMANAGING PARTNERHOFMANN FACADES
DECARBONIZE FACADES
GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS BY SECTOR 2017
39% - 2017 Actual
60% - 2050 ForecastRAPIDLYGROWING
DECARBONIZE FACADES
11%
CHANGE IN AVERAGE SURFACE TEMPERATURE
1986 - 2005 2081 - 2100
Energy Cost as % of Total Manufactured Cost
Natural Stone
Energy Cost
as
%
Total Manufactured
Cost
PrecastConcrete*
Metal /Alu Panel
CeramicTerra-cotta
3%
18%
10%8%7%
Based on 30 cents / KWh as common in Europe, U.S. 8-22 KWh. But percentage differences remain the same
* The cement industry contributes approximately 6% to all industrial carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the United States (equivalent to approximately 2% of total U.S.CO2 emissions).
6%
Brick
13%
Glass
17%
GFRC
DECARBONIZE FACADES
TOTAL CARBON ASSESSMENT FOR NATURAL STONE FACADES
EMBODIED CARBON OF STONE - LOW OPERATIONAL CARBON OF STONE FACADES - LOW
ZERO ENERGY TO MAKE STONE – NATURAL PRODUCT
LOW ENERGY TO EXTRACT CUSTOM SIZE STONE BLOCKS
LOW ENERGY TO CUT BLOCKS TO SLABS
LOW ENERGY TO MANUFACTURE STONE FACADE PANELS
CAN BE SOURCED LOCALLY – LOW ENERGY TO TRANSPORT
100% RECYCLABLE – ZERO WASTE
LOW ENERGY TO COOL/HEAT
LOW U-VALUE – SLOW HEAT GAIN/LOSS
LOW ENERGY TO CLEAN
LOW ENERGY TO MAINTAIN
NO ENERGY TO REPLACE EARLY AS HIGHLY DURABLE
DECARBONIZE FACADES
TOTAL LIFECYCLE CARBON OF A BUILDING EMBODIED + OPERATIONAL=
FACADE MATERIALS - TOTAL CARBON COMPARISON
Medium-rise commercial building in Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Journal of Architectural Engineering
Source: https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29AE.1943-5568.0000333
45 story Commercial High rise building in Frankfurt, Germany
Source: https://www.natursteinverband.de/fileadmin/redaktion/downloads/PDFs_allgemein/Order-DNV-Sustainability-Study-Natural_Stone_web.pdf
TOTAL CARBON = EMBODIED + OPERATIONAL
GRANITE vs. BRICK vs. ALUMINUM vs. GLASS FACADE LIMESTONE 50% OPAQUE vs. GLASS FAÇADE 10% OPAQUE
3x
GLA
SS
GLA
SS
GLA
SS
GLA
SSGLA
SS
DECARBONIZE FACADES
TOTAL CARBON INDEX FOR FACADE MATERIALS (Schematic)(EMBODIED & OPERATIONAL)
DECARBONIZATION SCORE
SCORE
+ 5
0 MEDIAN
- 5
EXTRACTION TRANSPORT TO FACTORY MANUFACTURE TRANSPORT TO SITE INSTALL USE & MAINTAIN TAKE DOWN TRANSPORT AWAY RECYCLE / DISPOSE
NATURAL STONE
WOOD
BRICK
TERRA-COTTA
CERAMIC
METAL PANEL
PRECAST / GRFC
COMPOSITES
GLASS
DECARBONIZE FACADES
SOURCE: https://eetd.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/publications/lbnl50502.pdf
CRITERIA FOR HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMMERCIAL BUILDING
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY – OFFICE OF BUILDING SYSTEMS
AESTHETICS
MAINTENANCE
SUSTAINABILITY
COST / PERFORMANCE / DURABILITY
CODE
AESTHETICS
PERFORMANCE
SUSTAINABILITY
PERFORMANCE
FACADE MATERIALSELECTION CRITERIA
1. SUSTAINABILITY
2. AESTHETICS
3. PERFORMANCE / CODE
4. COST
5. DURABILITY
6. MAINTENANCE
DECARBONIZE FACADES
CONTEMPORARY STONE FACADES AROUND THE WORLDSUSTAINABLE - HIGH PERFORMANCE – HIGH DURABILITY – LOW LIFECYCLE COST
DIMENSIONAL STONE FACADE
STRONG BACK STONE FACADE HANDSET BRACKET & RAIL SYSTEM STONE FACADE
UNITIZED MASONRY STONE FACADE
UNITIZED STONE CURTAIN WALL
DIMENSIONAL STONE FACADE
UHPC STONE VENEER FACADEHANDSET STONE
FACADE
DECARBONIZE FACADES
Hand set
STONE FAÇADE SUPPORT SYSTEMS
Unitized Curtain Wall
Strong back System
Stone FacedPrecast
Dimensional Stone
UHPCStone Veneer
DECARBONIZE FACADES
UHPC STONE VENEER
BENEFITS
• Weight reduction – 30% of precast• Less carbon – fewer cement• Loads on superstructure reduced• Anchor sizes can be downsized• Installation from floor slab• No tower crane• More space for insulation • More space for fire proofing• Floor space gain• Program acceleration• Superior performance• Thermal separation stone to UHPC• Enhanced durability• Total cost savingsSTONE HONEYCOMB UHPC STONE VENEER STONE FACED PRECAST
20 mm
Fire and durability issuesNo thermal separation
Many failures
50 - 80 mm
30% weight of precastThermal separation
Improved Carbon FootprintFloor set not crane set
200 - 250 mm
Very heavy and thickHigh embodied carbon - high volume cement
useRequires Tower Crane
Loss of floor spaceDECARBONIZE FACADES
It is the future.The future of facades.
Stone is not an anachronism.
DECARBONIZE FACADES
