The Future of

Steel Scrap

Results of the F au hofe I situte’s UM“ICHT study on the future of steel scrap

– a i esigaio fo the BD“V

The Fede al Asso iaio of Ge a “teel Re y li g a d Disposal Co pa-

ies BD“V

The BDSV represents the interests of German

o pa ies – o o pa ies ope ai g i Ge a – that a e a i e i the steel e li g se to a d provide other disposal services. It is the largest

steel e li g asso iaio i Eu ope. At the fo us of the asso iaio ’s o je i es a e the o e ial a d e ologi al f a e o k o diio s of the e -li g i dust . Its ai s a e to p ese e the e i-

ronment and protect raw material reserves. The

e ologi al o je i es ust, ho e e , e o pa-i le ith a o e iall ealisi a d p o- o -peii e e i o e t.

F au hofe UM“ICHTThe F au hofe I situte fo E i o e tal, “afet , a d E e g Te h olog UM“ICHT is a pio ee i the ields of sustai a le e e g a d the a ate ials i dust th ough its a i iies hi h

i lude the p o isio a d t a sfe of s ie ii i di gs to o pa ies, so iet a d polii ia s. Togethe ith its pa t e s, the dedi ated UM“ICHT tea esea hes a d de elops sustai-

a le p odu ts, p o esses a d se i es that a e inspiring.

Achieving a balance between commercially

su essful, so iall just a d e i o e tall o pai le de elop e ts is the fo us of the

I situte’s o k. The I situte has sites at O e -hause , Willi h u d “ulz a h-Rose e g. F au hofe UM“ICHT ge e ated a tu o e of EUR . illio du i g ith a o kfo e of

. O e of i situtes a d esea h esta lish-e ts of the F au hofe “o iet , Eu ope’s leadi g

o ga isaio i the ield of applied esea h, the I situte ai tai s a glo al et o k a d p o o-tes i te aio al olla o aio .

1

As an independent applied research

i situte, F au hofe UM“ICHT sup-po ts i dust i the de elop e t a d e aluaio of sustai a le a -agement methods and environ-mentally friendly technologies. This

st e gthe s the i o ai e apa ilit of the German economy.

O the a to a hie i g a i ula e o o , the steel e li g se to is among the most important players

i the alue hai . Togethe ith the

Ma kus Hie el, D . I g.Head of the Depa t e t of “ustai -a ilit a d Resou e Ma age e t, sustai a ilit oi e

What is you o je i e ith the Futu e of “teel “ ap study?This is the i st o p ehe si e s ie ii stud i to the role of steel recycling in Germany. It deals in de-tail ith the te h i al, e o o i , e ologi al a d so-cial factors involved in steel and stainless steel scrap.

What do you o side to e the o e essage of the study?The steel scrap sector is the central service provider

i the alue hai of the steel i dust a d ill i futu e pla a e e o e i po ta t ole i the de el-op e t of the i ula e o o .

Ho is you i dust y pe ei ed y the pu li a d polii ia s?The te s ap ote a ies egai e o otaio s. Rust steel u fo tu atel o e s a false i p essio of the a tual alue of the p odu t. “tai less steel,

hi h does ot ust, is ot uite as adl afe ted this image. Steel is one of the few secondary raw ma-te ials that al ead has a e spe ii o eta alue a d a also e e led as a i es as desi ed,

ithout a loss i ualit . At ou o pa ies, steel p odu ts that ha e o e to the e d of thei life les a e p o essed fo fu the use i steel o ks. Although

e a e a esse ial ele e t i the alue hai , ou i age is u fo tu atel so e hat poo e tha that

2

of the steel i dust as a hole. As the stud sho s, this is a o ple-tel u fai pi tu e.

Ho ould the steel e y li g se to like to e pe -

ei ed? The steel e li g se to p o ides e eits! We a e p ese i g the futu e – a d ha e ee doi g so for more than 100 years. This is the key message

e a t to o e to the pu li a d polii ia s. It is the companies in the steel recycling sector that

collect the secondary raw materials and process them

to a ualit that e e allo s the steel p odu e s to e-use the ate ial a d t a sfo it i to e , high ualit p odu ts. This sa es esou es a d si ulta e-

ousl edu es CO2 emissions.

What spe ii de a ds a e you aki g of polii ia s?We eed a ete legal a d o e ial f a e o k e i o e t. Due to the fa t, that e a e ot i-

a ed the state, e ust e a le to su essfull a out ou o k i the p i ate se to . This is the

o l a fo the steel e li g i dust to ai tai jo s, de elop i o ai e futu e-o ie ted te h olo-gies a d o i ue i its e t e el i po ta t o t i-

uio to e i o e tal, so ial a d e o o i poli .

Quesio s to A d eas “ h e te – P eside t of the BD“V

Fo e o d a d a kg ou d to the studyBD“V, F au hofe UM“ICHT is the e-fore pleased to have been involved

i appi g out the ke ole pla ed the steel e li g i dust i this

s ie ii all su sta iated stud . Du-i g the ou se of ou stud e a -ied out i te ie s ith e pe ts i the

ield.

O ehalf of the BD“V too, e ould like to thank the interviewees for par-i ipai g a d fo thei alua le i put.

[Graphic 1]

[Graphic 2]

[G aphi ]

“teel s ap olu e

4

Life y le s e a ios

“u a of the e-use and recycling rates from

the Eu ofe stud of e e pt

[Graphic 4]

[Graphic 5]

What happe s to the st u tu e of a uildi g o e it has ee de olished?

Life le s e a ios fo o ete a d steel i uildi gs

ele t i a , al ost e -e uildi g, e e idge, every machine and every

i d tu i e. I the ase of sta da d steel allo s, the aios of s ap o te t a e a tuall e e highe . O e ould e e sa that the stainless steel sink in

ou kit he o tai s et ee 70% and 80% recycled materials.

I o de to assu e the ualit , uilise p odu io apa i ies to the opi u e te t a d p odu e steel

u de the opi u te h ologi al a d o e ial o diio s, the t o a ufa tu i g outes fo a

s ioi elaio ship – hi h the efo e e o pas-ses steel p odu io a d steel e li g.

“teel a theo ei all e e led i i itel . This akes steel e li g a ke fou daio sto e of the

i ula e o o .

The steel i dust al ead sta ted to e le steel s ap i the th e tu . Due to the i ease i p odu io of steel, o i ed ith the use of steel fo a ufa tu i g of a ide a ge of goods, ea t that a i ea-si g a ou t of steel s ap e a e a aila le at ost-efe i e p i es. “e o da a ate ials e e o a d soo aught the ate io of the steel p odu e s of the i e, ell efo e the u e t de ates a out esou e ei ie .

The su ess sto of steel e li g, a d the use of the se o da a ate ial as a e o o i al alte ai e to i o o e, as fa ilitated the de elop e t of the “ie e s-Ma i p o ess, hi h e e ged as the i st la ge-s ale te h i al p o ess fo usi g s ap i the p odu io of steel. Depe di g o the allo , stai less steel al ead o tai s spe ii ele e ts like Ni kel a d h o e that a e othe ise e e pe si e to o -tai a d hi h dei e the ha a te isi s of the i al steel p odu t a d its ield of appli aio . This a ges f o the steel gi de s used fo idge o st u io to the steel sheets used fo a ufa tu i g a s.

I ode steel p odu io a disi io is ade e-t ee the a ufa tu i g of steel usi g the ele t i a p o ess a d the asi o ge p o ess ia the last fu a e oute. Ele t i a steel fu a es a e al ost o pletel depe de t o supplies f o the steel e-

li g se to . The u e t p odu io aio of ele t i a steel to asi o ge steel is app o . : . Fo stai less steel the aio is : outside Chi a. The a ate ials used he e fo p odu i g the a ious

steel p odu ts a e the dei ed a d ualit -assu ed se o da a ate ials, steel a d stai -

less steel s ap. Ho e e , a-si o ge steel o ks, hi h p i a il p odu e steel f o pig i o , a d the efo e o the

asis of i o o e, also use up to 20 percent steel scrap.

This means that steel scrap

ep ese ts a esse ial pil-lar in delivering the raw ma-te ial e ui e e ts fo the steel i dust . This, i tu , is an integral part of the

Ge a e o o , fo i sta e i i f ast u tu e p oje ts. “teel – a d the efo e a p opo io of

hat as o e s ap – is fou d i e e a i ludi g e e

“teel p odu io p o esses

5

The provision of quality

assured raw materials is a

highl sig ii a t issue for the pur hasi g steel orks. Prof. Daniel Goldmann, Dr. Ing.,

I situte of Mi eral a d Waste Pro essi g, Waste Disposal a d Geo e ha i s IFAD – Chair of Ra Material Pro essi g a d Re-

li g at the Te h i al U i ersit of Clausthal.

Blast fu a e du i g p odu io of pig i o

Fu the p o essi g of the ude steel

The steel is pou ed i to a ope -e ded

ould ith a s ua e, e ta gula o ou d oss se io .

This creates a solid

s ua e, e ta gula o ou d od that is su se ue tl ut to the desired length.

The steel is pou ed i to asi g oulds where it is allowed to

solidify.

O e solidiied, the metal blocks are strip-ped f o the oulds. In both of these

p o esses the i al esult is k o as se-

i-i ished steel.

Co i uous asi g I got asi g

6

[Graphic 6]

[Graphic 7]

Fi al p o essi gThis se i-i ished steel is heated i fu a es to , °C so that it a e olled, i.e. d a

et ee olle s, a d late ed. The olli g p o ess esults i t o p odu t atego ies: lo g p odu ts e.g. gi de s, ods o i e a d lat p odu ts e.g. steel plates a d sheets i sta ks o o olls .

P odu io outes fo steel i Ge a du i g

The o pa ies of the steel e li g i dust a e the facilitators which collect the secondary raw mate-ials a d p o ess the to a ualit that allo s the ate ial to e e-p o essed at the steel o ks. This,

i tu , is the p e e uisite fo the eaio of e steel p odu ts. “teel s ap e su es that the a

ate ial e ui e e ts of the Ge a steel i dust a e – a d ill e also i futu e – se u ed p o idi g high ualit se o da a ate ials.

Re y li g ithout uality loss

P i a il – ut ot o l – fo the stai less steel se to , the steel e li g i dust has de eloped sophisi ated a al i s a d i o ai e te h ologies i o de to saisf the i easi g ualit sta da ds de a ded the steel-

o ks. Th ough p ope p o essi g a d i tellige t ate-ial lo a age e t, the se o da a ate ials a e epeatedl used i the p odu io of steel a d stai -

less steel, a o g othe s i the o st u io , auto oi-e, e e g te h olog a d ae ospa e se to s.

B le e agi g ode ate ial lo a age e t te h i ues, the steel e li g i dust deli e s oth allo ed a d o al steel s ap fo the ight ields of appli aio , the e p o idi g the steel o ks ith a

ualit assu ed se o da a ate ial of the high-est ualit a d pu it . This also e su es that the alu-a le allo i g ele e ts e te the i te ded p odu io paths a d that thei fu io alit , i te s of dete -

i i g the ha a te isi s of the steel p odu ts, is maintained.

This se i e, i the

fo of o i uous o -ito i g usi g he i al analysis and intelligent

so i g p o esses, has allowed alloyed steel

s ap i pa i ula , to i d a use as a a a-te ial fo high-te h p o-du ts.

7

Without steel s ap the e ould e o steel i dust yIf it e e ot fo the Ge a steel e li g i dust the e ould e o Ge a steel i dust . The steel s ap se to is the e t al se i e p o ide i the alue hai of the steel i dust a d ill also pla , i the futu e, a de isi e ole i the de elop e t of the i ula e o o .

[Graphic 8]

xx

There is efe i el o do li g i the stai -

less steel re li g se tor. Ho e er, up li g te ds to

e ore pre ale t, e ause material developments over

the years now mean that in-

reasi gl eter aterials a e a ufa tured fro

the s rap. Prof. Rüdiger Deike, Dr. Ing.,

Chair of Iro a d Steel aki g Metallurg at the U i ersit of Duis urg-Esse

Steel's life circle

O e e e t de ades, a la ge u e of i o aio s ha e o t i uted ot o l to opi isi g the p o esses used i the steel e li g se to – the a e also pla i g a i easi g ole i e i o e tal p ote io a d the o se aio of esou es.

The fou daio sto e fo i o aio i the steel e-cycling sector was laid as far back as the start of the

i dust ial e oluio . As al ead dis ussed o page The steel p odu io p o ess , steel s ap as used

as a p i a a ate ial fo the i st i e i i the so- alled “ie e s-Ma i p o ess.

Ho e e , a lot has happe ed si e those pio ee i g ea s of i dust ialisaio . Toda , sig ii a t de elop-e ts i te s of p o ess opi isaio a e ostl

d i e a hi e a d pla t e gi ee i g i s i oope aio ith e pe ts f o e li g o pa ies

– a d ot o l ith the ai of saisf i g the i ea-si gl st i ge t legal e ui e e ts i the a ea of e -i o e tal p ote io a d e issio o t ol.

The sa e is t ue of the steel e li g i dust : “ig ii a t i o aio s took pla e, a o g othe s,

ith the de elop e t of lo -e issio sh eddi g, so i g a d t eat e t p o esses i o de to ake pu e a ate ials that ould e p odu ed i at-hes. Othe ke i o aio s o u ed i the a eas of

logisi s, i f ast u tu e a d ualit assu a e. Auto-aio of the o klo s a d thei et o ki g a d

digitalisaio ha e e e ged as the ke o po e ts of i tellige t ate ial lo a age e t. The u d-li g of the e pe ie es a d se i es of i di idual

8

I o aio ilesto es a sele io

I o aio s i the steel e y li g i dust y

o pa ies allo s the o i uous p o isio of p e i-u ualit ate ials.

Ho e e , the illi g ess of the i dust to i o a-te is also su je t to li its i posed f o the outside. U fa ou a le o e ial a d e i o e tal poli f a e o k o diio s a li it the illi g ess to i o ate. This is pa i ula l t ue of s alle usi esses

hi h, as a esult of thei lo e p oit a gi s, a e less f e ue tl a le to i a e i o aio s. I this o e io , ediu -sized i s dei itel o side

i o aio s as a o peii e ad a tage. Fi st a d fo e ost a e the de elop e t of a al i al ethods a d the sepa aio of old a d e s ap i to pu e g ades, i pa i ula he see agai st the a k-d op of i easi gl o ple ate ials. The auto o-i e i dust has ade a sig ii a t o t i uio to p o oi g i o aio – also i the a ea of steel e li g – th ough its de a d fo high-fu io alit

steel p odu ts a d thei a ufa tu e. The issue of i p o i g the sepa aio of high-te sile steels i to pu e g ades of steel s ap sill ofe s pa i ula pote -ial fo i o aio . The halle ges of a i ula e o -o appl to the hole alue hai . I this o e -io , all pa ies i ol ed should e dea ou to e pa d thei o i uous dialogue.

[G aphi ]

§ §

Idu

st 4.0

2010s

EU: I dust ial E issio s

Di e i e ith BAT* informa-

io sheets places new

challenges on

the state-of-the-a t of the steel recycling

i dust . From 2012:

I ple e tai-on in Germany

* Best Available

Technology

F o

“ ap is used in the

Thomas pro-cess and in

the “ie e s-Ma i process

F o

Use of s ap shears

F o

Development

of scrap

presses.

F o use of e ha-

nical metal

balers

s

Fu the development

of scrap

shears with

larger blade

openings

F o

Use of alligator

shears with

so- alled p e- ushe s

s

U“A: la ge-s ale

development

of shredders

Commence-ment of the

o st u io of shredding

plants in

Germany

Use of la ge-s ale h d auli

metal balers

2000s

A o g othe s, i eased use

of adioa i it meters and

metal detec-tors

s

First patent

for a shred-der in the

U“AUse of spindle

p esses, late scrap baling

presses

Use of s ap grinders in

Germany

The Waste A t a d i the Closed

“u sta e Cycle and

Waste Ma age e t Act demand

fu the alte ai e recycling

opio s

Future

Fu the spe ialisaio i the so i g

sector

I dust . : digitalisaio

and networking

I Eu ope, opi isi g the olle io , so i g a d p o essi g of s ap is e o i g a i easi gl i po ta t issue i the de elop e t of the i ula e o o . As a esult of the high sta da ds e ui ed fo steel p odu ts a d thei fu io alit , the o ple it of the o posiio of these is i easi g. The o i aio of steel

ith othe ate ials, su h as plasi so- alled o posites is g o i g i o de to eet the e ui e e ts of ou i dust ialised so iet . This i tu i gs e halle ges i te s of p o etallu g at ele t i a a d

asi o ge steel o ks. The steel e li g i dust ust o espo di gl deal ith these halle ges as a se i e p o ide a d se o da a ate ial supplie .

The p o ess of sepa ai g e d-of-life steel p o-du ts is al ead su je t to st i ge t ualit e-

ui e e ts. The a aila le a al sis a d so i g technology makes it possible to meet the deman-di g spe ii aio s of the steel o ks i espe t of the p opo io s of h o iu , i kel, ol -de u , oppe a d a ide a ge of allo i g ele-ments contained in the scrap. An alloying element

a e desi ed i a pa i ula p odu t hile the presence of alloying elements in other steel pro-du ts a , o the othe ha d, ot e eed e tai th eshold alues.

Othe tha steel, the e a e a tuall e fe a ate ials that a e e led ithout a fu da-

• Steel and stainless steel

scrap remain a permanent

sou e of a ate ials fo society.

• Some 70% of the steel pro-du ed to-date is sill i use.

• 555 million tonnes of steel

s ap e e used i fo p odu i g steel.

• . % of glo al ude steel as p odu ed f o se-

condary raw materials in

2015.

• Since the beginning of

steel aki g, o e tha billion tonnes of steel scrap

have been recycled.

“teel s ap ofe s the possi ility of a i ula e o o y

e tal loss of ualit . I so e ases sheet steel f o a a od a e tu ed i to a ashi g a hi e, hi h

the e o es a ate ial fo st u tu al steel – a d this a e e tuall e d up agai as the asis fo a

od sheet. O pe haps it ill e o e steel fo a of-sho e i d tu i e. “u h uliple e li g ithout a loss of ualit is ot possi le ith othe , o - etal li , raw materials.

As p odu ts e o e o e o ple , the p opo io of u desi ed side ele e ts i the steel s ap i eases. The i dust -spe ii k o ledge of the Ge a steel e li g i dust is the efo e esse ial fo p e e i g

ate ial sh i kage a d ualit dei its, e ause the steel s ap i dust is the i st stage of the i tellige t

a age e t of these ate ial lo s.

The availability of steel scrap

[Graphic 10]

10

Be eit :Th ough the p odu io of . to es of u-de steel from a secondary

a ate ial, usi g steel scrap via the electric arc

fu a e oute, the steel e li g i dust helps

to achieve savings of 17 m

to es of CO2 emissions

a uall * i Ge a .

Be eit : A sig ii a t sa i g i esou es

Be eit : The use of steel s ap edu es e e g o su p-

io % i o pa-rison with making steel

f o p i a esou es.

Be eit : No depe de e on imports as with

primary raw mate-ials e.g. i o o e, oki g oal

Be eit : Fe e egai e efe ts aused a ate ial e t a io i the ou t ies he e i es a e lo ated:• No o e s a out lo e sta da ds of o upaio al safet • Uses less la d• Lower environmental risk

• No eed fo elo aio s • Shorter transport distances

Cli ate- a d e e gy-f ie dly

“teel s ap p ote ts the li ate a d esou es“teel e li g is a p i e e a ple of esou e ei ie

The steel e li g i dust , togethe ith the steel i dust itself, e odies the p i iples of the i ula e o o . The ha e a i el ee o e iall a d e ologi all i ple e i g these p i iples – hi h sill e ist o l as a isio i a se to s – fo a lo g i e. B p o idi g se o da a ate ials, the steel e -li g i dust sig ii a tl o t i utes, ot o l i Ge a , to e i o e tal p ote io a d the o se a-

io of esou es – is fu the o e o se i g p i a esou es at thei sou e.

The olu e of steel s ap used akes Ge a steel p odu ts o e li ate-f ie dl tha steel p odu ed i Chi a o I dia, fo e a ple. The p opo io of steel s ap used i Ge a a ou ts to so e pe e t

hile i Chi a, he e al ost half of the o ld’s ude steel is ade, this igu e

is o l a ou d te pe e t. It’s ot o l i the p odu io of allo ed steels he e u a i -i g i Eu ope ep ese ts a sig ii a t sou e of a

ate ials, the e o t i ui g to a edu io i the a ou t of a ate ials that eed to e i po ted. “teel e li g o t asts ith a ate ial e t a io i o li t egio s o f o la ge-s ale p oje ts hi h

also afe t the e i o e tal a d o ki g o di-io s of people. I te s of te h olog , e o o i s, e ol og a d so iet , steel s ap a d stai less steel s ap ofe sig ii a t e eits – espe iall i di e t

o pa iso ith steel p odu ts that a e p odu ed pu e l o the asis of p i a raw materials. Taking the overall balance

i to o side aio , a ufa tu i g steel f o s ap is therefore more environmentally friendly than pro-du i g steel f o i o o e. Of ou se, this does ot recognise the fact that it has been possible to make

huge ad a es o e e e t ea s, espe iall i edu i g e issio s aused the last fu a e p odu io oute.

E e g o su pio du i g steel p odu io

*Cal ulated i o pa iso ith the assu ed p odu io of steel usi g a method other than the electric arc

fu a e p o ess.

[Graphic 12]

[G aphi ]

[Graphic 11]

[Graphic 14]

[Graphic 15]

Fi e e eits of steel s ap

2015

The e isi g sto k of a ate ials a d the efo ts of the steel e -li g se to e su e the suppl of

secondary raw materials for the

steel o ks. This suppo ts the sup-plying and downstream processing

i dust ies a d also ofe s the a ide a ge of o peii e ad a -

tages. He e, the p edo i a tl ediu -sized st u tu e of steel

e li g usi esses p o otes egio al alue-added efe ts. I

addiio , this p o e st u tu e p o ides e eits fo a u e of upst ea a d do st ea se i e p o ide s to the steel e li g usi esses, su h as the logisi s, a hi e a d pla t e gi ee i g se to s.

The stru ture sho s that the arket is fu io i g i the

area of se o dar ra ate-

rials. This o trasts ith the pri ar ra aterial arkets

hi h so ei es ha e oligo-

polisi hara terisi s, a d is a ke e eit of se o dar ra

aterials.Prof. Rüdiger Deike, Dr. Ing.,

Chair of Iro a d Steel aki g Metallur-g at the U i ersit of Duis urg-Esse

This o o alit esults i a situaio he e the do esi steel e li g se to ot o l se u es jo s at all ualii aio

le els, ut also e ai s fo used o the fu the ualii aio of te h i ia s a d e gi ee s. O l i this a a it a e e su ed that etallu gi al k o ho stays in Germany and is prevented from

shiti g a oad. This ep ese ts a sig ii-a t o peii e ad a tage fo Ge a .

Ge a has also a e elle t eputaio as a ajo o ld- ide e po te of steel p odu io pla ts as ell as so i g a d recycling technology.

11

The steel e y li g i dust y se u es a d eates jo s at all ualii aio le els Ge a i dust p o ides o e illio so- alled steel-i te si e jo s. These i lude the steel i dust itself as ell as the upst ea a d do st ea se to s. The steel e li g i dust , upst ea of the steel i dust , p o ides app o . , jo s i . The lose oope aio et ee the steel i dust a d the upst ea steel e li g se to is of g eat i po ta e, i pa i ula fo the e plo e t eaio .

The i po ta e of the steel i dust to the e o o

“o e illio jo s a e steel-i te si e. A la ge p opo io of Ge a e - po t su plus is at-t i uta le to steel-intensive goods.

[Graphic 16]

12

The Ge a steel e li g i dust e plo s app o . , people at all le els of ualii aio .

S rap is the future, e ause e are goi g to see losed les de elop o er the lo g ter . Good e a ples of this, a d ones that are already appa-

re t toda , i lude fou dries, ele tri ar steel pla ts here there is o l 5- % dei it e-

fore a o pletel losed le is a hie ed a d etallurgi al o pa ies that re le o -

ferrous etals. Prof. Rüdiger Deike, Dr. Ing.,

Chair of Iro a d Steel aki g Metallur-g at the U i ersit of Duis urg-Esse

While the etal o te t of the e t a ted o es is e hi ii g a de easi g t e d, a d it a e safel assu ed that the ost of e t a io a d of the e e g used ill o se ue tl ise, s ap – as a se o da

raw material – will become increasingly

i po ta t f o a e o o i pe spe -i e too. The ele t i a fu a e p o ess,

hi h is u e tl the ost i po ta t steel p odu i g p o ess usi g steel s ap as the se o da a ate ial, ill ai -tai its do i ai g posiio alo gside the

last fu a e oute, a d se u e sales.

P i ipall as a esult of the te h i al a d commercial ability to create closed loops

o e the lo g te th ough the use of steel s ap, the futu e o elo gs to this secondary raw material.

The steel s ap i dust eeds to address the following challenges and trends:

• E su e the aio ide olle io a d p o essi g of s ap i to pu e g ades

• Ha dli g a d p o essi g of o ple o posite ate ials • E su e allo -spe ii sepa aio despite the i easi g di-

e sit of ate ials i the i put lo s i o de to i i ise ualit losses

• Digitalisaio of the p odu io p o esses i the steel e -li g i dust

The oppo tu iies a e huge: As a ke supplie of se o da a ate ials a d se i e p o ide to the do esi steel i dust ,

the steel e li g i dust ep ese ts a ke usi ess lo aio fa to fo the i ula e o o . E pa di g e isi g k o ho i the a ea of olle i g a d sepa ai g p o esses a d le e agi g i tellige t ate ial lo a age e t te h i ues – i o de to e su e the o i ued a d elia le suppl of ualit assu ed se -o da a ate ials to the steel i dust – ill deli e a se u e fou daio fo a i ula e o o .

Outlook: Fu the losi g of loops ith steel s ap Although ude steel p odu io i Ge a has e ai ed at a al ost o s-ta t le el o e e e t ea s, the steel s ap a ket is su je t to o side a le lu tuaio s. “teel s ap is a glo al o odit hi h ea s that is also afe ted

e te al i lue es, aki g de elop e t fo e asts fu da e tall dii ult. The u e t o e apa it i the Chi ese a ket has sill a st o g i lue e o the glo al a ate ial a d steel a kets. Toda , the olu e of steel s ap used fo p odu i g ude steel i Chi a is elai el s all. Ho e e , this is e pe ted to i ease the e o e the ediu te too, as old s ap f o i f ast u tu e p oje ts a d e d-of-life p odu ts is fed a k i to steel p odu io . I ou o e o o i i te ests, Ge a k o -ho should e i pole posiio as the Chi-

ese t adi g a d p o essi g st u tu es u de go de elop e t.

[Graphic 17] [Graphic 18]

Outlook: Fu the losi g of loops ith steel s ap The ethodologi al app oa h to the stud e o passes a i -depth o pilaio of the te h i al, e o o i , e o-logi al a d so ial ha a te isi s of steel e li g o the

asis of a e ie of s ie ii lite atu e a d a al sis.

E isi g k o ho i the a ea of the a ate ials a d steel i dust , al ead i the i situte’s a hi es, as i -o po ated i to the esults. Ke uesio s e e the de-

rived from the compiled data and facts on steel recycling.

Du i g i te ie s ith sele ted ell-k o e pe ts f o i dust a d the s ie ii o u it , the ole of the steel e li g i dust i the steel a d stai less steel

a ufa tu i g alue hai as su se ue tl e plo ed i

Pi tu e editsF o t a d ea o e s: © A d eas “ h e te , F i e ge G HPage : © A gela Kohl, Kohl Re li g G HPage : Top: © F au hofe UM“ICHT; iddle: © BD“V e. V.Page : I g aphi : © A d eas “ h eide - fotolia. o , © a su do usla - fotolia. o , © o a k auss - fotolia. o , © VER“U“studio - fotolia. o Page : © Wo ld “teelPage : I g aphi u te " s": © f a z assa d - fotolia. o ; e ai de f o : © Fa h u h “tahl e li g, o Rohstof “ h ot zu “tahl, pu lished BD“V e. V., Düsseldo f, Page : Top let: © B üg a / O “tai less; top ight: © B igite G öge /H.G öge ; iddle ight: © BD“V e. V., Mi hael “ huf; oto : © Wo ld “teel; e ai de : o alt -f ee

G aphi s

No. G aphi : Wo ld “teel Asso iaio a d WV “tahlNo. G aphi : o al ulaio s of the BD“V e. V. No. G aphi : Bu eau of I te aio al Re li g BIR, Wo ld “teel Re li g i Figu es -No. G aphi : “teel o st u io I fo Data o i e al o st u io aste: htp://k eislauf i ts hat- au.de/A ge/Be i ht- .pdfNo. G aphi : Mi hael “a so , Ni holas A e : B iei g: Reuse a d e li g ates of UK steel de oliio a isi gs; P o eedi gs of the I situio of Ci il E gi ee s - E gi ee i g “ustai a ilit , pp. – pu lished o li e: Ma , No. G aphi : “tahli situt VDEhNo. G aphi : htp:// alo lu .lu/de/stahlNo. G aphi : Wo ld “teelNo. G aphi : BD“V e. V. No. G aphi : WV “tahlNo. G aphi : BD“V e. V.; P odu io outes fo steel aki g i Ge a , “tahli situt VDEh © “tahl-)e t u No. G aphi : BD“V e. V.; al ulaio s o the asis of “teel i the i ula e o o , Wo ld “teel Asso iaio , p. No. G aphi : Wo ld “teel Asso iaio , U“ E e g I fo aio Ad i ist aioNo. G aphi : WV “tahl, )ahle u d Fakte de “tahli dust ie No. G aphi : BD“V e. V. No. G aphi : RWI, “taisis hes Bu desa t, WV “tahlNo. G aphi : ET“AP-TIAM ResultsNo. G aphi : “tefa Pauliuk, Ra hel L. Milfo d, Da iel B. Mülle , Julia M. All ood: The “teel “ ap Age, E iro . S i. Te h ol., , , pp –

Methodology

Sources

14

g eate detail a d the futu e tasks of the se to de i ed. The pu pose of the i te ie s as p i a il to ill k o -ledge gaps ide iied i e isi g lite atu e, alidate i p e-ise lite atu e efe e es a d to su sta iate the state-e ts ade the e pe ts. I this a e , it has ee

possi le to e su e the ell-fou ded do u e taio of the te h i al, e o o i , e ologi al a d so ial fa to s e-lai g to steel e li g. The state e ts ade ega di g steel scrap are also generally applicable to stainless steel.

A stee i g g oup o p isi g e e s of the BD“V E e u-i e Co itee a d the BD“V head oi e suppo ted the

o k of F au hofe UM“ICHT o a ad iso asis.

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Germany

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