The Future of Refrigerants: Where Do We Go FromWhere Do We Go From
Here?
Mike ThompsonGlobal Leader of Refrigerant Strategy
Ingersoll Rand 2010 ©
Global Leader of Refrigerant StrategyTrane, Thermo King, Hussman
Options For HVAC RefrigerantsFluorocarbons “Natural” Refrigerants
N O D l tO D l t
Cl 1
Non- Ozone Depleters(Kyoto Protocol)
Ozone Depleters(Montreal Protocol)
Cl 2 L GWPClass 1High ODP CFC’s
Class 2Low ODP HCFC’s
Higher GWP Lower GWP
R-11R-12R113
R-22R-123
R-134aR-410AR-407C
R-32R-152a
PropaneButaneCO2
R-500 Ammonia
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Timeline of Refrigerant UsageMontreal Protocol Signed No new R-22 for serviceKyoto Protocol Signedg
All CFC production Stopped (R-11,R-12) in developed countries
No new R 22 for serviceNo new equipment with R-123 in developed countries
No new R-123 for service in developed countries no
No HCFC production in developing countries
Kyoto Protocol Signed
No CFC’s forp in developed countries, no HCFC’s in new equipment in developing countries
No CFC s for developing countries
C ti d f l d R 22
1990 2000 2010 2050204020302020
N t ti f Continued use of recycled R-22, R-123 for developing countries
No new equipmentwith R-22
No automotive use of R-134a in Europe
Continued use of recycled R-123
Today
Continued use of recycled CFC’s
Continued use of recycled R-22
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Continued use of recycled CFC s
Note: Included in the use of “recycled” refrigerants is also the use of stockpiled supplies of the refrigerant produced before the phase out date. In addition, there is no restriction on the importation of recycled and recovered supplies of refrigerants.
Current Refrigerant PricingCurrent Refrigerant Pricing January 2011
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Kyoto ProtocolyGreenhouse Gas Coverage Six (6) Gases
Carbon Dioxide -- CO2
Methane -- CH44
Nitrous Oxide -- N2O Hydrofluorocarbons -- HFCs Perfluorocarbons -- PFCs Perfluorocarbons -- PFCs Sulfur hexafluoride -- SF6
Base Period Base Period 1990 for CO2 , CH4 , and N2O 1990 or 1995 for HFCs, PFCs, and SF6
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European HFC RestrictionsEuropean HFC Restrictions
Denmark General HFC ban in 2006 HFC ban on HVAC equipment in 2007, except if the factory refrigerant charge is <10kg
for cooling applications or <50 kg for heat pump applications
Austria HFC ban on HVAC equipment, appliances and cars in 2008, except if factory charge is
<20kg of refrigerant
Switzerland Domestic Refrigeration HFC Ban - 2003 Air Conditioners HFC Ban - 2005 Mobile Air Conditioning HFC Ban – 2008
F-Gases Directive on car air conditioning No new vehicles containing F-gases, with a GWP greater than 150, in 2011 Prohibit sale of vehicles containing F-gases with a GWP greater than 150 in 2017
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Prohibit sale of vehicles containing F gases, with a GWP greater than 150, in 2017
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Country GHG Cap & Trade LegislationCountry GHG Cap & Trade Legislation
J Japan GHG emissions reduction target of 60-80% by 2050 Will start trial cap & trade program fall of 2009 Govt pressure on GHGs, including HFCs, against industries desires
New Zealand Cap & Trade (Legislation in process) Six gases including HFCs All sectors
Australia Cap & Trade (Legislation in process) Five gases Separate HFC regulation (25% below 2000 levels by 2020) HFC regulations begin in 2011
European Union (27 countries) - 2008 CO2 only cap and trade, utilities & large industrials HFC d l t
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HFCs under regulatory pressure
Ways in Which HFC’s Could be yPhased Out/Down Climate Change Regulation (Kyoto
Protocol)
Montreal Protocol Modification
US C d T d R l ti US Cap and Trade Regulation
Direct Implementation from US EPAp
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Balance of Environmental Issues
Minimal Ozone Depletion (ODP)
Minimal Global Warming potential (GWP) Minimal Global Warming potential (GWP)
Best delivered efficiency (part and full load)
Short atmospheric life
Lowest possible leakage rateLowest possible leakage rate
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Environmental Impact of Refrigerants
1
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) Global Warming Potential (GWP)
0.50.60.70.80.9
R-1
1=1.
0)
8000
10000
12000
O2=
1.0
)
00.10.20.30.4
OD
P (R
0
2000
4000
6000
GW
P (C
O
CFC-11
CFC-12
HCFC-22
HCFC-123
HFC-134a
HFC-410A
HFC-407C
HFC-245fa
0CFC-
11CFC-
12HCFC-
22HCFC-
123HFC-134a
HFC-410A
HFC-407C
HFC-245fa
100
Atmospheric Life (years)Energy Efficiency (COP)
5 86
6.26.46.66.8
CO
P
40
60
80
100
Yea
rs
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5.45.65.8
CFC-11
CFC-12
HCFC-22
HCFC-123
HFC-134a
HFC-410A
HFC-407C
HFC-245fa
0
20
CFC-11
CFC-12
HCFC-22
HCFC-123
HFC-134a
HFC-410A
HFC-407C
HFC-245fa
ODP versus GWPCFC-11
12113114115
HCFC-22123124124
141b142b
HFC-32125
134a143a152a
227ea236fa236fa245fa
ODP (relative to R 11) GWP (relative to CO )0.00.00.20.40.60.81.0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
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ODP (relative to R-11) GWP (relative to CO2)J. M. Calm and G. C. Hourahan, “Refrigerant Data Summary,” Engineered Systems, 18(11):74-88, November 2001 (based on 1998 WMO and 2001 IPCC assessments) © JMC 2001
Chiller Operating PressureChiller Operating Pressure
310.0
270.0
E t (38°F)
Off Line (72°F)
Condenser (100°F)
essu
re (
psi
g)
230.0
190.0
150 0
Evaporator (38°F)
Op
era
tin
g P
re 150.0
110.0
70.0O
30.0
-10.0
R 11 R 123 R 12 R 134a R 22
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R-11 R-123 R-12 R-134a R-22 R-410A
What Is Important Over th Lif f Chill ?the Life of a Chiller?
Cost of Energy (94.5%)
Fi t C t f Chill (5 18%)First Cost of Chiller (5.18%)
Cost of Initial ChargegOf Refrigerant (0.25%)
R f i t Add d
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Refrigerant Added Over 30 years (0.04%)
The Future
Emissions
EnergyEfficiencyEfficiency
Focusing on Emissions and Efficiency
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Focusing on Emissions and Efficiency is fundamental to doing what’s right
Options For HVAC RefrigerantsFluorocarbons “Natural” Refrigerants
N O D l tO D l t
Cl 1
Non- Ozone Depleters(Kyoto Protocol)
Ozone Depleters(Montreal Protocol)
Cl 2 L GWPClass 1High ODP CFC’s
Class 2Low ODP HCFC’s
Higher GWP Lower GWP
R-11R-12R113
R-22R-123
R-134aR-410AR-407C
R-32R-152a
PropaneButaneCO2
ODP
ODP
ODP
ODP
ODP
GWP
GWP
GWP
GWPGWP
GWP
GWP
R-500 Ammonia
-Toxicity Concerns-ODP ConcernsODP
ODPGWP
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y-Efficiency Concerns-Cost Concerns
ODP Concerns-GWP Concerns- Flammable
GWP
SummarySummary
All fluorocarbon refrigerants in use today are under legislative jeopardy
Th b l d h t f i t l ti i th b t The balanced approach to refrigerant selection is the best way to protect the environment Ozone Depletion Global Warming Global Warming Energy Efficiency Short atmospheric life Low pressure (low tendency for leakage) Low pressure (low tendency for leakage)
Chiller selection should focus on: High Energy Efficiency
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Minimal leakage rates Superior technical design
Q ti ?Questions?
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