The Future of Space Technology and Exploration

8/17/2019 The Future of Space Technology and Exploration

1/15

ASSIGNMENT (HU102)

2nd Semester (B4)

2015-16

Commun!"ton S#$$s

To%! & T'e uture o S%"!e Te!'no$o*+ "ndE,%$or"ton

Su.mtted .+

/IESH

TU32153B4356


2/15

CNTENT

1 A!#no7$ed*ment12 Introdu!ton28 S%"!e Te!'no$o*es4

81 S"te$$te Te!'no$o*+82 S%"!e E,%$or"ton Te!'no$o*+

88 S%"!e $*'t Te!'no$o*+4 uture S%"!e Te!'no$o*+5 eeren!es "nd B.$o*r"%'+


3/15

ACN9:EGMENT

I 7ou$d $#e to e,%ress m+ dee%est "%%re!"ton to "$$ t'ose 7'o %ro;ded me t'e %oss.$t+ to !om%$ete t's "ss*nment In "ddton< "t'"n# +ou to /roessor =/"rnt" Sn'"< 7'o ntrodu!ed us to t'eMet'odo$o*+ o 7or#< "nd 7'ose %"sson or t'e >under$+n*stru!tures? '"d $"stn* ee!t

n"$$+< "n 'onour".$e menton *oes to our "m$es "nd rends ort'er underst"ndn*s "nd su%%orts on us n !om%$etn* t's %ro@e!t9t'out 'e$%s o t'e %"rt!u$"r t'"t mentoned ".o;e< 7e 7ou$d "!em"n+ d!u$tes 7'$e don* t's


4/15

Introdu!ton

In t's ;"st un;erse< 7'!' s u$$ o un%re!edented %oss.$tes "nd uns%o#en m+steres9e< 'um"n .en* $;e on " sm"$$ $e su%%ortn* %$"net !"$$ed E"rt'< 7'!' s not'n* on "

s!"$e !om%"red to t'e #no7n se o t'e o.ser;".$e un;erse< +et see#n* out t'e %e"r$ o

#no7$ed*e rom t'e ;"st %oss.$tes t'"t "re dorm"nt n our un;erse

=A sm"$$ ste% or " m"n< .ut " .* $e"% or m"n#nd= "s uoted .+ Ne$ Armstron*< t'e rst

m"n to $"nd on moon re%resentn* t'e 7'o$e 'um"nt+ .e+ond t'e !onnement o mot'er

e"rt's 7om.

Sn!e t'en 'um"n r"!e '"s !ome " $on* 7"+ n terms o s%"!e te!'no$o*+ "nd e,%$or"ton

No7"d"+s< 7e "re se"r!'n* or ne7 'ome "round our so$"r s+stem or settn* u% ne7

!o$ones< settn* u% s"te$$tes< de;e$o%n* G/S< %red!tn* 7e"t'er et!

9t' "d;"n!ement n te!'no$o*+ 'um"n s%e!es s *ro7n* "ster n terms o e,%$orn*

terrestr"$ "nd e,tr"-terrestr"$ en;ronment< rese"r!' s *on* on to de;e$o% met'ods or

e,tr"!tn* ;"$u".$e mner"$s rom "sterods "nd meteorods t'rou*' meteor mnn*< 7t'

r"%d *ro7t' o %o%u$"ton t'e resour!es ";"$".$e on e"rt' s *ettn* e,'"usted "t " r"%d

r"te< 7or# s *on* on to7"rds de;e$o%n* te!'no$o*+ or e!ent stor"*e o so$"r ener*+

t'rou*' SBS/ or s"te$$te ."sed so$"r %o7er rom %"st s%"!e "d;ents< 7e #no7 t'"t n our

so$"r s+stem t'ere "re some %$"nets 7'ere t'ere s $"r*e ".und"n!e o !rude o$ "nd

n$"mm".$e !'em!"$s $#e met'"ne s t'ere 7'!' e,tr"!ted e!onom!"$$+ !"n !"ter uture

reurements o ener*+ on our %$"net S%"!e e,%$or"ton s "$so ;er+ m%ort"nt n %ers%e!t;e

o dorm"nt s%"!e t're"ts $#e !o$$sons rom s%"!e de.rs< ntereren!e o so$"r 7nd rom

e"rt's "tmos%'ere< *"mm" r"+ .ursts et! Settn* u% o ded!"ted s"te$$te net7or# "round

e"rt's or.t or n";*"ton< .ro"d!"stn*< sur;e$$"n!e< 7e"t'er %red!ton< te$es!o%n* nto

dee% s%"!e et! ne o t'e %romnent "!!om%$s'ment n !osm! "d;ents s o $oo#n* nto

t'e %"st usn* s"te$$te te$es!o%es o%er"tn* "t ;s.$e $*'t "nd r"do 7";e reuen!es< *;n*

us more ns*'t n underst"ndn* %'+s!s t'"t *o;erns moton n un;erse "s 7e$$ "s o ts

!re"ton tse$ or e,"m%$e< Hu..$es ee% S%"!e te$es!o%e uses r"do 7";es to m"% ts

ne"r.+ surroundn* t'us e,tendn* ts 'orons to $oo# dee%er nto t'e s%"!e .ot' n terms o

dst"n!e "nd tme uture s%"!e te!'no$o*+ s "$so ded!"ted n se"r!'n* "$en $e orms on

dst"nt %$"nets "nd t'er s"te$$tes< testn* t'e e,tr"terrestr"$ en;ronment or $e su%%ortn*

e$ements $#e o,+*en< 7"ter (n $ud st"te) "deu"te tem%er"ture et! or e,"m%$e s!entsts

"nd "stronomers '";e %red!ted %resen!e o $ud 7"ter .ene"t' t'e roen !+ sur"!e o

Euro%" (n"tur"$ s"te$$te o Du%ter) "nd !$"ms t'"t t'ere !ou$d .e m"rne $e orms e,stn*

under t'e sur"!e S%"!e e,%$or"ton "nd te!'no$o*+ s n ts r"%d *ro7t' st"*e t'"t 7e !"n

e,%e!t n !omn* e7 de!"des non-"stron"ut !ten $+n* ".o"rd t'e s%"!e s'utt$e or

!osm! tour< !o$on"ton on ot'er %$"nets< s%"!e nternet "nd m"n+ more %oss.$tes .en*

s'"%ed nto re"$t+


5/15

Space technology

Te!'no$o*+ de;e$o%ed .+ s%"!e s!en!e or t'e "eros%"!e ndustr+ or use

n s%"!e$*'t< s"te$$tes< or s%"!e e,%$or"ton S%"!e te!'no$o*+ n!$udes s%"!e!r"t<

s"te$$tes< s%"!e st"tons< "nd su%%ort nr"stru!ture< eu%ment< "nd %ro!edures S%"!e s su!'

" no;e$ en;ronment t'"t "ttem%tn* to 7or# n t reures ne7 too$s "nd te!'nues M"n+!ommon e;er+d"+ ser;!es su!' "s 7e"t'er ore!"stn*< remote

sensn*< G/S s+stems< s"te$$te te$e;son< "nd some $on* dst"n!e !ommun!"tons s+stems

!rt!"$$+ re$+ on s%"!e nr"stru!ture t'e s!en!es< "stronom+ "nd E"rt'

s!en!e (;" remote sensn*) .enet rom s%"!e te!'no$o*+ Ne7 te!'no$o*es or*n"tn*

7t' or "!!e$er"ted .+ s%"!e-re$"ted ende";ours "re oten su.seuent$+ e,%$oted n ot'er

e!onom! "!t;tes

SatelliteIn t'e !onte,t o s%"!e$*'t< " s"te$$te s "n "rt!"$ o.@e!t 7'!' '"s .een ntenton"$$+

%$"!ed nto or.t Su!' o.@e!ts "re sometmes !"$$ed "rt!"$ s"te$$tes to dstn*us' t'emrom n"tur"$ s"te$$tes su!' "s E"rt's Moon

T'e 7or$ds rst "rt!"$ s"te$$te< t'e S%utn# 1< 7"s $"un!'ed .+ t'e So;et Unon n 15Sn!e t'en< t'ous"nds o s"te$$tes '";e .een $"un!'ed nto or.t "round t'e E"rt' Somes"te$$tes< not".$+ s%"!e st"tons< '";e .een $"un!'ed n %"rts "nd "ssem.$ed n or.tArt!"$ s"te$$tes or*n"te rom more t'"n 40 !ountres "nd '";e used t'e s"te$$te$"un!'n* !"%".$tes o ten n"tons A.out " t'ous"nd s"te$$tes "re !urrent$+ o%er"ton"$<

7'ere"s t'ous"nds o unused s"te$$tes "nd s"te$$te r"*ments or.t t'e E"rt' "s s%"!e de.rsA e7 s%"!e %ro.es '";e .een %$"!ed nto or.t "round ot'er .odes "nd .e!ome "rt!"$s"te$$tes to t'e Moon


6/15

• T+%es o s"te$$tes

• Commun!"tons s"te$$te

• re!t-.ro"d!"st s"te$$te

• E"rt' o.ser;"ton s"te$$te

• Geos+n!'ronous s"te$$te

• M$t"r+ s"te$$te

• e!onn"ss"n!e s"te$$te

• N";*"ton s"te$$te

• Te$e!ommun!"tons s"te$$te

• Tr"!#n* "nd d"t" re$"+ s"te$$te

• 9e"t'er s"te$$te

• S%e!! s"te$$tes

• :st o E"rt' o.ser;"ton s"te$$tes

• :st o s"te$$tes n *eos+n!'ronous or.t

• :st o s"te$$tes 7'!' '";e %ro;ded d"t" on E"rt's m"*netos%'ere

• S"te$$te or.t

• Art!"$ s"te$$tes n retro*r"de or.t

• S"te$$te-."sed ser;!es

• S"te$$te n";*"ton

• S"te$$te r"do

• S"te$$te te$e;son


7/15

Art!"$ s"te$$tes "re r"re$+ %$"!ed n retro*r"de or.t12 T's s %"rt$+ due to t'e e,tr";e$o!t+ ("nd ue$8) reured to *o "*"nst t'e dre!ton o t'e rot"ton o t'e E"rt'

Most !ommer!"$ E"rt' o.ser;n* s"te$$tes use retro*r"de sun-s+n!'ronous or.ts to ensureo.ser;"tons "re %erormed "t t'e s"me $o!"$ tme e"!' %"ss o "n+ *;en $o!"ton< 4 7'$e"$most "$$ !ommun!"ton s"te$$tes use %ro-*r"de or.ts5

Isr"e$ '"s su!!essu$$+ $"un!'ed se;en e s"te$$tes n retro*r"de or.t ".o"rd" S'";t $"un!'er T'ese re!onn"ss"n!e s"te$$tes !om%$ete one E"rt' or.t e;er+ 0 mnutes"nd nt"$$+ m"#e " '"$-doen or so d"+$*'t %"sses %er d"+ o;er Isr"e$ "nd t'e surroundn*!ountres t'ou*' t's o%tm"$ sun s+n!'roned or.t de*r"des "ter se;er"$ mont's T'e+7ere $"un!'ed n retro*r"de or.t so t'"t $"un!' de.rs 7ou$d $"nd n t'e Medterr"ne"n Se"<"nd not o;er %o%u$"ted ne*'.orn* !ountres on "n e"st7"rd $*'t %"t'6

T'e USA $"un!'ed t7o uture Im"*er+ Ar!'te!ture (IA) r"d"r s"te$$tes nto 122 de*reen!$ned retro*r"de or.ts n 2010 "nd 2012 T'e use o " retro*r"de or.t su**est t'eses"te$$tes em%$o+ SA te!'nues8

E"rt'-o.ser;n* s"te$$tes m"+ "$so .e $"un!'ed nto " sun-s+n!'ronous or.t< 7'!' ss$*'t$+ retro*r"deJ T's s t+%!"$$+ done n order to #ee% " !onst"nt sur"!e $$umn"ton"n*$e< 7'!' s useu$ or o.ser;"tons n t'e ;s.$e or nr"reds%e!trums SEASAT "ndES-1 "re e,"m%$es o s"te$$tes $"un!'ed nto sun-s+n!'ronousor.ts or t's re"son

Space exploration technology

Aero.ot

An aerobot s "n "er"$ ro.ot< usu"$$+ used n t'e !onte,t o "n unm"nned s%"!e

%ro.e or unm"nned "er"$ ;e'!$e


8/15

9'$e 7or# '"s .een done sn!e t'e 160s on ro.ot =ro;ers= to e,%$ore t'e Moon "nd ot'er

7or$ds n t'e So$"r s+stem< su!' m"!'nes '";e $mt"tons T'e+ tend to .e e,%ens;e "nd

'";e $mted r"n*e< "nd due to t'e !ommun!"tons tme $"*s o;er nter%$"net"r+ dst"n!es<

t'e+ '";e to .e sm"rt enou*' to n";*"te 7t'out ds".$n* t'emse$;es

or %$"nets 7t' "tmos%'eres o "n+ su.st"n!e< 'o7e;er< t'ere s "n "$tern"t;e& "n

"utonomous $+n* ro.ot< or ="ero.ot=12 Most "ero.ot !on!e%ts "re ."sed on "erost"ts<

%rm"r$+ ."$$oons< .ut o!!"son"$$+ "rs'%s $+n* ".o;e o.stru!tons n t'e 7nds< "

."$$oon !ou$d e,%$ore $"r*e re*ons o " %$"net n *re"t det"$ or re$"t;e$+ $o7 !ost

Ar%$"nes or %$"net"r+ e,%$or"ton '";e "$so .een %ro%osed

Space fight technology

Ablative

A.$"t;e 'e"t s'e$d ("ter use) on A%o$$o 12 !"%su$e

T'e ".$"t;e 'e"t s'e$d un!tons .+ $tn* t'e 'ot s'o!# $"+er *"s "7"+ rom t'e 'e"ts'e$ds outer 7"$$ (!re"tn* " !oo$er .ound"r+ $"+er ) T'e .ound"r+ $"+er !omesrom blowing o *"seous re"!ton %rodu!ts rom t'e 'e"t s'e$d m"ter"$ "nd %ro;des

%rote!ton "*"nst "$$ orms o 'e"t $u, T'e o;er"$$ %ro!ess o redu!n* t'e 'e"t $u,e,%eren!ed .+ t'e 'e"t s'e$ds outer 7"$$ .+ 7"+ o " .ound"r+ $"+er s !"$$ed blockageA.$"ton o!!urs "t t7o $e;e$s n "n ".$"t;e T/S& t'e outer sur"!e o t'e T/S m"ter"$ !'"rs<me$ts< "nd su.$mes< 7'$e t'e .u$# o t'e T/S m"ter"$ under*oes %+ro$+ss "nd e,%e$s

%rodu!t *"ses T'e *"s %rodu!ed .+ %+ro$+ss s 7'"t dr;es .$o7n* "nd !"uses .$o!#"*e o!on;e!t;e "nd !"t"$+t! 'e"t $u, /+ro$+ss !"n .e me"sured n re"$ tme

usn* t'ermo*r";metr! "n"$+ss< so t'"t t'e ".$"t;e %erorm"n!e !"n .e e;"$u"ted1 A.$"ton !"n "$so %ro;de .$o!#"*e "*"nst r"d"t;e 'e"t $u, .+ ntrodu!n* !"r.on ntot'e s'o!# $"+er t'us m"#n* t o%t!"$$+ o%"ue "d"t;e 'e"t $u, .$o!#"*e 7"s t'e %rm"r+t'erm"$ %rote!ton me!'"nsm o t'e G"$$eo /ro.e T/S m"ter"$ (!"r.on %'eno$!) C"r.on

%'eno$! 7"s or*n"$$+ de;e$o%ed "s " ro!#et no$e t'ro"t m"ter"$ (used n t'e S%"!eS'utt$e So$d o!#et Booster ) "nd or re-entr+ ;e'!$e nose t%s

E"r$+ rese"r!' on ".$"ton te!'no$o*+ n t'e USA 7"s !entered "t NASAs Ames ese"r!'Center $o!"ted "t Moett e$d< C"$orn" Ames ese"r!' Center 7"s de"$< sn!e t '"dnumerous 7nd tunne$s !"%".$e o *ener"tn* ;"r+n* 7nd ;e$o!tes Int"$ e,%ermentst+%!"$$+ mounted " mo!#-u% o t'e ".$"t;e m"ter"$ to .e "n"$+ed 7t'n

" '+%erson! 7nd tunne$1J

Testn* o ".$"t;e m"ter"$s o!!urs "t t'e Ames Ar! Det


9/15

Com%$e, M"n+ s%"!e!r"t t'erm"$ %rote!ton s+stems '";e .een tested n t's "!$t+<n!$udn* t'e A%o$$o< s%"!e s'utt$e< "nd ron 'e"t s'e$d m"ter"$s

M"rs /"t'nder durn* n"$ "ssem.$+ s'o7n* t'e "eros'e$$< !ruse rn* "nd so$d ro!#et

motor

T'e t'erm"$ !ondu!t;t+ o " %"rt!u$"r T/S m"ter"$ s usu"$$+ %ro%orton"$ to t'e m"ter"$sdenst+ C"r.on %'eno$! s " ;er+ ee!t;e ".$"t;e m"ter"$< .ut "$so '"s '*' denst+ 7'!'s undesr".$e I t'e 'e"t $u, e,%eren!ed .+ "n entr+ ;e'!$e s nsu!ent to !"use

%+ro$+ss t'en t'e T/S m"ter"$s !ondu!t;t+ !ou$d "$$o7 'e"t $u, !ondu!ton nto t'e T/S .ond$ne m"ter"$ t'us $e"dn* to T/S "$ure Conseuent$+< or entr+ tr"@e!tores !"usn*$o7er 'e"t $u,< !"r.on %'eno$! s sometmes n"%%ro%r"te "nd $o7er denst+ T/S m"ter"$ssu!' "s t'e o$$o7n* e,"m%$es !"n .e .etter des*n !'o!es&

Aero.r"#n*Aerobraking s " s%"!e$*'t m"neu;er t'"t redu!es t'e '*' %ont o "n e$$%t!"$

or.t ("%o"%ss) .+ $+n* t'e ;e'!$e t'rou*' t'e "tmos%'ere "t t'e $o7 %ont o

t'e or.t ( %er"%ss) T'e resu$tn* dr"* s$o7s t'es%"!e!r"t Aero.r"#n* s used 7'en "

s%"!e!r"t reures " $o7 or.t "ter "rr;n* "t " .od+ 7t' "n "tmos%'ere< "nd t reures $ess

ue$ t'"n does t'e dre!t use o " ro!#et en*ne

Booster (ro!#etr+)A booster ro!#et (or en*ne) s et'er t'e rst st"*e o " mu$tst"*e $"un!' ;e'!$e< or e$se "s'orter-.urnn* ro!#et used n %"r"$$e$ 7t' $on*er-.urnn* sust"ner ro!#ets to "u*mentt'e s%"!e ;e'!$es t"#eo t'rust "nd %"+$o"d !"%".$t+ (Boosters used n t's 7"+ "rereuent$+ des*n"ted =ero st"*es=) Boosters "re tr"dton"$$+ ne!ess"r+ to$"un!' s%"!e!r"t nto $o7 E"rt' or.t (".sent " sn*$e-st"*e-to-or.t des*n)< "nd "re!ert"n$+ ne!ess"r+ or " s%"!e ;e'!$e to *o .e+ond E"rt' or.t T'e .ooster s dro%%ed to"$$ ."!# to E"rt' on!e ts ue$ s e,%ended< " %ont #no7n "s booster engine cut-off (BEC) T'e rest o t'e $"un!' ;e'!$e !ontnues $*'t 7t' ts !ore or u%%er-st"*een*nes T'e .ooster m"+ .e re!o;ered "nd reused< "s n t'e !"se o t'e S%"!e S'utt$e


10/15

Str"%-on .oosters "re sometmes used to "u*ment t'e %"+$o"d or r"n*e !"%".$t+ o @et"r!r"t (usu"$$+ m$t"r+)

Future space technologies

• Asterod mnn* te!'no$o*+

• Sn*$e-st"*e-to-or.t

• S%"!e-."sed so$"r %o7er

• Non-ro!#et s%"!e $"un!'

• S%"!e m"nu"!turn* te!'no$o*+

Asterod mnn*

Artsts !on!e%t o "sterod mnn*

488 Eros s " ston+ "sterod n " ne"r-E"rt' or.t

Asteroid mining s t'e e,%$ot"ton o r"7 m"ter"$s rom "sterods "nd ot'er mnor %$"nets<

n!$udn* ne"r-E"rt' o.@e!ts1 Mner"$s "nd ;o$"t$es !ou$d .e mned rom "n "sterod or

s%ent !omet t'en used n s%"!e or n-stu ut$"ton (e* !onstru!ton m"ter"$s "nd ro!#et

%ro%e$$"nt) or t"#en ."!# to E"rt' T'ese

n!$ude *o$d< rdum< s$;er < osmum


11/15

E"rt' ron< !o."$t< m"n*"nese< mo$+.denum< n!#e$< "$umnum< "nd tt"num or

!onstru!ton 7"ter "nd o,+*en to sust"n "stron"uts "s 7e$$ "s '+dro*en< "mmon"< "nd

o,+*en or use "s ro!#et %ro%e$$"nt

ue to t'e '*' !osts o !urrent s%"!e tr"ns%ort"ton< e,tr"!ton te!'nues st$$ .en*

de;e$o%ed "nd $n*ern* un!ert"ntes ".out t"r*et se$e!ton< terrestr"$ mnn* s !urrent$+ t'e

on$+ me"ns o r"7 mner"$ "!uston tod"+ T's stu"ton s $#e$+ to !'"n*e n t'e uture

"s resour!es on E"rt' "re .e!omn* n!re"sn*$+ s!"r!e "nd t'e u$$ %otent"$s o "sterod

mnn* "nd s%"!e e,%$or"ton "re rese"r!'ed n *re"ter det"$ Ho7e;er< t'ere s no *u"r"ntee

"sterod mnn* 7$$ e;er "tt"n t'e ;o$ume needed to u$$+ !om%ens"te or d7nd$n*

terrestr"$ reser;es

Sn*$e-st"*e-to-or.t

T'e FentureSt"r 7"s " %ro%osed SST s%"!e%$"ne

A single-stage-to-orbit (or SSTO) ;e'!$e re"!'es or.t rom t'e sur"!e o " .od+ 7t'out

@ettsonn* '"rd7"re< e,%endn* on$+ %ro%e$$"nts "nd $uds T'e term usu"$$+< .ut not

e,!$us;e$+< reers to reus".$e ;e'!$es1 No E"rt'-$"un!'ed SST $"un!' ;e'!$es '";e e;er

.een !onstru!ted To d"te< or.t"$ $"un!'es '";e .een %erormed et'er .+ mu$t-st"*e u$$+ or

%"rt"$$+ e,%end".$e ro!#ets< t'e S%"!e S'utt$e '";n* .ot' "ttr.utes

:"un!' !osts or $o7 E"rt' or.t (:E) r"n*e rom K4500 to KJ500 %er %oundo %"+$o"d (K10


12/15

"tmos%'ere< 7'!' $mts s%eed n t'e e"r$+ st"*es o $*'t "nd n$uen!es en*ne

%erorm"n!e

Not".$e sn*$e st"*e to or.t rese"r!' s%"!e!r"t n!$ude S#+$on< t'e C-< t'e :o!#'eed

M"rtn -88< "nd t'e oton SST Ho7e;er< des%te s'o7n* some %romse< none o t'em

'"s !ome !$ose to "!'e;n* or.t +et due to %ro.$ems 7t' ndn* t'e most e!ent

%ro%u$son s+stem1

Sn*$e-st"*e-to-or.t '"s .een "!'e;ed rom t'e Moon .+ .ot' t'e A%o$$o %ro*r"ms :un"r

Modu$e "nd se;er"$ ro.ot! s%"!e!r"t o t'e So;et :un" %ro*r"m t'e $o7er $un"r *r";t+

"nd ".sen!e o "n+ s*n!"nt "tmos%'ere m"#es t's mu!' e"ser t'"n rom E"rt'

S%"!e-."sed so$"r %o7er

Space-based solar power (SBS) s t'e !on!e%t o !o$$e!tn* so$"r %o7er n s%"!e (usn* "n

=S/S=< t'"t s< " =so$"r-%o7er s"te$$te= or " =s"te$$te %o7er s+stem=) or use on E"rt' It '"s

.een n rese"r!' sn!e t'e e"r$+ 10s

SBS/ 7ou$d der rom !urrent so$"r !o$$e!ton met'ods n t'"t t'e me"ns used to

!o$$e!t ener*+ 7ou$d resde on "n or.tn* s"te$$te nste"d o on E"rt's sur"!e Some

%ro@e!ted .enets o su!' " s+stem "re " '*'er !o$$e!ton r"te "nd " $on*er !o$$e!ton %erod

due to t'e $"!# o " dusn* "tmos%'ere "nd n*'t tme n s%"!e

/"rt o t'e so$"r ener*+ (55L60O) s $ost on ts 7"+ t'rou*' t'e "tmos%'ere .+ t'e ee!ts

o re$e!ton "nd ".sor%ton S%"!e-."sed so$"r %o7er s+stems !on;ert sun$*'t to

m!ro7";es outsde t'e "tmos%'ere< ";odn* t'ese $osses< "nd t'e do7ntme ("nd !osne

$osses< or ,ed $"t-%$"te !o$$e!tors) due to t'e E"rt's rot"ton

Besdes t'e !ost o m%$ementn* su!' " s+stem< SBS/ "$so ntrodu!es se;er"$ ne7 'urd$es<

%rm"r$+ t'e %ro.$em o tr"nsmttn* ener*+ rom or.t to E"rt's sur"!e or use Sn!e 7res

e,tendn* rom E"rt's sur"!e to "n or.tn* s"te$$te "re net'er %r"!t!"$ nor e"s.$e 7t'

!urrent te!'no$o*+< SBS/ des*ns *ener"$$+ n!$ude t'e use o some m"nner o 7re$ess


13/15

%o7er tr"nsmsson T'e !o$$e!tn* s"te$$te 7ou$d !on;ert so$"r ener*+ nto e$e!tr!"$ ener*+

on .o"rd< %o7ern* " m!ro7";e tr"nsmtter or $"ser emtter< "nd o!us ts .e"m to7"rd "

!o$$e!tor (re!tenn") on E"rt's sur"!e "d"ton "nd m!rometeorod d"m"*e !ou$d "$so

.e!ome !on!erns or SBS/

!on-rocket space launch

It reers to !on!e%ts or $"un!' nto s%"!e 7'ere some or "$$ o t'e needed s%eed "nd "$ttude

"re %ro;ded .+ somet'n* ot'er t'"n e,%end".$e ro!#ets A num.er o "$tern"t;es to

e,%end".$e ro!#ets '";e .een %ro%osed In some s+stems su!' "s s#+'oo# < ro!#et s$ed

$"un!'< ro!#oon "nd "r $"un!'< " ro!#et s used to re"!' or.t< .ut t s on$+ =%"rt= o t'e

s+stem

/resent-d"+ $"un!' !osts "re ;er+ '*' L K10


14/15

Gro7t' o %roten !r+st"$s rom $ud n outer s%"!e& t'e to% %"rt s'o7s " s+rn*e 7t'

e,truded %roten dro%$et

Cr+st"$s *ro7n .+ Amer!"n s!entsts on t'e uss"n S%"!e St"ton Mir n 15& (")

r'om.o'edr"$ !"n";"$n< (.) !re"tne #n"se< (!)$+so+me< (d) .ee !"t"$"se< (e) %or!ne "$%'"

!ent"ur< () un*"$ !"t"$"se< (*) m+*$o.n< (') !on!"n";"$n B< ()t'"um"tn< (@) "%oerrtn<

(#) s"te$$te to."!!o mos"! ;rus "nd ($) 'e,"*on"$ !"n";"$n

Com%"rson o nsu$n !r+st"$s *ro7t' n outer s%"!e ($et) "nd on E"rt' (r*'t)

Space manufacturing

It s t'e %rodu!ton o m"nu"!tured *oods n "n en;ronment outsde " %$"net"r+ "tmos%'ere

T+%!"$$+ t's n!$udes !ondtons o m!ro*r";t+ "nd '"rd ;"!uum M"nu"!turn* n s%"!e

'"s se;er"$ %otent"$ "d;"nt"*es o;er E"rt'-."sed ndustr+

1 T'e unue en;ronment !"n "$$o7 or ndustr"$ %ro!esses t'"t !"nnot .e re"d$+re%rodu!ed on E"rt'


15/15

2 "7 m"ter"$s !ou$d .e $ted to or.t rom ot'er .odes 7t'n t'e so$"r s+stem "nd %ro!essed "t " $o7 e,%ense !om%"red to t'e !ost o $tn* m"ter"$s nto or.t romE"rt'

8 /otent"$$+ '""rdous %ro!esses !"n .e %erormed n s%"!e 7t' mnm"$ rs# to t'e

en;ronment o t'e E"rt' or ot'er %$"nets

4 Items too $"r*e to $"un!' on " ro!#et !"n .e "ssem.$ed n or.t or use n or.t

T'e s%"!e en;ronment s e,%e!ted to .e .ene!"$ or %rodu!ton o " ;"ret+ o %rodu!ts

n!e t'e 'e";+ !"%t"$"ton !osts o "ssem.$n* t'e mnn* "nd m"nu"!turn* "!$tes s

%"d< t'e %rodu!ton 7$$ need to .e e!onom!"$$+ %rot".$e n order to .e!ome se$-

sust"nn* "nd .ene!"$ to so!et+ T'e most s*n!"nt !ost s o;er!omn* t'e ener*+

'urd$e or .oostn* m"ter"$s nto or.t n!e t's ."rrer s s*n!"nt$+ redu!ed n !ost %er #$o*r"m< t'e entr+ %r!e or s%"!e m"nu"!turn* !"n m"#e t mu!' more "ttr"!t;e to

entre%reneurs

B.$o*r"%'+• 'tt%s&33en7#%ed"or*37#3ut$nePoPs%"!ePte!'no$o*+

• Lindsey, Clark (2013-04-29). "!ace #o$ing %&ickly 'owards ly-back irs'

s'age" . ew!ace *a'c+. e'rie$ed 2013-03-29.

• "!e2S%"!eor* - Ad;"n!n* t'e /r;"t"ton o S%"!e Tr";e$ 2006< "!e2S%"!e< n

%"rtners'% 7t' t'e /re ound"ton< s see#n* s%onsors'% n order to su%%ort t'e %r;"t"ton o s%"!e tr";e$< rese"r!'< "nd e,%$or"ton or t'e u%!omn* :un"r:"ndn* C'"$$en*e Contest"nts !to.er 2006=

• S%"!e S'utt$e - Ne7s "nd e"tures ".out NASA rese"r!'< "med "t t'e *ener"$ %u.$!

In!$udes se!tons on "stronom+< s%"!e s!en!e< .e+ond ro!#etr+< $;n* n s%"!e

• A Ste% Gude on S%"!e Te!'no$o*+ - T"$ent :eo%"rd

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The Future of Space Technology and Exploration

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