IHE TUTUNE |lT

RBNllsfil0ilape in Selected States

U-spread and Sh

CENTRE FOR POLICY RESEARCHNEW DELHI

June 2001

A studY supported bY

Housing Development Finance Corporation (HDFC)

Infrastructure Development Finance Company (IDFC)

lnfrastructure Leasing and Financial Services (lL&FS)

STUIIY THM

1. Prof K C Sivaramakrishnan project Leader2. B N Singh principal Consultant3. Paramita Datta Consultant (lan j999 to June 2000)4. A Shankar Consultant (Dec 2000 to May 200J)5. Sarala Gopinathan Stenographer

TIII TUTURT OT URIAIIISATIOII

Foreword - P. iv

Preface - P. v

Acknowledgements - P' vi

Abbreviations - P. viii

PART I: STRATEGIES FORTHE FUTURE OF URBANISATION

I. OVERVIEW OF THE FUTURE OF URBANISATION STUDY - P' 3

II.STMTEGICDIRECTIoNSFoRTHEFUTUREoFURBANISATIoN-P,,3

PARTII:URBANISATIONANDURBANDEVELOPMENTCHALLENGES

1. MAHAMSHTM - P.37

2. GU]AMT - P.87

3. TAMIL NADU _ P.725

4. KARNATAKA- P.169

5. ANDHM PMDESH . P.277

rHI t!runt 0t uRSAlll8Arl0ll

Foreword

r0nil||nD

For long we have accepted that India lives in jts villages. The record on the economic front at leastover the past two decades bears clear euioence irat the engi-nes oi *onor,. growth turn as much or morein the cities and towns of the country. i"orv .o"rt qg rrieLof ,-nlpopl,.,,on is engaged in agricurturebut that accounts only for:o per cenl oiin.'in.o"ru generated. This is not'to underestimate the imponanceof agriculture' It is widelY remgnuua thufihe-iopuraton dependenlon iur*ng has to be brought downsubstantially so that increased productivity and biversifie; iui,.'i;ili iruitt position India amongst theleading agricultural producers in the world. Correspondingly non-agrii;turar emptoyment particularly in theservice sector has to accommodate the inevitable increas-e'in tn"liooriiorce Incruding surprus agricurturallabour' This is already happening. rt ii-tnri-elconomic dynamics wnicn is manifested in urbanisation.However' in spite of the crucial economic cnanges propelled by urbanisa:ion, a visionary strategy formanaging urban growth in an orderly manner has not yet been formulated. of course the situation varresbetween different states' Rut even in the so-called refoiming u"d ;r;g;;;;e $ates rike Andhra, Karnatakaor Maharashtra, urban development is still commonlyperceived as deieloping shopping complexes, housrngestates or enclaves of the rich rather than an efficiently p",i"irirgi';conomically viable network ofinfrastructure, housing, work places and services.

The Centre for Policy Research (cPR) has maintained a strong interest in urbanisation as an aspectof economic change meriting serious discourse among planners and the policy making community. Abouttwo years ago we decided to take up a study under the leadership or proi x c Sivaramakrishnan on somestrategic aspects of urbanisation in a few stales such us Nanarisritra cujitut, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka andAndhra' The present report is the outcome of this study. It provides the likely futuristic spatial picture ofurbanisation in these states and highlights the important issues for managinf their growth and governance.

The cPR is grateful to shri Deepak Parekh, widely known and recognised in India and abroad for hisleadership in housing and infrastructure finance. Right fiom tne conieptuiisation oitn",trov, s-nriparemhas taken an active interest in bringing together various organisations including the HDFC, the IDFC and theIL&FS in jointly funding the study and also ensuring positive inputs and strong insights during its progress.The cPR would like to place on record its gratitude to shri Deepak parekh as well as shri Nasser Munjee anoShri Hari Sankaran for their invaluable support to this studv.

I would like to congratulate Prof. K c Sivaramaknshnan and his colleague Shri B N Singh fororganising and persisting with the study in spite of very limited resources. The CpR has always been ,n'inOtrtof its limitations' This study is not a purely academic one. In policy-oriented studies of this nature, tne cpnseeks to bring the collective wisdom of its faculty in focussing on some critical issues and serves-as acatalyst' we will consider our efforts amply rewarded if the sta[e governments and others concerned withthese issues find this study of interest and use. I commend this stu:dy to the researchers and policy marersinterested in the future of urbanisation in India.

lune 2001Centre for Policy ResearchNew Delhi

Charan D WadhvaOfficiating President

fit rurunI 0I [R8ililSATt0tl

Preface

"P-$,11,+,p;,,,,,,"",.,:r,,:.1:,.,i.:!,:!.,,.!i..n'.:'!i1|!.!.!!':i:.:t.iai;n,!!),4,,...!)'.,.,:'!:!.,,"1

Political thinking and policy making in India have long been influenced by the belief that India is a

rural country. rne census oi iggr'ano t99t rrave n.ip"a in aisailing these perceptions' In percentage terms

the 1991 Census indicated about 25olo or tne popuiiLn io ne urb'-an' The figure is estimated to be about

30yo, according to the C"nru, of 2001. But these arithmetical averages ignore the reality of absolute

numbers.India,spresenturbanpopu|ationoranout_ioomi||ionpeopleis12timesasmuchasatthebeginningofthecentury,rntnenext20y"u,,,.th"_u,banpopu|ationwi||doub|eitse|f,Thestatewide

"uiutio"i are already significant and will be more so in the future'

Whi|esome$atesmaysti|ltakerefugeunderpercentages,for.manyothersurbanisationisaStrongeconomic, political and spatial reality. Maharasntra anO Gujaiat will be nearly half urban whereas Tamil

Nadu, Karnatat<a ano nninra will be about 40% *uun. nniong the northern states Punjab, Haryana and

Western U.P. will have srgnificant levels and concentrations of uiban population' So will it be in the Eastern

states. The simple res.Jge is that urbanisation is not an aberration in space but a direct reflection and

result of the economic chJnges. In the country as a whole, as in most of the states, industry and services

are contributing an Increasing proportion to the GDP as compared tO agriCulture' Good agricultural

peformance and surpluses frort tne iarm economy are also a major stimulant to urbanisation'

Unfortunately there has been very little attention or debate on the basic issues of urbanisation'

public attention and repot in the media have been sporadic, occasioned more by the irritants of daily urban

life and some visible manifestations such as congestton, pollution, water scarcity, sanitation etc. The

National Commission on Urbanisation set up under the Chairmanship of Charles Correa and its report of

1988 was the last occasion when any serious attention was paid to the subject.

Financial assistance for this study has come from the HDFC (Housing Development Finance

Corporation), the iDFC (lnfrastructure Development Finance Company), and the IL&FS (Infrastructure

Leasing andFinancial Services) and has made the present study possible. The study is limited to the 5 states

of Maliarashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. This is mainly because that these

states are the onei who are rapidly becoming urban. They are also characterised by their initiatives to

promote industrial and economic growth. They have been variously labelled as progressive, dynamic or

reforming states. Within the limited resources of money and time, the CPR believed it would be more

effective to be selective and concentrate on these few states.

This study is not a substitute for a state's urbanisation plan. Such a task is well beyond the mandate

of the CpR. What it does is to present the likely spatial picture of urbanisation in these states and flag the

important issues regarding physical planning, infrastructure, environment and governance. It is up to the

states to pick up these issues, consider them further and decide how best they can be taken into their

development agenda.

K C Sivaramakrishnan

IIIt TUTURI Oi URBANISATIOII

Acknowledgements

several individuals and organisations have !!g9o in this study. speciar mention must be made ofshri Deepak parekh who. as cnairrian ottnu. iiiic,,ro'rc ."0liaii pJoJlo"o them to come tosether andjointlv fund the project' Apart from tnir sn.i brr!'trt r,* 0""" ".i";i ;;,"r":,"d in forowing up *ri-frosressof the studv' Shri Hari shankaran oi n. ilaii'ir9,pgr,r.rr* Nlr;"" qtne IDFC havl abo oJ"n u"rysupportive' Dr Rakesh Mohan previously ;i th;

IC.AER .no pi.i.litiv-chi"r E ono,.nic Advisor to theGovernment of rndia, prof' A-K M;itilil;i;i onoo, o] Fb,r""s'';r,o Architecrure, Derhi, pror. H Mshivanand swamy, centre for environmentai il;;"g ano recnnorogvlolr.o.o.o, prof. Appasamy, formerDirector' Madras Institute or oevetopment iiro* and shri -e 'i'r,i"n,ouiro,

Director, Association offfi[:X",ittr

Development Authorities-have iiirioutec sijniri.untiy io'in" study wth their ideas ano

The Centre for Policy, Research (cPR) is thankful to the various state governments concerned fortheir support' Mention must be made oi lrr.'..tiu. interest uno urrist*.. from,Dr A Ravindra previouslyManaging Director of the Karnat.t . urbun rnrrurtrariu-Dlffiffi;i: and Finance corporation andpresently Additionar chief Secretary, Government of Karnataka

cPR would also like to acknowledge the kind assistance and positive interest of the following:

shri P'P's' Thomas former secretary, Urban Development, Karnataka (now Advisor, plannrng, Commission)

Shri s. Krishna Kumar, principar secretary, Urban Deveropment, KarnatakaMrs. s. Marathi, secretary, Municipar Administration and water suppry, Tamir NaduShri Ajay Bhattacharya, Secretary, Urban Development, Tamil Nadushri N' S' Hariharan, Former Principal Secretary, Urban Development, Andhra pradeshshri s. sreenivasuru, Director, Town and country pranning, Andhra pradesh

Shri Ajoyendra Pyal, commissioner and Director, Municipal Administration, Andhra pradeshDr. p. K. Mohanty, Commissioner, Hyderabad Municipal Corporationshri K. Narinakshan, Former secretary, Urban Deveropment, MaharashtraShri Vinay Bansar, Former principar secretary, pranning, MaharashtraShri Ramanath Jha, Former Metropolitan Commissioner, MMRDAShri V. K. phatak, Chief, planning Division, MMRDA

Profo.P'MathuroftheNationa|InstituteofPub|icFinanceandPo|icy

Shri S' P' Shorey, Special officer (Planning), Hyderabad Urban Development AuthorityDr Manjura subramaniam, secretary, Urban Deveropment, Government of Guj6ratShri V. V. Dave, Chief Town planner, GujaratDr K. Rajivan of the Tamil Nadu Infrastructure Services; andshri M. L. chotani of rown and country pranning organisation, New Derhi.

CPR should also place on record its gratitude to the late Dr. R. S. Ayyangar, former Director,Maharashtra Remote sensing Application centre who at the very beginning of the study helped in obtarningand applying satellite imageries.

vi ilII TUIURT |lT UNBAilISATI||II

Acknowledgements

WithintheCPR,DrVAPaiPanandiker,formerPresidentwashigh|ysupportiveofthisstudyqrojectfrom the besinnine. D, d;;;'o-wrJnur, Or;jati"g-Ptesggnt [as--lyst;ined

the interest' Dr Ajit

Mozoomdar, Shri Sanjoy H;a;ik; and other correugu;t-inihe CPR faculty have provided valuable insights'

Theassistancereceivedindataco||ectionandpreparationofmapsfromMsKusumLata,ShriHiteshVaidya, unO inti A P Sah is also thankfully acknowledged'

THT TUIUBT OI URBAIIISAII|lIIvll

Abbreviations

lBBntunil0ils

AD Anno Domrni

ADB Asian Development BankAMC Assets Management CompanyAPIIC Andhra pradesh Industriar Infrastructure corporation LimitedAR Accommodation ReservationBCC Bangalore City CorporationBDA Bangalore Development AuthorityBMRDA BangaloreMetropolitanRegionDevelopmentAuthoritv

BOLT Build-Own-Lease-Transfer

BOT Build-Operate-Transfer

BWSSB Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage BoardCAA Constitution Amendment ActCETP Common Effluent Treatment plant

CEPT Centre for Environmental planning and TechnologyCIDCO City & Industrial Development CorporationCMA Chennai Metropolitan Area

CMDA Chennai Metropolitan Development AuthorityCMIE Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy

CPCB Central pollution Control Board

CPR Centre For policy Research

DDA Delhi Development AuthorityDPC District planning Committee

ELCOT Electronics Corporation of Tamil Nadu LimttedFIRE Financial Institution, Reform and ExpansronFSI Floor Space Index

GDP Gross Domestic product

GEM Generators of Economic MomentumGIDB Gujarat Infrastructure Development Board

GIDC Gujarat Industrial Development CoroorationGIS Geographic Information Svstem

GITCO Gujarat Industrial and Technical Consuttancy OrganisationHDFC Housing Development Finance Corporation LimitedHITEC Hyderabad Information Technorogy and Engineering consurtancyHUDA Hyderabad Urban Development Authontv

viiiTIIT TUIURT |tf URBAII|$il||II

Abbreviations

HUDCO Houslng and Urban Development Corporation

ICICI Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India

IDE Institute of Deset Ecology

IDFC Infrastructure Development Finance Company Limited

IDPL Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited

IDSMT Integrated Development of Small and Medlum Towns

IiR India Infrastructure Report

IL&FS Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services Limited

IUDP Integrated Urban Development Project

l&K Jammu&Kashmir

KUDIFC KarnatakaurbanlnfrastructureDevelopmentFinancecorporation

LIC Life Insurance Corporation of India

LoU Level of Urbanisation

lpcd litres Per caPita Per daY

MEIP Metropolitan Environmental Improvement Programme

MIDC Metropolitan Infrastructure Development Corporation

MIDC Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation

mld million litres Per daY

MMR Mumbai Metropolitan Region

MMRDA Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority

MoST Ministry of Surface TransPort

MPC Metropolitan Planning Committee

' MRSAC Maharashtra Remote Sensing Applications Centre

MSRDC Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation

MUDF Municipal Urban Development Fund

MW Mega Watt

NATMO National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation

NCR National CaPital Region

NCU National Commission on Urbanisation

NGO Non Governmental Organisation

NH National HighwaY

NHAI National Highway Authority of India

NHB National Housing Bank

NIUA National Institute of Urban Affairs

NRAP National River Action Plan

TtIT fUTURT |lf URBAIIISAIIllII

Abbreviations

NRSA National Remote Sensing AgencyNRy Nehru Rojgar yojana

NTPC National Thermal power CorporationO & M Operation and MaintenanceORG Operations Research GrouppC planning Commission

,PHED public Health Engineering DepartmentRG Registrar General, IndiaSDp State Domestic product

SFC State Finance Commission

SIDCO Small Industries Development Corporation LimitedsrlcoM State Industriar and Investment corporation of MaharasntraSTPCOT state Industries promotion corporation of ramir NaduSPM Suspended particulate MatterSPUR Spatial priority Urban Region

TCPO Town and Country planning OrgantsationTDR Transfer of Development RightTIDCO Tamil Nadu Industrial Development CorporationTNUDF Tamil Nadu Urban Development Fund

TNUDP Tamil Nadu Urban Development prolect

TUF'DCO Tamir Nadu Urban Finance and Infrastructure Deveropment corporationTWAD Tamil Nadu Water and Drainage Board

UA Urban Agglomeration

UD'FI Urban Deveropment pran Formuration and ImprementationULB Urban Local Body

UT Union Territory

VUDA Visakhapatnam Urban Development AuthorityWSSB Water Supply and Sewerage Board

WUA Water User,s Associations

ZC Zakaria Committee

IIIT fUIURI |lF UBEAIIFATNI

mnilstltTl$rs fOn Tffi ]uluilt 0l ulBffilstTl0il

'''.i - ,.1 , t.

Confenfs

G0lfitlllS: PlnTl

I. OVERVIEW OF THE FUTURE OF URBANISATION STUDY

A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY'P.3

B. METHODOLOGY FOR THE STUDY - P, 5

C. THE FINDINGS OF THE STUDY - P, 6

II. STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE OF URBANISATION

A. SPATIAL PLANNING FOR URBAN CORRIDORS _ P' 73

B. INTEGRATION OF URBAN AND RURAL AREAS: PLANNING MECHANISM _ P. 76

C. LAND MANAGEMENT REFORMS _ P.77

D. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES - P.20

E. INFRASTRUCTURE ISSUES _ P.22

F. FINANCING URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE _ P. 26

G. MANAGEMENTANDGOVERNANCE _ P. 29

References - P. 33

ltsT 0I llBlts mD il[PSWhhwqtttahttbsitalttahn']tt1ri1'4rtl?ilvrt,t rtt/.v///tr*tq+.t44,it1,riti !lf!/!a!/!t!f/t':1r1t't/'+vt'ir/',r.1!.4t1/rttr4/n:

Tabfe 1 Prgected Population of corridors in major states of lndia - P' 7Table 2 Area of Urban Land (1961-91) - P. 77

Map 1 Emerging Urban Corridors in selected states - P. 35

ilIT ruIURT OF URBAIIISAII|lII

Ove rview of tttrlllllSlf u rbgl9auo!

l,."....9u"F1JjtllL'g.llrlj,j"u.Ip,,,!t,0tull

A. BACKGROUND OFTHE STUDY

1.1 India has experienced rapid growth of urbanisation during the last four decades' There are'

however, wide variattons among statei in the level of urbanisation as well as growth rates' The pace and

spread of urbanisation i, n1or" fronounced for some states. For instance, Mizoram is 46 per cent urban but

its total population is about 7 lakh only. On the other hand, Maharashtra with an urban population

percentage of 39 per..nt-ijf million), Gujarat with 35 per cent (14 million) and Tamil Nadu with 34 per

cent (19 million) have, In absolute numbers, large urban population' States such as Delhi and Chandigarh

UT are predominantly urban. Overall percentages have to consider significant Inter-state variations'

r.2 projections already made by the Exped Group of the Registrar General of India and available up to

2016 AD -bring

out the contrast more clearly. while none of the major states will have become

predominantly -urban

by then, Maharashtra will be 48 per cent urban, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil

Nadu more than 40 per cent, while Punjab and Andhra Pradesh will be more than 35 per cent. The rate of

urban population increase will also viry. Between 2001 and 2016 in the country as a whole' urban

population will increase by nearly 50 per cent, compared to 17 per cent rural'

1.3 In some of the states which will become nearly half urban in another 20 years, issues of managing

urlan growtfr are far more impoftant from the economic and development perspective than other states'

States like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu will obviously be in this

category. This Study on Future of Urbanisation undertaken by the Centre for Policy Research has covered

thes-e five states and attempts to delineate the spatial pattern of urbanisatron as emerging in these states

and assess their implications'

I.4 Studies on urbanisation usually focus on demographic changes, numbers and distribution in different

ciurr., oG*ni, rn.r. is a need to understand the spatial pattern of urbanisation both existing and future

in terms of spread and shape. This in turn will help understand_better the needs of physical planning,

infrastructure requiremenG, environmental implications, and issues fOr management and governance'

Correa Commission and lts Findings

1.5 In 19g8, the National Commission on Urbanisation (NCU) set up under the chairmanship of Chhrles

Correa submitted its report. The Commission repoft emphaslsed in very clear terms that urbanisation was

not an aberration in Space but an inevitable concomitqnt of economic change' The report advocated

TIIT fUTURT Of URBA]IISATI|lI

Overview of the Future of lJrbanisation Study

selectivity on the basis of development needs as well as growth potential and identified 329 urban cenrr€sall over the country as generators "f ".;;;;;; Tgryltur (GEMst wnere devetopment activities shourdconverge. The Commis$o1.J* iOentiried +9 ipatiar prioritv L;;;d;;, (SpURs) in the country tevet.A SPUR was not merely a confirmation oiin. oi'Jur"d trendi or gro*th'ili was based on the commission,sassessment or srowth

n::Tl,:l and optimisin;,xr,:::L;;;ffi;nities arready avairabre in rhatparticular region' These regions vary in size 5nd in many cases cut across the state boundaries. Thecommission had recommen{gg a policy iri progr.r-" f9, ceveropmlni ii tno.. spURs on a prioriw basis.A subsequent studv titled 'INDIA - tjneAN'c-d;inlDoRs' o.rJ-.r.-igsi census by Nationar Aras andThematic Mapping organisation r^rnr'roilJ.nli.o . ,ut or zs uroan corrioi^ at the country rever. This wasa diagnostic and descriptive derineation uno *ri,in"refore, different r., [n" spunr.

,::_ .,;:Tilj!JIijt*..:??f::.:,"": taken prace in the country since leel, which ca, for an ursent

D The liberalisation of the economy, in particular in the regime of licensing investments and industrv.D Some state governments-have been taking more initiatives than betore rn promoting industrial andcommerciar growth through infrastructure, pubric- private anan!er"nt,

"t .

D Private sector initiatives have been on the increase.

o Agricultural development, productivity enhancement and increased incomes have created a demandfor non-farm goods and services and consequent urbanisation. studies reveal that districts which arein the frontline of agriculture and contribute 1olo or more to t|re-c-untry,s rice, wheat or oilseeosproduction have higher rates of urbanisation than their ,"rp".iiuu states (chengalpet, west' Godavari, Krishna, Guntur, Barddhaman, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Karnal anct Kurukshetra etc.)

fl Pursuant to the 73'd and 74th Amendments to th-e constitution, several possibilities and positiveopportunities have emerged for decentralisation of functions and powers to local governments.

1'7 Apart from the 1991 census figures and the population projections of the Registrar General, referreclto earlier, there is considerable information available about the spaiial trends of urba-nisation ouiinj the pastdecade' The satellite data from National Remote sensing Agency (NRSA) can be used for mappini in-ng.,in urbanisation statewide, identifying the urban corridors as also their continuity, concentration and sorawr.

The Present Study for Selected States

1 q rhese compelling demographic aspects of urbanisation and the need to take note of recentinformation as mentioned above provided a fresh opportunity for a study on the Future of Urbanisation, bythe centre for Policy Research. The study has been supported by the Housing Development Financecorporation Limited (HDFc), Infrastructure Development Finance -orp.ny Limited (lDFc) andInfrastructure Leasing & Financial services Limited (IL&FS). Given the signtricant variations between thestates and learning from the correa commission's views, this study ii selective both in content andgeographical coverage. The study seeks to stimulate consideration of the emerging urbanisation pattern, asa result of changes that are taking place in demography, economic activities in the wake of liberalisa.on,and more impoftantly, the spatial growth, shape and spread of urbanisation across the 5 states -

fvlaharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, where urbanisation is likely to be-a0 to50 per cent by 2021 AD.

Tllt rurunI 0f uRBAlilsAIr0ll

Overview of the Future of urbanisation

l.gThepreferencefor|ocationofnewinvestmentsisnowgurdedinthecontextof|iberalisationanoderegulation by requiremenf,-oittu t.rk9t r9th9r t'han governirent-prescriotions' The market forces are

shaping the spatial puou*'u'ni'f"uuf oiurbanisation' ine-cities are spreadino out with growth adjacentto

existing cities. The rtuoy"riir", issues of .ont"'n in four broad areas' naitely' spatial manifestation of

economic growth, inrrastruJuie, environment, ano lne implications for governance of urban areas'

B. METHODOLOGY FORTHESTUDY

Information Base for the Present Study

Desk Review

l.l0Thepresentstudyisbasedonvariousinformation,datasources,reportsandCensus of India, UrOan SeHor Profile of selected states by National Institute of

statistical Abstract-India, -entral statistical organisation, and Economic surveys and

ii-rirtuJ.r References at tfre end of each State Repoft in Part II of this document'

publications including

Urban Affairs (NIUA),

several other sources,

CMIE DAIA

1.11 The data related to investments in manufacturing and infrastructure projects in various states

included in this study, as compiled by the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE)' was made available

to us by the Depaftment of Indu*ri;l Policy and Promotion, Ministry of Industry' The above data was used

in attempts to bring out a district level picture on the number, cost and status of industry and infrastructure

projects. This data helped to relate the spatial changes due to these investments'

Repofts of State Government and Other Agencies

1.12 The industrial policy documents of the state governments and their agencies on promotion of

industries and their decentialised growth in particular locations, and policy instruments such as incentives

and provision of serviced land were studied. All the states have been promoting industrialisation in backward

areas through industrial estates, industrial townships, growth centres and industrial parks. The states are

making serious efforts to attract industries in backward areas other than industrially developed locations

e.g., dhar*apuri, pudukottai districts in Tamil Nadu; Chitradurga district in Karnataka; and VUayanagaram,

pr6kasam disiricts in Andhra Pradesh. However, the CMIE data indicated clearly the preferences for locations

guided by the market rather than administrative decisions. The new investments in industry and

infrastructure have been directed at areas adjoining the metropolitan and large cities and coastal areas

where port development is receiving high priority.

Limited use of satellite imageries/ CPCB Zoning Atlas

1.13 With a view to identify the spatial configurations of existing and future urbanisation at metropolitan

and other large cities and emerging urban corridors, visits were undertaken to Chennai, Hyderabad and

Nagpur for selking suppoft of the ioncerned state government through their Remote Sensing Application

Ceiire for making maid based on satellite imageries. This was specially sought for mapping the changes in

spitial spread oi urban areas at two time intervals during the past decade, identification of the urban

corridors, their continuity etc. The Government of Maharashtra agreed to share the outputs with the Centre

for policy Research and we were able to obtain maps for the Maharashtra state together with-urban sprawl

maps in respect of seven cities where urban growth is very rapici. Similar maps in respect of other states

could not, however, become available as the costs were substantial and the state governments could not

meet the same.

1L4 The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is preparing Zoning Atlas for siting of new industries at

the district level in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and others.

TIIT IUTURt |lT URBAIIISATI|lII

Overview of the Future of L|rbanisation Study

The state Zoning Aflas p::l-Tg, under the o,r*l,ol, of. Nationar Aflas and rhematic Mapping (NATMO) forthe GPCB for the above five states,".r. r.J".uaitaute to ihe'c;r"';;,. poricy Researchioi use rn tnisstudy' These maps provrdeo userui-ri#r"ii91-.gi oroao Lno uiurl .r.nrpo,tation network, uroansettlements, industrial estates, inaustriai growti''..ntr", and industriar crusters etc.

:i:*T"r for urban popuration, urbanisation Levet and Size of Major cities

1 1) Ine population projections by the Reoistrar General for India and States for 2016 AD were used forprolecting the urban population ror tne nu""'rirov states for lozi nii -The

trend-based poections fordistrict-wise urban population, urbanisitio;l;";;, 4nd crass r, Ii;;; iir'cry sizes for 2o2r ADwere madeDased on growth rates for 1981-91' rne output nelogc t9 pr.b.i" r.p, i'ncrcating the anticipated changesIn urbanisation levels in various districts ou"i tggt urbanisation reueri5s weil as grow1|r of towns and citiesin 2021 AD' The census 2001-has ot"niotpr"l.dbut it wirr tateiometime before state and district wisegrowth trends are available' tn our view, tlJ-lger-sr tr""oi uro'ir'" projections made therefore areconservative and may be exceeded in several cases.

C. THE FINDINGS OFTHE STUDY

Emerging Spatial pattern

1'16 In many countries of the world, metropolitan growth is mainly because of the growth in peripheriesover-spilling the municipal boundaries. In some countries, as in India, central cities may continue to grolv.There will be increased concentration of population in large ,roun uggro,;eratrons in future. such growth isgoing to pose formidable problems - a challenge as well ai oppodun"it.r'17 The present study reinforces the generally known but undocumented phenomenon about theemergence of transport corridors, providing linkages among important urban centres, increased flow ofgoods and passengers' These transport coiridors are a strong stimulus to uroan growth with substantialIncrease in volume of activities, work force and population atoni gre .oiriooit. These corridors contain somerapidly growing metropolises regions as well as sparsely locatld new urban centres. A number of growthcentres and industrial estates are being developed along these corridors. The upgradation or ft,e coroenQuadrangle National Highway network to strengthen the links between Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta and chennarand nofth-south and east-west corridors, the proposed expressway in certarn stretches, and newinvestments at various locations reinforce the growth along existing .orridorr. ir'.i"rrii ir'in-ot atJni sorecorridors, growth is continuous and in some others, such growth is sparse and discontinuous. some of thesetransport cum urban corridors are also inter-state e.g., Gujarat - Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu - KarnaraKa.Apat from these, the states covered by the present study, many of the corridors, such as in AndhraPradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka are within the states. -- .-- -'1'18 The urban population along the transport corridors based on Census - tggL, prgected populationfor 2021 and percentage to total urban population in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka anoAndhra Pradesh is given in Table 1 (Map 1). In 2021, the Mumbai - thane (to Ahmadabad) corridor willhave about 24 million people i'e', more than 40 per cent of prqected urban population in Maharashtra. TheMahesana-Gandhinagar-Ahmadabad-Vadodara-Bharuch-surat-valsad corridor will have about 20 miltionpeople, i'e., 72 per cent of the projected urban population in Gujarat. Likewise the chennai - Krishnagrrr -Hosur corridor in Tamil Nadu will also constitute 43 per cent of ur6an population of the state. The Bangarore- Belgaum corridor will have about 58 per cent of the urban population in Karnataka with about 16 millionpopulation, and in Andhra Pradesh, the Hyderabad - Ananthpur corridor wiil experience a very high growthrate with a population of 11 million i.e.' 31 per cent of the urban population of the state. rogeiheitnesevarious corridors will account for the predominant part of urban population in the respective statis.

IIIT FUTURT |lf URBAIIIS[il||II

Overview of the Future of

Table 1: Projected Population of Corridors in Major States of India

: a-;--L-: '1115^6 /t^ Ahrnad^hedl 1,33,28,59q 43.& 2,42,79,ffiz 42.39r"rull!4!_ ]_u9jl:_\f',tumnai - nasnil - Dhule - Amravati - Nagpur

(excludinq_MumQa61,21,778

26"08pi7

20.0s 1,t9,47,723 20.90

8.54 62,48,869 10.93

!4 u m b aL - P u nslsllHij##I. ^ lT" 11,79,810 3,86 16,86,690 2.95

ls-"ffi t4,07,643 4.59 22,43,769 3.92r,lll lE ' I\ull rapur t r^Lru:lllal:"'.4--i^Jt^t c,t..i.l.tr ( Mrrmbai - Raioad - Ratnaqiri) 1,12,095 0.37 1,49,581 0.26

ijune - nnmaanagar - Aurangabad - Jalgaonr). ...^ an.l lrl^t^n \

8,96,239 7.93 33,63,253 5.88

! s^Lruurr ru r ur r- jl1l9a])::lz--8,46,528 7.77 24,03,220 4.20

Auranqabad - Parb!q!!:!t@soGpfi --parorran'G4qqIg!"EpqL&P-4p!eD 3,54,308 1.16 9,46,306 1.66

Total 2,68,s0,916 a7.92 5,32,18,593 93.10

GUJARAT

N"'th - fuuth Co"id"(t'4ahesana -Gandhinagar -Ahmadabad - Vadodara - Bharuch - Surat - Valsad)

8s,32,998 59.88 r,99,84,t61 71.58

toastal Corridor - I (Bhavnagar - Porbandar - Okha) 9,92,198 6.96 L7,5t,t99 6.27

Coastal Corridor - II (Okha - Jamnagar - Morvi -Gandhidham - Bhui) (excluding OkhA)

-_8,9s,739 6.29 18,00,207 6.45

Ahmadabad - Rajkot - Junagadh(excluding Ahmadabad)

t1,39,454 8.00 24,82,48r 8.89

Total 1,1s,60,389 81.13 2,60,18,Os4 93.19

TAMIL NADU

Chennai - Krishnagiri - Hosur 69,35,548 36.35 r,33,36,374 43.38

Coimbatore - Erode - Salem - Krishnagiri(Excludinq Krishnaqiri)

30,99,209 t6.24 57,5r,r70 18.71

Coastal Corridor - I (Chennai - Cuddalore - Tanjavur -Karaikudi) (excluding Chennail

1q do 7eq 8,12 77,09,8r9 7.19

Coastal Corridor - II (Tuticorin - l{ag449j!) 7,00,316 3.67 10,40,823 3.39

Total L,22,84,A62 64.38 2,23,38,18s 72.67

KARNATAKA

Banqalore - Belqaum 66,88,598 48.08 159,9!,9!I 57.58

Mysore-Bangalore-Kolar(excludinq Bangalore) t5,16,417 10.90 34,Or,t54 72.5r

Coastal Corridor(Manqalore - Udupi - Karwar) 8,t5,740 5,86 16,09,415 s.97

Total 90,20,7ss 64.84 2,06,66,474 76.O1

ANDTIRA PRADESH

Hyderabad - Ananthpur- HinduPur 55, 11, 173 30.81 t,t3,L7,759 31.23

Hvderabad - Viiaywada (excluding Hyderabad) 2r,00,327 11.74 39,76,286 10.97

Hyderabad - Nizamabad - Adilabad (excluding

Hyderabad)7,47,609 4.15 1r,97,236 3.79

Coastal Corridor (Srikakulum - Vishakhapatnam

Kakirrada - Gundur- Nellore)41,72.,113 26.61 99, 18,s 16 27.37

Total 1,3L,26,222 73.37 2,64,O4,796 72.46

Source: Census of India, 7997

i Prqected

IHT TUIURT l|T URBAIIISAII|lII

Overview of the Future of lJrbanisation Study

1'19 The study indicates that these corridors have been attracting sub-stantial volume of economicactivities' such as industry.and regional inrrislrgyre.;";;;.1 vmanirestation of investments andeconomic change is discernible ffrrouin continrJur or oiscontinuoJipir*i *itr, pory-nodar centres Jong tn"corridors' In some corridors, growtfiwill oe contln_uo,us but in;a;;-it'ritt ou discontinuous and sparse,wasting land and other resources in the p.o."o inu changes in t|re rinJ use patturn will be dramatic takingaway considerable portion of agriculturil land. The p^eripnerar areas orLiJe cities along the corridors havebeen growing and absorbing migrant poprt.tion'in sprawl lacking basic iervices. such developments areexerting considerable pressure on land'and dGrl1,irll,r"rour."i. r-n-ifu-is a need for understanding theexisting and future characteristics of these .orrlooo and their implicatiins in terms of spread and shape,infrastructure and environment, organisationaf framework for management and governance.

1'20 such corridors have not been unknown. The National commassion on urbanisation (Ncu) in itsrepoft in 1988 identified the emerging urban corridors which *ere tate|. modified by the National rhematicMapping organisation (NATMO) as ier rsgi aensus. rne location or new investments in industry andinfrastructure in the context of liberalisation oithu ".onomy

after 1991 are inaping the spatial pattern arongthe corridors' The findings of the study or s states have reconfirm"i tn. "rurgance

of the urban corridorsidentified earlier with a few new corridors. There are, however, some surprises i.e. new corridors other thanthe findings of the NCU/NATMO. For instance, Siurashtra'r C;1.;r,i ; the focus of new industrialconcentration with huge investments in petro-chemical complex in'iirn.iar and development of rargenumber of seaports all along the coast' These developments are ruerrrng ine growth of new corridors. Theemergence of coastal corridors in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka are otnei nJ*oevetopments.

L'2L Appropriate framework for development and management particularly for .Nodes, and urbanisingareas along the urban corridors would be needed. There would be a need ioiroresignt planning and keepingthe development options open' we need to address the issues of land, water and environment. Anotherissue is governance of multi-municipal and multi-noclal pattern of growtn along the coridors. Theorganisational framework required for governance will be very differeni than what we have at present,particularly in the context of large cities dominating the urbanisation scene with rurther conientrlttn orpopulation.

Implications of Corridor Development

The New Urban Landscape

r.22 There are severar implications of this emerging urban landscape:

o rhe high interaction between two nodes particularly between two ma;or cities e.g., Ahmadabad -Baroda will cause higher growh around nodes resulting in urban sprawl with smaller settiementscoalescing with each other.

o rhe influence area. of 'Nodes' will get further enlarged. Such new urban regions will neither have acentre nor a periphery but emerging as a shapeless mass. This .will lead t-o accelerated growth oflow-density urban sprawl along the corrldor axrs, Increasing the cost of development later o-n.

D Public transport will probably be the single most important policy issue rn managrng urban growth.The main corridor transportation system wilt need to be supported by a secondary system of roadnetwork and other communication facilities together with public transpon.

O Physical impact on the urban corridor will be significant and will help in consolidation of sparsedevelopment. Changes in land utilisation pattern may be dramatic. The urban corridors will takeaway a considerable portion of agricultural land. Unless planned, linear spread of urban activitiesmay be inevitable.

IIII IUTUNT |lF UNBATISAIIt|II

Overuiew of the Fq!!,e of U'ballsalon

0LandVa|ues|ngenera|wi||takeanupwardtrendparticu|ar|yaroundthenodalcentres.

oEnvironmentproblemswi||becomeverycritica|,Airandwaterpo||utioninandalongthecorridorswill rise significantlY'

1.23 The emerging urban conidors in the study raise a number of questions: whether urbanisation tn new

areas taking place along #^rpo4 iottidors is OesitaOGZ Ancl if so, to what extent? The transport corridors

providing stimutus to the d;;i;*""t or poty-nooai,toan corridois, as in the case of Gujarat (Ahmadabad

- Vadodara - Surat - v"p'l i"-O rvinaraintia (uumOai - Pune) aie well known' The implications of the

corridor development are many. The corridors will be multi-nodai out not well connected functionally' such

connectivity will require carelui ptanning and policy choices on whether the corridors need to be continuous

or discontinuous. The location of future economic activities, residential development, infrastructu.re together

with integration of multi-nodal centres both spatially and functionally, would have to be planned and

visualised.

Infrastructure Im Plications

Reg ion a I fnfrastru ctu re

L.Z4 It is widely recognised that regional infrastructure is particularly critical. Their inadequacies and

imbalances threaten to constrain economic growth and quality of life in both urban and rural areas. Large

investments in regional infrastructure like roads, railways, power, telecommunications, airports and ports are

required for accelerating the growth rate of the economy. The inter-city road transport is getting a good

push through upgradation of national highways and construction of expressways. However, intra-city

transport continues to receive poor attention placing the cities under severe stress due to congestion and

growing vehicle population in cities. The India infrastructure Report (1996) is a landmark work and has

highlighted the related issues and made comprehensive recommendations in the infrastructure sector.

Urban fnfrastructure

1.25 The emerging urban corridors will require special nreasures to deal with urban infrastructure and

services, The urban growth will aggravate the existing shortfalls of the basic infrastructure and Services.

Primary urban infrastructure such as water supply and sewerage are not available outside the municipal

limits. There is an urgent need to evolve policies and programmes that address the problem of newly

urbanising areas in terms of provision of infrastructure services. This calls for larger investments in water

supply, sewerage, urban transport and communications, housing and conrmunity facilities, all within a co-

ordinated framework of economic and spatial planning of the corridors.

Water

t.Z6 The gap between the availability and demand of water has widened over the years. Most of thecities are facing acute shoftages of water. Wide disparities in population coverage and levels of supply

amongst the different size of towns exist. We have a problem of quantity of water. Drinking water

requirement forms only a small propoftion of water resources. Even that is not available where needed. It isnecessary to make a long term planning of water resource management. As the demand for water isincreasing, the availability/potential of both surface and ground water is reducing. It is necessary to make

judicious allocation of available water resources by preparing water resource management plan. In view of

increasing demand of water supply and diminishing water resources, the following issues/measures need

consideration:

O Water reSources planning on a regional basis'

O Setting water availability for different settlements as a defining limit for development.

iltt tuIURt 0f uRlAlllsAll0ll

Overview of the Future of lJrbanisation Sh rltt

O Legislative measures to check over_exploitation of surface andfl Water conservation through leak detection, minimisationmeasures, promotiOn of water conservation in industriallegislative measures.

grouncl water.

of transmission losses and recyclingand residential premises by suitable

D Measures to prevenVcontrolhazardous substances in land

pollution due to indiscriminate disposal of solidand watercourses.

waste, elfluents and

o control and abatement of pollution of water bodies from municipal and industrial wastes.

" gitjJrtffistructure to ensure proper pricing to enable cost recovery, demand management and

D Rain water harvesting, storage and use.

Sewerage and Drainage

r'27 Most of the towns do not have a sewerage system. Provision for sanitation arrangements musr gohand in hand with water supply. There is a wide gap between the level of water servic! ,nJ in.o"qru..sanitation' As a result, the discharge of waste leads to pollution, health risks and environment degradation.such sewerage systems as existing in few cities are only partial in .o*r.g; The coverage is further limitedbecause only part of the sewage is collected and even less of that is treate-d.

Sotid waste Management

1'28 only part of the garbage generated in urban areas are collected, transported and disposed off. Inmany cities, in the industrial areas, municipal solid waste is getting mixed up with hazardous waste posing aserious threat. The accumulation of garbage has become a common sight in most cities. This state of affairsis directly linked to inadeqLtate planning, finances and management capacity at the local level.

Environmenta I Implications

)'.29 Most urban areas are exposed to air and water pollution, and problems of inadequate solid and liquidwaste management. Discharge of domestic and industrial wastes has seriously polluted most waterresources' Industries and vehicular emissions are the major causes of air pollution. Contamination of watersources whether by pollution of rivers, seepage of polluting substances into the ground water or infiltrationof water supply lines by drainage and sewage pipes is a serious problem in many cities. As far as groundwater is concerned, over-exploitation and intrusion of saline water in coastal areas have been thJ majorproblem. The coast is being polluted due to sewage and industrial effluents from urban setuements alongthe coast, discharges from the contaminated river.s. There is a need to examine the ecology of the coastalzone to ensure that coastal resources are protected. By and large, the environmental issues include: loss ofnatural resources - water sources, green areas and coastal areas; deteriorating quality of surface andground water; deteriorating ambient air quality; pollution from solid waste; traffic congestion.

Governance Implications

Municipal Governance

1.30 An illustrative list of municipal functions is provided in the 12th Schedule under the 74th ConstrtutlonAmendment Act. The Constitution Amendment provided an opportunity to the states to formulate a new setof municipal functions to be incorporated in the Confornrity Legislation. Only Tamil Nadu, among the studystates, in its Common Urban Local,Bodies Act, provides an elaborate listing of powers and functions ofmunicipalities. Unfortunately, in the rernaining states, the functiorral domain of the municipalities is not

10 IIIt TUIURT OT URBAIIISAII||II

Averview of the Future of |Jrbanisation Study

comprehensive'Thefundiona|domain,financia|autonomyandproximitybetweenthepeop|eande|ectedi"pt5t""i.,'""t continue to be unresolved issues'

1.3].TheStategovernn.lentsovertheyearshavetakenawaymunicipa|functionsandgiventnemton.,-,u.i. .0"'*ixryj:ir,'i:liieT',?#:L[T["Tffi::q;:3;*:.T1T"x?[lTli.ii];|illevels, Urban Developmepresent framework ",

,ug'ri.;;,,' unJ "n.ro..n.."i

""iiri" functionar jurisdiction of municiparities, the

network of parastatals n.] r"i'r.,.0" any signiricaniimpact on the govern_ance of cities' These organisations

are not subjected ao .nu"oui,,.';;1";.i iontror rn in'e itnt"*t of decentralisation of urban governance'

there is a need to rethink tne rote of municipalities'*il;;;b;t focus on clear assignment of functions ano

devolution of financial ,"roura"r. The state gouarn*;;t, neect to ensr-rre that the functional domain of the

Municipalities uno uunoriispects of-functionat reiponiibilities such.as planning' financing' implementing

and monitonng ",.., uiJ;iJ;ily defined. prouir-ioiJ'aie ario neeoeo in Municipal Acts for alternative

institutional mecnanrsms ?or delivery of urban '"'uit"i such as privatisation and public-private pa(nersnlps'

Such a provision has been'muAt in int Maharashtra amended Municipal Acts'

L.32 Though in theory local bodies are the,traditional focus of urban management' in practice they are

not responsible ror ptan'ning and overall O.u'fopittii'lf ;;;" areas' and reiponding to the problems of

physical growth, inrrastruit'ure ind environme.t. ni ti. tuin. titn", in public perception' municipal bodies

areresponsib|eforservices.Mostcommon|y,peripheraIareaSarefragmentedbetweenmunicipaIjurisdictions and funcuons which need to ne oroulnt'together ]: t::?:,I.d'tn to urban growth' Another

oroblem relates to ,n" nu* industrial townships em"erging-atong the corridors' which stand alone' but need

to be integrated into G main city jr-rrisdiction'iotir'" p"p"o'"t ol inteqrated service provision' State

governments ,f,orlo uiro ionsiOer' slriously how new industrial townships should be brought under

municipal jurisdtction. ti"it, i" o" ".phasised.that

the history of conrpany townships in India has not been

happy particularty rroni if,"n n.u,. iotal inability to mobilise any tax resources from the industrtes or

residents. The provisron -io

n'ti.t. 243 (Q) of ' the Constitution envisaging the exclusion of company

to*nif.r'pt from municipal purview is unlikely to work'

r.33 Metropolitan clties are the main engines of growth and econorny in the country' The metropolitan

cities are multi-municipai unO ur. not confinid to the"boundaries of one single corporation' The metropolitan

areas are divided in t-v l,n"t".t local bodies' The scale of services needed in these metropolitan areas ls

so huge that it is not possible for one municipal .o'-Joiution or the different municipalities to address them in

their entirety. Though metropolitan development aithorities have been created for such cities' they are not

an adequate answer to the problems of these t'tt'ltunitipui areas' These areas need both long term vision

and a series of short i"rni ,nt"ru"ntions and investments' The stakeholders are many such as elected

representatives, business and industrialists, p'oiesiional groups' NGOs etc The Development Authorities'

mostly involveo in reaiestate developn.rent, u'"-noi in -u

potition to bfing all stakeholders on a single

platform. That is *., ,"n"*t;; ani".ltnL"t -ptouio"t for tlre Metropolitan Planning committee for

metropolitan area. Two-third Of its menrbers are to be elected representatives of urban and rural local

bodies in the metropolitan areas. The others are to be nominated representing state and central government

agencies responsible roi various services. rqoru *po,tunlly, tlre.norninationi also enable representation of

the private sector, exferti ano ttre community. t'letropotiian Planning commiftee is' therefore' an inter-

governmentat, int"r-orlinirutl";il IgrT for pr6v oing a vision, a strategy and a metropolitan development

plan. The settrng up of-MpCs in all the study stalei is"non-starter. Recentiy Maharashtra passed an enabling

law to set up Mpcs in n1"iropor,tun areas but the same has not been constituted so far'

L,34TheT4.nConstitutronAmendmentActmandatori|yprescribestheconstitutionofDistrictP|ann.ngcommittees. These committees are required to integrate urban and rural planning, facilitate the

Illt fUIURI 0r uR&AlllsAll0ll11

Overuiew of the Future of Llrbanisation Study

development of regional^ in1-?-t'fuitqtt and promo-te .environmentar conservation. The District prannrngLommittee have to be constituted i"

"""ryii1rr.ct to consoti;il;b*.prepared by panchaya* andMunicipalities' Even alons the-transport il'il;i_:r1gof, Jil;;il;'l;i, nor be continuous and rurar_urban mix will prevail' ht:f tn" iiriiiar'rk""iu.,*q1r, Br;anda;a li;;;.t in M"h..rrntra; B-anai'iantna,Amreli districts in Guiarat; qlgtmapuri,-e;;dft.i orstrias in rl#'iuj"i Bijapur, Mandya districts in

r y"'i!?'il L.:: f :''.#i#1ffi 1# il[.;',H; :FjJ",i",:| #i

ii * i,ni .iv, io,r, ii"iii^ g "rffl;::ifi'ln.?:T:TffHfl":#fr*;,'HJJi:;T::,:H: -,,0 o",ikoi*',,#""T-:"X'yli'':':";

1'35 Appropriate institutional set up for planning and deveropment wiff need to be created !o evovecoherent policies for management and integiat"J oeuutopr"nt-oi-rr# i"rr,ooo. In the absence of such aset up' uncontrolled and spontaneous grofth *ilr .ontinue to oi.rr. m"louH-nodar structure of corridorsmay or may not honour the traditional-acmrnistratlve oornoi.ie, J ur"'L.r, bodies. Hence the need for a::*3#11ffi::':::'JfJ;'i::J";:f::[:Xluu' or ro.ui n"oi"iro,.

'"i,.i,i,.*,"n as we' as preparation or

1'36 All issues cannot be addressed at the local '::':lT r::n of assignment of functions and resources,development strategy imperatives ut tn" ro.ui Jiaie and country revels-requires deriberations at the stateand central government levels as well. The ar"no"c conrt'triil'n J""t .i'i'r'ng of functionar and financialdomain and this process can only ne innuerrceJ iigiiricantry through poritical process and public interest.

t2TrI FUruRt ot uRrnltsnnoT

Strategic Oi'eXions fo'the Future d

r_1,___**"*t$fIF'$Ig"qLS"hqJJ"qll*p*"t-0-"[-J*!!J..1'!!-!,!1,*.[,!- -0J,J"n-!.lllj"$-tJ"!"0""||.,..*-".-

A. SPATIAL PLANNING FORURBAN CORRIDORS

Background

2.1 The national development plans are concetved mainly in terms of sectoral allocations, overlooking

tne spatiat dimensions of social and economic change. with emphasis on sectoral allocations, the issues of

inter-sectoral co-ordination and integration, identificition of emerging nodal points for economic growth, the

distribution of economic activities ln large, medium and small towns do not find place in this type of

planning. There is no mechanism at present, to work out the Spatial implications of industrial and

infrastructure sectors consequent to economic liberalisation. What is missing, therefore, is the concept of a

regional spatial plan in terms of actual use and development of land on a regional basis. The local level

pljnning is usually micro-level physical planning which is done without any spatio-economic policy

iramework at the regional (state/district) level. Thus the existing planning mechanisms for urban

development are short signted in nature, deal with individual problems as they arise, lack

comprehensiveness, and are by and large ineffective. Emphasis is invariably placed on the Master Plan,

which is a static concept to cope with rapid adjustment to the demands of increasingly rapid urbanisation'

Improvements suggested by the National commission on Urbanisation (NCU)

2.2 The National Commission on Urbanisation had recommended various measures for addressing some

of the above drawbacks in the existing planning and development system. The NCU suggestd adoption of a

spatial planning system as a link between national and local planning. It had observed that in order to

evolve effective policies for planning and development of towns and cities, regional approach is quite

essential. This system entailed a process whereby national and state policies would be disaggregated to the

local level. At the same time, this approach would provide a national spatial pattern after the settlement and

district plans are aggregated at the state level. Thus the proposed system envisaged introducing the bottom

uo feedback mechanism, This approach would thus enable integration of inter-sectoral policies and

programmes with particular reference to spatial planning and development.

2.3 The regional spatial planning approach suggested by the NCU required delineation of hierarchy of

regions comprising macro-regions (inter-state), regions (state), sub-regions (inter-district), and micro-

regions (districts). As per this model, the approach to spatial planning at the national level would confine

itsLtf to policy and strategy formulation, while most effective spatial planning would be through preparation

and implementation of spatial regional plans at the state, inter-district and district levels.

73'd and 74th Constitutional Amendments

2.4 The main purpose of these amendments was to empower rural and urban local bodies so that they

begin to function truiy as institution of self government and in reality as a third tier of government' The

ottier objective was to establish institutional arrangements for integrated development of settlements, areas

and regions. Under the 74th Amendment Act, urban planning including town planning, regulation,of land use,

slum iirprovement and up-gradation and provision of basic services have been included in 12'n Schedule

ilIT TUIURT |lT URBAIIISAII|}II 13

ic Directtons for the Future of Urbanisation

containing the list of municipal functions' Local government has thus been entrusted with the responsibirityof preparing deveropmenr ptans inctuJinl o-u*ro'pru"f i".ir"i *ii.'ritli jurisoiaion.

2'5 The 74th amendment also envisages two types of committees, namery, District pranning commrfteeand Metropolitan Planning Committee. These would "n

rr" ii.ui'pr.'ni pr"p.r"o by rocar bodies atpanchayats and municipal levels are integrat-o-*ithin the rr.r"*oit ,lilo-zs year perspective pran and 5year development plan prepared at national and state levels. The District planning committee would ensurethat a spatial development plan is prepared oy consotioating tne p[ni piepareo by the panchayats and

il:liTl[?,f|iil'l j::'5:.'ff$ise, Metroporitan pranni-ns c""ittJ. wourd prepare'a oeveropment

Regional Plans

2'6 There are only a few pione-ering exercises of interstate regional plans as also plans for regions withinstates undertaken by TCPo' The south East Resource feolon erin coulrinf parts of Bihar, orissa, MadhyaPradesh and west Bengal including a small portion of UttaiPradesh *uroirJ.t"o to organise conflicting usesof land and settlements. The regional plan of western Ghats enconrp.rmg id;t"r?Mil;;rnirul oor,Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu was prepared as a framework for seitoral investments. The neecl forspatial planning for socio economic investments to be considered within the district as a region, gatheredmomentum from this period. The preparation of the National capital Region plan for an int-erstaf regioncomprising over 30,000 sq km in Delhi Ncr, parts of uttar Pradesh, HJryana, and Rajasthan is anotherexercise for a metropolitan region. The Metropolitan Region plan for cri.rttu, Bombay, Bangalore anoHyderabad have also been prepared. The record in preparation of regional plans is otherwise weak.

District Planning

2.7 District planning process has received impetus under the 74th Amendment. on an average, eachdistrict is about 7000 sq kms in area and holds an average population of about 2 million. Thisiveragepopulation would increase to around 3 million over the next three decades. They are appropriate spatialentities for preparation of regional plans. Metropolitan areas would have to be carved out from thesedistricts for preparation of metropolitan development plans broadly indicating goals, policies and strategresfor development and larger investments.

Emerging Planning Framework

Regional Spatial Planning at the State Levet

2.8 Regional spatial planning system needs to be incorporated within the ptanning structure at the statelevel. This would enable organising the national space economy and relating growth of individual cities anJtowns to economic growth in their regions. Spatial planning can make its greatest contribution at regionallevel because development policies both national and state can best be translated into spatial form thioughpreparation of regional plans, providing framework for development. This will also provide a two-wayexchange of information, national/state development policies and local needs. There is need to co-ordinatevarlous programmes in terms of a general area development plan for the state and for regions. The planningand development of emerging urban corridors in various states, as identified in this study, need to besupported by Spatial Regional Plans for optimum utilisation, conservation and development of all human anomaterial resources in the region in an integrated manner. Regional planning process can integrate economicand spatial planning into single continuous process. However, this would need institutional mechanism forpreparation of regional plan as well as its implementation. Without such arrangement, it may not be possibleto prepare a viable economic and spatial framework.

L4 ilfi I0I[[I 0F Ut0A$sniloil

Di rection s for thglutu re d!/lba nls!!g!

Formulation of Spatial Regional Plans

2.gTheprocessofformulationofspatia|regiona|p|ansshould_b"-]llP..obytheStategovernmentthroush the state ,o*n uni'tount,y ptannins +;ti;;.1 sp:ii"l-:"^T:al planning should take into

consideration the lmpacts oi into-f*iuS"s anO inieractions on the economic' social and environmental

resources of the region. The planning prgces: tn""ia*n."" pt'ioctii teuiews built into it so that the dynamlc

nature of urbanisation can be monitbred unO aO;rsltJn;;;;"' The functions of the Town and Country

planning Department ,nouri-.oniirr of coorOinitiin';"ih; *E"nal and.urban planning' integration of

economic and spatiat offi'"',],'.J og r.r.i"*9"'Ov"u".ontiu'nt. inleraction with the state's planntng

department. rne metropiiiun'liti", should exercise independent powers within their own boundaries

orovided their plans fit in those of the region tt u *n"it' -ine

Oistrict Development Plan' should concern

w*h the spatial distribution oi services anJ resource; ; il. district. The District Devdlopment Plan should be

project oriented.

District DeveloPment Plan

2.10 Each district would prepare a District .Developnrent Plan with specific strategies to implement the

state spatial policies. To be effective, the district O""ioptt"t plan wouid have to collate and integrate the

plans of its constituent urban and rural areas u, *.ff l, sectoral attocation-s at inu Oitttltt level' the 74th

Amendment envisages that the District Development plan should be prepared with due regard to matters of

common interest between the panchayats anC t,ntipalities, including.spatial planning; sharing of physical

and natural resources; integration of infrastructure development and conservation of environmenu and

"^Gnt unO type of available it'outttt, whether financial or otherwise'

MetroPolitan DeveloPment Plan

2.tL Development Plans for metropolitan areas should be prepared by Metropolitan Planning committees'

The perspectiue oeueropient fta.n 'snoutd. inotcJe goatl iorr_cies, _sirategies

regardinq spatio-economic

development. It shoutd 6u rurrv iynchronised with the "National/ state Five Year Plans to facilitate integration

of spatial and economic policy planning initiatives'

Local Level Plans

Z.l2 The 74th Amendment envisages devolution of planning functions.to local authorities' A four level

approach has been ;;g;;rtJ in- tne guidelines for Uiban Development Plan Formulation an.

Implementation (UDPFI). The local authority tho;ld ftp*e'Local Development Plan' in conformity with the

sub-regional plan. This needs close co-ordination between the plans prepared for urban centres and those

for the surrounding rural ireas in the sub-region. in"t.ror", the spatial planning functions of local planning

authorities and Distrlct Planning committees should be clearly defined' The recommended planning sy$em

consists of (a) perspective Plan for 20-25 v"u" [ng i"i* 'prun- gloviolf9 a strategic plan indicating the

policies and strategies regarding spatio-economl Oetieroptent of the settlement' The output is not just a

physical development O';-;r1 a set of intei1eratetL'strategies for city development including land'

infrastructure, finance, institutional i.e', a pro.eii of integrated urban development; (b) Comprehensive

plan within the framework of Perspective ptan #a meiitin1 tttt (say for 5 years) allows a more flexible

base for the preparatron of iocat pians idengfying u'"u' where urban change and growth should take place

with supporting inrrasiructure, source of finance"and instrurnents for execution; (c) Annual Plan within the

frameworkofDeve|opmentptancontainingnew-andongoingprojectsthatthe|oca|authorityintentstoimplement during tne financial year; (d)-Plan of eroleiysinemes conceived within the framework of

approved Development Plan/Annual Plan'

IilT TUTURT |tf URBAIIISAIIOX15

B. INTEGRATION OF URBAN AND RURAL AREAS: PTANNING MECHANISM2'L3 It needs hardly any emphasis that urban.andmetroporitan problems are intrinsically linked to theirrural hinterlands' Increasing tgitit'Jtrt ilroor.l'.::.1

:.u,pp9rt oJverop-ment goars in both rurar and urbanareas' supporting prosperity for rural poi,ittion-.no rapid urban o"u"iopr"nt. considered in this context,urban and rural developm-ent cannot o" i!p.r#rr nwaioeueropmil#",1 have remained rargery se..oraland despite massive in;11l1ents ou'ing dJ r;rious Five v.r,. irr"i,"qr"i..v o, rife in rurar settjements hasnot shown anv marked improvement' b. in" "jl* rranc, tne imirlii, ,ro.n,ration has added fuftherstress on the rural settlements.particularly tr."11'-

.,rui.p"rii.ilrinies. ro,. instance, agricurturar randhas been lost as built-up areas have .rpu.O.Jon meropolitan Fringes.

2'L4 Industrialisation..lll-:lpuntion of transport and communication has red to rapid expansion of theurban areas into the countrysidp ano has ario orougnt about a procei-i or transformation and change. As aconsequence' the boundaries 6etween rural and rro* .i.*i;;;il'a bruned and indistinct zone ortransition' The phenomenon o1'rapid ,totnititrn taking prace in ,.*"r lil., surrounding metroporitan citiesis making a perceptible impact on deveroprenilno growth poricies of metroporitan areas.2'r5 The metropolittl-Td]?t9" cities during ll:lll.s: of their growth and physicar expansion absorbseveral urban villages and resul-ts in tne liaZuar

^extension or uroin sprawr especiaily arong transponcorridors' This sub-urban zone is usually abo-ut 15-20 km n.v""l u.,"ilriiiu," city fringe. The outer fringeof about 50-60 km lving beyond the zone oi ouity corinrting uiro".or", uncrer considerabre uroaninfluence' particularly ir i[is aiong tne miinlranspoft routes. l''ii i, nt*'rrban nodes in a predomrnanry

;lii'J:tfl::i!|.H;'ff some oithese t'.. . tpiir-ou"r or industries rrom a metroporitan ciry, some orhers

2'16 In various parls of India, between the fast urbanising and the intervenrng rural areas, there wi, be avariety of common Problems-like the sharing oi-water and naturar '=ro*aar, drainage and communicationetc'' along with industrial and hazardous waites spitting oue,. inio tne ciiriirv sioe and water courses. suchproblems cannot be ignored and seen in isoiation. plarining r. irrr:rroun'rntegration should emerge as animportant imperative in dealing witn oeveropmeni. n ,egioiar .pprou.n to'retflement planning which takesInto account both rural and urban centres assumes signiiicance iri o-.ri"g *ith metro-region pranning issueswherein the urban-rurar interaction is more intense, widespread and dynamic.

2'L7 'District' becomes a significant level for implementing rura/urban/regional plans. The Nationalcommission on Urbanisation -ltrtcu rgeSi siiongry ,ecomminoeJ'olrtii.t rever spatiar prannins andformulating Integrated District oevetopme#er..r. iiirr wiil enau-rel!.'1"-priot for deveropment of rurir andurban areas in a time-space-functionai conte"t. ir," District pra;;;; iorri'itt.. (Dpc) set up under the 74rnconstitution Amendment can serve as the pratform ror integr;teJ ;;;;';", rurar and urban areas at thedistrict level' The DPC is expected to initiate such

.a plannlng process bi consotidating such developmentplans as are prepared by Panchayats .nJ r',luni.ipiiitiei in a oirtiia, ii",u lol of Dpc becomes alt the morelmpoftant in the context of planning for rapidlv urbanising areas in the emerging corridors. A districtdevelopment plan would form the baiis or .J.ioi..onoric planning at tne oistrlct level and providing thespatial framework' In pt"Psfi']g the draft oevetopment pran, the bpc snouto have regard to matters ofcommon interest between the panchayats and municipalities including spaiiai planning, sharing of water anoother physical and natural resources'and the iniefrateo oevetopme-ntLi infrastructure and environmentalconseruation' The 74th Amendment urto p.uio"ilo,. Metroporitan nrea oeueiopment pran to be prepared byMetropolitan Planning committee (upc) to ensuie rntegrateo oeveiopiiJni ptanning and achieving thedesired metropolitan development goals. Though seueraistates nu*-purruo enabling laws to set up anMPc' none has been constituted so iar. Recentt/tt't" uunurrrrrtra gouerrimeni p.rrao a simirar enabring raw.

loIHT TUTURT OT UBEAIIISAIIOII

oneveryusefu|featureofthisisthattheMumbaiMetropo|itanRegionDeve|opmentAuthorityistoassistil;drc'#ln un"tt function as its technical arm'

2.1g while most of the states have provided for District planning committ€es in the conformity laws' so

far only twelve states n.u-"-t.I"n-ri"i,, to .onrtn,itJ-lnem' rnes! states. are: Assam' Gujarat' Himachal

pradesh, Karnataka, Kerata, Madhya pradesh, rq.nliltnttt,'otiiii, niJas*'an' Tamil Nadu' Tripura' west

Bengal.

C. LAND MANAGEMENT REFORMS

Background

z,LgUrbanandruralsett|ementsoccupycomparative|yasmal|Percentageoflndia'stotalland'About84 per cent of the tand i, .o.iiO.r.O usa'nie tor t;tiln h;J i15O ysesiO per cent comprise urban and

rural settlements with their transport linfages; i;d about 10 per ceni is classified as unusable

topographically. m rSzr, the urOan ianO aT?IltJd ilIonl'i put cent of the topographically usable area

accommodating one-rifth or1n" totar population. The urbanisation process in future will certainly require

more land. This extra ,.rj ro,. ,roi. uses is n..oring-i".it contentious issue representing the crux of

urban land problems. As the Table below shows, ,1otti"to more agricultural land is getting conveaed into

urban uses in peripnenes oicitLs. fne rate of conversion has beenistimated at about 75'000 hectares per

;il;;il lni't r..i" will fufther accentuate in next 20 vears'

2.20 Land Serves as a base and platform for.all human activities' In rapidly grOwing urban areas' access

to land is becoming in.t"*inSt OifRcutt by the competing demands of. housing' industry' commerce'

transport, open spaces, ugi[rftJru, and the p.t"Jtn"oi e"cosystems' It is this competition which leads

speculation, increasecl ra-nJ prices, occupaiion 'oi-

ecotogicaily vulnerable land' lack of access to

disadvantaged groups, and uneconomic utilisation of scarce land'

2'2IThesupp|yofurban|andisinherent|yine|asticowingtotheinvestmentrequirementandtimerequired for expanding ufin infrrrtructure foi wniin-tana itseif is a major input' To avoid unhealthy and

unsustainable growth of urban areas, it is necessary to promote. judicious land use patterns to ensure

ootimal land utilisation including the protection of inOiipensiOle agricultural land for protecting water quality

a[J giorno recharge' fraqile areas including coastal areas'

2.22 Failure to expand enough serviced land in line with the growing demand greatly accentuates the

shortage of serviced ranO. 1ani use regulations tenC io limit suplly and raise the value of land available'

Monopolistic practices ario iieate furth6r 'artificiuiinottus"t'' fte dema-nO for urban land is influenced by

the inefficient pattern or uinin o-&"lopment ano tne i&ou-tce constraint for acquisition of rand and provision

of infrastructure ano services. Due to critical shoft;;;;;;;fnazard a.nd R131ature exploitation of peripheral

lands due to unregulateJ ,t. or land, unauthotiiuO' J"u-"ropment continues' further compounding the

already comPlex situation'

Table 2: Area of Urban Land (1961-91)

Source:SripthiKs,lgg2lEffectiveSub-NationatAreaPlanningthelndianScenario(Mimeo)

Tilt furuRt 0f uRBAlllsArl0llt7

2.23 To cope with un

r-irt"tu,i::illriilin#ii.'ffi fuJril*ksr,lnffi T+ jffii,:enistrlii!:rsuppry or serviced tand,.proper disposat and-detvery ; ;d;ffiil H:ffiJTl;ffir,rifl:#:l:problems of distorted real estbte ;;io-"l] .ilr#,and'updateJ r.[pi"g ;r urban areas ca, for measuresfor ensuring proper managementorLni'in"t"ri.r'or its suppry, utirisationind servicino.Reforms in Land Management

ilii #","".illffJ tlij:ll'"'fftil:Jheprocess or urban rand deveropment has been excessive in

deveropment.,'i-iiiu'iu.ame housins and rand #*'d;":"J:n:?:,#ilJ",n:*.|:1u'.n", ?'n..;.*:Tsnows that such agencies have not been able to accommodate thJconstanfly cnanging needs of rarge urbaneconomies' The public authorities have moved so ilowty tnut in "ir"J

irru ialo is virtuarty removed from the[ij5: y:';"$"..r:;';:" r aborish the uroan iano ceirins A* nas oeen a wercome step, severar moreRerorms are arso

"".o.is,Ti,.:#"",'.'5ffff,83'.i',"r1fi iy"iH?:":y;#W*1"]j:'-r.,f".*[,gltiland and to enable the publrc autnoritv to mop-ii-unuurn"a increments in iano varues. The use of rano as aresource for development needs to be explored iri atl its potentiatities. i"uuilt t "y

components of reforms rnurban land management in the context oi tore basic issues oiscusiea-eariel can oe identified. Though, theelaborate master planning may not be an adequat. an *ar, yet the planning ano reguratory actions have anlmpotant role in land management in terms of urban expansion, previntrve action to safeguard theenvironment' land use planning to minimise-ei"rgy ,r" and access of affordable land to low-incomehouseholds' second' there is a need at the same tiTelt? deregurate many ehments of land use. Third, newpublic-private sector patnerships need to oe aeveioped to mltch te oemano for a quick suppry of rand.Finally' there is a need for institutionar changes-in-land man.agement to help streamline the land market. Theoperation of land market will be improved iithe cities can take up assembring, anarysing and disseminatinginformation on land availability, land prices .nJ o$r"r inoi..iort i"[r,]ird iti ;urrenr poricy for use of rand.2.25 An agenda for use of land as a resource may rnclude the following:

a Levy of vacant Land l1x: while Municipalities in sonre states are empowered to levy vacant randtax' in several others these is no explicit lega.l provision roi:i"uv-oi'rucn tax. Experience of somestates indicates that a vacant land tax coulJ o. u rujo,. to""J ror financing the deveropment oftrunk infrastructure which wourd, in turn, enhances the varue of vacant rand.

J Development Charg-es' Development charges to meet the cost of infrastructure to service thedevelopment in question have not been aiequately exploited. such charges ought to include thecosts of both on-site and off_site development.

o Impact Fees" Impact fees are variants of development charqes which are revied to meet the costs of:?:.::*"

and indirect impacts of deveropment. oeuetoperi sr,ourJ pav for such impacts on urban

J Betterment Levy: Land values.in cities go up because of development prolects. Betterment levies, iffeasibre, could be irnposed on rands rocJted *iti,in tn" nenerit zones oi proJects.

o Fees for Change of Land use.'conversion of rural land to urban use results in an instantaneous riseof land prices' A part of these unearned increments may be tappeo ior the development of urbaninfrastructure' The Hyderabad Urban Development Authority has'iecently introduced fees for varioustypes of insUtutions and conversion of land use.

TIIT TUIURT OT URSAIIISAIIOi

Strategic Directions for the Future of Urbanintion

Innovative Practices for Land Assembly

2.26 various alternatlve moclels for assemblage of land have been in force as part of urban development

process in rhe counrry. -rn"s"

ur" (1) Land *#;;;;" *.h:Tut (2) Town Planning schemes' (3)

Neqotiated purchase of tand, (4) The Guid-ed-urb#oevetopment scheme of ramil Nadu' (5) The Haryana

Model of Licensing of Colonir;ers, and (6) r"ranaiaifrt'a incentive Scheme in the form of Transferable

DeveloPment Rights.

La nd Readiustm ent Schemes

2.2TLandreadjustmentalsoknownas'landpooling'and'landconsolidation'isaprocessenablingapublic authority to urru,"nut"large number or.smait pur.""tr of raw land without paying compensation to the

owners and sub-dividing iuin aisembled land for urban development, returning most of the building sites to

the originat owners,n proporttn to the value of ineit land contribution. The authority retains a portion of

theassemb|ed|andtoprovidecityinfrastructureandconrmunityfaci|itiesWithoutanycostforpub|icsa|etorecoverthecostof|and.Theuseofthismethodhasbeen|imitedtoafewstates|ikeMaharashtraandcuiurut in the form or-ptot reconstitution schemes executed under town planning schemes through the

provisron of town planning legislation. The scheme is a potential rnechanism for making large amount of

serviced land available foi urban development. However, the valuation of lands in their raw form prior to

ineir assemblage and their valuation after development is fraught with complexity and difficulty in

administration.

Town Planning Schemes

2.28 The Bombay Town planning Act, 1954 as applicable in Gujarat and the Maharashtra Regional and

Town planntng Rct, fgOO, empow-r a planning authority to pool or assemble lands for the purpose of

implementing -town

planning schemes and to reconstitute them in accordance with the scheme. The

reconstituted plots of land are allotted to the owners. The boundaries and titles to land are restructured by

the operation of law. There is considerable delay involved in implementation of these schemes which range

from 11 to 19 years. These have been attributed to administrative bottlenecks and delay at the arbitration

stage due to poor land records and lengthy hearings etc'

Z.2g The government of Gujarat has initiated a number of steps to improve the legal framework of town

planning schemes in order to reduce the delay in sanction at the government level, and to include additional

items of costs and to provide for cost escalation. Other areas of suggested reforms include: improving the

land record system, better methods of valuation, integrating the implementation process with funds

available for the scheme and better communication proces!; with the land owners. The land readjustment

schemes and town ptanning schemes are on parity. While the town planning schemes operate in semi-

developed or urbanised areas, the land readjustment schemes operate in virgin areas.

Negotiated Purchase of Land

2.30 In some states such as Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh etc., the state government has

directed that the District Collector should identify suitable private lands, negotiate with the land owners and

arrange to purchase the extent of the land necessary for housing and urban development at a reasonable

rate to be fixed by a Committee headed by the District Collector. The only disadvantage in the private

negotiation is that due to time gap in finalising the purchase, ceftain landowners back out from their

commitment to part with their lands.

iltI tuIURt 0t unBlilsArloll 19

Directrons for the Future of urbanisation

Guided Urban Development Scheme of Tamil Nadu2'3L The Guided Urban.Development scheme-1hr,ch now is a component of the world Bank assi5tedTamil Nadu Urban Development Project repiesents a new approach rn which the private sectordeveloper/land owner affected by the u-/u." i"{.i ceiring Act i; .";ff;;; to provide serviced sites for theeconomica*y weaker sections in return ro. exemption rri* *,iinJ.

vs' qv\-u

Licensing of Coloniserc

2'32 The Haryana Model provides for licences to colonisers according to stipulated conditions. Thesuccess of such guided colonisation depends on sr<i[iur-rnte'rr##il il! gouernment and infrastru*ureagencies to anticipate the areas or growtn so as to capture infrastructure costs and to assure land suppry forthe poor' The operation of Haryania uruan oevetopment Authority along with developers in Haryana hashelped to moderate rand prices and provide atternative approaches loirrJrtrv of rand.

Maharashtra's rncentive scheme in the Form of Transferabte Devetopment Rights2'33 A major initiative to meet the challenge of housing the poor has been taken in Greater Mumbai, byadopting innovative policy instruments in urbin planning and development, for the effective implementationof development plan proposals. These include Accommodation Reservation (AR), Transfer of DevelopmentRights (TDRs) and Additional Floor space Index (FSI) i" Jr".ir.iv imprement the deveropment pranproposals' These new policyinstruments help in resolving the problem of land acquisition / land assembty tosome extent' Mumbai is the first city in India that has adopted the TDR concept in a regulated manner as analternative mechanism for land acquisition for providing the essential amenities in accordance with thedevelopment plan proposal' These policy instruments demonstrate a partnership between rraNaRDA, MHnonand the suppoft of the state government of Maharashtra. These policy instruments have been effectivelyused in provision of civic infrastructure as per development plan proposals; slum redevelopment; and urbanrenewal through reconstruction of dilapidated buildings.

D. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

2.34 Water supply, sanitation, health and environment are closely related issues. Water quality has oeena major casualty of development. Because of disparities in distribution system, the urban poo, srife, sepousdeprivation of this basic necessity. About one-third of the water drawn from distant sources and treated athigh cost is lost due to leakage. Poor pricing policies fail to promote conservation of water. If these trenoscontinue, there is a real danger that more urban areas may run out of water. Since about 60-20 peicent ordrinking water is drawn from suface stream, their pollution is a direct threat to public health. Discharge ofdomestic and industrial wastes has seriously polluted most water resources. Contamination of water sourceswhether by pollution of rivers, seepage of polluting substances into ground water or infiltration of warersupply lines by drainage and sewerage pipes is another serious problem in many cities. As far asgrounclwater is concerned, over-exploitation, intrusions of saline water as a consequence particularly incoastal areas and leaching from polluting substances have been a major problem. The competition foiwateramong various users is already acute and conflicts are rising. Institutions and mechanism are requirecl toassess and manage demand to regulate the allocation of water among users, to optimise water use and toresolve conflicts.

2.35 If water supply and sanitation are considereoincreased, the number not served will still remain verysegment of population. Till such time as this demand isto be impacted, especially for poor. With most uroan

together, while the number served has no doubthigh. Water-borne sanitation is denied to a large

met, productivity, incomes and health will continuewastewater not treated or treated minimallv, the

zu IllI f uruRr 0ruR8fiilsAilotl

Directionsfor@

exDansionofurbanwatersupplys]:!ems!.llccomPanied.bytl:.tT:.gfacilitieswil|continuetoimposehuoe environmentar costs.-drie of the *rjo, poit,lteri of water sources has been urban settlements

thJmserves which have -ouJi

o*ping unt eatei'";;rt*' it tl'ln.-dectining water sources' There is'

therefore, an imperative ".;;";;;;;iion or *ut"|. i"ioui."s through improved sanitation'

2,36F|oodsanddroughtsarecommon.natura|hazardsandhavestronq|inkswithwateranditsmanaoement. watersneoiegradation and unplanned ;;;;"i;ttt; are the two irincipal factors for flooding'

The ooor are particurarry .?J;,"d il i*i" iuiu','it,il,,"..'ir,..vrr" ress abre io protect themserves' overatt'

water stress tevets are r,,igii .;i dJ"inJ witt contiii" i"'"'i#'J *pply' Already' cities are reaching out to

more distant sources ", ,i*", irppty; retocating ino-ust..les close to water sourcei no longer means assured

water supplies. W*h popufution' growing-rapiOi',-inOustrialisation :-n ^'i'"' increasing environmental

degradation anO pottution, water iesourc", *"ntgt*unt has become an isSue of critiCal importance'

Responsibilitie, ro|. *.nugins';;t"..i" rr.qr"nuvi?lffit",iiJo"91193i^s and most the sovernments

have vet to adopt erectivi'foticies to regulate water allocation and conservation'

2'3Tcitiesarea|sorunningoutofairtobreathe.Industria|emissionsaresignificantbutvehicu|arpollution appears,o n",n"'iir,6re most important il;;''ilj; iiti"' u'" being added to the list of cities in

other countries, aneaeo'iy";;;;";;it poitrtion *-iiti'.r.tti"s frequency' There are three principal sources

of air poltution, namery;ir.il;?;"t vehicles, i.Orttrv ."0 f,o'i"not. iuel' Vehicles contribute 64 per cent

of oollution load while inOustriat pollution is 12 per cent in Delhi'

Strategies for Environmental Management

2,38 Urban environmental rnanagement will have to integrate strategies for addressing environmental

probtems of the past .r'"*uf f ui inoie of the futri".-iltiut *oJld huu" to cope with the problems of changes

occurring due to,n.*urlolulomooite uno "ri"rg'v''rr",

rhift in_p.duction process involving use of

hazardous chemicals, higher levels of *11: g-eneiition and changes in the spatial dimension of cities

sprawling into wider uroan regions. The urban "t"iiont"^tir

managiment would' therefore' require actions

for:

oAna|ysingandevaluatingtheenvironmenta|andhea|thimpactsofexistingproductionanoconsumptlon process as well as new physical developments'

o Evolving and implementing appropriate regulatory and economic instruments for internalising the

internal costs'

I Ensuring Co-Ordination and monitoring for effective implementation' reviews and adjustment of

policy instruments on a continuous basis'

llmprovingtheinstitutionalframeworkforenvironmentaImanagementanden|argingpub|icparticiPation.

J working out arrangements for coordination in environmental management' publishing details on

environmental status of cities. This is a proriisinl instrument for making the environmental

il;o;;;." of entities accountable and transparent'

1 Developing an information base to assist citizens' authorlties and private sector to improve

environmental management'

o involvement of private sector as a partner in the delivery of services'

Dconservationmeasuressuchasrecyc|ing,reuse,wheretheprob|emofwastewaterextst'

IIIt fUIURT OI UNBATISAIIOII2t

Protecting Land Resources

2'39 Due to oror""r^r-^or-,-,,"b1i;atjon, .,,'":,..:r?-.rg into rurar areas,. fertile agricurturar rano, watercatchment areas' forests and ecologicai tun'ii": rands. Land ui" lriining, zoning, buirding cocres andeconomic instruments

1e9d to oe uteo ul'"inrtrurunt to pioteci irlgite areas to prevent-undesirabreconversion of rural land .to urban aiel!. l"ni ,r" toorr iJ"i'i"'oe"ionsioereo to guide th- sring or

residentiar and industriar aevetopmeniili;h ;; greary improve unui,iirunt t quarity in cities.2'40 Public participation' improving the enforcement of raws and standards and implementation ofstrategies' designing prrcing and ta"at':on svstlms ror captuii"s ,*i.i'r.d environmentar costs of resourcesand urban services need role tnu prioriiv iJ*L in .ont&i li;";;;r";iar managemenr.E. INFRASTRUCTURE ISSUES

Background

?:aL, It is being increasingry rearised ,nu, ,Tjo,I::ts in.infrastr"ucture are emerging as the malorhindrance to economic growtn, In tnu- Jirpi"st. terms, i.rr.rtir.tr* refers to roads, rail, power,telecommunications' ports and urban inirultr"r'a'rre. Among'these, l.r..o, nu"o, are being met increasingry::ffi'.:ill|:,f::: i;H,'".il,'::f":*:::j'.t..n'"rw."ioii,gi;iler, quicker and cheaper ranse orprivate services' However, wi1_,1'10"' .!"; iltT:T,i:'iil{:Jfi'.:T[:.H,ffil::tJ':il,i?o[illll;;*of urbanisation pattern and projections ror io)t indicate tr''.-t'...li'"rlicreasing urbanisation, its spatial:!!!i*#,,T;'itilillii1l"ffiJ:n,.;[:l'f;i,."l#,ht*[il[

,1_u11_.ioo1it 1 uno-ri,g; ,,.bunurbanisation and the cities are'racin!-..'.* o"ri"t

"r *iGi irpp;;""1#:jT"lil#::'i:rT:r:xff:transportation'. power' communicatiJns etc. iince mort of the' inuurtr"nt required for achieving theprolected growth in the economy is likely to take prace in ano arornJ-ine urban aggromerations and theemerging urban corridors' such urban areas wirr neeo to be provideo *itn ,ouqrate qualig urban andregional infrastructure' we examine oetow some or $'u r,"y i,ir.! ;'ft";;. rnrrastructure sector.

I. Urban InfrastructureStatus

4.42 The present status of urban infrastructure iAs per 1991 c"nrri, rd"r" of urban households hrt"gilt::::flected by inadequate level of urban services.

racirities ana z+n-ierJ riuins, *iil;iil;l;;:,.t,i:1fflii!*#i:#ff,"'#i?il,.irl;llru*i$larger cities' to about 50 lpcd in most rrirrui-it*n, while t-he .u.iug.-Gt"r availability in urban stumsbeing 27 lpcd' There are about.2'3 mirrion C-raiines, needing .onu"roi-'into water-borne toirets in townswith population less than

^half million. Mu'nu .ii'"t racr< r{ura w"aiiJ"runugurent system. The roralwastewater generated bv 23 metro cities rs giziTl1l$l.i;-'t'iip.r'."nt

is treated, and the resr rs.lsposed off untreated' In metro^cities, only 60 percent.or sotio wasie is iJi..t"o, transpofted and disposedoff' As per India Infrastructure Report, rggo, [n. totar requirem;;;i;r-;;." infrastructure deveropmentcomprising backlog' new investments and o a v costs ro, ft'u n""fi6 t!"" i, Rs. 2,50,000 crore, whire onry

'1?J'"X.'ilil11?13?i",:iil:ffJE*;';.:i,"ojected increase in',ioin popuration wi, puiir," ur,."uov

22Tftt fuIUIt 0t unanrslnor

Directionsfor@

Key Issue2.43 Some key issues regarding water supply and sanitation are as follows:

JlnadequateCoverage:Atthoughalout.S2.percentofhouseho|dsincitiesareestimatedtohaveaccess to pip"o *.i"i suppty in 199.1, the f!i"f oii.*i.. i, poo.' In many cities' water is available

for only 3 - g hours a day. The *ut , ,upp]y-ritraliln in some states like Tamil Nadu and Andhra

pradesh is critical pafticularly in targe^citiJs, i"i""#pr., in chennai, 54o/o of the residential

consumers witnin'in!,-wate, slpprv ,,io s*"iug" Board-sbrvrce,area are estimated to be connected

to the sysrem *,tii'i iiiiiv oii6 rp.a. o;u60 out of 300. class I cities (1991), have sewerase

systems. or tne totai r.*5g", less than n#'[ i"rr".t.J ot *nitn only 30 to 40 per cent is treated'

More than half of the urban population resori to open defecation particularly in small and medium

, towns.

oPoorQuatityofSeruice:Thewatersupp|ysystemssufferphysica|losses,rangingfrom25to50percent, on ...ornt oi old transmission ariJ"-oiJtiuution

'networks being poorly maintained' Low

pressures ano tnieimi[eni iuppry |."suttr']n-.ontttination of water due to back-flow in the

distribution n"t*oik. iif.utta' nis sufferi' frot "nJ.ti. cholera and gastro-enteritis due to

unfiltered water supply. outbreak or crrotera in Korukkupet settlement in chennai in 1993' was due

to poor quarity oi witer. Delhi was struck';ytniit',pe of contamination, once in 1955 and again in

1988' Ahmadabad also has suffered from epidemics of hepatitis'

3 Increasing Demand and Supply Gap: rhere is a growing -m!:lT.:

in the demand and supplv in

theWatersupptyandsanitationsector.Itisgenera||yunr.esponsivetotheneedsofthemajorityofthe un-served poor people and women in'p'a'tii,fai sufferfrom poor access' Inadequate service

levels cause water borne and water related diseases'

fnsfitutional Arra ngements

2.44 The institutional arrangements vary from state to state. In large cities, state level entities or

metropolitan agencies or muniiipat corp-orations are responsl5te for.water supply and sanitation sector' In

Karnataka, the state water supply and Sewerage-trto ii t"rpontible for capital works and maintenance in

small towns. There are now separate wate-r noards foi ginguiott, Chennai' Hyderabad and Delhi' In some

cases, the public Healtfr ano engineering oepartments hanlle planning, design and construction while the

responsibility tor operaiion inO "maintenlnce ties witn municipal governments' In most small and medium

towns, the responsibitities lie with the state government oepartment or public sector parastatals' The

overlapping nature of tne responsinilities has incteaseo the institutional complexities of service delivery'

2.45 The 74th constitution Amendment has provided a constitutional status to urban local bodies enabling

local governments to i"+;; a lreater .re in t-nu prinning, management' and provision of urban services

such as water suppty anO sanilation. This ."i"J Inil ,rOan toiat bodies will take responsibilities for

providing the servrces witnin tneir territorial OounJaiiit' However' the spirit of the Amendment is yet to be

translated into reatising decentralisation at tne ioiai level. The local governments should be given the

financiat resources necessary to perform tneir re-siinsioilities' There ii a need to bring professionalism'

technical skills and rinancial'management in uinari toiat bodies' The process of giving a share of state

revenues to urban local bodies by the State rinance Commissions is yet to gather real momentum' The

Eleventh Finance co.riiriion nus recommendeo oiuor*ion of Rs' 2000 crore for urban local bodies to meet

their needs of operatlon and maintenance during 2000-2005'

TIII TUTURT OT URBAIIISAII|tII23

Dhections for the Futurq of Urbanisation

Key Reforms

2'46 Polrcv Framework-T *"t"g'ut gdopt-"d^:1:d to-provide a poricy - framework which must arsoaddress water resources and allocat]on isiu'es, particurarry water oincient areas. There is a need tosignificantty increase ,np:r_.*qse or popuraiion. with access d*;;; supply and safe excreta disposalthrough sewerage system.as well-as row iost'tecnnorogei. rneie'ir"l'n".0 to create a conducive regal

[:i$:H"i:;:the srate and rocar b"JLrl;;.t;: nas oee,i Jone'ov inu ..nn , eovernment in rhe power and

2'47 commercial Approach: The India Infrastructure Report recommended a commerciar approach to theprovision of urban infrastructure services, u.r"a on dem;;d-oiii;i;lo].'''.no fuil cost recovery. uncter anappropriate regulatory framework, the privati sector can provide the management expertise and incentivesto reduce losses and exPand,servic.t. in. fon..pt orpror'L-pri"it*i.rtiersnip is generally seen as route toprivate sector partnership' lhe.r9 are onrv a re* griuat ,..t5, pu,iiip.ii"" exampres in urban water suppryand sanibation so far' The local bodies wLar< rinahciar status ao-ei noi'Jtto'* in.r..re in capacity and suppry,substantial improved performance ano meciianisms F s-.r.iil;

-Rnanciat resources to meet theanticipated increase in demand through coJ e?ective tariffs aie .iquir"1. iome municipar corporations haveattempted to raise the resources from financial markets rr.ntiieniiiollJd and Bangalore.

2'48 strategy: A dynamic strategy of financing infrastructure has to be followed to meet investmentneeds of urban infrastructure. The main thrust of recommendation by IIR is on:

D greater role of ULBs by strengthening and diversification of municipal domain and tax structure;J creation of favourable investment climate_for public-private partnership whether appropriate byhanding over parts of service derivery mechanisms to the private sector;

D fiilT.tfit"*tion

approach to the provision of urban services based on judicious mx and cost ptus

O establishing a regulatory framework for private sector participation;

D options for private sector pafticipation such as leasing and concession contracts;

o setting up of Infrastructure Financing corporations at state level to meet investment needs of urban

i1t,l:x;:i.fl,.f:?1.#"ffj:3TJi1"jTlFs ;;;;H'lni",n.u'n"nr, nscar oisciprine ano

D opting aadppropriate technorogy to reduce cost of service derivery.

Private Sector pafticipation _ Some Examptu in WaterSupply Sstor2'49 several initiatives have been taken to encourage private sector pafticipation in providing urban watersupply' The chennai MetroPolitan water supply ano se*Lrage eoiiJ tn"ig'91 contracted for chennai,s watertreatment plant' The Tirrrppur water suppty'and sewerage pro;ect has been

'mptemented through a spv_New Tiruppur Area Development corporatlon at in estimated cost of ni. soo crore. This has attractedprivate sector into funding, constructing, operating, and. maintaining raciiities. The project has reachedfinancial closure recentry.-The a.nguiore';adr suppry poect i's oiing attempted through Boorarrangement for sourcing 500 mrd water to the city witn an'estmiteo cosior ns. g00 crore.

Di rections for thg!!!u re'9! tJ@lg1lt on

II. Regional Infrastructure

2.50Thedeficienciesinregiona|infrastructuresuchasroads,power,-.te|ecommunications,po]tsetc',seriousty affect the nationat'llo-nJmv lii,'*i.i.r#;;;.;;;d produ^ctivitv' Improving infrastructure is

thus critical to sustain *"""tit giiltn a1o.,u'011 iL"i;;T;"f !ii::^-ts:'t' ihe country has open€d up to

Drivate investments. The major-thrust of the ongiing ;fo,t process is to aftract more investment in

regional infrastructure'

Roads

2.5!TheMinistryofsurfaceTransport(MoST)dea|sWithNational-HiohwaysadministertheRoadDevetopment and Road Transpoft rynd.: Th:-I*]?"'.r]-,lii*lt o'1."t'lv q tn-oia (trtHlt)' under the Ministry

of surface Transport, is strengthening tne nationat niin*'avs ano increaiing the capacity of roads' The Ninth

Five year ptan envrsages strengthening .no i*prini';il;i;i";i & tn" national highway network' The

priority sections incrude ih";;j;r naiionar ..hdkii G;io.n-Quuotangle linking Delhi, calcutta' chennai

and Mumbai and also tn.'porin'-south and East-w"ri.*'oott, -uy

,pgtoinq the network by building four

lanes. The future economic growth in tne couniil';il..*,*i ifl"^gfr proportional demand for

transport infrastrudure.'ini'noi onfy applies to ihe nationat highway network but to the entire regional

network as wer. rn. nu"i'roi rti.ngln.;.'ing, tn" otn.ii..tions o:r tne'-nationar highway and state highway

networks is, therefore, equally important to finf uiian'anO ir,ral areas for improving the transportation' The

lack of such connectivity will create intercity ttuntpott froblems for-lfr-e-ei.rerging urban agglomeratons on

the transport coniclors. iq."v "-iiii"g

,oaOs tannoliope with increasing traffic volumes because ot Intense

industrial activities. nna'";ii.*ni tiansport inrraitiulture will help lower the cost for production and

transPort.

2.5zlJrbanRoads:Ttedemandforurbantransportisincreasingduetovariousfactorssuchasgrowthofpopulation, increase i" in"ii"i of cities, rise in"iniome etc' 11.re rapid increase in vehicle population is

worsening the situation. in iggr,in" totar venicre popuralron. in the country was about 21'37 million' This

increased to 33.56 mi'i; in id96. By 2001 tne nu-nioeiii tikely to be nearly 50 million' with the process of

urbanisation, there rs continued demand ro|. uroin transport. The importince of urban roads in shaping

urban devetopment hardty needs emphasis, Conistili' iJin. tott uiiible manifestation of the failures of

urban transport purt,.ri.i i;;h; lrrd"r cities, rte vehicle population is reaching alarming proportions in

relation to the road nut*ir[ in ,"tro[olitan ano rarge iities. bongestion is also the result of inadequate road

network. Inadequate pioui.ion for roads ln cities] i'niie.iing nr;]O"t o-f vehicles with less efficient engines

and lack of mass *un.pJrt tvtt"ms aie arr aooing'to ihis te'-'ous problem of congestion and pollution

2.53Facedwithrisingtranspoftationdemand,urban'areasreQuirenewapproachestoaddresstransportation proorems. in.r. ui" .uny narc oecislons to be made in developing efficient public transport

in large cities, Cities nu.O to'iu**amine urban iranipottution-de.man{a1d devise new strategies' such as

land use-transport ptanning, demand t.n.g.tuii, i";;; fuels and. technologies' integration of traffic

modes and traffic management. The objective tnorij o. to provide maximum access at a minimum cost'

Power

z.54Thepowergenerationisgrowingtoos|owly.Theshortfa||inmeetingpowerdemandisestimatedat11 per cent fo, non-pea-t

-inO fg-per c.-nt fot. pea[ OemanO in the country' The situation in several states is

serious. Industry nas mostly relied on captive po*ti to cope with irregular supply' The Electricity Supply Act

of 1948 was amencled in iggf to encourage more investment in power generation' However' the private

investors have not prouioeJ tne additional cipacity that was expected from them'

Tllt fuIURt 0f uRBAlllsArloll25

Directions for the Future of (Jrbanrsation

2'55 with increasing,,urbanisation, power requirements particularly rol ]1d,ustv, wilr grow substantialry.urban power su'plY is charatt"tiil il;ffi,"s T"nril;"i;;;## and suppry. The situation is qu*e::'#il';,'T;',.'#l'iffiil:mm*:h;n:;}il;;ff:i',i,:,.ii1l!'nn rapid,y due to niener enersy

2'56 Power supply planning can be used as-a, tool directed for planned urbanisation and location ofinclustries and other e99n91ii aalvities. noeiriate,investmeni;ili ffi; to.be made to suppry power roemerging urban agglomerations' It is likely ffriiiuoiic r"ao, .ronu'*oriii-',ot ou abre to meet iire i,i.r".ringi!ffi1fl;i?lTii"i:Hli::XT"#ouns ilw;;;lctor rerorm. rni, in.r,iui introduction or private sector ror

Telecommunications

2'57 Telecommunications is a .vital aspect of infrastructure and is a direct input to industry, traoe anclsmall enterprise' Telecom.ha-s witnesseo iap'i n::::l:lq;q;tj.g, piivate rnvestments in ,ecenr yearsafter the cellular'"'it-u:,,*::u-tnr9w1 op* to private sectorln 1992. private.sector now provide cerurar,radio-paging' voice' e-mail, and video-text ru*ii"r, private firms ri"lio'rt.,tng up in fixed services. Thetechnology and range of services .t. no rori'ilriour irrr"r. *";.*tE:.ommunication network has beenextended around metropolitan cities ,pto ..,t.ii distances m r"iiiilrti. area. This has facilitated accessto the telecom facilities to..industrial ;;;;.;;9 centres. The need roiextenoing such facirity to a, the;ilfi8ilt :::'.| Htj"#,T,i#ffron.

tne same principre as tnar or ioirmln Economic zone, anidea mooted

Potts

2'58 The central government has adopted oto,:o-l:Ji., measures to open ports to private sector. Thecentral government is seeking private investment'in captive and other iaciiilies while state governmenB areseeking private investment, mostly in ne* sites. ti is, therefore.esi.nii.iio'int"grate pofts with otherformsof transport like roads and railways at ihe ;;;';vel to ensure i"rr."i.r viability. This will require inter-ministerial coordination between MoST and in" Ni.irtw "inrii*#. ini, ,,i,j, .rro require adequate financiarsupport to road and rail projects to ensure-connectivity to new rt.t" po,tr. Formuration of integratedtransport policv covering roads, railways ano porti tn;; .;";; io.o"

'ilor=u#.n,uo. strategic pranninq wourdalso have to address other elements or tfie iransport network such as dry ports to ensurj oette,coordination between pods, rairways, containlrisali". J,",0-*.i.iiJri,rii""

o

F. FINANCING URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE

Institutional Fra mework for Infrastructu re Finance2'59 The Municipal Acts in most states envisage

. obligatory and discretionary functions for themunicipalities such as water supply, sanltation, str""t r,gntifu,-;uint*.n.u of roads, drainage, etc. Inreality' however, many of these functions niu" .itn"r oeen tarln ou"r, oi uru being performed by specialpurpose authorities at the state or city level. For e1a1Ple, in rt t.rl ,*i', as Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerara,Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu ui'o uftur piaoesn,'w;t", sri-rrri"uii's.*.rugu Boards (wssB) navebeen set up which build as well as operate water iupplv system;ilil.;i.;. There are three wsS Boards

il:i::iJ}o|;:"hll;il1;fillii,li,tii;Ji,il,Xilj,?3i,T,.Il$o,,, ,:.ii,"l,?e municipirie,i.t,-iniuains

2'60 These bodies are supposed to be financiallv"5[.1yrnc1ent, but they depend on state subsidies andIoans from HUDco and other financial institutioni.'tn many states, the donor-assisted projects are routed

Tlt ruTURt or unrnltsliror

Directions for the Fult1g g[ Urbitnlsa!1!1

through these bodies. The. continued fragmentation and duplication of municipal functions undermine

effective urban delivery servlces'

2'6tThecentralgovernmentp|aysanadvisoryfunctionthrc.T.\,-tr.]vlinistryofUrbanAffairsandEmployment, besides i*pru*"niing centrally ,pon*r.d programmes-through the states' Its two financial

intermediaries _ the Housing and Urban o-eueropmlli doiiorution (HUDCb) and National Housing Bank

(NHB) tend soft toans to-l;Af bodies to finance uiOin inu"sttents' fte Housing Development Finance

Corporation (HDFC) is a splciafleO private sector-ietaii lender' The Infrastructuri Leasing and Financial

services (IL&FS) i, u non--6.-nrin! rinanciat institution with board comprising both public and private sector

investors. In addition, tn"r" ir" other financial intermediaries' currently specialising in industrial

investments, such as lcrcr,'-SCiii.nO tn" IFCI' The USAID programme entitled Financial Institutions

Reform and Expansion Program (FIRE) is assisting lnlf't "*pansio-n

of India's debt market through the

development and financing-6r urOjn infiastructure, iroj"tit' rnri"ttru:luf..?evelopment Finance Corporation

(IDFC) has been recentty""riJr,rr'"0 to provide l;il'-ie'm finance for the. infrastructure sector' The IDFC

will act as a direct f"nO"tl .iufinancing institution, an? a provider for financial guarantees'

Financial Decentralisation

2,62 The approach of the 74th Amendment towards municipal decentralisation is based on the mecnanlsm

of Finance Commission at the state and ."nt'ui Lu"[' wnitu tn" State Finance Commission (SFC) is

expected to suggest statJslaioevolution to the municrpalities, the central Finance commission is expected

to make recommendations, as to the measures needed lo augment the-Consolidated Funds of the states to

supplement tne resourceJ'Jti,u-ioi.r bodies' The Eleventh-Finance Commission' for the first time' was

reouired to maKe r.u.ori-r"nOulions for the local OoOni in the context of 73'd and 74th Amendments to the

Constitution'

tssues of Financing Urban Infrastructure

2.63 The present institutional arrangements are unable to meet the demand for urban infrastructure and

services.Presenceofa|argenumberofagencies|eadstofragmentationandoverlappingresponsibilitiesresulting in conflicts. The fiiancial constraints restrici iapacity a-ugmentation and technical constraints limit

the coverage or ,"*,.u'i"ii";;. ih; manageriar ;oniitaints resuit in inefficiencies, poor cost recovery and

consumer dissatisfaction'

Financing Recurrent Expenditures

2.64Loca|governmentsobtainmostoftheirrecurrentrevenuesfromtaxesandcharges.Severa|studiesofmunicipalfinancesnaveindicatedrecurrent'uu"nu"tasinadequate'resultinginpoormaintenanceanddeclining levels of ,attui. There is a need to improve their internal resource generation' by improving

effectiveness of local tu*ii'rnllnurges ano capturrng whatever taxable capacity exists' The municipalities

need to be given gruii", autonomly within its lurisdiction to gnab]e-jhem to manage urban growth

effectively. Several inn,utiua, oy states and cities have, however, shown dramatic improvement in municipal

finances by improving i1u "irrciun.v

of collection of tt'"t, octroi and user fee within the existing legislative

frameworK'

2'65FinanceMobitisationlssues:Therearesevera|waysinwhichmobi|isationoffundscou|dbeachieved. Important among these include the following:

o Pricing of various services having due regard to the needs of the poor and access to various

services'

illt Furunt 0t uREAlllsArl0ll27

Directrons for the Future of tJrbanlsatron

. 'ilil'il,'f :f,;::Tlil*?f.T"i.ff fi:xil:ff,#:h

'as rrom rocar taxes, rike property tax and

D Levying new taxes wherever feasible.D Reducing institutionar and overhead expenses, through efficient management systems.O public-private partnerships.

Financing Capital fnyestment in Urban fnfrastructure2'66 The financing for long-term urban infrastructure has traditionaily been made from the centrar andstate plan allocations' These allocations naue oeen rnsuriici"nf io''r.ut the huge requirements ofinfrastructure investments. tn cities. rn. opion avairabre .i. al'p."io. frnances through MunrcipalDevelopment Fund or an intermediaw riil pi""io" direct access iJ .'.pltu, markets (iii) encourage directprivate investments, These options can oL irieo in combination, as they are not mutuary excrusive.2'67 Municipal Developmen.t Fund" The Municipal Development Fund is a resource poor, controlled andchannelised by intermediary institutions' rn manv states such ui in reiata, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu anoGujarat' Infrastructure/Municipal oeuetopmenf corporations n.* o"e-n-.r"ated which have faciritatedleveraging of grant funds with loan funds, thereby, reouiing ii"

"""r.ir cost of borrowed funds to themunicipalities' For example, the Tamil llaou't'lunicr:pai urban o""""ropr*iig1d

5t-uo to finance equipmenrand civil works in 80 municipalities was -nriitut"o by way or toan riom the world Bank and roans anogrants from the state government.

2'68 Direct Access to capital Markets: The responsibility for provision for most infrastructure servicesrests with urban local bodies and 74th constitution nmenoment it;;il."s on greater participation ofmunicipalities in the provision of urban infrastructure and services. in! sn"u,. magnitude of the urbaninfrastructure financing s:lsJ:sts the need ror tapllng market-based funds. Municipal Bonds have emergeoas an lmpoftant instrument for mobilising private'resources for funding uiban inrrastructure projects. TheAhmadabad Municipal corporation is thJ irst in In_dia to get iti ;n"o i.Lo and second to raise fundsthrough such bonds' utl9^|gt: -city

corporatrn (ecc) issu"eo tni iirrt-rrnrcip.l bonds with a structurediiJS,Xt:o[ $:'J:Hfi,,ii''"$nl"i,i: flXtlfl.::"iment

between coue'menr or Karnataki, iii:-ino u

2'69 Private sector: tn:li1':.].tt:structure Report, emphasises the need for commercialisation of urbaninfrastructure' All the components of infrastructure rnorro iu ionnnJ io ipu.iric areas/users and rocation-specific commercial ventures of infrastructure. Availability "r

iipii.i, pr"rJtsionalism, operating efficiencyand technical and managerial expertise are characteristics ihat ..n n.'ufiririi,ied to the private sector. Thereis a need to involve the private sector in the development of urban infrastructure.

Financing Strategies

2'70 Financing of urban infrastructure through budgetary resources of centrar and state governmen* isunlikely to bridge the large resource gap thit exists. The. urban rocal governments have to becomefinancially efficient to raise resources ?rom institutions and op"n r.ir"i.- There is a need to brrngtransparency in inter-governmental transfers and grants and reduce suusiclei. such reforms should incluoe:t 3":Hl'3f?Jfifl*t J:?.,1i:fi"J:ir:T:lttins

revenue corection potentiar and improvins tax

o Pricing of urban services for efficient delivery of services by public and private sector agencies.

ldilIT TUIURT |lr URBAIIISATI|tII

Dircctions for the Future of urbanisation

O DeveloPing and imPlementing cost recovery programmes for capital investment projects'

oEstab|ishingmethodsformeasuringthepedormanceofserviceprovisionWithaviewtomaximise

* Oun"fitt an-d minimise resource oqenditure'

G. MANAGEMENTANDGOVERNANCE

Urban Management

2.7tLoca|governmentisthetraditiona|focusofurbanmanagement.Democraticdecentra|isationofloca|governments c€nstitutes ."'*p"["tt p,econo'tiJr-ior "n"tipu

urban management and for efficient

delivery of urban "nu,roi*unf-inirastructure.

o"i"ntruriiutlon is understood in terms of establishing

democratically elected local governments at toiai tevets and assigning to them such powers ano

responsibilities to enable tn"t io function as institutions of self-government' In this context' the concept of

decentralisation refers to oeientralsation or powers, r"rponsbiritLs and.authority to local bodies so as to be

able to efficiently discharge them. The emphasis ir'in i;.uting democratic and participatory structure at the

local levels implies the sharing of political po*"i, *iil tn. people's representatives through properly

constituted political ""ecrtiuerit

thb city unO *u'at-f"u"ii' inutL has been emphasis on participatory

arrangements for the o"ri".rv oi ,.rvices, .incruoiJg tuor""t"nt of the private sector in the provision of

;;;1;.;hi.h has traditionatty oeen a local government responsibility'

The significance of the 74th Constitutional Amendment

Z.7Z The 74th Constitution Amendment Act, 1992 empowers the state to endow the municipalities' with

such powers and authority as may u" n"t""ui iC ,;*tS.t'^"^: to Junction as institutions of self-

oovernment. The 74.n #;;;.;;'.on[in-ifirihedule which comprises a list of functlons considered

ippropriate for Oevotutiln- to municipaf,ti"s. fne' fiii of functions'is iffuit'atiue in nature' The 74th

Constitution nmenomentiriruuti'"' a laiger role forlhe municipalities and.such functions as urban plannlng'

urban povefi alleviation, urban forestry, protectron or environment and promotion of ecological aspects'

slum improvement and upgradation, -etc' Jh:

'Rct -enuisages three types of municipalities: Municipal

Corporations for large c'ti;"1'4;;'c';af Councils for smaller cities and towns' and Nagar Panchayats for areas

in transition from rural to urban, comprising princip_ally of rePresentatives elected from territorial

constituencies, ano mandatory elections, on.i in 'five years, to be conducted by State Election

commissions. The Amendment provides for reservation for sc/sT in propoftion to their population and one-

third of the seats in all local bodies to ue rese1.ued-ior women in municipalities' The constitution of Warcls

Committees is mandatorily prescribed ror cities-iit[ tot"-g'un 3lakh population w1h no bar for the

constitution of such .o.rnitt"", in cities/towns *iin iestet population' to ensure proximity of the citizens to

the elected representatives. The Amendment nct-ilso'provide for constitution of District Plannlng

committees (DPCs) and Metropolitan Planning committees (MPCs)' The constitution of such commlttees rs a

significant step in the direction of initiating . pto."tioiprinnin6 The DPCs are to be responsible for the

consolidation of plans prepared by the Pancha'uGlna Municipal:rties' and preparrtion of draft development

plan for the district. Likewise MPis are to oe responsible for the preparation of draft developmental plan for

the metropotitan uruur.-inu Act mandatorif' proviles-for the Staie Finance Commissions to review the

financesofruralandurban|oca|bodiesandrecommendthedevo|utionoftaxrevenuesandgrantsinaidetc. Article 2g0 of the constitution was also uruno"o by the 74th cM to the effect that the central Finance

Commission shall make recommendations to the pieiU"nt to supplement the resources of the municipalities

onthebasisoftherecommendationsmadebytheStateFinancecommissions.

illt ruruRt 0t uRBAlllsAIl0ll29

Arections for the Future of t/rbanisatron

The Implementation of the 74th Amendment2'73 As a follow up to. the mandatory provisrons, municipalities have^been constituted in the states,erections to these *o':i lly: Gil;;; iiJ" r,".199 a;ffi;;; ?ircr; n.u" been set up, and DpGhave been constitutedjn some of tne maibrstaies, whire r'ri;cr ir.l""tAi pro..r, of being estabrished, The73'o and 74th constitutionat Rmenom".ii, .p.rt,r.r

"nruriig-fo-,.'i'n" i"r, time arr rurar and urban rocalbodies have the "Rioht to t-ive", naveiir,i oi"rgnt ro"ri *pi?.." sjal'rrection commissions, reservationof seats for womenis.well as iczir, *ri.iJt sr.,. ri..,i* io,irll,onr, District pranning comm*teesand Metropolitan Planninq- committees' rn.i!'ir, no*uu"r, considerabre variance between different states inregard to the structure of Municipalititt .no tni devolution or e*"crtve power. some criticar issues in thewake of the 74th Amendment- n"Jt" l" .""#r..0 ; il;;";;; ;'t ="gJri"r.

The first is about innancingeconomic peformance and efficiencv or cities-inine .o"l;ti;i;;#EY;n economy and grobarisation. Thesecond is on improving organisationat attinf.ments for bettelio.n"gou"rnance. The third rerates toensuring accountabilitY,,:y -t:.rtils.citlzeni iuppo,t. r,.r"lrl #;';; crearry defining functions in thecontext of decentralisation, accountlbility and iin.n.", of the urban ro.ri oooi"r. It is imperative that thefunctional domain is laid down ln n. ionl"in"c Rct itsetr. t'..i. oi in.?.t" Finance commissions, Dpcs,MPCS etc'' have also to be more ctearly deiined to facilitaie i".lii.iii.'n"or the objectives underlyrng thelegislation' Decisions have to be made on r'to* to equip rocal bodies to iin.n

" and imprement the iange offunctions envisaged for them oy tne Cnn. uioinlo.ur.ooo,-e1 neeo 6 ecuii themserves for raising resourceslocally' Emphasis should-be on increateJproiuaiuity of rocar oooieJ.'no not multiplicity ofitate rcvelagencies' as this only- aggravates ft'" pioor"rs already t"hg

-f.*i' in ensuring accountabirity anddecentralisation in urban governance. Functionaiies, runctions aniri".ni", nave to go together. There rs a

:'r"r%:il'J1:rtakins critical review or mnioiritv resisrations ;";.1;;;y ar states and the resisrative

Structures of GovernanceMu n icipa I Urba n Situa tion2'74 The constitution.lT-t:dJ"nt Act (cM) has brought in a third stratum in the system of governanceDy constitutionally recognising the municipalities is_rnstit-uti""

"r r"iig;"";nment for urban governance. Ithas sought in principle funitional uno ni.ui-ouvolution to ro..igJ;i-',r"n,r. As a folow up to themandatory provisions' municipalities have been constituteo in tne staiesino municipar elections have oeenheld' The municipalities and municipal .orporti*, have now ;h; ;ili";ist. state Finance commissronshave been set up to examrne the fiscar ,."ritl"rnip between state and toclrocaltaxation powers and revenue

'h;;;'e.;:'tnn uiruariies i;,i.,."r#i":il:'ffi?.t,'o}i.!!r'i;10"!1,jf,functions as urban planning, urban pov-erty i,E:l1rig",.urban foiestry, protection of environmenr anclpromotion of ecologicar aspects, aniJ srum'impiovement and upgradation have been envisaged to beassigned to municipalitieg' Tne emphasis is on Jteatino-democratic and participatory structure ai the rocallevel' making the municipalities accountaor" to tn.ir erectorcte. The Amendment also aims to enhancepeople's participation through oecentratiieo ino consutt.ti* o".irc"-i.,-,ating, greater transparency,stronger finances and a more rigorous democratic process. The provision or waros committees is to ensuresome proximity between the citizens ano ftreir eteaeo representlu".i.*rn" committee is expected to serveas an effective forum for interaction with the wiiJ-councittor. and rendering the process more accountabre.The states must take steps to constitute thise committees and difine their functions. Adequaterepresentations in the wards committees should bi given to differeni i"Jrnr of the population in the areaincluding weaker sections, women' NGos and voluntary agencies. rne emenoment also provides for theconstitution of District Planning committees ano l'tetropotitun eru*i.fio*nitt""r, which will consolidateplans prepared by local qovernments in collaboration wltn etected r"piur*iii"us. Representation qiven tothe various sections of tfie people including interest grolrps in the Dpc/Mpc will ensures that voicei of thedifferent sections are heard at tne instituiion.r'i*"i. while some oi'ff*-rtut", have taken initiatives rc

Strategic Directions for the Future of U

strengthen ancl improve local government, in most other functional domain, finanCial autOnOmy' prOximity

between the people and the el6cted representatives, planning, financing and managing municipal affairs' by

and large, remain unresolved issues in most of the states'

2.75 While decentralisation confers the right to local self-government, good governance outlines its

responsibilities. The primary issues facing urban governance revolve. around the need for autOnomy'

accountability and transparency, planning and part[ipatory and consultative governance' In. all most all

states, state-owned boards and authorities functions within city limits but are divorced from local

government. At the state, a comprehensive assessment is necessary to define the role of the city vis-d-vis

the state and institutroni playing a dominant role in urban affairs' Secondly, the state should promote

gr.ri"i irtonomy and accounlab-ility to local bodies in municipal affairs. The amended Constitution seeks

sharing of functional and financial domain and this process can only be influenced significantly through

political process and public interest.

2.76 participation of the people in the planning and development activities at different levels is central to

the Constitution Amendment Act. The CAA recognises that governance can no longer remain solely the

prerogative of governments. Cities are already becoming ungovernable through traditional structures and

mechinisms. Government needs to become a collaborative effort of the government and non-government

sector, a fusion of public and private initiatives of citizens particularly in governance' As such, the creation of

suitabie structures and process is vital to the success of democratic decentralisation'

2.77 There have been a number of voluntary initiatives in areas like garbage collection and shelter to the

urban poor, but the efforts of these organisations have been limited and confined to certain areas. What is

important is to build a partnership between NGOs and the civic agencies who are engaged in providing basic

services. A forum needs to be created to coordinate the efforts of various agencies so that there is optimum

utilisation of resources - financial and human. In Bangalore, a Citizens Pafticipative Forum called.SWABHIMANA'has been set up with a view to provide a platform for NGOs, voluntary agencies and resident

groups to interact with civic agencies'

Multi-Municipal Urban Situations

ZJg The Indian Census places cities with a population of one million or more in a separate category.

Many of these million plus cities are not single municipal entities. They are multi-municipal urban

agglomerations, which also include various jurisdictions which are urban or urbanising, but not municipal.

LJige city growth and concentration of urban population in agglomerations is a pronounced feature of

tnOia's ui5anisation. Some of this growth is because of densification in existing cities but much of it will be

the growth on the peripheries around existing cities. New industrial centres and service activities including

market towns for agricultural products also contribute to this metropolitan pattern of growth.

Z.7g Multi-municipal urban agglomerations are complex and arrangements for their governance cannot be

treated as an extension of the existing arrangements. They need special and innovative arrangements,

which are intergovernmental, inter-organisational and participatory in nature. The arrangements neecl to

reconcile the twn objectives of aggregation at the metropolitan level required for economy and efficiency

and disaggregation necessary to sustain proximity to the people and sensitivity to local needs.

2.g0 The 74th Constitution Amendment stipulates that every metropolitan area comprising two are more

municipalities and having a population of more than one million should have a Metropolitan Planning

Comrnittee (MpC). The pieparation of development plan for the metropolitan area as a whole is the task of

this Commitiee. For this purpose, it should consider matters of common interest between the municipalities

and panchayats, coordinated spatial planning, sharing of water and other physical and natural resources,

integrated development, environmental conservation, overall objectives and priorities of the central and

itui6 gouurnrnents, and extent and nature of investments likely to be made etc. Two-thirds of the members

Directrons for the Future of Urbanisation

of the MPC are to be drawn from the elected members of the urban and rural local bodies within the areaand the remaining one-third are to be nominees of the state a";;;;;i. The composition wi1 grus renopolitical and representative legitimacy to the metropolitan area ino-ario pr*,0" a platform for the differentlocal bodies and agencies to come together. The constitutional provision is in the nature of a broact inter-govern menta I prescription.

Non - M u n icipa I llrba n Situation2'81 Rural-urban migration in the past was largely directed to big cities, and, to a lesser extent, to a fewNew Towns where large scale industries developed, The current tre-no, nowever, is towards movement intothe periphery of metropolitan and other large cities. In many cities, iuih new setflements have mushroomeoand urban peripheral growth is taking place in an unplanned and uncontrolled manner. Local authorities arenot capable of providing all the basic infrastructure facilities ano oir'teiamenlties. ne core municipalities arenot keen to include these areas in their fold. However, such urbanising fringes begin to burden the urtrtir,gcivic services and also health hazards, which new settlements create 16r tnerr immediate neighbourhoods inthe municipal areas. In this context, it is important to note tnai ,lr tn.t is'uiuan is not municipal. In rapidlygrowing urban centres, most settlements are emerging spontaneously virtually untouched by formalgovernance.

Inter-Governmental Issues

2.'82 The wide range and scale of economic activities and the vast array of services required to maintainthe metropolis, inevitably results in multiple tasks, multiple organisations and multiple jurisdictions. Theanswer does not lie in artificially reducing their number. In eisence a metropolitan area can rarely beunitary. It has to be inter-governmental. In increasjngly urbanising states-like-iarii-Gr,'lnonr.,Karnataka, Maharashtra and Gujarat the shape of urban growth will be multi-municipal agglomerations butall that is urban which is comprised In these agglomerations will not be municipal either. There is a need toevolve appropriate municipal model, with a minimum framework or goueinan.e to serve the future multi-municipal paftern of urban growth, as reliance on mere 74th const]tution Amendment will not help thesituation' The problems

9f- sugh multi-municipal agglomerations or metropolltan regions and devrsingorganisational arrangement for their governance have been a formidable task. Fostering rural-urban linkageswithin the growing metropolitan area is an additional problem .nJ-i"qu,.es developing meaningfulstrategies' It is also necessary to ensure that the organisational arrangements do not increase the disrancebetween the people and the government.

Public Accountability

2'83 It is essential to develop a range of instruments of accountability. citizens charter, regurararrangements for keeping the people informed, access to information, transparency in the conduct ofmunicipal affairs, expanding public contacts on the paft of municipal leadership etc., are cited as-someinstrumerits which are needed at the municipal level. To ensure effective accountability, it is important thatthe rules for interface between the elected councils, community groups, trtcor, ceo, uuiioulliorp, orstakeholders are spelt out clearly without ambiguity.

Municipal Capacity Building

2.84 Tie capacity building of municipal personnel is an important task and needs to be addressed onpriority. There is also a need to develop capacity building of elected representatives including Mayors andChajrpersons of municipalities. There is an urgent need for professionalisation of urban

-management.

Professionalisation of urban management would cover aspects such as training, research, adoition ortechnologies and procedures, computerisation of municioal accounts and adoption of commercial accountingpractices and use of Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing applications in planning, etc.

32 III: TUTUNI ||T UNBAIIISAII|tII

References

,F"#.-qlj'L--9,.1; !j,,*,..n !....,7!/'.!.'.ri1//!,./!..,!!L;L:,;'4i..',i.,":.!:/,1fi,

confederation of Indian Industry, t999, An overuiew -of

the chaltenges for Infrastructure Development in India'

2,,d International conference cum Exposition on inri.it*.trte Development, New Delhi'

Confederationoflndianlndustry,!g:g',E'?:?!!.:'!:digmsinUrla!Inlrasru:lrrelssuesinTranslatinglntentto Action,2''o International Conference tum d;;il; on inrrastructure Development' New Delhi'

Expert Group on the commercia|isation of Infrastructure Projects, L996, Indian Infnstrudure Report:

poticy rmperaur";7;;;r*th uii waa*,vorrt. fi"itoral Reports, Ministry of Finance' New Delhi'

FernandesBG,lgST,TheConditionsof(JrbanGrowthinlndiawithlmplicationsforPlanning(Mina)

GirishKMisra,lggS,PartnershipfolReso-ur99Mobi|isation,shelter,Vo|.1,No.1&2,January-Apri|.-' - HUDiO-HSMI Publications, New Delhi'

Jamal H Ansari and Nathaniel Von Einsiedel, t998, Ilrban Land management: Improving Poticis and Pradices in

Developing couni'ies ir'rci', vnitud Nations Center for Human Settlements'

Jamal H Ansari, 2000, Ptanning Issues and Need for-Good urban Governance' seminar on Emerging Perspective

on Urban oo".tn.nt"ii"U rs io' rti'ity of Management Studies' New Delhi'

Maitra Asesh Kumar, 2000, |Jrban Environment in Crisis,New Age Internationa| Publishers, New Delhi.

Mathurop,2000,Decentralizationinlndia:AReportCard,uMP-AsiaoccasionalPaperNo'47'Urban Management Programme' Thailand'

Meshram D s, 1gg7, urban Land (Jse and Development Planning Problems & solutions, Base-cum-issues paper'

National seminar on Future cities - uroan vision: 2021; oct 6-7, Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi'

MinistryofUrbanAffairsandEmployment,-.,lndia:NationalRewrt,secondunitedNationsconferenceonHumanSettlements: Habitai II, istanbul, Government of India' New Delhi'

National Instituteof urban Affairs, 1997, Financing lJrban Infrastructure in India' Rsearch study series No' 59'

NationallnstituteofUrbanAffairs,lggS,Indiz'sl)rbansectorProfile'ResearchstudySeriesNo'61'

Nationa|Foundationforlndia,Lgg4,AccountabilityandDecentralizationint,lrbanGovernance,Pub|icationNo 2/95, Report from the National Workshop held on October 7' New Delhi'

planningcommission,tgg6,ReportoftheTechnicalGroupont/rbanPlanningsystem'Governmentoflndia'New Delhi.

Planning comntission, Ninth Five Year Plan 1997-2002, Volume II, ThematlC Issues and sectoral Programmes'

Government of India, New Delhi'

Ribeiro E F N, 1981, An overview of urban Land Policies and Land use control Measures in India'

Delhi Development Authority, New Delhi'

SinghBN,lggg,FinancingtJrbanlnfrastructureDeve|opmentinLo,?!-?.!g,ye,4,Internationa|SeminaronFinancingandPricingofUrbanlnfrastructure'8-9Febtuary'HSMI&DTUDP'NewDelhi'

sivaramakrishnan K C, lgg3, Managing urban-Elyironnent in lndia: Towards an Agenda for Action' Based on

contributions for workshop on Role of cities for Management of urban Environment in India'

Aug 26-28, Bangalore'

sivaramakrishnan K C, 2000, Power to the Peopte? The Politics and Prograss of Decentralisation'

Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi'

sivaramakrishn an K C, Problents of GOvernance in south Asia, centre for Policy Research' New Delhi'

References

sivaramakrishni},\3:,r1i"{!!l!{t,i{{#i:*rFiftv years orswaraj: Hishriehts and shadows,

sundaram P s A' 1993, Legal and Institutional Fnmewoyk.for.Land Assembry, pubtished in Managing ourMetropolise - New Directions rot il;; c*lury, school of planning and'Architecture, New Delhi.suresh V, 1998, Indian Experience in urban taadr suppry and sanitation,HuDcq New Derhi.suresh V' 7998' Key Issues in lJrban rnfrastructure Financing-commercialisation, Hl)Dco,New Delhi.swindale I D' 1994, Towards a Land use Policy in India,RGICS paper No. 7, Rajiv Gandhi Institute forContemporary Studres.

The Times Research Foundation, L992, seminar on Legal aod Institutional Fraorework for urban LandManagement in India_Issues parers, Calcutta.'t"*t t'lf"i"3:lry Planning organisation, 1982, Regionat ptanning Efforts in India,Government of India,

Venkateshwarlu u, t997, India's tlrban visian 2021: An Agenda for shaping the !)rban Infrastructure.

34 iltt ruilnI 0r uRBAlilSAItotl

FUTURE OF URBANISATION STUDY

AFGANISTAN

PAKISTAN

ARABIAN SEA

t, 't.,:]...,,

.,:. ... 11.

. '---.. ,j-;, - tNola

CiUJANAT -

|'..jMA,taRASriRi._,';' ;tl

' AIIDXFA PRAOESH

'rt _.: tau|| {AI'I.J

THAIL.AND

BAY OF B€NGAL

L€GET{D

lnternationg!Bolindaqr

S|ate Bdundary

State CaPiiel

Raiiway

National Highway

Goldan Quad|angle & H"D. Cctridof

Em*rging lnier-State U$an Soridcr

Emerging lFJ.ra-stai€ Urban Cor.icia.

Energbg Urben Beg;+n

Glass - i C;liss hy 2c2i

tsA}IGLA.DESH

INDIAN OCEAN

II JA*rlrU &

, KASHITIR

Ii

i-*ry':'L.-::at

RAJASTMN I,--tr'ttot- \ * aHAR

runoxv* fl{oesnI,

I

*-.|-+..--F

,,;,:1ia,i:::

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EMERGI}IGURBANcoRR|DoRs|NSELECTEDSTATESGUJAFAT, TAHARASHTRA , KAR}IATAKA, ANDHRA PRADESH & ?AIIIL }IADTJ

PfrffiilGilSLttllc[$

urrsl9JrreJ"tHsFljilp-H!"!1.gtutll=e{[18[!"tsll

Maharashtra

G0llftllrs

I. Introduction - P' 39

U. The State's Urbanisation: Trends and Issues - P' 40

III. New Geography of Investments - P' /M

ry. Spatial Manifestation of Economic Growth - P' /'8

A. Present SPatialPattern - P.48B, Emerging Urban Corridors - P. 49C. SPURs - NCU, Urban Conidors - NATMO - P' 57

v. Problems, Issues and Constrainls - P, 52

A. SpatialPlanning and Land Use- P.52B. Regional Infrastructure - P.54C. Urban Infrastructure Seruices - P, 55D. Urban Environment- P.57E. Investment Requirements - P. 67

VL Urban Governanceand Management- P,62

A. 74th Constitution Amendment Ac'.- P. 62B. Role of Local Bodies in Future Urban Growth - P. 63C. Role of State and Sectoral Agencies - P. ilD. Metro Areas and Metropolitan Planning Committees - P. 54E. Rural Urban Integration and District Planning Committees - P. 65F. Managing Urban Corridors- P.66

References- P. 57

iltt turun: 0t unBlillsAiloll 37

Mahuashtra

il.H}_l|Jlff"_g[J'|,I-|$_lll0-l : rrrilN trr ts$||$

2'L Maharashtra is the most urbanised state, with -about

3g.5g per cent of its population living in urbanareas in 1991' The level of urbanisation has increased from 31.u pJr c#in rgzr to 3g.69 per cent in 1991and this has always been-higher tLa1.ttr.e coirerponoing rigures at the nationat tevet. Maharashtra having 30districts as per 1991 census is divided into roli regions, namely, grih;n Naumoai and Konkan; westernMaharashtra; Vidharbha and Marathrvaoa. rne region-wise anatyiis orir"na, in urban population indicatesthatthe Brihan Mumbaiand-Konkan region iJtnJmost urbanised, within urbanisation leyel of 7L,5zo/o,followed bv Vidharbha (30.27o/o) and ttlistern Maharashtra 1zs.+soto1. rv.i.tt*ioi?;;; A.;bi"jl, th.least urbanised' concentration of populatiirn in urban_ areas is higher t'han 50 per cent of the total populationin the districts of Greater Mumbai e}ao/o),Thane (64.74o/ot, ruudpri ioi.si;/"1 and pune (50.76oh).

Growth Trends in Urban population

2'2 The urban population.in Maharashtra, spread over 29i UAs and towns, with decadal growth rate of38'69 per cent, has nearly doubled during ini tast two decades. An urban agglomeration (UA) forms acontinuous urban spread normally consisting of a town and its adjoining urban outgrowths, or two or morephysically contiguous towns together, or a city and one or more adjoining towns with or without outgrowthsforming a continuous sprqrd., The decadal growth rate has, however, -maiglnally

reduced from 39.99 percent during the decade L977-8r to 38.66 per cent in 1981-91. The number oi ctads I and II unsltowns, anoClass III towns have increased consistently from 1971 to 1991 from 18 to 2i, L6i" zeiri Oi''io rotrespectively while the number of Class IV, V and VI towns together have declined from 162 in tgZf io ffSin 1991 (Table 1.1).

Table 1.1: Urban Population by size-Urban Agglomeratlons in Maharashtra

Class I 1B 25 27 48,83 43.43Class II lo z0 28 19.91 51,41Class III 61 82 103 39.62 3L.17Class IV 90 91 83 3.51 (-)s.27Class V 58 42 40 (t23.63 -\7.24Class VI t4 16 10 16.90 -)39.07

Total 257 276 291 39.99 38.66Source: Census of India Towns and Urban 7997 with t907-Populah'on 7997

Part-II-A(ii) - A Series

Unbalanced Urbanisation

2.3 Urban population in Maharashtra is unevenly distributed among the various towns of different sizes.The number of cities with population of more than 1 lakh size has increased from 17 in 1971 to 33 in 1991.The three metropolitan cities of Greater Mumbai, Pune and Nagpur together contained almost 55 per cent ofthe total urban population. The 33 cities with more than 1 lakh population size accounted for 75.13 per centof the total urban population, 30 towns in the population range of 50,000-99,999 accounted for 6,93 percent, while the remaining L7.94 per cent is distributed in remaining 273 other towns with population of lessthan 50,000 size in 1991 (Table 1.2).

l4aharashtn

Table 1.2: Growth in Number of Towns in Various Population Sizes

Source: Statistical Handbo* for Maharashtrq 7994Census of India 7997, 5ertes 7 ' India' Part II'A(ii) 'A Series

2.4 The Greater Mumbai UA alone had more than 41 per cent of the urban population and 16 per cent of

totat poputation in the State. The Greater Mumbai Urban Agglomeration with 12.60 million population

consists'of Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation (9.9 million); Kalyan Municipal Corporation (1.01 million);

Thane Municipat Corporation (0.80 million); Ulhasnagar Municipality (0.37 million); New Bombay (0.31

million) and tiira Bhayandar Municipality (0.17 million). Next to Mumbai are two other million plus cities of

pune and Nagpur which together accommodate only about 14 per cent of the urban population of the state.

2.5 Greater Mumbai's over-dominance in Maharashtra is due to its diversified economic base comprising

industries, financial institutions, port, public and corporate sector headquarters. The industrial, trading and

commercial activities of Mumbai make a big contribution to the country's economy' It contributes 40 per

cent of the state's domestic product and accounts for 50 per cent of the import and export, and 40 per cent

of central revenue generated through excise and income tax. Greater Mumbai has the largest number of

registered working iactories numbering 7,609 (1992), which formed 32 per cent of the total number of

fa&ories in Maharashtra and also the largest number of workers, forming about 37 per cent of the total

number of workers in the state. About 68 per cent of the total workforce in Greater Mumbai is engaged in

manufacturing (43 per cent) and services sector (25 per cent), as of 1991 (MMRDA, 1999).

Mumbai MetroPolitan Region

2.6 Maharashtra's position as the most industrialised and urbanised state in India is largely due to the

Mumbai Metropolitan Region's (MMR) predominance in the state economy. The MMR extends over an area

of 4,355 sq km and co-mprises of Municipal Corporations of Gr-eater .Mumbai, Thane, Kalyan and Navi

Mumbai, Miia-Bhayandar, Ulhasnagar, Bhiwandi and Vasai-Virar; 16 municipal towns; 7 non-municipal urban

centres;'and 995 villages. Its administrative limits cover Mumbai City and Mumbai suburban districts, and

parts of Thane and Raigarh districts'

Population Projections

2.7 According to Population Projections for India and States (1996 -2016) by the Registrar General,

tndia, the urban-population in Maharashtra is estimated to reach 39,13 million in 2001with the propoftion of

urban population'tototal population being 42.50 per cent. The urban population is projected to 57.16 million

nV iOf:-lonrtituting 50.45 per cent of the total population (Table 1.3). The Population Projections.bv the

nlgirtrrt General o? lndir ii based on demographic factors. However, the impact of investments in new

industries and infrastructure in the wake of economic liberalisation since 1991 in various locations will

accentuate the urbanisation process and bringing more migrants. These aspects need to be taken into

100000 + L7 64.70 29 7L.57 33 75,13

50000-99999 25 11.10 25 7.82 30 6.93

2000049999 65 11.70 89 11,90 tt4 11.59

10000-19999 98 8.80 1008.71

1026.355000-9999 7n 3,40 48 46

Below 5000 t4 0,30 1()tt

Total 289 100.00 307 100.00 336 100.00

illt rurum 0t uRBAlllsArl0ll 4t

/iahuashtn

account while projecting the urban population, Hence the R,G! projections are cgnseruative and may betreated as trend-based demographic projections.

Table 1.3: Urban Population Projections - Maharashtra 2021

Source: Registrar General, India (1996); Population Projections for fndia and Stats 1996-2016* Based on grcwth bend during 2011-2016

District Level Projections

2.8 Trend-based projections have been made for level of urbanisation at the district level for 2021 baseoon the 1981-91 growth rates. The region-wise level of urbanisation by districts for 1991 as well as 2021 nasbeen shown in the following two tables (Table 1.4 and 1,5).

Table 1.4: Level of Urbanisation by Districts and Regions 1991

0-15 Ratnagiri,Sindhudurg

Satara Bhandara, Gadchiroli Nil 5

15-25 Raigarh Sangli,Ahmednagar,Dhule

Yavatmal, Buldana Jalna, Parbhani,Nanded, Bid,Latur, Osmanabad

t2

25-35 Nil Solapur,Kolhapur,Jalgaon

Akola, Amravati,Wardha, Chandrapur

Aurangabad 8

35-45 Nil Nashik Nit Nil 145 - 100 Thane, Greater

MumbaiPune Nagpur Ni/ 4

LoU = Level of Uftanisation

113.31

42 IIIT TUTUIT ||I URIAIIIEATI|tII

Maharashtn

Lou = Level of Ltrhanintion

2.g It may be seen that urbanisation will spread all over Maharashtra except in five districts-of Ratnagiri,

Sindhudurg, iatara, Bhandara and Gadchiroli which may continue to be in the lowest range of the level of

,ioinisatiJn (upto 15 o/o) while atl remaining districts would change to the higher range. Greater Mumbai,

Thane, pune and Nagpur will be joined by tne Oistricts of Nashik, Chandrapur and Aurangabad in the highest

range of 45-100 per cent (Map 1.1 & 1.2).

Projections at Urban Centre Level (Class I Cities)

2.10 Assuming the growth rate of urban population to be the same as during 1981-91, there will be 59

Class I cities inciuding 11 metropolitan cities by 202L, as against 27 Class I cities including 3 metropolitan

cities in 1991 (Map 1.2).

Table 1.5: Level of Urbanisation by Districts and Regions 2021

Bhandara,Gadchiroli

Nil

Jalna, Bid

5

3

0-15 Ratnagiri,Sindhudurg

Satara

15-25 Nil Dhule Nil

25-35 Nil Solapur, Sangali,Kolhapur,Ahmednagar

Yavatmal,Buldana, Wardha,Akola

Parbhani,Osmanabad,Nanded

11

35 -45 Raigarh Jalgoan Amravati Latur .l

1Chandrapur,Naqpur

Aurangabad45 - 100 Thane, Greater

Mumbai

NashiK Pune

mt tuTum 0t un8ffiFATl0x 43

Maharashtra

ilt. uuL""!"l00"Dlttf y 0r trursilrHrs

Industrial policy

3'1 A new 'Industry, Trade and commerce PoJicy of Maharashtra'was announced in December 1995.The basic approach orI.: nelv.rylicv includi; (a) slgng arpoo,t-l; tiilratisation, (b) Transparency andsimplification of procedu.ru, (c)-Privite sector'participalion'in oeverop*nt efforts and, (o) rnrust or]

H3#il||:t#"tflflH,resions. with a view to achievins ud;ff"; poricy obiectivk,'l6e'iorro*ine

o ro develop industrial ..townships, ranging from 2000 hectares to 7000 hectares in size, w*hinfrastructure at ninq different rocationi i..111yr9,irri;;iN;;"r), sinnar (Nashik), NandgaonPeth (Amravati), waluj-shendre (Aurangabad), Kushnur_ tNano'eJl,'rcagal-Hatkanangale (Kolhapur),Mahad (Raigarh), Nivli,Phata (Ratnagiri) and indapuripJ..i. ih6 industriat townships wi1 provideintegrated effluent collection, treatment ano oijposa't ivr["*, iouquate power and telephoneconnections, and social infrastructure.

O Single window system.

D To encourage privatisation of government undertakings.

o To develop aqua-parks along the coast through Maharashtra Industrial Dwelopment corporation(MIDC) where necessary infrastructure like cold storage, packaging, warehousing and ponds forpisciculture would be provided.

o To introduce ceftain modifications in 1993's Industrial Location policy of Mumbai Metropolitan Regionpermitting expansion, substitution and diversiflcation of product, provided there is reduction rnsource pollution and there is no additional power or built-up area requirement.

Industrial Location Policy and Urban Development

3.2 Industrialisation has influenced urban growth in Maharashtra to a great ocent and high lwel ofurbanisation in the state is associated ryith industrial development. The Indultrial Location polic/envisagesbalanced regional development through a programme of setting up of industrial townships, growth centresand mini industrial areas. all over the state. By way of removal of control regime, tne pofiiy proposes tomodify Maharashtra Land Revenue Code 1966, thereby permitting industrial deveiopment witnin specifieoindustrial zones, The Industrial Policy seeks to encourage the industries in areas other than Mumbai-Thane-Pune belt, thereby providing impetus to the urban development around industrial estates and growthcenres.

3.3 The revised Regional Plan for Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) for 1996-2011 has reiterated itspolicy for poly-nucleated spatial structure for development of the region, through development of growthcentres' In an effort to decentralise industrial activity from Mumbai, new industrial areas were carved out inMMR with basic infrastructure, good transport links, provision of wholesale markets and a package ofincentives' Certain chemical industries that require special treatment facilities also moved to'specialisedzones' New sites have been selectively developed to accommodate shifting of population and economicactivities to other areas. The shifting of the wholesale vegetable market located in the heart of MumbaiIsland to New Mumbai followed by the shifting of other commodity markets such as those of onions, fruitsand steel has relieved congestion in the core city, The policy of decentralisation has shown effective resultsin the case of MMR and is perhaps a good example of the process of decentralisation.

Tilt HfruBt 0t un8ilil$tft0tl

Maharashtra

3.4Theinstitutionalinfrastructureforachievingtheobjectivesofpromotinoanddevelopingindustriesa||over the state is through city and_ Industr"r o*"roprlni" ioinoralion (cl-Dco), Maharashtra Industrial

Development corporarion (MIbC), State, Iyultfluiini inu.tt*ent Corporation of Maharashtra (SIICOM)'

etc. The new township, if r,rrui Mumbai, r"* il;;;;;Od n.* Nashik and new Nanded have been

devetoped through clDco, and pimpri 9hi1l.1*J r:v-tni ru.* Town Development Authority' MIDC

accelerates the process oi'inoustriatis'ation in tne stile tlnrougn provision of serviced industrial plots' The

MIDC has been responsibru'ioi-.rltorithment of growth cenires.covering the entire state' mini-industrial

areas to cover all the taiukas in the state, .na .uniitr goveinment growth centres apart from setting-up of

the industrial townships. sIIcoM encourages.no'p[rioto inoustriat development of the underdeveloped

areas of the state ano innuenie, in" to.itional dJcisions to be taken by entrepreneurs in favour of such

areas through financiat .itiitun*. The state is, therefore, making serious efforts to attract industries in

oair*aro arias other than the industrially developed locations.

Industrial and Infrastructure Investment

3.5 The CMIE's database "CAPE(" provides details of investments in industrial and infrastructure projects

in various stages of impt-mentation. Maharashtra continues to attract a significant amount of new

investments and is actively pursuing the country's liberalisation policy. A district-wise analysis of total

industrial and infrastructure prqeAJ investment based on CMIE's database containing information up to

March 1999 has been used to determine the investment destinations in Maharashtra (Table 1.6) (Map 1'3)'

Of the total investments of gt. tZg,+Ol crore taking place in Maharashtra, industrial projects account for 56

per cent while infrastructure projects (Power, Road, Railways, Shipping, Airway,land JE!:oIl-4-,4fft *"t'

ihe analysis clearly shows that breater Mumbai, with its adjoining districts - Thane, Raigarh and Ratnagiri,

accounting for 6l per cent investment; Pune and Nagpur districts accounting for about 19 percent

investmenl are emerging as by far the most preferred destinations for new investments in industry and

infrastructure Oabte i.61. The new investments have been directed at areas adjoining the cjty rather than in

the city itself. 'Such

growth is contributing to the extension of the cities or leading to the formation of new

growth areas. part of mane district falling in Greater Mumbai UA, has a larqe number of projects in

iranufacturing industry including infrastructure such as rail and road links with Greater Mumbai accounting

for 14 per cent of the total investment. South of Thane district are Raigarh (falling within the urban

influence of Greater Mumbai) and Ratnagiri districts which have attracted the highest arnount of investment

as compared to the remaining districts in Maharashtra. Raigarh district is receiving investment in

manufacturing such as steel lnd steel products, railway and ship containers and chemicals and

petrochemicaii. Both Raigarh and Ratnagiri districts account for 35 per cent of the total investment in

manufacturing industry and infrastructure. East of Raigarh and adjoining it is Pune district with Pune city at

its centre. pune is the junction of important routes connecting Munrbai to Solapur and Nashik to Kolhapur.

In westem Maharashtri, Pune provides a vital link between the cities of the North and those of the South'

pune has attracted considerable investment particularly in automobile and its ancillaries. Indian companies

and also multinationals are investing in Pune. Pune district accounts for 18 per cent of the investments in

manufacturing. Export-oriented floriculture and the cultivation of upmarket horticultural products such as

mushrooms are alio making their presence felt in Pune district. Chandrapur district accounts for 6 per cent

of the total investment in manufacturing industry and infrastructure'

3.6 The Status of the Projects indicates that out of 419 projects, 204 have been completed, 134 are

under implementation while 81 are under proposal stage. (Table 1'7)

ilrt Rrrum 0t uRBAxl$Iloll 45

Maharashtra

Tabre 1.6: District-wise rndustriar / rnfrastructure rnyestment (up to March lggg)'Rs, in crore

1 GreaterMumbai

792t.39 t0.97 7L67.76 13.17 15088.65 11.91

2 Thane 8311,69 11.51 9542.29 17.53

13.54) 1 7.')

17853.98 14.10? [aqgarh 10097.52 13.98 7370.33 L7467.85 t3.794 Ratnagiri 14903.61 20.64 116085 26511.61 20.93Sindhudurg t738.7t 2.41 108s.98 1.99 2824.69 2.236 Nashik 1381.93 1.91 954.1 t.75

0.01n 17

2336.03 L.B47 Dhule 0 0.00 s.00 5.00 0.008 lelgqon 242.15 0.34 90.40 332.55 0.269 Ahmadnagar 52.90 0.07 80.00 n 1( t32.9 0.1010 Pune L2703.48 L7.59 2758.5 >,u / 15461.98 T2.2L11 Satara 150.00 0.21 29L6.5 s.36 3066.s 2.42tz Sangli 90,41 0.13 128.00 0.24 2tB.4L 0.t7Solapur 174.L2 u.l+ 350.00 0.64 524.12 0.41r.t Kolhapur 201.5 0.28 672.00 r.23 873.5 0.6915 Aurangabad 3311.55 4.59 371.80 0.68 3683.35 2.9LIO lalna 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00t7 Parbhani 46.00 0.06 4.47 0.01 50.47 0.041Q Bid 0 0.00 59.00 0.11 qo nn 0.0519 Nanded 0 0.00 0.00 0 0.00tv Osmanabad 0 0.00 0 0.00 U 0.002l Latur 0 0.00 3140 0.58 3140 0.2522 Buldana 0 0.00 4.62 0.01 4.62 0.0023 Akola 0 0.00 59.98 0. 11 sq qR 0.05z'r Amravati 35.60 0.05 1236.00 2.27 LZ I T.OU 1.0025 Yavatmal 269.61 0.37 0 0.00 269.61 v.zL26 Wardha 457.60 0.63 394.00 0.72 851.60 0.6727 l,,lagpur 6939.98 :r. or 1435.69 2.64 8375.67 o.o I28 Bhandara L07.57 0.15 52.91 0.10 160.48 u.1529 Chandrapur 236t.72 3.27 5772.00 10.60 8t33.72 o.+l30 Gadchiroli 704.74 0.98 4.63 0.01 709.37 0.56

Total 72203.78(55.77o/ol

100.00 57263.46(44.23o/ol

100.00 t29467.24(100o/o)

100.00

Sourcei CMIE CAPEX Datahase, March 1999, as oO@

Maharashtra

Table 1.7: Status of Proiects in Maharashtra

S;nrce. CMIE CAqEX DaaEEe, narcn tggg, as obtained from the Ministry of Industry

9 IO t2Greater Mumbai1 zt IO fi't Thane zt

19 .tl 15

3Raioarh I5

+ Ratnagiri 5-7

2.tL 0 4

5qinrlhr rall rro

30Nashik 6 22 2

60 0 1

U

1Dhule 7

B Jalqaon 4 3

t Ahmadnagar 1 0 2 3

10 Pune 32 4l L2 85

11 Satara III 0 2

1')LL Sanqli 4 II 1 o

Solapur 1 4 0 5

L4 Kolhapur 4 5 0 v

Lf Aurangabad 31') 5 20

16 Jalna

L7 Parbhani n 0 1

18 Bid 1 0 0 I19 Nanded

20 Osmanabad

2L Latur22 Buldana

23 Akola U 0 1

24 Amravati 0 1 1

25 Yavatmal 1 3 I 5

26 Wardha 3 0 I 4

27 Nagpur 10 6 z5

28 Bhandara 1 I 0 2

ZY Chandrapur 7 z 1 10

30 Gadchiroli 0 1 1 2

Total 134 204 81 419

IIIT FUIUBT OT UBBAIIISAII|lII47

Maharashtra

tu. 9!J}Al"r#l#y"$.jj'{Jil 0r r8oxoiltc Gnowill

A. PRESENTSPATIALPATTERN

4'L Major urban centre.s are located arons malilillll :lg.nrlwav.routes in the state. The map of'Level of Urbanisation and Urban centr"s-rggi'oriqaharashtra (r;il:i;;"ws rocations of a, crass I cities(1 lakh and above) and other urban centres "icp II and Iir iJt"s"ii";. It shows crea1y the dominanturban corridors along major routes of communications with a roc* ol'r-rrlLbai and relatively fewer urbancentres in the western and.ihe south-eastern parts of tne state.-t'linaiurnir. - Goa coast appears to be a

fi::ffi:??f;',fl!i!1.1:'#f;#[ffi'l?:.T:',1i;'o commerciai .aiuiti.' n."u oeen anJ ar!-tar-iis'pr.c",

Urban Sprawl

4'2 Analysis based on satellite imageries bring out the fact that spatial growth for the following sevencities for which data is avaibble from Maharasntrl Remote s""mg nipli;.iions centre (MRsAc), has beenrapid as compared to population growth (Table 1.8). For instance "r [ih;;, city, the annual expansion ofbuilt-up area has been six times the annual population growth. For solapur, it is four times while for pune

and Sangli cities, it is three times. Greater Mumbai hasllso experiencei out*.to expansion by two and ahalf times as compared to its population growth. These cities are located-in the emerging urban corridorsalong the major transpoft routes where the tendency of smaller urban centres coalescing with the largecities is discernible.

Tabfe 1.8: Urban Sprawl: 1988 - t9g7

1 Aurangabad 48.574 73.517 51.35 5,71 8.732 Greater Mumbai 237.126 4t2.002 73.75 8.19 3.37

Kolhapur 35.857 74.207 101.32 17.26 1q?4 Nagpur 142.245 208.560 .io.bz 5,18 3.6s5 Nashik 62.359 r27.052 103.74 11.52 6.376 Pune t25.927 29L.322 131.34 14.59. 4.48

Sangli 38.510 71.725 86.25 9,58 3.528 Solapur 36.063 62.721 73.92 8.21 2.06Source: l. MRSAC, Nagpur

2. Census of fndia, Towns and llrban Agglomerations 7997 utith their poputattbn Tglt-lgglPart-II-A(ii) - A Series

48 illI ruru[t 0f un[AltsATt0ll

Maharashtra

B. EMERGING URBAN CORRIDORS

Rapidly Growing Metropolitan / Urban Regions

4,3onthebasisofthepresentplselofhighways,rai|waysul9.d.'.-topographyofthestate,ceftainurban corridors ur..rn.rgini (rulap i.S)' rne popuiit-ion'and area of these uiba-n corridors are given in the

Tabte 1.9 and the uot,,lio?ui'"J#iit i. f.r;ltl'Io'-w'tnln these corridors are located some rapidly

gr;;ng metropolitan regions/urban regions as follows:

1. Mumbai MetroPolitan Region

2. Pune Metropolitan Region

3. NagPur Metropolitan Region

4" Nashik Urban Agglomeration

Table 1.9: Population of Urban Corridors

iource: Census of fndia

1 Mumbai - Thane(to Ahmadabad)

1,33,28,698 43.64 2,42,29,682 42.39

2 Mumbai - Nashik - Dhule -Amravati - Nagpur(excluding Mumbai)

6t,2L,778 20.05 t,L9,47,723 20.90

J Mumbai - Pune(excluding Mumbai)

26,09,817 eq4 62,48,869 10.93

4 Pune - Solapur(excluding Pune)

11,79,810 3.86 15,96,690 2.95

5 Pune - KolhaPur(excluding Pune)

L4,02,643 4.59 22,43,269 3.92

6 Coastal Corridor ( Mumbai -Raigad - Ratnagiri)

t,r2,095 0.37 1,49,581 0.26

Pune - Ahmadnagar -

Aurangabad - Jalgaon(excluding Pune and Jalgaon)

8,96,239 2.93 33,63,253 5.88

8 Aurangabad - Parbhani-Nanded(excluding Aurangabad)

9,46,528 2.77 24,03,220 4.20

9 Solapur-Parbhani(excluding SolaPur &Parbhani)

3,54,308 1.16 9,46,306 1.66

Total 2,68,501916 87.92 5,321181593 93.10

* frojetd

illl tuilnt 0l uRBAtlsAIl0ll49

Ahmadabad-Mumbai-pune Corridor4'4 This is an inter-state corridor, which includes Mumbai-pune stretch of Maharashtra. Its extensronnorthwards includes surat, Vadodatu inJ nnruol'bad in Gujarat. oiitriili"iirring within Maharashtra srretchinclude Pune' Raigarh' Mumbai.and ih;t;; .J"f which"has s.", i.rg. ir".stments. The bert is highryindustrialised atons the nnmaoabao_w;ilJ;;; rvumoat-pune-tj;d;;:; Hishway and conrains a hishpercentage of urban ooryt$lon anc ractory erpioyrent in the state, tn terms of urban popuration, thiscorrldor accounts for more than half or the iotat

'urban poputauon in fir" rt.tu and 27 per cent of the totalnumber of towns having more than 100,000 poprfition in 1991.

Major f ntra-state Corridors

4'5 Major intra-stat" :-9ltld-o'.'.t

emerging along the-National Highway which forms a part of the NationalGolden Quadrangle containing Mumbai--t',lainlt-o-nute-latgaon-Amravati-Nagpur. part of this corridor hasexpressway proposal' A number of growth centres and industrial estates ire being developed along thiscorridor' what is emerging in this urbln corridor is poly-nodal uroan centres which are sparsely located.

4'6 south - east of Greater Mumbai is Pune dishict with Pune city at its centre. It is at the junction ofthe important routes connecting Mumbai to solapur and Nashik to Kolhapur. pune - Kolhapur and pune -solapur corridors are the othei inha-state majo? coridors. pune - korn-apur corridor also forms paft ofGolden Quadrangre Nationar Highway system. This corridor arso has proposar for expressway.

Table 1.10: Administrative Status of Urban Corridors

Maharashtra

1 Mumbai - Thane (to Ahmadabad) 2 t I '| 'l

2 Mumbai - Nashik - Dhule - AmravatiNagpur (excluding Mumbai) 3 58 17

J Mumbai - Pune (excluding Mumbai) 3 I 94 Pune - Solapur (excluding pune) 2 1 zv 25 Pune - Kolhapur (excluding pune) 4 1 156 Coastal Corridor

(Mumbai - Raigad - Ratnagiri)1T 0 4

7 Pune - Ahmadnagar - Aurangabad -Jalgaon (excluding Pune and Jalgaon)

q I I ?

8 Aurangabad - Parbhani-Nanded(excluding Aurangabad) 4 0 l< 0

Solapur-Parbhani(excluding Solapur & Parbhani) 1 0 7 0

Source: Census of fndia, 7991

M. Corp - Municipal Corporation. M - Municipatities, Cf _ Census fowrs

50 ill ruilnr 0; uBBAxtsATt0ll

Maharashtra

Minor Intra-state Corridors

4.7 Minor intra-state corridors emerglng are:

O Pune - Aurangabad - lalgaon

D Aurangabad - Nanded

O Solapur - Parbhani

Urban Regions

4.Slnadditiontomeabovecorridorsandmetropolitanregions,thefo|lowingurbanregionsareemerging:

l.Coasta|regioncomprisingofRaigarhandRatnagiridistricts

2.UrbanregioncomprisingpartsofYavatmal,Ako|aandParbhanidistricts3. Urban region comprising parts of Yavatmal and Chandrapur districts

C. SPURs'NCU, URBAN CORRIDORS - NATMO

4.g The National Commission on Urbanisation (NCU) in its recommendations on Spatial Priority

urbanisation Regions (sPURs) identified the following sPURs in Maharashtra:

1. Bombay-Thane- Panvel- Nashik-Dhule

2. Ahmadnagar- Aurangabad- Nanded- Bid

3. Pune- Sholapur4. Akola-Amravati-Nagpur-Bhandara5, Ratnagiri-Goa- Karwa-Mangalore

4.10 Later, National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation (NATMO), published a map on Urban

Corridors in India, based on a study on 1991 Census, which gives the following urban corridors in

Maharashtra with the range of urbanisation level as indicated below (Table 1.11). It is interesting to note

that in Amravati - MumbaiCorridor and Mumbai - Thane portion has shown above 60 per cent urbanisation

level, while in other potions of the same corridor, the level of urbanisation ranges from 15-25 and 25-40'

llap't.a indicates the three corridors identified by NATMO in addition to the SPURs suggested by NCU.

Table 1.11: Urban corridors of Maharashtra and Urbanisation Level, 1991

25-40' 15-25; >60Amaravati - Bom>60; 15-25Naqpur - Bilaspur25-40; 15-25

S"*c": nuti"nut Atlas Thematic Mapping (NATMO), 7993

4.LL The corridors identified in this study (Map

NATMO as well as SPURs by NCU (Map 1'4). The

transDort routes.

1.5) reflect near similaritY tocorridors now emerging are

the corridors identified bY

more continuous along the

iltt turunt 0r uRBAlllsArl0ll

Maharashtra

rssul$ ffilt G0ilsnilfisA. SPATIAL PLANNING AND IAND USE

5.1 The emerging issues related to spatial plannrng are;

o urban corridors are-developins..a-lory the transport corridors joining major metropolitan cities in thestate' some of these corridorilike r"iumoai - A'hmadabad oiiqr*tli - Bergaum are arso inter-srateurban corridors along National Highways. Most of n" .o*ooi h-ave a poly-nodal structure, withcontinuous or non-continuous sprawl. These corridorr rnay or mav'not coincide with administrativejurisdictions of the local bodies.

D The pattern of development as emerging in the urban corridors is either an intensively devetopedpoly-nodal region (Mumbai - Pune) orlpa-rsety or oiscontinuousrv ieveropeo regions such as Mumbai- Nashik - Nagpur and others.. The existing taige/;;t.p;iL;;liJr-in tn.r. corridors are expandingoutwardly and coalescing with smaller ulban centres. The urban areas are thus expanding intoagricultural land and cause urban sprawl. The relationship uetween various land uses would have aconsiderable impact on the environment.

D There is a need to plan the area falling in th-e gorrjdors at the regional level. This needs a planntngapproach to prescribe different functions of the 'Nodes' as *eii as the intervening spaces, andthereby establishing a functional urban settlement system in the emerging urban corridors, TheMaharashtra legislation or regional planning can be an useful instrument to define and delimit aregion for preparation of Regional plan in a longer perspective.

D The corridors are developing without adequate infrastructure provision. Development ofinfrastructure will entail high cost, if not well planned from the vet beginning, The cause and effectof urban environmental problems spread across various jurisdictions and sectors.

D The coastar Region wourd need carefur planning in the context of coastar ecology.

D The institutional set-up for planning and development in the urban corridors is such that urban andrural areas are treated as separate entlties. As per the existing institutional set-up, rurai ftinntngand rural bodies are looked after by the Panchyati Raj Instituti6ns. Similarly the tviunicipaliti* rootafter urban areas under their jurisdictions. Besides, ihere are parastatal organisations which arespecial purpose authorities operating at the state and city levels.

D In this paltern of development, the sisting transport corridor might become subject to seriousdisruption, if it is not well planned. The main road artery would need- to be designed with restrictedaccess to the Nodal Centres, so that long distance traffic is unhampered by development on eitherside, which could be provided through service roads. By increasing tne oeptn of development alongthe urban corridors, the provision of infrastructure services would become more economicit anoefficient.

Broad Land Utilisation Pattern

5'2 Land is one of the major natural resources. Central to the issue of land and other resources is therole of urban areas and urbanisation process. Settlements comprising both rural and urban occupy about 6per.cent of topognphically usable land at the national level. T'here

-has been a significant increase in area

under human settlements increasing from 4.09 % of total in 1951 to 6.2 o/o in 198i. Current tr.ends indicatethat population increases and better transpoftatlon networks would require nearly 3 %o extra land over thenext 10 years' Since urban expansion is inevitable through a shift from prime agriculture to non-agriculture

IilI TUTUIT OT UNIAXIETTIOTI

uses in the peripheries of cities, this calls for interventions to deal with. the whole urbanisation process'

A broad rand use patrern ;il;r.,ilr";g witn tne'e;r;;ils;,oa; corridors is depicted in Map 1'6'

5.3 It would be useful to discuss the prevailing and perspective pattem.of broad land utilisation pattern

in Maharashtra i.e., the J;; ;l;il unOer ainei# tJt"gt;G "ii1ses'

The pressure on land is bound to

increase with the growth of population'giving rise to ;nipeting claims. on. land for various uses such as

cuttivation, forestryano rini puilo no-n-agii*rtu; uiei tuc'h as urbanisation' communication system

comprising roads, railway#. il; pi.r"nt rJno utiii-tio'' ptttutn for t970-7t' 1980-81 and 1992-93 under

;;il; ;;.it ;r ctassification are given in the Table 1'12'

5.4 The following table indicates that out of 30.758 million hectares of reporting area in the state' the

extent of land put to non-agricultural uses was 0.g66 million hectares of land (2'82o/o of the reporting area)

in t97;-TL,increasing toToi-rirrion hectares 1liw" of the reporting area) by 1980-81, and further to

1.15 million hectares (3.74o/o of the reporting area) by 1992-93.. The urban population of Maharashtra

increased from 21,99 miliion to 30.54 million ouring'r98r-r991 with a growth rate of 38'88 per cent' This

indicates that there nu, Ou.n densification of exisinf uroan centres-apart from sprawl of fringe areas of

large cities. On tne otner-ni-nO,linO ,nO"t forest has iecreased from 5'417 million hectares (17'61% of the

reporting area) in LgTO-7Lto 5.334 million hectares(17.34o/o of the reporting area) in 1992-93' However'

some of the area uncler "barren and unculturable lind and others" has been developed and used for

cultivation as the percentagi ;f rr.. under cultivation has increased from 67 '620/o in 1970-71 !o 73'31% in

1992-93 while the pur.'"nt g" under and "barren, unculturable land and others" category has

ionespondingly declined from 11.g5olo to 5.60% during the same period.

Mahanshtra

Table 1.12: Land Utilisation Pattern of Maharashtra (1970 - 1993)(area in O(M hectares)

Land under Forest 5417 l, /.oL 5329 t7.33 5334 t7.34 -1.62 0.09

Land not available forcultivation

a. Land put to non'agricultural uses

b. Barren and unculturableland

c. Others

ubb

1802

1873

2.82

5.86

6.09

1048

t737

1990

3.41

s.65

6.47

1151

L723

3.74

5.60

2t.02

-3,61

9.83

-0.81

Land under cultivation 20800 67.62 20654 67.t5 22s50 73.3L -0.70 9.18

Reporting Area 307s8 100.00 30758 100.00 30758 100.00

S;urce: CMIE, Indi{s Agricultural Sector, July 7996

5,5 The pace and level of urbanisation would be very high by 2021 in Maharashtra. The spatial pattem

likely to emerge as a manifestation of prospective urbanisation has been depicted on the broad land use

plan (Map f.O;. fne rate of urbanisation is bound to raise the pressure on the urban land fufther' It is

evident that the land should be put to different uses in a manner that leads to optimum economic and social

.ffi.i.n.y of land in both the uiban and rural areas. The appropriate land use pattem will not only remove

the existing problems such as congestion, traffic bottlenecks and squalor as obtaining in the existing urban

areas but *iit atso help in optimising the future growth. There is a need for initiating a study of the existing

iltt twum 0t uBBAlllEATl0ll

Maharashtra

land use patterns which would ryt gnly help in the id_entification-of major problems of urban land but woutdalso be helpful in suggesting guioetinei ulolt'ff'.'p""pectives of urban rand uses in the state.

B. REGIONAL INFMSTRUCTURE

5'6 Regional infrastructure includes power, roads, railways, ports and terecommunications as a part ofthe system covering a wider part of Ui. ui":r.in.dequate'infrastuil;"'affects the growth rate of theeconomy' It is widely recognised that huge investments are required in the infrastructure sector particurarrygiven the fact that urban areas, .particu6rf large,cities in r-la'riarainlra,'-.ru u*p.r,"ncing rapid economicgrowth. The process of economic groMh and -urbanisation

ire ifose[l inter_tinteO. The secondary andtertiary sectors contribute nearry g0 per cent or tni cop of the state.

Power

5'7 The state government announced its new power policy in January 1gg6 for a state-level initiative tocomplement the efforts of the central gouetnmeni and accelerate the development and implementation ofpower projects in the state' The new policy is a reflection or tne iurtnei liLlralisation of the national powerpolicy' The state government is identifying and offering projects ror priuaie 'nuestment.

Urban power supplyis an essential infrastructure. This.presents a problem picture of both growing shortfalls between demanoand supply as well as erratic supply owing to inadequate distribution n6tuorr and poor management. Thepicture is particularly serious in metropolitan and large cities whose demand for energy has continued toincrease rapidly' There is a need to restore a balance between demand and supply position of power inurban areas.

Roads

5'8 The focus of road development in the Ninth Plan is on multi-laning of high-density corridors ofNational Highways in the country. The central government has decided to strEngthei ano imfrove t'lationalHighway system through upgradation of the National Highways on the Golden euadrangle, linking Delhi,Mumbai, Chennai and Calcutta. Development of Nofth-South and East-West corridors wilt b-e incorpoiateO inthe alignment of the Golden Quadrangle supplemented by additional work along North-South and East-westexpansion with four laning. The proposed upgradation of the National Hlghwaysas well as likely proposal forexpressways in Maharashtra has been depicted on the Map 1.3. The rualionai Highway Act wai amended in,1995 to encourage private sector to develop and operate road projects. Taking into consideration theinadequacy of funds for road development programmes, the Government of Maharashtra took a decision rrr,July, 1996 to implement some important schemes of road development through participation of the privateentrepreneurs in the state. The privatisation envisages the private entrepreneurs to recover their investmentby way of charging the toll. The Bombay Motor Vehicles Tax Act has since been amendea to fermit tottarrangement. A nodal agency - the Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation (MSRDC), with 5t percent government equity pafticipation, has been formed to oversee speedy implementation of proposed roadprojects through privatisation. This company has already undertaken works costing nearly Rs. 3,5b0 crore inurban areas and it is proposing to take up other works costing nearly Rs. 6,000 ciore. T'he firsi stage of 69km Mumbai-Pune expressway has already been opened to traffic wfrite the second and third stagei? worrare scheduled to be completed by April, 2001. The Maharashtra government is planning to ixtend theMumbai-Aurangabad expressway up to Nagpur through an arrangement of levy of toil.

Railways

5'9 The total length of railway routes in the state by the end of March 1997 was 5,554 km. This was 8.9per cent of the total length in the country (62,725 km). Out of the total railway route length of 5,554 km in

54 TIIT FUIURT ||T URBAIIISAII|lII

Maharashtra

the state, 4,070 km (73.3 per cent) is covered -under

broad gauge, ?42 km (9'8 per cent) under meter

oauoe and 942 km (17.0 per cent) under nur.* gtui;' inu fnJiun ntilways have also introduced the Build-

6wn-Lease-Transfer (BoLT) scheme for private seio'i i".irii.g?ot ign investment' The BoLT scheme has

been launched in the area of gauge tonuliiion, eleitrificalion' acquisition of rolling stock'

telecommunication systems-ini .on.tiuaion or nrroges. The staie government is making a determined

effort to increase the railway network in tqanarasntia-ivlinring under-?ev.eloped areas in order to stimulate

development in sucn regions. The state nu, p,9uiJ6O proictive assistance to central government for

construction, modernisafl5n and operation or rair*avs-'n tti" rtut", in orderto increase the railway network

in Maharashtra. A good example is the 760 rm ronran nailway'project of which 382 km in Maharashtra

state was promoted and supported by the state'

Ports

5.10 Maharashtra has two major ports - Mumbai Poft and lawaharlal Nehru Port (Nova sheva.within New

Mumbai Area). These.t.-oiirportr'nce not only for the industrial development of Maharashtra, but are also

of strategic importance for the economy of the country, by virtue oT their size and location' The central

government announceo inew pott policy to facilitate private sector investment in port development' There

are 4g notified minor ports Jonb tfr. coustline of 720 km in the state' With a view to develop multi-user port

facilities capable of handling all-types of cargo like bulk and break bulk, petroleum and chemical containers,

the state government has-decided to deveiop all the 48 minor ports in the state through private sector

pu,trcipution, As the first step, the government has decided to develop seven minor ports at Alewadi

iininil, Dighi (Raigarh), Dabhot (Ratriaqiri), Jaigarh (Ratnagiri), Ratnagiri, Vrjaydurg (Sindhudurg) and Redi

(Sindhudurg).

C. URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES

5.11 The rapid population growth in urban areas coupled with unplanned and haphazard development is

leading to a widening gap between supply and demand. The 1991 Census indicated that 58.80 per cent of

urban-households in Maharashtra had access to safe drinking water, toilet and electricity facilities, when all

considered together. On the whole, the quality of urban services and their coverage have been inadequate

to keep pace witf, the growth of population. Hence, the issue is not only to be able to provide adequate

infrastructure for the new growth but also to bridge the existing deficiencies.

Water SUPPIY

s.LZ As per Census 1991, nearly 90.50 per cent of urban households in Maharashtra had access to

potable drinking water (tap connections, hand-pumps and tube wells). The above percentage figure might

be an overstatement, as the same may include water availability located outside the house, intermittent

water supply and water quality from hand-pumps and tube wells of doubtful quality.

5.13 As per Status of Water Supply and Waste Water Collection, Treatment and Disposal in Class I and IITowns, Central Pollution Control Board, the data on per capita water supp-ly shows thatthe Class I cities in

Maharashtra had an average of 176 litres while the Class II towns of 101 litres in 1988. These averages

must have declined with thi increase in coverage of water supply as well as population by now. Access to

water supply is acute for the urban poor. The data on percentage of slum p€pulation serued by water supply

in 1988 ihows that only 59.80 per cent of slum population in Class I, 73.30 per cent in Class II and 60.60

per cent in Class III towns had access to safe water supply'

5.L4 In a recent study on Maharashtra Urban Infrastructure Fund (March, 1999), sponsored by MMRDA

for preparation of a long term Capital Investment Programme for 78 municipal councils and corporations in

ilt ruruBt 0t unBAilsllloll 55

Maharashtra

Maharashtra' placed as ml1y a9 41 local bodiestraving.water suppry berow the normative water supprylevels (varying from 90 lpcd for 90,000 p"il;t,i]'r to iso rp.o iorJTJi'n ilprrauonl. some of the municipalcouncils have very low

lev9l1^oj *.i"t-.-f ii 9o.pi1'yi1.i -p,li",iiilicouncir)

whire Mira Bhayandar(class A council) has over.100 rpca ano niJrlJoiip lciass bl a9 ip.d.in; water suppry revers in the rocalbodies of Marathwada and vidharbha r"gif.;rr5ihu lo*.rtli M;#;;'rhi;;-. Despite considerabre efforrs todeverop new water sources,-Mumo.i ir unior" ii ,11tng g"g."d ;;d;. due to increase in popurationand geographic expansion of.the area. rne witer slonrv or z,gs0 rrJin'id6 represents an average of 130lpcd wth intermittent water derivery to conruiJis'r*'plrioolr*giilii*; to 5 hours per day.

5'15 The economic ""-t,S.:jfigYidinqwatgl include the financiat costs of abstracting, transporting,storing, treating and distributing water. Scarcity orwatei, mism;;A;;;iof water resources and waterpollution are some of the factois leading to inciease in water costs. proper pricing of water isfundamental to demand management.

5'16 Water supply is becoming a serious issue in Maharashtra. This calls for water supply planning on aregional basis for using surface as well as ground water resources, The constitution of District planning /Metropolitan Planning committees may hel-p to address this issue since-invironmental conservation andallocation of natural resou.rces are specificaily mandated tasks for these committees, Although g0.50 percent of the urban households have been covered witn water supptv iacilities, there is an iniquitousdistribution of water pafticularly for the poor. Because of disparities in distriortion system, the urban poorsuffer serious deprivation of this basic necessity. There is .n'rnpr"iaountuo shortage of water In Mumbai.M.ore than 40 per cent of the population does not have r.."s, io trt ;;ter. The per capita avaitabil6y ofwater continues to be low, about 130 litres per capita per day, as against in average requirement of 200litres. 70 per cent of the population in Mumbai get only 45 lpcd'only. inoin"i issue is that about one - thirdof the water drawn from distant sources and-treated at nign cost ii loJ aue to teakajei-e*, pri.ingpolicies fail to promote conservation of water. If these trendslontinue. there is a real danglr tnaimoie anomore urDan areas may run out of water in future.

5'L7 In addition to the backlog, the infrastructure requirements to accommodate the incremental urbanpopulation need to be incorporated in the city plans. There is a need to assess the requirements of basicinfrastructure facilities in a long-term perspective. The sectoral issues with regard to water supply whichneed to be resolved are:

D Promotion of the principle of full cost recovery,

o Involvement of private sector in water supply and sanitation systems, wherever feasible.

o rransparency in the provision of subsidies targeted towards the poor,

B The minimisation of leakages/unaccounted water withrecycling.

emphasis on conservation, reuse and

O Protection of drinking water sources.

Sanitation and Sewerage

5.18 The problems of sanitation and sewerage are the areas of great concern, pafticularly in metropolitanand farge cities. In Maharashtra, the coverage of toilet facilities is just above (64.450/o) tne rut InOia .i"ruguof 63.90 per cent as per 1991 Census. In the study on Maharashtra Urban Infrastructure Fund by MMRDA, itwas found that only 28 out of the total 78 local bodies have an underground sewerage system. Thecoverage of the system in all these towns varies between 10 per cent to 50 per cent. The n6rm idopted forprovision of an underground sewerage system is availability of a minimum of 110 lpcd of water'suppry.

56 I[t tuTUnt 0F unsAxtsAltotl

Maharashtra

Amonothe|argercities,theStatusofWaterSupp|yandWasteWaterCo||ection,TreatmentandDisposalinctass i cities in 1988 tCpCiil iiA]..t", tt u poprratio,i;;t.9t { l*-t-t*":t"e

wstem varying from 80 per

cent in Greater Mumbai, 75 per cent in Kolhapur, OO p.i ",-ttt

in Nagpur' Si pei cent in Pune and 25 per

cent in Nashik.

5.lgIfwatersupp|yandsanitationareconsideredtogether,whi|e'.th.enumberservedhasnodoubtincreased, the number noi i".*o *iil suil remain ";'y

hii". w?1i, 919!Ynut been another major problem'

wlto trppiy, sanitation, health and environment are closely related issues'

5,20 Very few Cities have conventional sewerage and sewage treatment.facilities' and a large number of

cities and towns are yet to be provided with safe inO nygie-nic wastewater disposal facilities' The urban

wastewater management should be undertaken ln an ini'egrated manner rather than in isolation' The

wastewater generation, ioii"Alon, conveyance, treatment a-nd disposal are issues that require a holistic

approach. Given the lo* .o".t.S" oirtUin population with sewerage and drainage facilities and the huge

investment requirement, the rapidly growing towns should receive priority in dealing with the problem'

Solid Waste Management

s.Zt solid waste management is a major problem in the urban areas. while in some of the larger cities

such as Mumbai, upto 90ier cent of thswaste generated is collected and disposed, the situation in other

urban areas is unsatisfactory with only 50 - 60 pei cent of the waste being collected and disposed daily' The

pei capita generation is-increasing rapidly. There is a need towards reduction and better handling of

domestic *Jstes. There is also an rirgent nied for segregating hazardous waste from municipal wastes' The

collection and transpoftation of municipal waste need to be streamlined. Recycling of wastes at the.city level

i"qrir" attention by the urban local bodies. Rag picking and recycling need to be better organised' The

present efforts in technology application need to be upgraded in dealing with market wastes.

D. URBAN ENVIRONMENT

Water

Limited Water Resourcs

5.22 Water resources are limited and there are local scarcities. The principal source of drinking water

continues to be from suface streams. There is no ground water supply system in Mumbai. The lakes serving

Mumbai are nearly 175 km away and water is carried by large steel pipes. Ground water is a prominent

source particularly in smaller cities. Apart from the water shortage, there is a problem of deteriorating water

quality. The water quality and water scarcity issues are closely linked. These issues require a long-term

water resource management to make optimal utilisation of water resources

Water Resource Ma nagement

5.23 In water resource planning, there is a need to have equitable allocation to meet the requirements of

various sectors. Water resource -development

and utilisation plans must be developed for reallocation of

water according to changing priorities and maintain quality standards in critical water catchment areas. In

order to meet the wateinelds, initiatives are required both from the demand and supply side. There is a

need for conservation of water resources. This can be achieved through effective maintenance mechanlsms,

which can help to overcome the problems of pilferage and leakages. Water recycling in the industrial sector

can provide greater availability of water for consumption of households. Demand management could be

achieved through financial incentives and technological interventions.

IIIT IUIUR: |lT URBAIIISAII||II57

Maharashtra

WaterAllocattbn

5'24 There are increasing conflicts between various- sectors with regard to. water demand. The presentpractices are not effective at meeting needs in terms "]

ilh il#i v'lil'qru,,rv as the responsibirity in thearea of water resource managemenf has been iraqmenteo between u.iioua.agan ies. secondry, pricing hasffJrffi]::;ffi;rf;*il'ffi.ro' airoc'iron.'ine arrocatio;;jil;;"eed to be estabrished tnroush

Wastewater

5'25 The major sources of pollution of natural watercourses,-including coastal waters, are the dischargeof wastes from urban centres' This is causealue to dumping dr ,"ti".i""inousehold and industrial wasresinto canals, rivers and coastal waters. noouf g3oritres or'un"treit; ;;*g. and about 21 million tonnes ofindustrial effluents are dumped into rvantm cieur irrrt;dff;,"ti; *3i1, c'rn of Mumbai from the mainland' Most of the towns do.not have t"*"r"g" Gems and in cities where sewerage system exists there areno sewage treatment plants, or where available, the capacity g"tr "rl-rti,pped

by population growth. Incase of majority of cities, sewage gets treated in a primary-treatnrent'ptant followed by a secondarytreatment plant and the cities use treatment units like dxioair,ln;il;. ;; chembur, an eastern suburb ofMumbai' a huge conglomeration of industries comprising a fertiliser unit, iwo olr refineries, a petro-chemicalunit and a power plant exist' This is now known as the hot spot in tne rvumoal lr,tunicipal corporation limitsand declared as an environmentally sensitive area by the central go*rn*nt. The special water pollutionproblems in Mumbai that deserve to be mentioned are:

O Pollution caused by domestic wastes

o Unauthorised dischar.ge of oil, fibres, solids and other toxic substances by the industries into thesewage and open nallas' (These include effluents from a large nurb"r of tanneries in central partsof the city)

o organic wastes from a large number of buffalo stables located in the northem parts of the city

Solid Waste Management

5'26 The problems related to solid waste management are the inefficiency in service delivery due to pooravailability of equipment and vehicles for handling, transporting and di'sposing the solid wastes. Theuncollected solid waste is. often scattered on open spaces, drains and roads, and is a major cause ofinsanitary conditions and diseases in urban areas. Given the high level of organic content in municipal solidwaste (upto 30%), the waste.s can be used to generate by-products like gjs, energy and organic manureinstead of dumping in landfills' This can help to partly recover the coslts of solid' waste iranagement,However, this would require usage of appropriate technology.

Air Pollution

5'27 In Mumbai, the primary source of air pollution is automobiles, industries, fuel burning, solid wastedumps, and wind blown dust also make a significant contribution. With the increase in the number ofvehicles, emission load of various pollutants has shown a significant increase. The principal pollutantsemitted by vehicles in Mumbai is estimated to account for 7t per cent of carbon monoxioe, iz-pei centhydro-carbons, 10 per cent oxides of nitrogen, about 1 per cent sulphur dioxide, and about r ier centparticulate matter' The vehicular pollution load has increased to 659.57 tonnes/day in Mumbai lceCb rsssl.Under the Metropolitan Environmental Improvement Programme (MEIP) assisted by the World bank, a draft

Maharashtra

Environmental Management Policy and Action Plan.for Mumbai Metropolitan Region has been prepared by

the Environment Department'*niJnl""r" t" control the vehicular and industrial pollut6n'

Land Degradation

5.28 concentration of urban population and the urban sprawl has. resulted in depletion of natural

resources. Environmentally inappropriate urnan tanJ oevetopment is exefting. direct pressure on land as well

as on surrounding ecosystems. Particulatfy tut..ptiOf" to inappropriite development are hillsides'

floodplains, wetlands, coastal areas, and forests'

VulnerabilitY Areas

5'2gAsafo||ow-upoftheYokohamaStrategyforSaferWorld:Guide|inesforNationa|Disasterprevention, Prepareclness and Mitigation, the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India has

prepireo a Vulnerability Atlas of India. The Atlas contains the following hazard maps:

1. Ea{h Quake Hazard MaP

2. Wind & CYclone Hazard MaP

3. Flood Hazard MaP

These three hazard maps are useful to find the areas of very high, high, medium and low risk hazard zones

in the state.

5.30 Earth Quake Hazard Areas: According to the Earth Quake Hazard Map of Maharashtra, some pafts of

Ratnagiri, Satara and Raigarh districts are covered under high damage risk zone. One should not forget the

experiences of Lathur earthquake in 1993, with a magnitude of 6.3 on Richter scale, even though it falls

under very low risk zone. Thane, Pune, Kolhapur, Sindhudurg, Nashik and Dhule districts along with some

parts of Sangli and Chandrapur are covered under moderate risk zone. Rest of the state is covered under

low and very low damage risk zone.

5.31 Wind and cyclone Hazard Areas: The coastal belt along Thane, Rajgarh and Ratnagiri districts,

Chandrapur. Gadchiroli districts and some parts of Wardha, Nagpur, Yayatmal districts fall under moderate

damage risk zone - A and rest of the state except Sangli falls under moderate damage risk zone - B.

5.32 Flood and Drought prone areas: Sangli, Solapur, PLrne, Ahmadnagar, Bid, Aurangabad, Jalgaon,

Dhule, and Nashik districts fall under drought prone areas.

5.33 The vulnerability Atlas gives a clear picture of the vulnerable areas in the state. There is a need for

effective planning regime together with enforcement of building codes while planning the urban areas' The

urban regions and urban corridors in Maharashtra fall under moderate damage risk zone - 1 of wind and

cvclone, while 3 districts paftly fall under high damage risk zone. There is a need for proper disaster

prevention management structures, hazard resistant construction, upgradation of existing buildings,

installing of warning systems to be considered while making the development plan for the urban areas. The

local bodies should adopt land use zoning regulations and buildings byelaws with disaster resistant features

in urban areas, including coastal areas.

Role of Urban Local Bodies

5.34 The subject matter of urban forestry, protection of environment and promotion of ecological aspects

is included as item 8 in the Twelfth Schedule to the Constitution which was added by the T4" Constitution

IHT FUIURT ||F UREAIIISAIIOII 59

Maharashtra

Amendment Act' 1992' It is in this context that the rore of urban rocar bodies in management of urbanenvironment need to be examined. Traditilnatty, tne uroin ro1-J' _uooies have deen performingenvironmental manaoement runaioni, wni.r'r'i.rutu'to o.irc-uio"n J."iri..r, The municiparities have arsobeen pefforming the licensing functions. oiuioiiv, $r.-rrni.ip.'i,tr* *ir,o continue to pray these rores.However, in the new -I"*r,li ir ne.eri.rv-to;i:;g:

Il.'; tj;;jffi;[J; of rnunicipar concerns for urbanenvironment management with due unoetstanJing of the rinkages-d;; infrastructure services, povertyancl environmental health' The Municipal a.tr .*ino.o by th" ;t.t. i;;nformity of the 74th constitutionAmendment provides an "environm.r'tii ttiili r"poft" t6 o" .romitteo--by the municipal administration:ffi[tt#:^i,'|nol?ff#li'ifi:torporation/municipar .ouniri iiii ii""'p".ted to promote i-con.e,.n ro,.

5'35 The objectives for urban environment management at the local level should include: (1) compre-hensive collection of information and analysis, to resolve differences among various agencies involved inenvironmental managemenq (2) preparation of environmentat manafiment strategy and action ptan;(3) carrying out studies on vulnerability and risk assessment; (4) establisning adequate institutionat andregulatory framework to plan and implement the environmentar 'rnanage;Lnt

plan; and (5) enhancing thecapacity of the concerned agencies for better management of the eivironment and realisation of aoovementioned objectives.

Role of State

!'36 The protection of environment and promotion of ecological aspects are the functions of the state.Sch-emes need- to be prepared .by the state government and devolution made with respect to theperformance of functions as may be entrusted to municipalities, including those in relation to protection ofenvironment and promotion of ecological aspects.

5'37 The central and state government's role would involve actions on several fronts towards effectiveurban environmental management. These include the following:

o Legislative reforms in central laws on environment and state laws governing planning anddevelopment and municipal adminiskation

D Institutional reforms with a view to define the organisational hierarchy in matters of urbanenvironment management, coordination of roles of various agencies and for ensuring publicparticipation

D Re-definition of the functional domain of the various agencies involved in urban environmenrmanagement with a focus on monitoring of pollution levels and for undertaking health riskassessments

o Training and human resource development with a view to meet the new challenges on this front

1.38 The planning and development legislation would require modifications to: establish a linxagebetween the planning procedures and implementation mechanisms, establish coordination mechanismsinvolving the planning and development authorities and the urban local bodies, redefine the developmentcontrols and modify the regulatory framework, In addition, municipal laws would need to be reviied toprovide for the new role of local governmenb in management of urban environment.

60 IllI HTTUBI 0t uRlruilsATt0ll

Maharashtra

E. TNVESTMENT REQUTREMENTS

5.3gseveralcommittees.groupsand!?,kl?T,oinstitutedbythegovernmentaswel|asresearchbyacademic and research t"iiir:riti"^i have attempted i"";;i*;i; tne gap-between requirement and provision

of urban infrastrucrure ;;'i.".: u;i"rtunately there has been no agreement to arrive at comn€n basic

definitions, leading to wloe variations in the estimateJ' rlonttnuf"tt all ihe estimates do concur on one point'

i.e., the gap beMeen provision 1n! recuiremglt ilG;;l; st"wing larqer everyday and appears to be

unbridgeable unless urgent remedial measures are initiated'

5.40 The investment requirement depends upon the norms and standards for provision' operation and

maintenance of municipal services. only a few finanin-l norms and standards are available at the national

level for provision of urban infrastructure tnO t"ti.ei includinq those Zakaria C'ommittee (ZC)' Planning

Commission (pC), Operationi Research Group (OnGJ' Except Zikaria Committee' no other committee has

suggested norms for operations and maintenanaa' 'Oniy ZC and PC have considered the six core urban

services, i'e', water supply, Sewerage, drainage, solid waste disposa|, roads and street |ighting.

s.4L It has been estimated that by the year 2001, the urban local bodies.of Maharashtra would require an

investment in basic infrastructure and services of about Rs' 4758 crores, if the deficiencies in the existing

level of services are to be eliminated and all sectioni of urban population have to be provided an access to a

modicum of core seruices, according to norms proposed by the Planning Commission's low range' The

financial requirements will however increase to Rs. 6417 crores, if the municipal manaders !hoo:9 to raise

the services according to norms proposed by the Planning Commission's high range' On the other. hand'

financial requirements wrll dip to is. +ZOS croies, if the municipal government adopt for standards laid down

by the Zakaria Committee. ihe financial requirement of Rs. 6417 crores relates to 2001 population which is

fi["fy to be around 39,13 million. Thereforefinancial requirement for 2021 at 1995 prices will be about Rs'

9374 crores for the projected 57.16 million urban population in Maharashtra.

5.42 Based on the existing shortfall in infrastructure services and the additional demand by the year 2005

AD, the total investment requirement for 78 Municipal Corporations and 'A' and 'B'Class Municipal Councils

in ir4aharashtra, the Maharashtra Urban Infrastructure Fund, MMRDA has worked out a requirement of Rs.

102gg.46 crore at 1997-98 prices. Sewerage and sanitation account for the largest investment requirement

of 37o/o, water supply 21Vo, storm wateidrainag€, l3o/o, roads !2o/o, solid waste management 7o/o and

others 100/0. To reduce the investment gaps with respect to accepted benchmarks and existing service

levels, there is a need to develop proper mechanism for financing and fund allocation'

ilt rurunt 0f uBlAlllS[rl0ll 61

Maharashtra

ut. l'Jjl/Al_Sgln_laljlriltiltlf tcH[rltrA, 74II{ CONSTITUTION AMENDMENT ACT

Functional Domain

6'1 The amendment legislation in the context of the 74h constitution Amendment in Maharashtra croesnot incorporate any major changes in tne eiitwhile functional ;;;;; of municipal corporations anomunicipal councils by the respectiv-e Municipal Acts, except certain new functions as find mention in theTwelfth schedule' Fufther, the conformity ri*i niue not provided crarity on the functions and finances ofthe urban local bodies' Ttre tendency to issign mlnicipat irn.tioni i" rp!*r agencies at the city and statelevels persists' such functions-include. planniig and implementation oiirunlcipal services like water supplyand sewerage' constitution of special authoriiies for urban fi r;d;;[lanning, and execution of landdevelopment and housing schemes is another feature. The planning Jno oeJetopment authorities have takenawav the above tasks and have thus created a dualityin td ;il;;r.";iii'itrr.turu.6'2 The delegation process under the constitution Amendment Act was expected to create anautonomous local functional domain since even those functions as oetelateo to municipal bodies, are beingperformed by state departments or parastatals. For example, there iJ a state level water und s"*.rugeBoard in Maharashtra apart from planning and development authorities ror different cities and regions.Maharashtra also set up the city and Industriat Devetopment corpor.ii* ii#o);; J'lr"o#iirr=; an.State Industrial Investment company. The Maharashtra Mehopolitan water suppiy and sewerage Boardlooks after capital works with some retail responsibility, while tne municipat corporations and councils,CIDCo and MIDC for the areas developed by them. The Maharashtra Housing and Area oeveiopmentAuthority undertakes housing schemes and can function as special planning Authority for designated areas.CIDCO also performs the role of new town development authority, operatirig in New Mumbai and a numoerof other cities. The company structure has given it more flexibiiity in ptaniing and development includinginvolvement of the private sector. The MIDC undeftakes the development of industrial estates and maintainthe services within the estates.

Local Autonomy and State Control

6.3 Under the Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporations Act, 1949 applicable to the municipalcorporations areas in the state, almost all civic functions relevant to urban planning and development andthe recent amendments to the act have expanded the list of functions. However, water supply and sewerageworks costing over Rs. 10 lakh are entrusted to the Maharashtra Jeevan pradhikaran, lformeity MaharashtraWater Supply and Sewerage Board) for execution, A number of tasks related to the iunctioning of the citysuch as city transport services are handled by other agencies. MIDC develops industrial estatJs. CIDCO isanother state agency that has developed many new townships. These two state agencies function asplanning and development authorities for the designated areas. The decisions regardiig the proposals tolocate industrial estates or townships are taken by the concerned state agencies lit<e CIOCO,

'SttiOlut ano

MIDC with the approval of the concerned state department. The State Industrial Development Corporationperforms the task as the planning authority under the Maharashtra Regional Town

'planning Act, and

generally functions as the local authority for the industrial areas. The lack of co-ordination and consufationat the stage of establishment of these townships as well as in the provision of trunk services pose problemsof taking over the services and levy of taxes by the municipal corporations. The lack of integration ofindustrial location plans of the state agencies and the municipal corporation arise as the consultationbetween the state level departments in charge of urban development and industries appear to have notbeen carried foruard at the local level. Hopefully, the preparation of the District plan by the District plannrngCommittee, would lead to an integration of spatial, investment and maintenance issues in areas where the

62 TIII ruruM |l; UBETXISAII|III

Mahanshtra

deve|opmentoftheindustria|areasbythestatgagenciesaretaking'p|ace.Thepreva|enceofthreedifferentinfrastructure prannrns .,j1ffiil;;;k;;rhe t .ri oi'lrrnutuiiitu-:i,.u.n p_r:adhikaran in the pranning and

execution of water .uppr'"JnJ **"i.gu ,Vrturnriiifilrfi 6".uut" of parattet planning and execution of

sewer lines and sewage ttluit*t't punti ror'ttre new townships and areas'

6.4Themunicipa|bodiesshou|dbea|lowedtoperformtheassigned-tasks.Loca|autonomycallsforaclear focus of executive authority, continuity or ,tnlJriu, .te.r. arsi-gn*"nt of functions and devolution of

financial resources, ano rreeoom'fiom interference of higher levels of government'

Problem of Industrial Estates

6.5 The operation of the industrial development agencies in Maharashtra as virtual local authorities not

only creates the problem "i """

i"p*tentative tocut l-oue'ntent for these areas' but differing development

and service charges for various contiguous .r".t a irL-ttme city' The civic affairs of an industrial tclwnship

.".0 io be admiiistered by democratically elected municipality.

Fragmentation and Coordination

6.6 The problem of gaps and duplications.are far greater in the-larger cities' The issue is one of lack of

adequate legal mandate"titn" rnuii.ipal body for thE discharge of various functions, as also the failure to

involve the elected bodies in the planning of sectoral investmlnts. The division of responsibility with the

special agencies for capital investment ano ffre responsibility with the local bodies for the operation and

maintenance of capital works has always been a contentious issue between the elected representatives and

the special agencies in a number of cities. Metropolitan areas, many of which are multi-municipal, require a

careful assessment of what tasks are metropolitan and which functions can be performed by the individual

municipalities.

B. ROLEOF LOCAL BODIESIN FUTUREURBAN GROWTH

6.7 In the context of emerging urban corridors, the role of local bodies would have to be more specific

vis-i-vis other parastatal organisations. Some issues which need to be considered are:

O Should the urban local bodies be called upon to pedorm regulatory functions in addition to the

municipal funCtionS, namely, water supply, sewerage and. drainage, solid waSte management'

maintenance of roads and street lighting and community health?

o should urban local bodies involve themselves in the tasks of socio-economic planning and generation

of employment opportunities for which there are Planning and Development Authorities?

fl Should the elected urban local bodies not have the final say in the decisions relating to

developmental planning strategies, priorities and related investment proposals? This means that the

representative lbcal go-vernmeits should have a predominant role in policy making and approval of

development ptans ,,ihile professionally equipped planning and development authorities may pedorm

the actual Planning tasks.

O Another new issue relating to the functional domain of urban local bodies is concerned with the local

agenda for urban environment management. This issue needs to be considered in the context of

technical, managerial and financial capacities of the local governments to deal with such tasK'

ilIt TUruff ||T UNBAilISAfl||II53

Maharashtra

o In view of the functional assignments to.rnunicipar governments covering different class sizes ofmunicipal areas such. as the mJtropotitanitties, "d "d;;; ;; iie lragar-eanchayats at the other,a question arises.as to the technical, manaseriir .ro riritili.i'lpacities of different levels of urbangovernment or whether there would be a need for atternaflve instiiltionat arrangements to cover thesmaller towns and the .rural

areas in transrUon to urban areas,.

o rhe non inclusion.of urbanising.fringes within the territorial boundaries.of adjoining municipar areasfor a long period is an issue ,ini.r,-*"oi to be consideria in-in" .ontext of such fringes drawingheavily on the municipal services of the adjoining municipailtier *iJ-.,or, paying for the same.

C. ROLE OF STATE AND SECTORAL AGENCIES

6'8 since 74b Amendment has changed the nature of relationship between the state and municipalbody' the control exercised by the state g-overnment on urban local bodies need to be clarified elaborately.There is a need for restructuring the iunctions of the municip.iiti"r,-*rros committees and planningcommittees with an effective and transparent accounting mechanism for proper functioning of the bodies.

6'9 There is a need for the state government to join hands with the local bodies in regional planning andprovision of urban infrastructure, Local bodies or MPCs or DPCs alone cannot manage the regional planningexercise, which extends over.several districts, especially in the case of urbin corriclors. so there is a needfor state-municipal partne,rship in this regard for planning a large region across many districts. Meanwhile,the MPCs and local bodies can be involved in' the piepar.irn # tt*itur" plans and detailed pransrespectively for the concerned areas. The DPCs can prepare framework of intei-jurisdict'onii ipatiar anosectoral linkages. Preparation and implementation of action plan need to be monitored and guided propenyby the state based on the guidelines prepared for District Development plans and Metropolita-n DeveiopmentPlans. This requires a monitoring body and institutional arrangement at the state level.

9# ^ Jh: "ntire planning process based on traditional land use principle envisaged under the provision of/4-' Amenclment, needs to be restructured considering the future urbanisation pattern and many new urban

corridors which are likely to emerge in near future.

6.11 Due to multiplicity of organisations, especially between municipality and government departments,there is a lack of coordination between the organisations. The functions of [he organisations are not definedclearly which leads to overlapping functional jurisdictional assignments.

D. METRO AREAS AND METROPOLITAN PLANNING COMMITTEES

6.12 Most of metropolitan cities are urban agglomerations comprising several municipal jurisdictrons.These urban agglomerations in most cases have reached their present dimension and coniiguration over aperiod of time. The growth has overrun traditional boundaries. Managing growth in the metrdpolitan cities isnot just an inter-municipal issue but also involves stakes of several depa-rtments and agencies of central andstate governments. Because of the variety of tasks, multiple organisations have the responsibility for thedischarge of various functions. Such agglomerations, however, need a metropolitan wide vision, plannrng,advocacy and action. Sources of water, disposal of waste, traffic and transport, drainage, abatement of airpollution etc', are examples_of jtems where one city corporation, or the municipality alone may not achievemuch in isolation. The 74" Constitution Amendment stipulates Metropolitan planning Committee as amandatory inter-institutional platform with two-thirds of the members comprising elected representatives ofthe urban and rural segments of the metropolitan area and the remaining one-third as nominees of the stateand central governments.

64 Illt fulunt ff unBAiltsAilotl

Mahanshtra

6.13 The metropolitan area encompasses not.only the main city corporation but also a number of other

rocar bodies, both urban .nj;";;il;ir"r"drng tn. ;rain-citv corpdration. These metropolitan area influence

the life and economy of the suirounding areas ou.t t""",ii years' To ensure that there is an orderly

development of the vast "*i, p*p"i ptan's ro. tnese it*t ..*O io be drawn up in association with the plan

of the main city. Consid#Oie investments in 6rese cities are also undertaken by central and state

government ageneies. It'ii-rl."riuw io co-oroina't"e- tnese investment plans and requirements of the

metropolitan city.

6.L4InJanuary2000,theGovernmentofMaharashtrapassedanActprovidingfora45memberMPCwith jurisdiction over for every metropolitan area incLuOin'g tne Mumbai Metropolitan Region' out of 45

members of the MPC, ao -memoers'

are to be elected form amongst the elected members of the

municipalities anO cnairpeisons of the Panchayats in the metropolitan area' The state government will

nominateachairpersontotheMPC.Eightmemberswillbenominatedfromamongsttheofficia|softheMunicipalities, planning anO-O"u"fopteit Authorities, MLA5 and MLCs, four other members will be from

industry and trade having expertise in urban development, urban transpoft, environment and urban

community development. ihe principal Secretary or Secretary of the Urban Development Department and

Divisional Commissioner of the concerned revenue division will be the ex-officio members of the

wetiopotitan planning Committee. Apart from this, there will be spec'nl permanent invitees -from MPs,

Government of India organisations such as Railways, Telephones or Port Trusts and other state officials' The

state government will nominate an officer as the Secretary of the MPC' The Act also provides that the

Uumbii Metropolitan Region Development Authority will assist the MPC in preparing the development plan.

The Development Auth-ority thus becomes a technical arm of the MPC. This approach has been

recommended by the centrai government and various expert bodies to enable better use of a development

authority's technical resourceiand also make it more effective and accountable to a politically representative

body like the MpC. It is too early to analyse the experience because all that has been done is the passing of

enabling legislation. Though the Act came into force from June 1999, the MPC itself has not been

constituted.lhe Chairmanship of the committee and decisions regarding other nominated members are still

to be taken. There is also some confusion about the possible conflict of jurisdiction between the MPC on the

one hand and the DPC for Thane and Raigarh districts whose jurisdiction overlap with the metropolitan

region.

E. RURAL URBAN INTEGRATION AND DISTRICT PLANNING COMMITTEES

6.15 Under the 74ih Amendment to the Constitution, one of the provisions is the creation of Districtplanning Committees and their role in preparation of long term and short term plans. A district development

olan would form the basis of socio-economic planning at the district level and this would provide spatial

iramework for District Planning Committees envisaged in the Constitution Amendment. Maharashtra has

taken steps towards constituting the DPCs by enacting a separate District Planning Committee (Constitution

and Function) Act in October 1998. The DPC represents an attempt to initiate an integrated planning process

by consolidating development plans prepared by panchayats and municipalities in a District. The draft

development plin to be prepared by DPC is envisaged to have regards to matters of common interest such

as sharing of water and natural resources including spatial planning. There are territorial overlaps, in cases

where a -major

part of the revenue district fall within a metropolitan area such as Mumbai, a functional

separation between the DPC and MPC need to be considered to resolve territorial overlaps between the DPC

and MPC.

ilIT TUIURT OT UREAIIISAIIOII 55

Maharashtra

F. MANAGING URBAN CORRIDORS

6'16 Besides existing cities and towns in the urban corridors, there will be more number of cities andtowns added to these urban corridors ov zoz.L inese urlan coriio"" ."rro be pory-nodal urban cenrreswith continuous urban sprawls or sparsely roiateo nodes. since th; ;;;*il; these nodes are very fast, thelocal bodies may have to bear the brrnt oi iarg" scale urbanisation- anJmiy not find ample resources forthe development of such corridors aue to ureiiweak organisational and financial set up. Moreover, theperipheral areas are more vulnerable to haphazaro.ano rinptanil;r;;; without basic services, as thelocal bodies have unclear operationar ..u.poniioitit[. towards these areas.

6't7 In the urban corridors, it is a common fact that, the fringes which falls under panchayats or grampanchayats, absorbs the urban services of the nodes i.e., metro-potit n iiii"s. To overcome these kinds ofproblems, these local bTs.t n5e! to be amalgamated with the adjoining municipalities. This kind ofapproach of planning for the fast growing urb-an conidors need to be orought in line with the 74rhAmendment.

Maharashtra

nffmilGts

AnnapurnaShaw,lggg,ErnergingPatternsofUrbanGrowthinlndia,inEconomicandPoliticalWeekly,APril 17-14.

BuildingMaterials&TechnologyPromotioncouncil,tggT,VulnerabilityAtlasoflndia'MinistryofUrbanAffairs',New Delhi'

Census of India , L99t, Maharashtra State District Profile 1991'

census of India, 1991, Provisional Poputation Totals: Rurat - l/rban Distibution' Paper-2 of 1991'

Censusoflndia,!gg!,TownsandtJrbanAgglomerationslgglwiththeirPopu|aflon1901-1991Paft{I.A(ii).ASeries.

centre for Monitoring Indian Economy, 1996, India3 Agricultural sector, A Compendium of Statistie'

centre for Monitoring Indian Economy, 1999, Agriculture, september, 1999'

centre for Science and Environment, 1999, The Citizens Fifrh ReportPart - I National overview'

City & Industrial Development Corporation of Maharashtra Limited, !995, Sustainable Urban Development:

The Case of Navi Mumbai'

Diwan G R, lgg7, Technical papen of tJrban and Regional Planning Activities in Maharashtra since Independence,

Retrospecb and ppspect,46tr' National town & Country Planners Congress, 29-31 December, Mysore,

Expert Group on the Commercialisation of Infrastructure Projects, L996, Indian Infrastructure Report: Policy'

Inieratives for Growth and Welfare, Volume 3 Sectoral Reports, Ministry of Finance, New Delhi.

Fernandes B G, 1999, India's Cities in Crisis in Spatio Economic Development Record, Vol. 6, No. 6.

Gopal K. Kanhere, 1994, Maharashtra: The Pioneer State in Urban and Regional Planning Practice in Spatio

Economic Development Record, Vol. 1, No.1'

Government of Maharashtra,1998, Annual Plan 1999-2000: An Overview'

India Today Special fluruey,1995, Maharashtra Stoking Growth, December 1995, Pg t76-t92.

M. V. Telang and others, L996, Frame Work for Regional Sustainable Development: A Case Study of South

Maharashtra Regionin Spatio Economic Development Record, Vol.3, No' 5'

Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority, Maharashtra lJrban Development Proiect.

Ministry of Surface Transport, 1998, International Congress on Expres Highways development in India,

Background PaPers.

Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority,1999, Maharashtra tlrban Infrastructure Fund'

Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority, !999, Regional Plan for Mumbai Metropolitan Region 1996 -

2011.

Nalinakshan K & Ajit Kumar Jain, Clean City Concept An Integrated Approach to Solid Waste Management.

(Mimeo)

National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation, L993, India-tlrban Coffidors: A Note on Thematic Mapping

Approach, NATMO Monograph No.12, Department of science and Technology, calcutta'

National Commission of Urbanisation , L988, Report of the National Commission on Urbanisation, Vol' ll'National Institute of Urban Affairs, 1997, Financing lJrban Infrastructure in India, Research Study Series No. 59.

National Institute of Urban Affairs, 1998, IndiaS urban Sector Profile, Research Study Series No. 61.

Nigel Harris, !995, Bombay in a Gtobal Economy Structural Adjustment and the Role of Citiein Cities i995,

Vol. 12, No. 3.

planning Commission of India, L983, Task Forcs on Housing and Urban Development: Planning of Urban

Develoqment'

Registrar General, L996, Poputation Projections for India and States 1996-2015, Census of India, New Delhi.

ilrI luruRt 0r unmrlsATl0ll 67

Maharashtra

Sinha R C, Issues Involved in Road project Finance.(Mimeo)sukthankar D M, 1995, special Number on the seventy-Fourth constitution Amendment and the conformityLegislation' Urban India, vol. XV, :anuary-:uni rgss, t'{0.r, Niti"..i imtitrt" of urban Affairs, New Delhi.The Times Research Foundation, L992, IndiaS t/rban Enuironmenf, yol. I,II & m.Town and country Planning organisation, 1995, tJrban and Regional planning and Development in India,Ministry of Urban Affairs and employmeni.

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GUIRR[T

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v.

Introduction - P. 83

The State's Urbanisation: Trends and Issues - P' 84

New GeograPhY of Investments - P' 87

Spatial Manifestation of Economic Growth ' P' 90

A. Present SPatial Pattem - P' 90B. Emerging Urban Corridors - P' 97c: SPUR; --Ncu, Urban corridors - NATMo - P' 93

Probfems, Issues and Constraints - P' 95

A. SpatialPlanning and Land Use- P,95B, Regional Infrastructure - P. 97C. Urban Infrastructure Services- P.99D. Urban Environment - P. 702

Urban Governance and Management- P. 707

A. 74th Constitution Amendment Act- P. 7O7B. Role of Local Bodies in Future Urban Growth - P. 707C. Role of State and Sectoral Agencies - P' 708D. Metro Areas and Metropolitan Planning Committees - P' 709E. Rural Urban Integration and District Planning Committees - P' lO9F, Managing Urban Corridors- P.770

References- P. 713

",|lflgl_!allJjl,,_,,.._.__virlq,lji.,.lrt*vraqrwj4k/t/rr4,r4.E?.h,?,!.y.,ns..!"r:.;v"tg,.s

Table 2'1 Number of Jo*l:, Levers of Urbanisation and urban Growth Rates by Regions _ p. g4Tabte 2.2 poputation gLgrrqniti,i'pr,ii,ljij and peripherat Areas _ p, 85j?91. ?.9 Urban poputation nro;ections il b,.i-i.ra, _ zozL _ p. ssTable 2.4 Levet of Urbanisation'bt ;ilril;; Regions _ LggL _ p. g6Table 2.5 Levet of Urbanisation Ov oiiiri.t, Jni n gion, _ z,zt _ p. 86Table 2.6 Category-wis_e Indu*riit unO infrJiu.turat Investmen t_ p, ggTabre 2.7 District wise Industriar irJ rriiuJrr.iure Invesrmen t- p. 89Table 2.8 Growth of the Ahmadaoao citvi r-giil 96 _ p. g,JaPle ?,9 poputation of Urban corriiiri'_ i'itTable 2.10 Administrative Status of UrO.* CtrnO" rs _ p, 92Table 2.11 Land Utitisation pattern of euiarat tfg'70_93) _ p, 96

ilsr 0r ilAPS4txt///En'.y/.?.{nr.///in?/i/r44!?t///.// 9;/e.444rt!,.!rtat.t/t;/8./!nn//7r8jJq/.//:.*r2"8-r/j

Map 2.1Map2.2Map 2.3Map 2.4Map 2.5Map 2.6

Levef of Urbanisation and Urban Centres _ 1991 _ p. 7IgAnticipated change in Level of Urbanisation from 1991 - 2o2L - p. fi5District-wise Investment in Infrastructure and Industries _ p, IIZSpatial Priority Urban Regions - NCU, Urban Corridors _ NATMO _ p. LtgEmerging Urban Corridors and Urban Regions _ 2OZl _ p. l2IBroad Land Use Pattern and Emerging Uiban Corrido rs _ p. 123

82 Tm rurunt 0f unsAltsAlt0tl

rilTn0[ucTt0ll

1.1 Gujarat is the seventh largest state in-area (196,024 sq k1),.tenth most populous state in the

country and has a poputation oril.:r million (r99i))incieaslng'at 2'11 per cent per annum' Bestowed

with a long coastline of fOOO ft *itn a1 pofts, aOundant mineral wealth' skilled manpower' multi-product

free trade zone at Kandla, Gujarat today ranks toono not only among the industrialised and urbanised

,tit", or India but also with respect to the inflow of investments.

t.2 Since its early stage of industrialisation, the state's economy has undergone structural changes'

Secondary sector contriOution to State Domestic Product (SDP) in Gujarat was27'24 per cent in 1981, which

has gone up substantialfyio li.2+ p.t cent in 1995. t-ikewise, tne share of tertiary sector has gone up from

31.2g per cent to 3g.g0 fer cent during the same perioo. Rtt this is. accompanied by a rapid pace of

urbanisation particularly iri tne targe'citles and in the areas where investments are being made' The

implications of such .nungut on ion-g tatt employment, environment and infrastructure have not received

adequate attention.

1.3 Though high levels of economic development are progressing at a rapid pace' infrastructure

inadequacies and environmental deterioration are two impedimen$ to tne sustained growth of industry and

economy in Guiarat. rne tecinr earthquake ano drought have brought into sharper focus the crisis of

availability of water. rnii nis been a cause of coricer-n to policy makers and citizens alike' The key to

harmoniously managing -a.onorla

growth and environmeni lies in an efficient bottom-up strategy in

regulating and directing tf,"-pnyii..igrowth of ,rU.n .t ut especially with respect to emerging centres of

investment.

t'4Withthesignificantchangesthathavetakenp|aceinrecentyears,thisstudytakesafresh.|ookatthe dynamics of urbanisation in fiujarat where in unoin.t two decades, nearly half the population will be in

urban areas, In this context, this report seeK to stimulate consideration of the emerging urbanisation

pattern in Gujarat witn critical issues of spatial manifestation of economic arowth' infrastructure'

environmenta|concernsandurbangovernanceandmanagement.

il. !#"-#E:-F""!"1"!"tr11#tr"IlAI,.IJJ$muus$ursGrowth Trends in Urban population

2'L Gujarat is the second most urbanised stale^!31.19oi! compared with 25.71o/oin 1991 for A1-India) inthe country after Maharashtra (:e.Og"zo). ii nur-ZZS Unrn"*ri,?iin".n ,rO.n population of 1a.25 milliori(1991)' The urban population ritt in.t i..o'it r golouigi"*ti ,.;il oi':+.se per cent during 1981-91 aJagainst 4L'42 per cent.11.!he pteuious oecao"'rlgzr,-srl- Io""i stip*.r'cent of the totar popuiation growrhduring 1981-91 was in urban areas' Urbanisation in t19 rt.t" ni, iJnl", ** in the districts of Ahmadabad,Vadodara, Bharuch, Surat and varsaO Oeiaul:^:l ldyori.]-o-.".i"rir.nu and in towns tike Rajkot,Jamnagar' Porbandar' ve'auar, ano dilJun-.-qTr i".urse of increaseo iiJoing and industrial activities. Thereare three metropolitan crties - Ahmadanao,-iurlt and vadooara i"1n" ri.t". The 6 Municipar corporationcities - Ahmadabad (3'31 million), sriuirr.ii miilion), v.Joa.ir'ii.i! miilion;, Rajkot (0.65 miilion),Bhavnagar (0'40 million) ano tamnaiai (bJi6- mitlion) domin.t" tn[ ,ro* scene in Gujirat and theytogether constituted 51'7 per cent orihe state uroan ioputation-in rgs]. rnur" are 21 crass I cities (of

ilT$i...............,"t:: ill !!f],t"|,:'r?' 27 class ri t"*ti ana tiz imari to*ns o?-r-ess tnan 50,000 popuration size in

Regional Variations

2'2 The state has five Regions, namely, south, central, North, saurashtra and Kachchh. The saurashtraregion has the highest concentration of 87 towns of different rii" c6r."r rolbwed by the southern Regionwith 65 towns and the Kachchh region having the teast number of g towns (Tabre 2.1).

Table 2.r: Number of rowns, Levers of urbanisation and Urban Growth Rates by Regions

Core - Periphery Differential Growth2'3 In Gujarat, urban growth is shifting from core urban to peripheral areas, particularly in metropolitanand other big cities' Smaller settlements in the periphery are thus'"rp*ian.ing a considerable pressure ofgrowth (Table 2.2).

Population Projections

2'4 According to the Projections by the Registrar General of India (RG), population of the whote ofGujarat will be about 59 million by the year 2016: If the same growth rate as that between 2011 and 2016 istaken, the proJected total population for 2021 will be approxlmately 6t mitilon wnite the projected urbanpopulation will be about 28 million with urbanisation levei 44.45 per ient. ine population projections by theRegistrar General is based on demographic criteria .like mortality, r"rtiriry and migration, However, theimpact of investments in new industries in the wake of economic tioeiatisation since 1991 in various

Source : N.f. U.A nuearch@

Gularat

locations would bring migrants, which also

Hence RG's projections are conservatlve

(Table 2.3).

to be taken into account while projecting the population'

"iuu-u" tuf..n as trend-based demographic projectionsneed

and

Table 2.2: Population Growth Rates in Municipal and Peripheral Areas

source j l.t.u.A Research Study Series (Number 64)

Tabte 2.3: Urban Population Projections in Gujarat - 2O2a

Source: Census of fndia, 7997, RG' India (7996)

* Eased on the growth b'end during 2011-16

D ist rict L eve I P roi ectio n s

2.5 Trend based projections have been made at the district level for 2021 based on the 1981-91 growth

rates. The region-wise level of urbanisation by districts for 1991 as well as for 202I have been shown in the

following two tables (Table 2.4 & 2.5). It is seen that urbanisation is spreading all over Gujarat. The districts

of Ahmadabad, Surat, Vadodara, and Gandhinagar are going to be nearly fully urbanised by 2021. InJamnagar, Rajkot and Kachchh, urbanisation will exceed 50 per cent. Bhavnagar and Junagadh will be

nearly half-urban. Panch Mahals, Dangs, Sabar Kantha and Banas Kantha will be the only exceptions with

urbanisation levels of less than 25 per cent (Map 2.1 & 2.2).

illt turunt 0f uRBAlllsAIl0ll 85

Table 2.4: Levet of Urbanisation by Districts and Regions _ l99l

0-15 Panch Mahals,The Dangs

Banas Kantha, SabarKantha

Nil Nil 4

15-25 Kheda, Bharuch,Valsad

Mahesana Amreli Nil 5

25-35 Nil Ntl Surendranagar, Junagadh Kachchh 335-45 Vadodara Gandhinagar Bhavnagar, Jamnagar Nil 445-100 Surat, Ahmadabad Nil Rajkot NilLoU = Level of

Table 2.5: Level of Urbanisation by Districts and Regions _ 2O2L

0-15 Panch Mahals, Dangs Sabar Kantha Nil Nil 315-25 Nil Banas Kantha Nil Nil 12s-35 Kheda, Valsad,

BharuchMahesana Surendranagar,

Amreli6

35-45 Nil Nil Bhavnagar,Junagadh

Nil 2

45-100 Vadodara, Ahmadabad,Surat

Gandhinagar Jamnagar, Rajkot Kachchh

Utuanisation (o/oage of urbaito totit popuEtnnl

LoU = Level of Ufuanisation (o/oage of urban to totat poputattbnj

Urban Center Level Projections

2'6 Assuming the growth rate of urban population to be the same as during 1981-91, the number ofmetropolitan cities in Gujarat will increase from 3 to 6 by 202L. There will be +O Ctass I cities including6 Metropolitan cities by 2021 as against2l Class I cities including 3 metros in 1991, thus increasing the totalnumber of Class I and Class II cities to 73 by 2021. Many new towns and cities will also emerge in Gujaratbv 2021.

86 TilIIUIURTOFURBAXISATI|III

Gujarat

Industrial PolicY

The main thrust of the

follows:

D Accelerating the pace of Backward Area Development

oA|mostT0percentoftheareaofthestatehasbeendec|arede|igib|eforincentives

O Creating large scale employment opportunities

Dlncreasingtheovera||flowofinvestmentintheindustria|Sector

0 Accelerating the pace of development of infrastructure and human resources

O Achieving sustainable development

O Encouraging entrePreneurshiP

Industrial Development and Urban Growth

3.2 Gujarat is recognised as a leading state in promoting industry in the country. Principal industries are

textiles, chemicals and petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, dyes, fertilisers, cement/ sugar, engineering etc. A

five-fold increase (3649 in 1960 to 18,532 in 1995) in the number of working factories and two and a half

fold increase (346,462 in 1960 to 822,200 in 1995) in the number of workers in factories has occurred

during 1960-95. Large-scale development has taken place on the Ahmadabad - Vadodara - Bharuch - Surat -

Valsad corridor,

3.3 While the government has itself set up several public and joint sector industries in recent years/ it

has focussed more on developing land and infrastructure. Guiarat Industrial Development Corporation

(GIDC) has set-up numerous industrial estates all over the state and is developing about 9000 hectares of

rndustrial land including 6000 hectares in Dahej and Vilayat, 1000 hectares in Vagra, Ankleshwar and 1300

hectares in Jhagadia in Bharuch district. GIDC is also concentrating on creation of big Industrial Parks

including effluent treatment plants, ports, and air linkages in collaboration with the private sector.

3.4 Inspite of the efforts of the state government to disperse industrial development throughout the

state, industries have concentrated, more or less, within the 'Corridor Region' which can be termed as the

core of the state's industrial development. Since 1991, medium and large industries have, however,

disoersed to the coastal districts of the state, such as Kachchh and Jamnagar, Junagadh and Amreli. The

new industries coming up in these districts are of two types: (i) those depending on import of raw materials

foi petrochemical coriplexes, such as refinery project by Reliance Petroleum in Jamnagar district, and (ii)

the other for exporting the products, mainly the cement industries coming up in Amreli, Junagadh and

Kachchh districts. Urbanisation has closely accompanied these developments.

Industrial PolicY in Gujarat for the year 2000 and beYond has been as

IHT TUIURT |lT URBAIIISATIllII

Industrial and Infrastructure Investment

i,ir, ,i:;"J?J,:J:r::ffiJ:i#:,iJ;:l'cture investments compired by cMrE (rabre 2 6, 2.7 and

D of the industrial projects, those in chemical category account for around 7g per cent of the total[l?ilffi: This implies that the past trend of Gularat's uttra.iiuenes, for chemicar rnouitiies is

D Industrial investment.in lrre.general, engineering, chemicar and speciar categories account foraround 14 per cent of the total investment.

o of the total investment taking place in Gujarat, infrastructure projects inctuding large industrial unitsaccount for 86 per cent.

Table 2.6; Category-wise rndustriar and rnfrastructurar rnvestment

l,, :.i,,,l ,,,,'

l:i:!:;:i::l:

iU::iiii:, : .

t:,iihrm$ rc .ih ;il[ ;,,"i1 General zoJI..tl 10.95 'l 4R2 Engineeri!g zJ.ro.bd 9.70 L.Jt3 Chemical t8784.64 t /.o! 10.51

Special 42r.23 7.74 0.24A Industry 24203.96 100.00 13.54B Infrastructure 154550.83 86.46

100.00Total(A+B) L74754.79Source: Gujarat fnfrastructure Agenda - Viiion mlO, Vot. tiNote: The infrastructure proiects hlclude powe4 teleconnunications, transport, railway, inigation, hotels and restaurants, realestate, recreational services apart from large industrial units such as ceneng refineriei, re,tTtaer,

'storage and *"riioirinq.

Distribution of Investment

3:6 District wise analysis of total investment under implementation, as by April 1999, indicates thatabout 50 per cent of the investments are in the Corridor Region (Central and South Gujarat), followed by40 per cent in Saurashtra Region of which Jamnagar accounts for 24 per cent. Given thise developments,the Corridor and Saurashtra Regions will experience accelerated industrial devetopment and urbanisation inthese regions. Analysis of industrial investment confirm that Bharuch, Surat and Jamnagar districts are themost attractive destinations for industrial investment (Map 2.3). of the total industrial investment ofRs.33,312 crore in the state, Bharuch and Surat account for 42 per cent. Saurashtra Region follows by about30 per cent particularly in Jamnagar district with 1g per cent (Table 2.7).

8B ilt: rurun[ 0r 0R0NilsATt0tl

(65.85o/o)7 .190/o

1.24o/o

1.260/o

--OA5"/"

(46.76010)

cantritl & south Guiarat (5U.4r"/ol3736.94 2.650k

1 lhrnadabad 6130.75 3.52o/o 2393.81735.00 0.52o/o

Kheda lr48.t4 0.660/o 1LJ. t 1,11 rtn 519.60 0.37o/o

J Panchmahals 940.60 0.54o/o37r0.25 2.630/o

4 Vadodara 78s8.71 4.5Io/o .1 l.lo.vz37298.37 26.470/o

4s091.87 2s.88% 7793 50 13.'lu"/o5 Bharuclr 6393.40 18.89% 19882,23 14.llYoo 26r7s.63 15.02%

19.s0 0.01%493.87 0.28o/o 474.31 L.q z-/o

7 Valsad

8 Danqs 1,9Oo/o L.360/ol:rriirht L.+

' -/0

600.00 0.43o/o774.21 0.440/o r74.2r U.51"/o

\ldllul lll lo_Jgl--1360.77 0.79o/o 450.95 1.38o/o 899.82 0.640/o

10 Melrsatra

0.29o/o11-; SabarkanthaBarraskantha 413.7r 0.240/o

1r J. / r,

29.760/o18424,61

42.580/o13.08%Sau;ashtla 40.L2

1? Amreli 19912.11 ll.43o/o 1487.s0 q.q l"/o

Blravnaqar 4300.45 2.47o/o ) \1) .q4 6.94o/o 1987.51 |.4lo/oIq

18.300/o 36294.4s 25.760/o15 Jamnagar 42390.16 24.330k b095. /r16 Junagadh 3266.87 1.88% 3266.87 2.37o/o

11 Raikot 2s.2t 0.010/o t7.71 0.05% 7.50 0.01o/o

18X.i.l

Surendranagar 3.t1 0.00% 3.72 0.00o/o

rrhh 8.OOo/o 2.48o/o 9.30o/o

1q Kaclrchh 13928.02 8.00% 825.22 2.48 13102.80 9.300/o

Toti I t742L4.96 lOO.OOo/o 33312.O8 lOO.OOo/o 140902.88 10O.O0o/o

Tab|e2.7:Districtwiselndustria|andlnfrastructurelnvestmentinGujaratState(incrores)

@reAgenda -vision 2o7Q vol' rr

Spatial Effects

3.7 What will be the spatial manifestation of these industrial and infrastructure investments? Before we

attempt the future scena;io, it will be useful to review the work done in the recent past. In l'988, the

National Commission on Urbanisation had identified 49 Spatial Priority Urbanisation Regions (SPURs) in the

country. A SPUR was not merely a confirmation of the observed trends of growth. It was also based on the

Commission,s assessment of growth potential and optimising investments and oppoftunities already

available in that particular re;ion. The commission had recommended a policy and programme for

O.u.iopr.nt of these SpURs on-a priority basis. In Gujarat, the SPUR identifled was Ahmadabad-Vadodara-

Ankaleshwar-Surat-Valsad. A subsequent study titled 'INDIA - URBAN CORRIDORS' based on 1991 Census

by Dr B.K. Roy of National Auas and Thematic Mapping Organisation (NATMO) identified a broacler

urOanising region of Mehsana-Surat stretching south towards Mumbai and likely to have 60 per cent and

above urbanisation level; Rajkot - Jamnagar with urbanisation level ranging between 25-40 per cent was

another. The two regrons identified by -both

the NCU and the NATMO are confirmed by subsequent

developments (Map 2.+). We may now proceed to consider the present spatial pattern of economic growth'

the likely shape in the future and its implications'

$,,l,l,IJrl',sJlllf"$"u,.rJ0,_tr".-0Jr0oroftirc0rOwill

A. PRESENTSPATIALPATTERN

Distribution of Urban population in RegionsThe Saurashtra Region

4'L The largest numb-e1s of towns and cities (87) are found here. Rajkot, the largest city located on themain transport axis, is an important center for machine inoustriei. gnai;ni-ga, ano Jamnagar also supportsmall manufacturing industries. Reliance Petroleum Limited has now i"t-rq the world,s largest refineryproject at Jamnagar with an investment of over Rs.22,000 crore which is ine rargest investment made ar asingle location by a private g.roup. The refinery hai.capacity for processing 1g million metric tonnes of crudeoil per annum' Location of this industry is due to the avaiiability or oii .nJn.turar gas and easy access rocoast' This investment together with infrastructure facilities uno p.J*tlinkages will induce growth andurbanisation around the project area.

4'2 other new developments worth mentioning are a series of new industrial units such as diamondunits in Bhavnagar, Amreli and Rajkot districts, ship-breaking at Alang-g6synagar, diesel engine producingunits in and around Rajkot, brass parts units at Jamnagar etc; and cement units at porbandar, Junagadh,Amreli districts. saurashtra region has attracted about 30 per cent of totallnoustrial investment in the state.

The lhchchh Rqion4'3 This region which is largely a salt flat has been a sparsely populated area. However its potential forurban development is on the stretch from Kandla to Bhuj and ti're proposed NH corridors linking toRajasthan and rest of the country.

The Central - South Region

4'4 The Central-South Gqarat region along the Ahmadabad-Vadodara-Vapi axis already has the bulk ofGujarat's urban population' This trend will continue and the population concentration may intensify. Thequestion, however, is whether the growth will be in the shape of a continuous urban conidor or adiscontinuous sprawl with bulges of density here and there. The present trend of groMh in the Ahmadabaciarea is a cause for concern.

4 5 The physical growth of Ahmadabad during the period 1972-96 has been studied by AhmadabadUrban Development Authority with the help of remote sensing data. The growth from L972 to 1996 in termsof areal expansion is given in the following table $able 2.8). rrom thi table it is clear that the city hasexpanded considerably since 1972. on an average, the expaniion has been around 4.25 sq km annually. sofar it has been possible to incorporate the new areas within city limits, but it is doubtful whether this ispossible in future. Similar problems will be faced in other metropolitan regions of Vadodara and Surat.

tu.

90 Int R|TUII 0f u[EAItslTtotl

1 t972 97.975.58

110.70134.40

16.73 17.802 t975

23.70 2r.4t 3.393 1982

19.89 5.354 1989 161.13 z6.r5

34.90 2t.66 4.995 1996 i96.03

Ar@ - 2077, Volume r:

Table 2.8: Growth of the Ahmadabad City: 1972'96

Wt"t AuthoritY

Remote Sensing and GIS APProach

B. EMERGING URBAN CORRIDORS

In Gujarat, as elsewhere, transport corridors have invariably prompted urban corridors' Ahmadabad -

Surat region is a typical instance. However, in the case oi the coastal region, the emergence of an

urban corridor is mainly due to the development of a number of new ports and industries near the coest'

The population and area of various emerging urban corridors are given in Table 2'9 and administrative

status of the corridors is given in Table z.ro. nt seen in the Table 2.9, the concentration oJ urban

population along the corriiors is very high constituting 81.13o1o of totat urban population in 1991' will

in"r."r" to 93.1-9% in2021 . The concentiation of urban population is predominant in case of Mahesana

- Ahmadabad - Valsad corridor with 59.88% of urban population of the state in 1991 and increasing to

71.5go/o in 2O2i. This corridor covers 9 districts with 3 municipal corporations. The coastal corridors will

have 12.72o/o of the total urban population of Gujarat in 2021 and passing through 6 districts and

2 municipal corPorations.

Table 2.9: Population of Urban Corridors

Source: Census of fndia, 7997 and 7987

1 Nofth - South Corridor(Mahesana -Gandhinagar -Ahmadabad - Vadodara -Bharuch - Surat - Valfqdl

95,32,998 s9.88 L,99,84,L67 71,58

2 Coastal Corridor - I(Bhavnagar - Porbandar -

okha)9,92,798 5.96 t7,5L,L99 6.27

3 Coastal Corridor - II(Okha - Jamnagar - Morvi -Gandhidham - Bhuj)(excludinq Okha)

8,95,739 6.29 18,00,207 6.45

4 Ahmadabad - Rajkot -Junagadh (excluding

Ahmadabad)

tl,39,454 8.00 24,82,48t 8.89

TOTAL 1,151601389 81.13 2,60,181054 93.19

*Prcjeded

IAI furuil 0t unEAlll$Iloll 91

Table 2.10: Administrative Status of Urban Coridors

MC - Municipal committee, M - Municiparity, Np - Nagar panchayal vp - viilage parrchaya, oG - outgrowth

The Nofth-South Urban Corridor4'7 This corridor which has developed in the north-south axis along Ahmadabad-Mumbai rail and roadroutes has a concentration of'Nodes', comprising Ahmadabad, Nadiaal nnind, vadodara, gnaiucn, surat,Navsari, Valsad and Vapi; and further extending to Mumbai along the corridor. Large-scale deuetopment nastaken place on this corridor. The share of this (Central and Soutfr Gujarat) region, comprising eight districts,has been significant and increasing over the years. About 60 per cent of tni state,s uroan

-pop-utation i. ln

this corridor region which contains the state's three largest metropolitan cities - Ahmadabad, Vadodara, andSurat. During the past three decades, the corridor has extended further north of Ahmadabad and includestowns like Gandhinagar, Halol, Mehsana, and Unjha. It is likely to extend further northwards along thetransport corridor. The following pattern is discernible in this corridor:

o This corridor has the strongest economic base.in Gujarat. Roughly two-thirds of the state,s domesticproduct is produced in this region, including about three-fourths of secondary and tertiary sectorproduction. Much of the state's output move through this corridor to Mumbai. pioximity to the majorrail and road links and also to important resource base, which includes a rich agricuiture resourceand oil and gas deposits make the 'corridor region' highly urbanised.

O However, development in this region is uneven. It is intense in the districts of Surat, Vadodara,Ahmadabad and Gandhinagar with urban areas being continuous and coalescing with each other.The Mehsana district in north, Bharuch and Kheda districts in the centre and the Valsad district inthe south of the region at the Maharashtra border, are relatively sparsely developed. The hallyeastern paft of the region is much less accessible and developed with a large tribal population.

D About 75 per cent of the industrial units functioning in GIDC estates are in this region.

D This corridor fufther extends upto Pune through Mumbai in Maharashtra in the form of an inter.statecorridor.

Corridor along the Coast

4'8 Stretching from the Gulf of Kachchh to the Gulf of Khambat, the coastal area forms aTen ports have been identified for development by the state and it is anticipated that 50total industrial investment coming to Gujarat will be port-based. Considerable investments in

distinct region.per cent of thethe port sector

92 TIII TUIURT OT URBAIIISAII|tII

tininfrastructurefacilities|ikeroadsandbroad.gaugerai|way|inkshavebeenwith an equal investment In InrrasLr,l"::;:,'""::",1:.,;:;-.;'ul; three sub-corridors asfollows:initiated. The new po't roitlont Jio*iinto by the state fall in three sub-cot

oTheflrsfconsistsofportsofO.k!a.'P::tt'4Rozi'JamnagalRefiTles'Navalakhi'Kandla'Mundraand Mandvi around duf of Kachchh. fne,oaO-c-Jnnectindnttu ports'will be linked with Rajasthan

and ultimately to Northern States'

o The secondconnects Ahmadabad with ports of Dholera, Bhavnagar, Mithiwirdi, A|ang, Pipavav,

Simar and Veraval'

o The f,,dconsists of Dahej, Hazira, Vansi-Borsi and Maro|i, which wi|| be |inked to the expressway.

Minor Corridors

4.g Two minor corridors starting from Rajkot to Junagadh on one side and Rajkot to Ahmadabad on the

other side are emerging. Due to the deveropm;;i ;i; proposed expressway connecting Rajkot to

Ahmadabad via surendra"nrgri, tilr" is likely development of this corridor in this area'

4.10 The north-south urban corridor has three main 'Nodes' in the form of metropolitan citles

(Ahmadabad, Vadodara uro l"r.ti. consideranle?o* *'l cgllinue .in,

and around these large cities

located in the urban .orriloi. E"rlOLr, several otneinoOes - Gandhinagar' Halol and Mehsana in nofth and

Ahmadabad, Nadiadad, ViJoOara, Bharuch, Surat,-tlauiaii Valsad and Vapi have already emerged towards

south.Urbangrowtharoundthesedifferentcentersiscoa|escingwitheachother'

4.llThecoastalcorridors,thoughsparse|ydeve|opedatpresent,.maybegintoexperiencesimi|arphysical sprawl in the form of non-iontinuout uiOun .i""t. Considerable and continued growth could be

expected particularly in unoirouno existing citieslocateo in the corridor' Until now' cities in Saurashtra

region have been characl'eiir.o iy .on..nti.tuo ipt..i-and hiqh i11efrty of activities' A poly-nodal and

multi-urban pattern may emerge in future. sur..n[o ii tnus going to face a dramatic spatial change' This

*irr i"qrit" urOan ptanning apf,roacnes not confined to municipal limits only'

4.tz urban areas along the coast pafticularly in the saurashtra region may grow some what more rapidly

than in the past because of huge investments .otinq in the port sector' the port development offers

tremendous potential for development in terms oi roiuiiont for promoting hinterland industrialisation and

urbanisation. Sub-regional plans of the poft ctusters arong *itn their hinterl;nd need to be prepared to avoid

lop-sided develoPment.

tlrhanising Region

4.13Urbanisationwi||spreadaroundAmre|iandtheadjoining.sma||townsduetoindustria|activitiesandtheir linkages with the pti o*erop*ent leading to emergince of an urbanising region (Map 2'5)'

C. SPURS. NCU/ URBAN CORRIDORS. NATMO

4.L4InlgSS,theNcU,onthebasisofdeve|opmentneedsaswellasgrowthpotential,identified329urban centres arr over iniia as Generators of ecoiomif Uomentums (GEMa) and 49 Spatial Priorty Urban

n li".tispunt). The NcU has proposed the following SPURs in Gujarat:

1. Ahmadabad- Baroda - Ankaleshwar - Surat - Valsad

illt lufl il 0f uBBAlllsArloll93

fi;',i.r.liiJ,flJ;i'41ffi#1"Hil:ji:+li3;ffi,*nanisat.n (NArMo) in a study based on 1ee1 census,

1, Surat - Mahesena

2. Rajkot - Jamnagar

The NCU's sPURs and NATMo's Urban corridors hgve $1 depicted for the purpose of comparision inMap2'4 and emerging urban corridors ana uruaniegion - 2021.ip"iirrir ridy is shown in Map 2.5.

u. pn0Bulils, lssuts illll --q-0--tt.l-I-T"l|'-tls

A. SPATIAL PLANNING AND LAND USE

5.1P|anningfortheemergingspatia|patterniSbothanopportunityandachallenge.Spraw|,discontinuousurbangrowth,over-densificationin'o*"-pu'ts'wastefulu-Seoflimitedlandandribbondevelopment are some ol the known problems, *n"'.n *iri o" aggravated further' Gujarat has followed a

land assembly and reacllustment programme as a fiincipal instrirment of urban development' Its success

has been modest so tar. ii middle inlome housing'and commercial dev-e]g9ment in the outskirts of major

cities are concerned. Gujarat's urban Development Authorities are perceived as real estate organisations

rather than urban planning agencies. Gujarat's urban future will demand a far more imaginative planning

than what plotted development and shopping centres require. Demand for land and services will be more

competing and severe. rriifre aOsence otfoiethought planning and programmes in advance' slum growth

will be more pronounced, particularly in new gd"th areas along the coast and large scale industrial

comDlexes.

5.2. There will also be social and economic consequences arlsing out of large scale industrral and

tnfrastructure projects. Income and consumption have to be carefully studied and understood better, as tt

would have a proiound impact not only on the existing settlement pattern but also beyond the project sites

envisaged under Gujarat infrastructure Agenda - Visron 2010. Who is going to develop such areas with

minimum basic services to the migratory population likely to occupy such settlements, is a question that

needs to be considered. At Alang or Jamnagar, Dahej or Hazira, the migrants may not be priced out as it

happened in other industrial towns in the country but rather 'spaced out'. Substantive land use changes will

take place due to implementation of large-scale projects. This would have serious implications for planning,

environment and management and calls for examining and assigning specific role to public and private

sectors.

Need for Coordinated DeveloPment

5.3 The process of industrialisation and urbanisation having gained unprecedented momentum, the state

had identified in t997, ten sub-regions for preparation of Sub-regional Plans, with the help of Consultants.

The Sub-regional Plans are expected to incorporate and rnake proposals regarding the strengthening of

inter-region and intra-region transportation and communication network and civic infrastructural facilities,

besides spatial framework for planning of economic development.

5.4 The 10 sub-regions identified throughout the state are as follows:

1. Vadinar and surrounding areas (Jamnagar District)

2. Pipavav and surrounding areas (Amreli District)

3. Lakhpat, Mundra and Mandvi and surrounding areas (Kachchh District)

4. Alang, Manar, Bharpara and surrounding areas (Bhavnagar District)

5. Bharuch, Ankleshwar and surrounding areas

6. Vapi - Valsad Corridor area

7. Valsad - Ahmadabad Corridor area

8. Sanand, Kalol area (North of Ahmadabad)

9. Mehsana, Kadi area (North of Ahmadabad)

10. Dahej and Vagra area (Near Bharuch)

mt furufit 0t usEAlllsArl0ll 95

5'5 The above sub-regions with their limited arear extent indicate the_areas for pranning needingimmediate anention, sucn-as :g"y9;:'.";;; ig;,irLrrr rand into ,;;;.;. The approach does iot take arons-term view' For example, tne vaoinaisud-iin,'^":.lflrl, ; ilil;;;geo ror Vadinar and surroundingareas only' falling outside theJamnagar o.*rop-,iunt and the Reria-nce i"iihurv p.q.ct area. The proposedPlan will thus focus only-^on-the

"r". int"r.#n *a*.un fi" ibo"" i;orn.,n nodes. This approach isfragmentary' There is

1o ove-ra! integrateJ pran oeing "nui.rguo-f* ffre. entire area encompassrngJamnagar Development Are-a, Refinery ir"i;;, 'ni"a .rong witn viJinar, which could provide the neededlong-term comprehensive developmenl rrareioi the su5-regiorii i'i"ntr". Each entity working in thearea' particularly Jamnagar Development Authority and Relia-nce p"trol"rr Limited which has sei up tnerennery' are responsible for planning and development of their orn ar"rionry. There is an urgent need toevolve an inter-governmentai and inl""otgini;ti'onal platform ro, prann,ng io deal with various issues in thepreparation of Sub-regional Plans' There'is a need to undertake scientinc'ierineation of various regions orsub-regions to provide for an overall development-frame oaseo- on

-a rong-term vision, taking intoconsideration the investments going in the industrial and infrastructure ,".too. It is understood that thestate has since initiated action for delineation of the various regions ot. ,uu-iesions based on the above

Land Utilisation

5'6 Land is one of the major natural resources. Human setflements comprising both rural and urbanoccupy about 6 per cent of topographically usable land at tne nattnir-Evet. since urban expansion isinevitable through a shift from prime agriculture to non-agriculture uses in the peripheries of cities, this callsfor interventions to deal with the wholJurbanisation process. The pressure of land is bound to increase withthe growth of population giving rise to competing claims on land for various uses such as urbanisation,infrastructure, industries, agriculture, pasturing anI forestry. rne p.eviiring iutt rn of broad land utilisationpattern in Gujarat i.e., the extent of land under different iategories oi;;J is given in the fol6wing table(Table 2.11).

Table 2.11: Land Utilisation pattern of Gujarat (1970 _ 1993)Afl

i:;i!lr.::

s in '(X)0 hectares

I ':: :::'i:::::: :::r:''

Land under Forest r573 8.36 1966 10.45 1885 10.02 24.98 -4.07Land not available forcultivationa. Land put to non-

agricultura/ usesb. Earren and unculturable

landc. Others

771

3089

963

4.10

16.4r

5.12

1067

2503

851

5.67

r3.30

4.52

1123

2607

5.97

13.85

38.39

-18.97

5.25

4.16

Land under cultivation 1243Q 66.03 t2435 66.07 13206 70.16 0.04 6.20Keponlng Area _--C^,.-^^,

^^tiE r-J:-.

18825 100.00 18822 100.00 18822 100.00 -0.02 0.00Source: CMrc, India's ngricultiiat Sector, Jul4giE

5'7 The above table indicates that out of 18.826 million hectares oF reporting area in the state, theextent of land put to non-agricultural uses was 0.771 million hectares of land (4.106/o of the repofting;rea)in L970-71, increasing to.L067 million hectares (5.670/o of the reporting area) by 19g0-g1, and fuitrer to1'123 million hectares (5.97vo of the reporting area) by 1992-93. bn thj other hand, land under forest hasclecreased from 1.966 million hectares (10.45olo of the reporting area) in 1980-g1 to 1.gg6 million hectares

(10.02%ofthereportingarea)in1992.93.HoWeVer,someof.th.e::::ll^.j..barrenanduncu|turable|andind others" has been d#;JJ'."j "i"O

t"' tultivation as the percentage of area under cultivation has

increased from 66.03% ;'"i;;;i io-io.io"z" i""isgz-gr *nie tne percentage under " barrer and

unculturable land and otners,,category has corresponoray 0..1ry0. -The broad land use pattern of Gujarat

alonq with emerging urban corridors where r;;; ihil 90o/o of urban population in 2021 will be

conclntrated, is shown in MaP 2'6'

B. REGIONALINFRASTRUCTURE

5.13 Gujarat with its thrust on industrial development and recognising infrastructure as a key input in the

growth process, has pr"i.*J . nfruprtt 'Cujatai Infrastructilre Agenda: Vision 2010" offering 383

infrastructure projects with an estimated investment of Rs' 1,16,993 crore' AS Can be expected and as is

usual with exercises or ini, rino, the blueprint focuses more on the upper end of infrastructure such as

power, ports, roaOs, raitwiys, aiiports, telecommunications, etc', at the regional level and industrial parks

with needed services.

Power

5.t4 Gujarat.s power supply in 1998 was about 9000 MW. There are several projects under different

iiag"s or ptanning and implementation. These projects when completed will raise the installed capaciW in

thJstate'nV 5S36 wW tjfing the totat to LL774 MW. In the post liberalisation era, Gujarat has been

experiencing rapid industrial glrowth. with over $_30 billion industrial investment in the pipeline, the demand

for power is expected to take-a quantum jump. Gujarat is poorly endowed with natural fuel resources such

as coal and hydro. The large number of potts in the state will facilitate import of LNG; imported coal'

fl"pf'tnu and triatural gas, *hich can be used for power generation through port based power plants'

Ports

5.15 The 1600 km long coastline of Gujarat accounts for one-third of the coastline of India. There are 41

ports, of which Kandla iJthe major one. Out of remaining 40 pofts, 11 are intermediate and 29 are minor

fortr'dirp.rr"d across South Gujirat (13 ports), Saurashtra (23) ancl Kachchh region (4). With major coastal

based mega cement plants coming up in Kachchh and Saurashtra, cement and clinker export through sea

witi ptay jmajor role in the marketing of cement. Similarly, proximity of Gujarat coastline to Middle-East

corrftries has bpened up avenues for locating petroleum refineries and storage of petroleum products for

hinterland consumption. Investments are converging in and around potential port sites. Investments of over

Rs.16,000 crore at Hazira, Rs.15,000 crore at Vagra, Rs.20,000 crore in areas near Pipavav and near

Jamnagar port locations are envisaged.

5.16 Gujarat Maritime Board has identified the following 10 greenfield sites for development of ports:

Dholera, Maroli, Vansi-Borsi, Hazira Magdalla (Surat), Dahej, Mithiwirdi, Simar, Positra, Rozi (Bedi) and

Mundra. Out of the identified 10 port locations, 4 ports - Rozi (Bedi), Positra, Dahej, Mundra will be

developed by the state and the remaining 6 ports by private sector. The state envisages an integrated port

development strategy, consisting of cieation of port facilities, industrialisation and development of

infrastiucture facilities like roads ind railways in the hinterland. These pots are envisaged to serve as foci

of regional development. It is estimated that Rs.12,288 crore would be required to create new pott facilities

along with necessary infrastructure during the period 2000-10'

ilt: turuRt 0t uRmlll$rl0ll 97

.--,,{

Roads

5'L7 Gujarat has taken the initiative to undertake. four raning of some sections of Nationar Highways.Alreadv 165 km of the Ahmadaoaolr"rumt-utf ii*., has been roui ru*i.tcording to GMIE data, oo percent of Ahmadabad Vadodara "tptu*uy ;[h

"" investment of Rs. 446 crore has been compieted. gprojects including national trignwaysinJ-Jr,ti""'niqn*.v, ro,. iorrluniig .t un investment of Rs. d6z crorellil:,fl:il "?il,:'ffiL}ff.gJJ.;*-i:i.i;;;-'.ri ;;ffiil'# ro,, ran,g ih,Lsi ff r .t .n

5'18 A comprehensive road policy has been formulat:d.TT entire planning of the road sector has oeencarried out using a multi-modal transportaiion i:g_"], 1..9r0,1'o t" c["r.t Infrastructure Agenda - vision2010' the total investment required ror tne roal projects is of the order or Rs.19, 951 crore during 1997-2012' of this Rs' 15'019-crore-is-proposed roip*.t.r".tor investmeni. some_or the private sector [rgeasunder implementation include 6 roao over-b'rldges. and bridges tnroujn Bor and Vadodara-Harbr road

:ffi.113?lttad-Mehsana road and nto otnui-..d stretches oeinf

-exicuted wth the herp from rL&FS

Railways

5'19 According to Gujlr* Infrastructure Agenda - Vision 2010, the investment required in railway sectorfor the period 1997-2012 has been worked"ori to Rr.osgl.s crore rorJauge conversion, missing rinks,construction of new broad gauge lines and additionaltr..r.r i"""rri"g.l".sih-;f ai9'k;;.'""' ""oorrr!

5'20 According to CMIE data, there are seven projects under implementation with an investment ofRs'870 crore for conversion of meter gauge to broad gjuge uno n.rro,i liuge to oroao gauge. one prqectat a cost of Rs' 318 crore for gauge conversion from cano-'nionamto prr.ipw has been proposed.

Airport

5'21 Gujarat has 11 functional airports including one internationar airport. The proposed industrialactivities in Gujarat requires expansion of existing air-ports ano rening up jreenfield airports linked with theindustrial development. The state government ano Rlrport Authority-otin-oiu nuu. identified three projectsfor development which include extension and strengthening of Ahnradabad arrport at an estimated cost ofRs'48'50 crore, construction of new terminal for domestic traffic at Bhuj and expansion of surat airpoft.Besides smaller airstrips are planned to be developed to serve chartered ano private flights. such smallerairstrips include Ankleshwar, Mundra and Vaoi.

fndustrial Park

5'22 of the cMIE's CAPEX list of 413 industrial projects proposed to be located in Gujarat, 11 per centwould use industrial park facility. The pro]ects have been categorised as general, engineering, chemicar andspecial, depending on the type of industrial park infrastruciure neeoel- Demand-fo1noi,stini pirr,s ,sestimated to be 19,781 hectares for the period 1999-2010. An investment of Rs.7,162 crore has beenenvisaged for the above industrial parks categories during the above perioJ. About qov" ir tn,s ls pioposeoto be invested by the private sector. An emphasis on the development of industrial parks including Info-cities is being laid by the state.

9B Tltt turunt 0F uRBftil$ATtotl

Issues: Regional Infrastructure

5.23 some of the lssues in regional infrastructure requiring consideration are given below:

o The Gujarat Infrastructure Agenda - Vision 2010 is an extensive exercise for various infrastructure

sectors. The ctocument, however, oo., noiiou.n lnuiiont"ntal Concerns as a consequence of

implementatro" "i'inl'rlropor.t, iont.in"o-in tn. vition-2g10 document' This is a crucial omission

and need to be corrected'

D The urban growth in Gujarat is taking.pla.ce along corridors' urban and transport corridors mutually

reinforce but can also undermine eacn otnei i'iffit tou"tents on highways face the problem of

frequent stopovers, jams and abnormald;;;. Rid;" develgRmen!aggravates the problem' within

the corridors, tne neeo for intra-urban is as mucn as inter-urban movement' Poly-nodal urban areas

require grearer prunJngln this regard. rn. inJiun e"perience of bypasses on national highways has

not been very nappy. Either developt"nt'oi'ittout*nts or sometimes both are bypassed' In the

Gujarat context, Jo-me iar.rul thinking is needed about existing and future 'nodes' in the corridors

of -development

coalescing or remaining separate'

olnfrastructura|provisionbothregiona|andwithincitiesarerequiredtoattractnewinvestments.on|yregional inrrastrr]u-rei ,r.n .r-po*"r, t"lelot, itansport wiil not be enough' Infrastructure within

the cities sucn as water supply, sanitation, intra-city transport etc'' also need to be improved

simultaneouslY.

C. URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES

Water SuPPIY

5.24 wide disparities in the population coverage and levels of supply between and amongst the different

class of municipalities exist. To a large e*tent, man' towns in Siurashtra remain poorly served' On an

average, present *u,"1- ,uppfy ranges irom.62 lpcd in'b'class municipalities (population less than 0'25 lakh)

to 100 lpcd in 'A'ctass municipafiti-es (population above 1'00 lakh)' The per capita supply is 78 lpcd whereas

the requirement is of 13itp;d'. Out oi tCg tnuni.ipufiti"s, 28 municipalities have water supply below 40 lpcd'

28.7t per cent of tn" popli.ii* in municipalig.l-J"p"ito on surface water' while dependency on ground

water is too high (7L,3o/o). 13 per cent of the tor,vns depend on hand pumps or pressure pumps, Which are

notre|iab|e.Theregionwisepercapita,avai|abi|ityShowsthattheaveragewateravai|abi|ityinSaurashtraislowest i.e. 53 lPcd.

5'25TherateofsupplywithintheCorporation|imitsis't?l::-.:9:^of140lpcd,whi|eBhavnagarhasthe highest suppty tevel ai fAO tpcO. The per capita supply in Jamnagar is lowest at 105 lpcd' However' tne

situation in peripheral areas of 'corporations is very poor where supply level is as low as 47 lpcd' The

Corporations in Cularat ire mainly dependent on su*aie water sources (rivers/dams or lakes)' Ahmadabad'

iurat anO Vadodara, to some extent draw water from tube wells'

Demand-Suppty Gap and Investment Requirement

5.26 The demand-supply gap for bulk water supply has been analysed in the Infrastructure Agenda-Vision

2010 for the six largest urban areas, correspond;;it tn" ii* municipal corporations' Based on the demand-

supply gap, investment requirement has been est]mated based on the water supply norm of 160 lpcd' The

cost of provision or *#il.,is been assumeo ai ns.zg.z2 lakh per mld of water. A number of projects for

bulk water supply have been proposeO fo, auq;entation and addition of existing water sources and

illt turunt 0F unBAlltATloll99

distribution network ]l T." yytitipal corporations mentioned above. The report on Requirement ofInfrastructural Facilities-in uunictpatifiei ov i*io na, .rii*atJr#;;;-.n average water suppry rever of;'"n:fiii,.ff K:'&tii".il:W;:rui.i"- "iris ,pli'?,;liiilli;,. cri* ii" ioti'r;ii?J cbss D

Water Distribution

5'27 The investment required in water distribution systems to ensure that the normative level of watersupply reaches the population nas oeen ;rtiriilo o.r"o ". tn" p"priattn requrreo to be served. The costof dishibution of water is based on t nort li-nl?go-q* ..prt". ?-ri* tii" urban water suppry project for 6corporation cities wiil need an investment or nr.'aoo.zz crore (77g.2g+ g1..r4) upto 2010 AD.

5'28 However investment is only.one part of the solution. It is necessary.to make a long term planning ofwater resources management' As the oemano roi*aiJi'ii',r.r..'r"g,lne availabitity/potential of bothsurface and ground water is reducing. rt iietiunti.r to make judiciousai"tocation of available water resourcesby preparing water resources management master plan. There is a need-to separate water supply systemfrom water resource management. we need to move from structur.al ,Jrtion, to planning solutions.5'29 New settlements are being added to the existing towns and industrial growth centres are coming upwithout taking into consideration ihe capacity or *ut"rlrpprv system to support such growth. Alocation ofwater between competing uses, whether between one industry and another, one town and another orbetween town and country has been a contentious issue in manyparti oi eu;arat, often leading to violence.Narmada water may not be a panacea' tn view Jincreasing demand of water supply and diminishing waterresources, the foilowing issues/measures need consideration:

O Water resources planning on a regional basis.

o setting water availability for different settlements as a defining limit to development.

D Legisrative measures to check over-exproitation of surface and ground water.

D Rain water harvesting storage and use.

D water conservation through leak detection, minimisation of transmission losses and recycling

ffnff:"iJ:fl:j::" " water conservation in industriar and residentiar pr.r-ii., 6v'irit.or.

o Measures to prevent/control pollution due to indiscriminate disposal of solid waste, effluents anohazardous substances in land and water courses.

D control and abatement of pollution of water bodies from municipal and industrial wastes.

o water tariff structure to ensure proper pricing to enable cost recovery, demand management anclconservation.

Water Regulatory Authority5'30 According to the Gujarat Infrastructure Agenda - vision 2010, the Government of Gujarat isconsidering creating a water Regulatory. Authority to exercise control ovei all water users in the state. It isalso setting up a special purpose vehicle for planning, o.rigni.g-u;iiilpiur"n,ution of the groundwater

100 T[[ tuTUnt 0f u88AlilS[Tt0ll

pipeline network. The state government has also initiated steps to prepare for privatisation needs including

management contracts and leases'

Sudace Water Drainage and Sewerag ..^..,h- rr.,

5'3lTheprovisionandmaintenanceofsurfacedrainagereceive|ow.priortWinmosttowns.Inmanycities, collectors and outfalls are inadequate,

"no ai'iit'J* fiequentty olocreo' the problems oJ surface

drainage are most evident in Surat where large t*olnit oJi"auiiiiurano numah waste are discharged into

oDen channels. Inadequate solid waste rnunug"rli '."rp"""0.

tne problem. Among corporation cities

except Jamnagar, which h=as-i- su,tace Orainage';etwlrk, all other cities have underground sewerage

networks. In Ahmadabad, Vadodara and surat, rnoui io p"l cent oflhe population depend on septic tanks'

cesspools etc. The proportion or sucrr population in lu*,iugut and Bhavnagar is comparatively lower at 10

and 12 Per cent resPectivelY'

5.32Amongstthenon-corporationcities,34outofl43(59%)municipalitiesdonothaveanyundergrouncl sewerage.

'ilt ,0 municipalities r'taue- se*etage

'system' The report on 'Requirement of

Infrastructural Facilities iriNlnrcipafities"by GITCO fris estlmaieO lnat the fund requirement for providing

sewerage to all municipuriti"i **ro be il.40g.90 crore (excluding the municipal corporations), basecl on

Rs.1000 per capita. Though all the.municipal..coiporat'ons have treatment plants for sewage treatment'

doubts have o""n ""pr".riJ

about their operaUoi ttut"' rn"tt is a substantial need for enhancing these

facilities.

5.33Thedemandandsupp|ypositionana|ysedforsixMunicipa|Corporationsbasedondemand-supp|ygap and investment ruqrii"rbnt'nas been estimated in Gujarat infrastructure Agenda' The investment for

sewage collection is Rs.1273.56 crore and for sewage treatment Rs'367'70 crore tOtalling to Rs'1641 crore

for 2010 AD.

Solid Waste Management

5.34 The daily solid waste collection peformance varies between 67 per cent to 93 per cent in the cities

of Gujarat. Most of the non-corporation cities carry out the task of waste loading manually' sanitary land

filling is not practiced. Hospital waste collection .nd itt incineration is a critical problem' The average solid

waste collection in all class of municipalities is 10.40 tonnes per day and the estimated investment as

projected by GITCO is about Rs.37.30 crore. The estimated cost of projects in solid waste treatment ancl

disoosal for Ahmadabad and Jamnagar Municipal corporation as given in Infrastructure Agenda - vision

2010 is Rs.10.91 crore'

MuniciPal Roads

5.35 Incaseof candDClassmunicipalities, puccaroadsareintherangeoff.otos.o,per.:e$whilethe

remaining roads are Xitciaorstone paved, The road availability measured.through road density in the Class

I cities including corporation areas appears to be fairly adequate' Amongst the corporation areas'

Ahmadabad, Surat anO ah;aga, appeai deficient. Other Corporation cities as well as class towns have a

fairly high level of roao Jensity.ine bffCO has estimated the fund requirement for upgrading the roads into

pucca {mounting to Rs'247'72 crore for municipalities'

New TownshiP Projecb

5.36 The state government has started the process of identification

near the large cities, in emerging industrial areas, and around major

noenOa - Viiion 2010 has identified 2 new township projects at an

and planning of 20 new townships'ports. Gujarat Urban Infrastructureestimated cost of Rs.321.56 crore'

101ilt rurunt 0l uf,BAlllslrl0ll

In addition to the above,-township requirements for ports and industrial park at g locations have beenenvisaged in the Guiarat Infrashucture'ns;"J...whether tnese to*nsrrips remain as isolated enclaves orfocat points and integrating et"meniilol i.Girro.n areas remain to be seen.

Private Sector participation

5'37 To suppoft the ma-ssive industrialisation, and the infrastructure needed, the state government has setup GIDB (Gujarat Infrastructure oevetopmeniBoard) which-*iri -in.*rr.

the pace of privatisatron ofinfrastructure in the state' The Asian o"u.ioprunt e.nt tnoeJ n.i gil"; ibort Rs.700 crore for the purposeto the state' The state has enacted soi-L; in Rpril rsgg ;;"iii"j a framework for private sectorparticipation' GIDB in Vision 2010 document "*irrg"r?o

p*fft;'#rtment through private sector andonly 30 per cent from the public sector. croe h;s iet up guioetines roiii! inuotu"ment of private sector inSiiilJil:lit;,$l#:fifl"mecnanisms, me.r'Jni*s to?aise runds rrom the capitar mirkets and prepare

D. URBAN ENVIRONMENT

5'38 The most critical environmental concerns in Gujarat include problems of water scarcity, pollutionfrom industrial wastes and emissions, excessive water pollution due to industrialisation, loss of naturalresources and exposure of population to natural and man maoe n#ioi. rne wholeiiirriioiirlr.rg,ng;;::JrT;:f#:":fi:t]fl?[ffjfl:r to reverse the situation. environmentar concerns in tne Jeveiopment

Water

5'39 Gujarat' as a whole suffers from permanent-water scarcity. Two in every five years are droughtyears' The rainfall varies-from 1800mm in Dangs to 340mm in riuininrr.'tie main source of surface water isrivers' Most of the rivers are seasonal which-are dry qrrougloyi ihe'y".i. rnu.u are onry four perennialrivers (Narmada' Tapi, 1a|]-1"9

Rurna) flowing m_ainiy tnrouln soutnlm cu;arat. Except southern Gularat,rest of the state is dependent on ground *.t"t. ine main .jasons ioi i..i.rtv oF water in the state is thelow recharge of water due.to geo-iyororogl;aiconditions (hard ro.r.ionJitions) in 56 per cent of the totalgeographical area of the state, where the recharge rate is 5-10 per cent only, The critical districts includeRajkot, Jamnagar, Junagadh, Amreli, gnavnaqiriio Kachchh.

5'40 According to a ground .water exploitation analysis in Ahmadabad, Banas Kantha and Mehsana, theextraction of ground water exploitation is more than 85 per cent. rn nan"r*r, the extraction is double thatof recharge' In Gandhinagar and sabar Kantha, ihe extraction was 65 to g5 per cent. Gandhinagar alsoreceives surface water from the Dharoi dam. only half of the n"uo-or-*.t"r for industrial and domesticpurposes is met by ground water' Thus in these districts, ground water extraction is totally unsustainable. In

il"Jil1l3;.?i?J:1fii%diif#pins at

'n unn,.irate or s to 8m. rhe g,;,no water tabie in nortn cu;arat

Conflicts over Water

5'4r There have been conflicts over water mainly of three kinds: those between urban and rural users,between agricultural and domestic users and, between industries ano aomestic users. The analysis of all theconflicts prove the point that large cities get priority over the smaller onii. nr far as the major uses of waterare concerned, irrigation gets.priority over drinking water. This is speciaiiy the case with population of smalltowns and villages' Also, available multiple rorr."ur have to oe tapp.o 'to meet the urban drinking waterrequirements' All large cities of the state have started looking towards I'liimaoa dam to meet their current

and future water requirements. Narmada Tribunal has allocated 3582 MLD of water for domestic and

industrial use. Of tnis, zgZi md has been allocatei tttfusuui' for drinking water needs and 661 MLD has

been allocated for industrial use'

5.42 The drinking water problem in Gujarat has accentuated over the past four decades' Issue of access

to water is becomrng sertous, especially in tne co'ril-J' 'egtn,

*n"t" the chemical industries have severely

polluted the water ,"rori.", in many locations. nn*aO-aOaO city plans to take up Sabarmati riverfront

devetopment using Narmada waters. Vadodara # R;jk;i;ities nivi atso staked their claims on Narmacla

water. Such issues of sharing of water resources *ittunt immediate attention and need to be resolved'

5.43 The Conflict Over water between urban and rural users had to be resolved through couft

intervention. The Gujarat High court intervened over tne riparian nghts of farmers down stream of

Ahmadabad city in river iio.r"tuti where in rgze bn;rol Jut "itt built.to supply water to Ahmadabad and

Gandhinagar cities. Conflicts over drinking watet nJwlen the people and the industries' between the people

and government anO Oetween urban aid rural areas have become common features in the State' Such

conflicts are arising o".rur" or declining availability of water resources on ,one hand and rising demand for

economic activities on the other. Sardai Sarovar Project when completed is expected to meet the growing

waterdemandoftheagricu|ture,drinkingwaterandindustria|units'

Drought in Gujarat

5.44 The recent drought in Gujarat has further brought to limelight the alarming conditions of water

scarcity in the state. Tni rains friO faiteO with precipitation recording a .mere 30 per cent of the annual

average. Insufficient attention has been given to developing and maintaining local water harvesting

structures.

5.45 Large inclustry rn the coastal region makes its own demand on scarce ground water, though the

Reliance petrochemical Complex claimJthat it meets water requirements through a desalination plant'

outfits such as Gujarat nmuuja cement have been permitted to mine into the limestone belt without proper

appreciation of the fact that tlris constitutes the only barrier against incursion of salinity'

5.46Fortunately,nowthepeop|eofSaurashtraandKachchhhaverealisedtheimportanceof|oca|Waterbodies and are cleaning ,p 5no'o.up"nin9 the tanks and sarovars, making check dams and bunds and

resorting the watersheds through NGOs'

Pollution from Chemical Industries

5.47 water sources in Ahmadabad, Vadodara, Bharuch and Surat districts have been highly polluted by

the chemical industries o.r"rgrg i. both the public and the private sectors. A study by the Gujarat Pollution

control Board shows that th;three industrial estates, Vapi, Ankleshwar and Nandesari (near Vadodara) are

among the 19 most porluted places in the country. Chemical units in Vatva and Narol in Ahmadabad, dyeing

ind piinting units in Bharuch, Vadodara and surat have polluted water sources.

5.48 Bharuch clistrict also has very high concentration of water polluting industries in GIDC estates' In

Bharuch district, one of the important GIDC estates is Ankleshwar' About 27 per cent of the small-scale units

and g0 per cent of the medium and large-scale units (of the total units jn GIDC estates) are in this estate'

Among the small scale units more than half the units and two-thirds of medium and large scale units are

chemiial industries and textile mills which generate large scale chemical effluents'

IIIT fUIURt OI URBAIIISAII|lII103

Pollution from Toxic fndustries5'49 A number of

ry!:o:hemical plantq copper smeltrng units and paper and pulp industries are comingup' particularly in Jamnagar, Amerli, gnaiucn and surat olstriai !vc, one of the compounds ofpetrochemical industries, generates hazardous chemicals ano anecs not only human health but also theflora and fauna in general' The new targe-inoustries expected on tne coast of saurashtra and Kachchh,particularly the large petrochemical proJ;ds, are expected to be health hazards for the people speciallythose riving around and working in these'petrochemicar comprexes.

Environmental fmpacts of Mining5'50 GEB (Gujarat Electricity Board) has commissioned two 70MW rignite based thermar power prants atPanandharo In Kachchh di-strict' Mining and the tocation of thermal po,i.ipr.nt have added new economicactivities in this salinity.utr:9lud agriculturally backward region. ftretpen cast mines have created externaldumps rich in sulphur and therefore always emanate soz fumes. The-saline water, coming out from themines and the waste of reverse osmosis plant of the GEB his increased the salinity of River rlti. ns a resut,villages downstream of the river have been affected. tn pananoarra;;, ili;g will continue for another 20-25years' The already acquired cultivable lands, after mining, will be lost'as oegraoeo land, water resources arepolluted and will be exhausted soon if the tienO continuJi

Air Pollution

5'51 The continuous sulphur smoke causes blackening of vegetation. Air pollution due to mining activityhas affected people's health. In a survey carried out in lne regLn bt the institute of Desert Ecology (IDE)Bhuj' it was found that about three-quarter of the populauJn wele ,rnaring from respiratory diseases.People attributed their health problems to mining activity.

5'52 Industries and vehicular emissions are posing a serious health hazard in urban areas of Gujarat. Thenumber of registered motor vehicles has increased more than three-fold in the past decade. These vehiclesare petrol driven, with two-stroke technology, due to which the emission levets are higher. It is estimatedthat carbon monoxide increased by six{oldiduring 1981_96.

5'53 Industries are another major cause of air. pollution. Gujarat has regrstered a rapid growth in thenumber of factories in the last two decades. In 1995, chemical i.Jriir"i .ro chemical products emerged asa leading industrial sector accounting for 15 per cent of the totat ractories. ]ne $ffiil;;;tion orindustries shows the largest concentration in the north - south corridor lnnmaoaoaa-vadodara-Surat-Vatsad)and Bhavnagar-Jamnagar-Ralkot belt in saurashtra. These two .orrioors with a high concentration ofindustrial activity are experiencing high levels of industrial pollution.

5'54 Common air pollutants are sulphur dioxide !so3), njlrggen djoxide (No2), dioxides of nibogen (Nox),suspended particulate matter (sPM), carbon monoxide (coj and leaJ.'Cularat pollution control Boardmonitor ambient air quality at Ahmadabad, surat, Vadodira uno vupi iprrl levels in all the cities exceeowHo's residential standards' In the industrial areas, though the level ii wiinrn prescribed standards, in manycases the general levels are high. The other two parameters - No2 and so2, the levels are within thepermissible limits.

Ahmadabad

5'55 The Ahmadabad study by centre for Environmental Planning and rechnology, Ahmadabad (1995)detailed micro air pollutant levels close to major city roads ana tne-coniribution of vehicles to the healththreat from co, Nox, soz, and lead - found poltutants at the ambient level are generaily not beyond wHo

104 ilIruilnl0f unmtFlliltx

standardsbutatpafticu|artimesandplacesexceedstandardsbyfactorsoftwoormore.TheAhmadabadstudy also considered *ui.r'pJrrriio"iin; 1,19y^iil;9;;

series of rnap overlavs determined the'spatial

distribution of the incideni" o:r *it", borne disease;'.n ;;;iil: ihe study findings indicate: (i) low income

househords riving in high density areas where th"r.l, no watei suppty and.sewerage networks are at a very

high risk of contracrrng glrti;"nturiti, and cholera;liiifo*l^t""i" h-o-useholds living in high density areas

where the networKs ur. ojj"'ri,-n u"iv nrgn risk ot contiacting gastroenteritis, wphoid and cholera; (iii) high

and medium income group residents in the ,u*" uilui uLo iui meoium to low risks of the same diseases'

Pollution Control

5'56Mostofthe|awsre|atingtopo||utioncontro|andenvironmentsafetycameintoforceintheeighties.There has been some laxity in adhering to gre stiputJeo parameters by.the.industrial units, which had been

set up prior ro that. rn oilr"i io .otiy wm tne liliri,-ouiiiont as ilso -the

standards prescribed bv the

Gujarat poltution Cont of eoarO, tne staie i, .ont"ti6tinO i n-u19.9r of measures like supporting the setting

up of common efftuent.ff;;tm;t plants in inoustrilictuitlrs, facltities for collection and disposal of effluents

and hazardous*ur,"r,n ruin.tuit"rr, more strrciimpr.r"ntution of.the laws, strengthening the machinery

of the Gujarat Pollution Control Board and urro "ppo'liig

thtl;duttti"s' The Gujarat Ecology Commission is

preparing state Environmental Action progrurr" iiinpi ,nour the technical assistance of the world Bank'

It is a two years pro,ect, starting from 15.a.il99,'covering the sectors of (1) Industrial pollution;

(2) Energy; (3; urnanisation pro."ir; (4) Land j"giio.ti"" (do-physical aspects); (5) Land degradation

(socio-economic aspects); (6) Hydrologic ,"qi*"r;li) coastat and Marine Environmenu (8) Biodiversiw

ionservation; and (9) Wetlands'

VulnerabilitY Areas

5.57 The Ministry of urban Development, Government of India has prepared a Vulnerability Atlas of India

in 1997, based on tne-iotonaro Strateqy fot iufei World: Guiclelines for Natural Disaster Prevention'

preparedness and Mitigation. Ii clearly id[ntifies the disaster prone areas in Gujarat and urges planners'

builders, civic and otneiiutnorities to ensure hazard resistant construction and idherence to the National

Building code prepared ov in" gur"ru of Indian sEndards. The Atlas contains Eafthquake, wind & Cyclone

.nJ ffooO Hazard'maps for India and also separately for all the states'

Ea rthq ua ke Haza rd A reas

5.53Earthquakesareconsideredtobeoneoftheworstnatura|hazardscausingwidespreaddisasterandloss of human lives. The impacts of earthquakea utu rutriu" and normally affect large areas causing death'

injuries and damage to structures. The recent..[i'q;ik;oimagnitude 6'9 on Richter Scale which occurred

on 26,n January, ZOOf, siruif in the Western Cri.t+iff"tting 6frul' Anjar and Bhachau with population of

r,02,t76;51,200; .nO iiioil *ipectivery in ts'9i;a;ffre riost powerfulto strike India since August 15'

1950 in Assam. eanier thire was ! majoi quake in iachchh in 1903' one in Bhavnagar in 1919' Dwarka in

1940 and Bharuch in 1970. As may be seen ln tne iartnquake Hazard 1ao of Gujarat, the ulqln areas of

Bhuj and Gandhidham fall in very nign Oamageliirt ion" in the Kachchh district with 30'72olo level of

urbanisation. lamnagar uno llo*i iowis atso fall ,il;; nign oamage risk.zone alongwith parts of Rajkot and

Jamnagar districts. These districts are projected to fi*t a"very hig-h level of urbanisation i'e'' 47 and 40 per

cent respectivelY bY 2021 AD'

Wind and CYclone Hazard Areas

5.59In1998,acyc|onewithawindspeedofl40km/h,hitKand|ainthewesternstateofGujarat'ki||ing1,100 people and injuring more than 4,000 people. It is estimated that more than 20,000 people were made

roofless as a result of the cyclone and propertiei wortn Rs' 1'200 crores were also either irreparably

ilrt rurunt 0l unBilF[Il0ll105

damaged or destroyed' The entire coastal belt or^!1iagt falls under very high damage risk zone - B andmocterate damage risk zone - A' The ctass t clties srrch as Bhuj, Gandhidnam, Jamnagar, porbandar andBhavnagar fall under very high dam.g"iirk rt*'- B. Banas K.;ih";;;;;.ana and some parts of KachchhliTtj:T"tl"r:"vered

under mooerate iamil;;il, zone. Rest or ure iarts in the state fa1 under row damaoe

Flood and Drought Hazard Areas5'60 Area liable to floods.includes surat and Gandhinagar and scattered pockets mainry arong the rrverBanas' saraswati' sabarm-ati, r"rani, rrr-armaoi,"rl'pi anc

"tn.i ri"*r'tJii" rau,". The rainfail pattern rserratic and this has made cedain areas of the state extremely susceptible todrought and famine conditions.The state has faced at least.three-orougnt yea;in tne tast io v"-ri.-in" *orst affected are the districts in

;'"V.r'S3i?',fi'ff:i:'rti:ffl5::Xt?.:i.n nru. no perenniarriver irowins throush tne area-nor oo

5'61 Gujarat is frequently ravaged by almost all natural disasters i.e. earthquake, drought, cyclones, etc.,various geo-climatic tto"::^ui9^1,:Ti:r r"".;sient shoutcl oe consideieo white making tong term poticyfor the fast developing urban areas in Gularat.ihis will reduce tne bss oilire and property wnicn aiwaysaffects the planned development or the urban areas. There is a need io,. .prop.,. disaster management,hazard resistant construction and upgradation or existing buildings. ir"lo..r bodies should take init-iation rnland use zoning regulations to reduce the vutneraoitiiy or tn"e crisastJrl Building byelaws with disasterresistant features need to be strictly followed in uroan areas falling in high and moderate risk zones.

IUbTIIT IUIUBT OT URIIXISAilOx

Guiarat

ut. unBAil GoUHll[llGI lllll M[ll[GttlltllT:,r,r'.tr!lLn-.Jrar...rr!;,!!:-:':'-:'

A. 74Th CONSTITUTION AMENDMENT ACT

6.1 The 74th Amendment has provided an opportunity to make urban governance,a positive and

democratic step by taking governance down to the people. The amendment through the 12"' Schedule gives

an illustrative iist of tg municipal functions to the urban local bodies. The amendment has empowered the

state legislature to entrust the functions to the local bodies to enable them to function as units of local self-

governrient and provide essential and basic services to the urban conlmunity. The Constitution Amendment

ilso devolved certain functions, not within the functional domain of the local bodies earlier. The examples

are urban planning (an obligatory function arising out of the constitutional provisions relating to creation of

District planning tommittee and Metropolitan Planning Committee), social and economic development,

urban poverty alleviation and urban environmental management and maintaining the ecological balance.

6.2 In Gujarat where ULBs are responsible for various functions listed in the 12'n Schedule did not

incoroorate various functions in the conformity legislation among 'obligatory' functions. For example (i)

urban planning, including town planning, regulation of land use and construction of buildings, (ii) urban

forestry, protection of environment, and promotion of ecological aspects are included under 'discretionary'

functions. The overlapping of functions between municipalities and the other agencies of the state

government thus continues. It is necessary that the functional domain of the municipalities and various

ispects of functional responsibilities are clearly defined. Another problem relates to the development of

industrial areas outside the local authority area by establishing industrial estates. The operation of an

industrial development agency as virtual local authority creates the problem of non-representative local

government.

Gaps and Duplication

6.3 The Town Planning Legislation provides the framework for preparation of Master Plans but does not

provide the institutional framework for co-ordinating spatial and infrastructure development. The

development authorities have also not been able to co-ordinate spatial and investment planning. Despite

the proliferation of authorities, there are serious gaps in infrastructure services as well as planning,

environmental management and pollution abatement.

Accountability and Citizen's Partnership

6.4 As per the constitutional mandate, locally elected municipal bodies have to adjust to the concept ofpublic accountability in urban governance. The municipality is closest to the people in respect of various

elements of day-to-day life. This requires enhancing the accountability of municipalities. If municipal

accountability is to be related to its constituents, the greater involvement of citizens in the activities of

municipalities is imperative. At present, the involvement of citizens in decision-making is minimal.

B. ROLE OF LOCAL BODIES IN FUTURE URBAN GROWTH

6.5 Local bodies are the traditional focus of urban management and can provide effective leadership in

planning and overall development of urban areas, and responding to the problems of physical growth,

infrastructure and environment since their level of governance is closest to the people. However, the local

bodies should have, among others, the necessary attributes, such as: (i) comprehensive boundaries

including both the main city and developing periphery; and (ii) wide functions enablinq them to interrelate

constantly the factors of rapid urban growth. Whether the urban area including peripheral development is

covered by a single jurisdiction is crucial to the ability of local body to plan, service, control, and protect

iltt tuIURt 0t URB$llEAiloll r07

water resources and make waste disposal arrangements. Unfoftunately, the urban local bodies lack theseattributes and are geographically and functionally fragmented. In Ahmadabad, where municipal boundarieshave no doubt expanded to take the new areas of urban settlements in its periphery within its jurisdiction,but only after peripheral areas have been partly developed with minimum public services and low level ofregulation and control. The second type of fragmentation is functional with municipal functions being dividedamong several agencies, such as urban development authority and parastatal organisations controlled atdifferent levels of government. Most commonly, peripheral areas are fragmented between municipaljurisdictions and functions which need to be brought together in responding to urban growth, includingplanning and development control; extension of water supply and sewerage, drainage, road network; parksand open' spaces and environmental health. These shortcomings are most acutely felt in large cities.Responsiveness and efficiency also get undermined in the case of large municipal corporations by thediffusion of authority between elected representatives and state-appointed executives.

6.6 The territorial jurisdiction of the metropolitan cities as well as other large urban areas also poseserious problem in controlling haphazard growth and provision of services in their peripheral areas. Anotherproblem relates to the industrial townships emerging on the urban corridors, which stand alone, but need tobe integrated into the main city jurisdiction for the purposes of integrated service provision. Still anotherproblem is peripheral townships leapfrog unsuitable pockets of land aggravating the problem of extension ofinfrastructure, padicularly their integration with the main cities, all located on the nofth - south uroancorridor in Gujarat.

Poly-nodal Pattern of Development in Urban Corridorc

6.7 Given the fact that metropolitan and other large cities as 'nodes' in the nofth-south corridor areexpanding outwardly and coalescing with smaller urban centrcs, managing urban growth is not a meremunicipal or even an inter-municipal issue but involves both urban and rural areas. Municipal bodies lookafter urban areas under their jurisdictions while the Panchayati Raj Institutions are responsible for rurarareas. Besides, there are parastatal organisations operating at the state and city levels. Appropriateinstitutional set up for planning and development would have to be created to evolve coherent policies formanagement and integrated development of urban corridors. In the absence of such a set up, uncontrolledand spontaneous growth will continue to occur. The multi-nodal structure of the corridors may or may norhonour the traditional administrative boundaries of the local bodies. Hence the need for a setup withdemocratically elected representatives of local bodies - both urban and rural, having a predominant role inpolicy making as well as preparation of development plans and governance has arisen. There is no model asyet evolved to deal with the governance and management of poly-nodal, multi-municipal, inter-district urbancorridors. We examine below the existing instruments available to deal with the situation.

C. ROLE OF THE STATE AND SECTORAL AGENCIES

6.8 The tasks by the state entails devolving powers to local boclies to develop as an autonomous,accountable and responsive municipal organisation which can achieve the mandates of local self-government. There ts a need to take up second round of legislative exercise to provide clarity to thepackage of functions to be handled by municipalities and precisely describe the functions of Municipalities.Wards Committees and Planning Committees. The role of municipalities and parastatals such as wateisupply board and urban development authorities and their relationships need to be defined clearry.Administrative reforms to develop an accountable municipal bureaucracy, an effective and transparent publicaccounting mechanism also need to be developed.

6.9 .,Clarity on the controls to be exercised by state government on urban local bodies is needed becausethe 74th Amendment has fundamentally altered the naiure of state-municipaf relationships. There is atso aneed to define a clear role for the public and citizens groups in the monitoring of local affairs in addition to

108 IIIT TUTURT ||T UNBAilISAII|lII

Gujarat

participation through elected representatives in Municipalities, Wards Committees and Planning Committe€s.Provisions also need to be made in Municipal Acts for the production and delivery of services throughprivatisation and public-private partnerships.

D. METRO AREAS AND METROPOLITAN PLANNING COMMITTEES

6.10 Most of the metropolitan cities are urban agglomerations comprising several municipal jurisdictions.The metropolitan area encompasses not only the main city having a municipal corporation status but also anumber of other urban and rural local bodies, surrounding the main City Corporation. The metropolitan areaexefts considerable pressure on the surrounding fringe areas in several ways. Large investments inmetropolitan areas are undertaken by multiple organisations including central and state governmentagencies. It is necessary to coordinate the investments, plans and requirements of the metropolitan area.Such metropolitan areas, therefore, need metropolitan wide perspective, planning and action. The 74hConstitution Amendment mandatorily prescribes the constitution of Metropolitan Planning Committee (MPC).The MPC is required to integrate urban and rural planning, facilitate the development of regionalinfrastructure and promote environmental conservation. Conceivecl as an inter-governmental, inter-organisational collaborative platform for preparation of proper plan for the metropolitan area in associationwith the main city, the MPC has not been setup in the state so far. The MPC is expected to be ademocratically set up body comprising two-thirds of the total elected representatives of urban and rural localbodies to undertake the exercise of metropolitan development planning. The reason for not setting up anMPC in the state appears to be lack of political motivation as well as the ambivalence on the future role ofDevelopment Authorities, which exist in the metropolitan cities. The 74'n Amendment has provided avaluable opportunity to the Development Authorities to be more purposeful and make more effective use ofits technical resources by becoming the technical arm of the MPCs. This approach can make theDevelopment Authorities more relevant and accountable by engaging them within the structure of urbangovernance/ as envisaged in the Constitution Amendment. The state government needs to consider theseimportant aspects in the context of planning and development of metropolitan cities.

E. RURAL.URBAN INTEGRATION AND DISTRICT PTANNING COMMITTEES

6.11 As urbanisation increases, the need for integrated planning for urban and rural areas will becomemuch more important. The District Planning Committee (DPC) represents the first attempt under the 74thConstitution Amendment to initiate such an integrated planning process rather than separate plans for urbanand rural areas. The twin functions of the DPCs are to consolidate the plans prepared by the panchayats andmunicipalities in the district and to prepare a draft developrnent plan for the district as a whole. In preparingthe draft development plan, the DPC would have regard to nratters of common interest between thepanchayats and municipalities including spatial planning, sharing of water and other physical and naturalresources, and the integrated development of infrastructure and environmental conservation. The DpC is toconsist of elected representatives to the extent of four-fifths of the total number representing the rural andurban local bodies in proportion to their population. The state has constituted the Dpc.

6.12 The spatial configuration of urban corridor extending over several districts of Ahmadabad, Vadooara,Bharuch, Surat and Valsad in the state and in some cases extending as an inter-state corridor sucn asAhmadabad- Mumbai- Pune will need somewhat different arrangement to deal with the governance aspect.The institutional mechanisms for planning and development of areas which fall under the jurisdiction ofmore than one district, fast growing rural areas which are identified for location of industries, industrialtownships with rapidly growing peripheral areas need to be workecl out since the 74th Amendment does notprovide guidelines for such situations. This is all the more impoftant for urban corridors fallina in inter-district situation. as in Guiarat.

ilIT TUIURI OT URBAIIISAIIOII 109

F. MANAGING URBAN CORRIDORS

6.13 The planning approach of metropolitan cities and urban centres along the urban corridors need to be

brought in line with the 74th Amendment. Since these urban corridors are experiencing rapid growth, thefringes draw the necessary urban services from the core municipal areas, to overcome this problem, thelocal bodies should be amalgamated with the nearby municipality for effective delivery of urban services forthese urban corridors. While municipal reforms and metropolitan planning arrangements will be majorimprovements, there is also a strong case for the state government to participate in the functions of regionalplanning and infrastructural development. The regional planning exercise would need to be taken up for theurban corridors extending over several districts. Such exercise cannot be left to the local governments or toihe MPCs and DPCs entirely. It is felt that state-municipal partnerships may be appropriate to take up thetask of preparation of regional plans and sub-regional plans. In this background, the role of MPCs can beseen as providing broad 'structure plans'subject to which the local bodies may prepare their'detailed' plans.

Similarly, the DPCs could provide broad framework that take into account the inter-jurisdictional spatial andsectoral linkages. The urban and rural local bodies may keep the above in view while preparing theirdevelopment plans. Likewise the development of infrastructural facilities which require huge investmentscannot be left to the municipalities. Suitable partnerships are essential in this regard. Thus, the regionalplanning and infrastructure provision functions can be regarded as )oint' responsibilities of state and localbodies.

110 TilT TUIURI |lT UNBAIIISAII|lII

nffrnilGrs

Ahmadabad Urban Development Authority, L997, Revised Drafr Development Plan of AIJDA - 20jJ ADpart-IVol.2 Surueys, Studies and Analysis.

Ahmadabad Urban Development Authority, L997, Revised Drafr Development Plan of A'IDA - 20J1 AD part-IlPolicies, Proposa ls a nd Prog ra mmes.

Ahmadabad Urban Development Authbrity, 1999, Ahmadabad, AUDA cas6 the Ahmadabad of201l AD.

Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology, 1995, A Report on Comparative Enuironmental RiskAssessment ofAhmadabad City, USAID, New Delhi.

Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy, !996, IndiaS Agricultural Sector, A Compendium of Statistia.

Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy,1999, Agriculture, September, 1999.

Chitharanjan K V, 1998, Vadinar 1ub-Regional Plan (p/anning Methodology).

Government of India, 1996, Second United Nations Conference af Human ,etilements: Habitat ll,Istanbul 1996.

Government of India, 1999, Development Commissioner (S.S.I), Ministry of Industry, Small Scale Sector.

Government of India, t999, Economic Survey l99B-99.

Gujarat Industrial and Technical Consultancy Organisation Limited, 1999, Report on Requirement ofIn fra structu ra I Fa ci I i ti es i n M u n ici pa li ties.

Gujarat Industrial and Technical Consultancy Organisation Limited, 1999, Ahmadabad, A Note on SlumImprovement in Municipa litiu.

Gujarat Infrastructre Development Board, Infrastructure - The Foundation for Prosperous Gujarat (Brochure)

Gujarat Infrastructure Development Board, 1999, Gujarat Infrastructure Agenda, Vision 2010.

Gujarat Municipal Finance Board, 1999, Ahmadabad, A Profile of Manageriat/Finance/Infrastructurat position ofMunicipalities in Gujarat State.

India Today,2001, Cover Story: Deathquake. February 12, pg, 5g-69

Industrial Extension Bureau, Government of Gujarat, Gujarat: The Land ofOpportunities. (Brochure)

Kundu Amitabh, L992, Urban Development and urban Research in Indla.

Mahadevia Darshini, 1998, Economic Growth and Environmental Degradation: Case of Gujaraf, ResearchFoundation for Science Technology and Ecology, New Delhi.

Mahadevia Darshini, t998, Deve/opment Dichotomy in Gujarat, Research Foundation for Science Technology anoEcology, New Delhi.

National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation, 1993, India-Urban Corridors: A Note on Thematic MappingApproach, NATMO Monograph No.12, Department of science and rechnology, calcutta.

National Highways Authority of India and Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI)(1998), International Congres on Exprus Highways Development in India, Background papers.

National Institute of Urban Affairs, 1998, lJrban Sector Profile: Gujarat Ruearch Study Series 64.

Regional Housing and Urban Development Qffice, USAID, 7995, A Report on Comparative Environmental RiskAssessment of Ah mada bad Oty.

Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, 1991, Provisional Population Totals: Rural - lJrban DistributpnPapen2 of 1991, Census of India 1991, Office of the Registrar General India,

Tru TUIURT |lI UNBAIISAIIOX 111

Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, 1997, Towns and urban Agglomerations 1991 with their

population 1g01-1gg1paft-Il-A(ii) series, census of India 1991, Office of the Registrar General India.

Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, 1998, Gujarat State District Profile 1991, Census of India 1991,

Office of the Registrar General India.

Reliance Petroleum Limited, !997, Seventh Annual Report 1997-98'

Swamy H M S and others, 1999, Transformation of Surat from Plague to Second Cleanest city in India, UMP 'AIILSG.

The Times of India. Ahmadabad, Entrepreneurs can help Saurashtra's industrial sector enter golden period,

15-03-2000.

Town & Country planning Organisation, L996, Urban and Regional Planning and Development in India'

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G||IITTIIIS

I. Introduction - P. 727

U. The State's Urbanisation: Trends and fssues - P. 728

UI. New Geography of Inyestments - P, 734

ry, Spatial Manifestataon of Economic Growth - P. 738

A. Present Spatial Pattern - P. 738B. Emerging Urban Corridors - P. 739C. SPURs - NCU/Urban Corridors - NATMO - P. 740

V. Problems, Issues and Constraints - P. 741

A. Spatial Planning and Land Use- P. 747B. Regional Infrastructure - P.742C. Urban Infrastructure Services - P. 743D. Urban Environment - P. 746E. Investment Requirements * P. 749

W. Urban Goyernance and Management - P. 750

A. 74th Constitution Amendmen t Ac'. - P. 750B. Role of Local Bodies in Future Urban Growth - P. t57C. Role of State and Sectoral Agencies - P. 752D. Metro Areas and Metropolitan Planning Committees - P. 752E. Rural Urban Integration and District Planning Committees - P. lS3F. Managing Urban Corridors - P. 753

References- P.755

IIII f,IIURT |lF URIITISATI|lT 125

TamilNadu

Table 3.1 Urban Population Growth in India and Tamil Nadu - P' 728Table 3.2 Class-wise Urban Growth Rates in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat and

Andhra Pradesh - P. 129Table 3.3 Percentage Share of Natural Increase, Net Migration and Areal Reclassification in

Urban Population Growth in Tamil Nadu - P. 730Tabfe 3.4 Tamil Nadu Urban Population by Size Class (1971-9L) - P. 73O

Table 3.5 Urban Population According to Size Class: A Comparison (1961-91) - P. 737Table 3.6 District-wise Urban Growth and Level of Urbanisation in Tamil Nadu, 1981-91 - P. 732Table 3.7 Urban Population Projections in Tamil Nadu for 202L- P. 732Table 3.8 Level of Urbanisation by Districts - 1991- P. 733Tabfe 3.9 Level of Urbanisation bv Districts - 202L- P. 733Table 3.10 Investments Proposed in Tamil Nadu in Infrastructure, Manufacturing and

Service, 1999 - P. 136Tabfe 3.11 Status of Projects - P. 737Table 3.12 Population of Urban Corridors - P. 739Table 3.13 Administrative Status of Urban Corridors - P. 74OTable 3.14 Land Utilisation Pattern of Tamil Nadu (1970 - 1993) - P. 142

TIST |lT ]NTPS

Map 3.1 Level of Urbanisation and Urban Centres - 1991- P. t57Map 3.2 Anticipated Change in Level of Urbanisation from 1991-202I - P. 159Map 3.3 District-wise Investment in Infrastructure and Industries - P. 767Map 3.4 Spatial Priority Urban Regions - NCU, Urban Corridors - NATMO - P. 763Map 3.5 Emerging Urban Corridors and Urban Regions - 202L - P. 765Map 3.6 Broad Land Use and Emerging Urban Corridors - P. 767

L26 iltru|l$of ffilllol

TamilNadu

L""._JII#_I"!".9"!J!].*/.::1".1i'L."./.:4:".|.+'|i;' j

1'1 Tamil Nadu with an area of 1,30,058 sq km ranks eleventh among the states of India in size. With apopulation'of 55.86 million in 1991 it is the seventh largest state in the country. The spatial configuration interms of rural and urban centres has significantly shifted over the past few decades. Whereas in 196t, only26.69 per cent of population lived in urban areas, by 1991 it increased to 34.15 per cent. Tamil Nadu is thethird most urbanised state with an urban population of 19.08 million in 1991. The level of urbanisation of34.15 per cent is significantly higher than the all India average of 26 per cent, and only ne4 toMaharashtra and Gujarat being 38.69 and 34.49 per cent respectively.

t.2 Traditionally Tamil Nadu is one of the well-developed states in terms of industrial development. TamilNadu accounts for nearly one fourth of the spinning capacity in the country, one fifth of cement, causticsoda and nitrogenous fertilisers and one tenth of the country's production of sugar, cycle, calcium carbideand finished leather goods. The state is an important exporter of tea, coffee, spices, engineering goods,tobacco and leather goods. Limestone, magnesite, mica, quartz, felspar, salt, bauxite, llgriite and-gipsumare sorne of the minerals found in the state. In the post liberalisation era, the state is emerging ajone ofthe front-runners by attracting a large number of investment proposals into a large spectruir o:f actiuities,especially in some key areas, like core infrastructure comprising power, transport and communications, andmanufacturing

1.3 This paper seeks to stimulate consideration of the emerging urbanisation pattern, as a result ofchanges that are taking place in demography, economic activities in the wake of lit'eralisation, and moreimportantly the spatial growth across the state of Tamil Nadu. The paper raises issues of concerns in fourbroad areas, namely, spatial manifestation, infrastructure, environment, and urban governance andmanagement for consideration, and setting a new strategic approach to the future of urbanisation. Withinthis context, there is an increasing need for research to help, solve problems that have arisen, and to helpforestall those that are likely to arise in the future. We need both a grasp of the current conditions and acomprehension of the patterns of change and the.factors contributing for such patterns for adoption ofeffective rneasures, and setting a new strategic approach to the future of urbanisation.

rtrtm[$Hurunuat r27

Tamil Nadu

rr",*IltF-"sJ"-rJ,"!j'$"-u"["T"ffi"1$lllp*!h"-I"H!!p,$-.t!Lg*lss"ul!-

Level and Trend of Urbanisation

z.t The 1991 census shows that Tamil Nadu has a relatively large urban population of 19.08 million,

with level of urbanisation of 34.15 per cent, spread over 469 towns or 260 urban agglomerations/towns

consisting of 26 Class I, 41 Class II, 68 ClasS III, 81 Class IV, 37 Class V and 7 clasS VI towns' Among the

larger urban agglomerations, Cnennai, the capital city of the state, accounts for a population of 5'4 million

which is about ZB per cent of the state's total urban population, indicating its pre-eminence in the urban

scenario of the state. coimbatore, one of the fast growing industrial cities is another urban agglomeration

in the state with a poputation of 1.10 million. lhe other major urban agglomerations include Madurai (1'08

mittion;, Tiruchirappatii (0.71 million) and Salem (0.58 million). The Class I and II towns jointly hold 81 per

cent of urban population of the stite while the lower categories of towns in the size class of less than

50,000 population account for only 19 per cent of the state's urban population. In the more urbanised

states such as Maharashtra and Gujarat, the corresponding figures are 84 per cent and 79 per cent

respectively for urban population in Class I and II towns together. Tamil Nadu closely follows Maharashtra

in this phenomenon.

Z.Z While the urban population has increased six-fold during 1901 to 1991, the number of urban

setflements has rncreased fifteen times. This indicates a more dispersed urban population among the larger

number of setflements rn the state. In addition, over 600 Town Panchayats, described as 'transition areas'

in tne Z+,n Constitution Amendment have been brought under the Municipalities Act in 1994, and this may

have caused further increase in the level of the state's urban population to nearly 40 per cent. Estimates

show that about 30 per cent of the urban population of the state lie below the poverty line.

Urban Population Growth

2.3 Tamil Nadu's urban growth was faster than the national level during the early decades of the

century, but this trend has significantly changed especially in the last two census decades. The rural-urban

growth differential provides an indication as to the extent of the slowing down of urban growth relative to

iural growth. While the urban - rural growth differential in Tamil Nadu was 33.73 in 195f it declined to

6.4g i; 1991. At the national level, the comparative figures were 32.63 and 16.46, indicating a much faster

decline in the growth rate in the case of Tamil Nadu. While growth rates have slowed down even at the

national level between 1981-91, the declining trend is much more significant in case of Tamil Nadu, with

27.98 per cent growth rate during 1971-81 and 19.28 per cent during 1981-91, as against 46.39 per ceni

and 36.47 per cent respectively at the All-India level (Table 3'1).

Table 3.1: Urban Population Growth in India and Tamil Nadu

41.4226.415c,.25

46.3936.47

4t.7522.5938.6427.9819.28

Source: Census of fndia, 7987 and 7997

* Includes pdected population of Assant*+ Includes projected population of Jamnu atd Kashnir

?? 7?

74.2022.2915.036.48

32.635.77

t6.3726.7rt6.46

62.4478.94

109.11159.46x217.6r**

128 IIIT FUIUNI OT URBAITISAII|tII

TamilNadu

2'4 During 1981-91, Tamil Nadu had the least growth rate (19,28%) of urban population among thestates in India. Table 3.2 gives growth rates over the period 1971 to 1991 for urban agglomerations/townsbelonging to different size classes in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Andhra pradesh.The growth trend in the six classes of towns in Tamil Nadu is similar to the decadat growth of urbanpopulation during 1971-81 and 1981-91. Unlike in the other four states, the declining trend in the growthrate of Tamil Nadu is clearly visible.

Table 3.2: Class-wise Urban Growth Ratqs in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujaratand Andhra Pradesh

Year 7t-BL 81-91 71-81 81-91 71-81 81-91 7t-81 81-91 7t-8r 8r-91I 31.9 20.7 58.5 42.t 48.8 43.4 67.L 52.9 65.2 77.5II 24.1 14.1 47.2 47.3 19.9 51.4 32.9 t7.3 79.8 11.3UI 25.7 14.4 39.4 28.7 39.6 31.5 19.8 5.4 45.9 13.4ry 20.8 15.9 32.t (-)27.3 3.6 (-)0s.3 12.8 0.7 -15.5 (-)36.8

t7.2 18.5 35.4 (-)0s.9 (-)23.4 -\07.2 (-)21.1 -)13.0 -30.2 (-)47.4VI 26.4 29.5 29.7 G)23.4 16.9 (-)39,1 29.5 32.7 -4.0 41.9

Source: Census of fndia, 7977, 7987 and 7991

2.5 These changes however do not tell the whole story. In absolute term as well as level of urbanisationTamil Nadu continues to be high. Significant variations, also, exist within each class size and between therespective decades. Class I cities such as Tiruppur and Erode recorded the fastest growth. Tiruppur UAgrew at a rate of 42.83 per cent during 1971-81 and 41.55 per cent during 1981-91, while Erode UA grewat a rate of 62.72 per cent during 1971-81, and 29.51 per cent during 1981-91. Other cities such asTuticorin grew fast during 1971-81 with 37.80 per cent growth rate, which declined to 13,37 per centduring 1981-91. Even certain large and medium towns such as Sivakasi, Arakonam, Kovilpati andTiruchengode grew consistently fast. Some small towns, such as Neyveli and Rameshwaram experiencedfaster growth,

2'6 Decadal growth rates of metropolitan cities (Chennai, Coimbatore and Madurai) which were very high(25o/o-35o/o) in 1971-81 have slowed down (20%-25%) in 1981-91, In most of the other urbanagglomerations, the growth rate is much less than 20 per cent with the exceptions of Tiruppur (42o/o) andErode (29.5%) during 1981-91.

ComponenB of Urban Growth

2.7 An examination of the three components of urban growth, namely, natural increase, net migrationand areal reclassification may provide the explanation for such a trend in Tamil Nadu. The contribution ofnatural increase appears to have increased considerably in the last decade as compared to the earlierdecades. The contribution of natural increase was 92.44 per cent during the decade 1981-91, as against61.13 per cent in 1971-81 and 72.48 per cent in 1961-71. The contribution of net migration in urbanpopulation growth during 1981-91 is on the negative side in Tamil Nadu being (-) 2.3to/o, therebyindicating a large volume of out-migration than in-migration to the urban areas during 1981-91. Thecontribution of the third factor, namely, areal reclassification towards urban population growth, however,shows wide fluctuations over three decades (Table 3.3).

IIII IUIUNT OT UNBATISATI||II t29

Tamil Nadu

Table 3.3: percentage Share of Natural Increa$e, Net Migration and Areal Reclassification in

Urban Population Growth in Tamil Nadu

Pattern of Urbanisation

Z.B The number of Class I cities has increased from 16 in 1971 to 26 in 1991. These 26 cities account for

two-thirds of the urban population of the state, while the Chennai Urban Agglomeration alone accounts for

2g per cent in 1991. Although the number of Class II and III towns have also increased in 1991, the share

in t'he total urban population fras decreased in both Classes of towns as compared to 1981. Class IV, V and

VI towns show a decline in both the number and in the share of urban population. This pattern is broadly

similar to India as a whole - reflecting a general trend towards concentration of population in the Class I

cities (Table 3.4).

Table 3.4: Tamil Nadu Urban Population by Size Class (1971-91)

T IO ZU lo 57.72 6?..27 66.53 37.90 26.44

II 28 37 4t 14.22 15.95 14.68 43.77 13.55

III 56 63 6B 15.11 t2.5r 10.91 5.99 5.7t

IV 86 82 Q1 9.89 7.39 6.27 (-)4.3e (-)t.2e

43 37 37 2.7t r.7t 1.46 -)16.64 -)7.09

VI 11 6 0.35 0.L7 0.15 (-)4s.37 29,45

Total 240 z4s 260 100.00 100.00 100.00 27.98 19.28Source: Census of India, 7987, fndia, Part II'A(i), A seies

Census of India, 7997, fndia, Paper of 7997, Provisional Population Totals

Z.g Three of the cities (Chennai, Coimbatore and Madurai) have population exceeding one million in

terms of the urban agglomerations. Chennai is the super-metropolitan city of the state and will continue toattract more population. It has maintained its primacy among the three metropolitan cities in Tamil Nadu.

Tiruchirappalli and Salem are likely to join the metropolitan status by 2021 AD. These five cities will

continue to dominate the urban scene of Tamil Nadu.

2.10 The pattern of urbanisation in the state also seems to be emerging through large-scale

industrialisation on a transpoft corridor across the nofthern part of the state, which consists of large urban

agglomerations like Chennai, Salem, and Coimbatore. This corridor accounts for the bulk of the urbanpopulation (60 o/o including Chennai) of the state, as per 1991 Census.

Natural Increase(-) 2.31

isation in India, Occasional Paper No'l'

130 ilrrwutetetu$rot

TamilNadu

Urban Growth - Concentration and Dispersal

2'11 The phenomenon of increasing concentration of urban population in cities in Tamil Nadu follows theP!9111 trend. According to the_,1991 census, the percentage of the urban poputation tiving iri cta:;I citiesis 66'53 per cent' Even within class I cities, almosi 5o per ient of the urban population is in the 1ve majorcities of Chennai, Coimbatorg Tiruchirappalli, Madurai and Salem, In addition, these urban agglomerationshave assumed an increasingly important role. This may be attributable to the location of industriat andother economic activities collng-up in the fringe areas of these large cities, resulting in the expanslon ofthe boundaries of cities. Table 3,5 sum'marises the concentration-facd;mong various size classes ofcities/towns.

Table 3.5: urban Population Accordlng to size class: A comparison (1961-91)

* Excluding Assam and J & K where no census was herd in rggl and 1gg1 respectivelyNote: cities: > 1,04000; Large tovws: se000-99,999; Medium towns: 2qooo-+s,sis; snatt towns: < 20,000

District-wlse Urban Growth and Level of Urbanisation2.12 Tamil Nadu has now 29 districts, in place of 21 districts as per 1991 Census, with change in names insome of the districts. However, for the purposes of analysis in this repoft, we have useO tggf Censuscontaining 21 districts for comparability of data with earlier censuses. A'detailed analysis of urban growthrates across the districts shows that the less urbanised districts grew faster, such as Dharmapuri (iZiZvo),Pudukottai (23'97o/o), and Periyar (25.94o/o), where growth ratis were reiatively nigher wiih low level ofurbanisation. ChengaFAnna district recorded the fastest growth rate of 48.32 pei cent in 1991. Coimbatoreis the most urbanised district while Dharmapuri the least urbanised (Table 3.6) (Map 3.1).

Population ProJections

2'13 According to the Population Projections for India and States (1996-2016) by the Registrar Generat,India, the urban population in Tamil Nadu is projected to be 22.94 miltion in 200i ancl 2g.69 million in 2016with the proportion of urban population to total population being 36.85 and 41.06 per cent respearvery.Based on the growth trend during 2011-16, the totalpopulation in zOzt is anticipated as72.26 million witn30.7'1 million urban population by 2021 constituting 42.54 per cent of the total population (Table 3.7).These projections are based on components of growth of population and may be taien as trind - baseddemographic projections. The impact of the economic arowth in the wake of economic liberalisation, iftaken into consideration, is likely to accentuate the urban population growth and level of urbanisationfurther. In the absence of any other source, the study has reiied on the Sbove population projections. ThepCIected urban population may, therefore, be taken as conservative figures only.

Source: Census of fndia, 7991, Emerging fr

Ttrfffmmrfiniltttrfl0t 131

TamilNadu

Table 3.5: District-wise urban Growth and Level of urbanisaton in Tamil Nadu' 1981'91

Source: Census of India 7997

LoU - Level af Urbatlisatiotl

Table 3.7: Urban Population Projections in Tamil Nadu lor 2A2L

Source: 7. Census of India 79972. Registrar Genera[ fndia (tgg6), Population Proiections for India and Shtes 1996'2076

* Conputed on the basis of growth-trcnd assuned tturing 2011-2016

2.14 The projections for urbanisation level at the district level as well as population size for Class I, II ancl

III cities and iowns by 2021 have been made, based on the 1981-91 growth rates, as no other source is

available. It is anticipated that by 2021 AD, 19 more towns will be elevated to Class I category making a

total of 44 Class I cities. Tiruchirappalli will become a metropolitan city, increasing the total number of

metropolitan cities to 4 in the state (Map 3.2).

1 Chennai 100.00 L7.24 100.00

2 Chengai 38.93 48.32 44.87

3 North Arcot 30.80 18.43 31.71

4 South Arcot 15.70 16.53 15.76

9.37 23.23 9.505 Dharmapuri

6 Salem 28.93 14.10 79.L6

7 Coimbatore 50.46 19,48 52.59

8 Perryar 22.0L 25.94 24.7t

9 Nilqiri 48.85 14.81 49.76

Lu Madurai 43,93 16.76 44.70

11 Tiruchirappalli 26.r3 16.65 26.60

12 Thanjavur 23.06 10.93 22.94

13 Pudukkottai 13.28 23.97 14.35

L4 RamanathaDuram 2L.tt 19.63 21.83

15 Tirunelveli 31.62 12.53 31.70

IO Kanyakumari L7.25 10.01 16.88

t7 Tiruvannamalai 11.54 L7.92 11.89

18 Dindisul 21.62 11.45 2t.4t

19 Pasumpon Thevar Thirumagan -

26.09 14.43 26.91

20 Kamarajar 35.17 24.20 37.42

27 Chidambaranar 39.60 12.13 41.19

Tamil Nadu 32.95 19.59 34.15

India 23.34 36.09 25.72

TamilNadu

Level of Urbanisation at District Level -2O272.15 Trend-based projections indicate that the level of urbanisatbn of the following districts will changefrom their existing range in the level of urbanisation in 1991 to higher range of the level of urbanisation by2021. The Table 3.8 places the districts in various ranges of level of urbanisation as per 1991 Census whileTable 3.9 according to the level ol' urbanisation as projected for 2021 AD.

D Pudukkottai district from the range of 'up to 15olo' level of urbanisation witl chanoe'I5o/o-25o/o'.

to the range of

O Periyar, Dindigul and Thanjayur districts from the range of 'L5o/o-25o/o' level of urbanisation willchange to the range of'25o/o-35oh'.

o Chengai Anna, Kamarajar, Madurai and Chidambaranar districts from the range of level ofurbanisation of'35o/o-45o/o'will change to the range of '45o/o-L00o/o'.

Map 3.2 indicates the districts changing the range in the level of urbanisation during the period 1991-2021.

Table 3.8: Level of Urbanisation by Districts - 1991

Dharma Tiruvannamalai, PudukkottaiSouth Arcot, Periya r, Dind igul, Thanjayur, Ra rn-anatnapuram, KanvakrrnariNorth Arcot, Salem, Tiruch i rappalli, pasumpon fnevir-nirumagan]ir;;ileliKattabomman

i Anna, Kamarajar, Chidambaranar, MaduraiChennai, Nilqiri, Coimbato

LoU = Level of Urbanisation

Table 3.9: Level of Urbanisation by Districts -2021

Dharma TiruvannamalaiSouth Arcot, Ra manathapu rEm, Kanyakumari, pudukkottaiNorthArcot,Salem,Tiruchirappa||i,Pasumpon@Kattabomman, Dindigul, Thanjavur, perivar

Ch.n nu i, N i I g iri, Coi rbutor., Mud r r. i, Chin g. il*il ki r.r.jrr,Ti idilEili..

iltt FUIURI 0r uiEAItsAIt0ll r55

Tamil Nadu

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Industrial PolicY

3.1 With a view to have a balanced regional growth, the state has been promoting industrialisation in the

backward areas by developing industrial estates and a number of steps have been taken to boost the

development of industry in thi state. In the last few years, new incentives, which include loan of capital

and tax rebates, have been announced and all procedur:es simplified. These moves have resulted in the

location of major industries outside larger metropolitan and other urban centres. Development of industrial

estates and industrial townships is one of the mechanisms adopted by the state to achieve decentralisation

of industries to encourage location of industries in the backward areas. The developed plots in these areas

is offered to entrepreneurs with loans, tax rebates and technical assistance. Common facilities are provided

in these estates for the benefit of entrepreneurs. Examples of such centres are Ranipet, Hosur, Navalpattu

and Chithode.

3.2 Earlier higher priority was accorded by the state to develop Coimbatore, Madurai, Tiruchirappalli and

Salem as counter-magnets to Chennai and public investments tertdecl to locate in them. This was followed

by development of other medium size cities such as Tirunelveli, Erode, Vellore, Tiruppur and Tuticorin. A

number of public sector undertakings got located in the state. Impoftant among them are Neyveli Lignite

Corporation, Integral Coach Factory, High Pressure Boiler Plant, llindustan Teleprinters, Hindustan Photo

Films, Madras Refineries, Madras Fertilisers, Heavy Vehicles Factory and Pualur Paper Factory'

Ind ustrial Estates/G rowth Centres

3.3 The state government is setting up industrial growth centres and parks with a view to attracting

investments in industries. The following industrial estates/growth centres have been developed/proposed

by the state public sector undertakings, such as, TIDCO, SIPCOT, SIDCO and ELCOT etc. The Tamil Nadu

Industrial Investment Corporation and Tamil Nadu Infrastructure Corporation are playing key role in this

process.

O lrtdustrial Estates: Ranipet, Hosur, Manamadurai, Pudukottai, Tuticorin, Gummidipoondi, Cuddalore,

Irugattukottai, Varadharajapuram, Nilakottai and Bargur.

D Growth Centres: Tirunelveli, Poonrpuhar, Erode, Perunclurai, Gangaikondan and Oragadam.

3.4 The state has initiated the process of acquiring about 15,000 hectares of land for setting up industrial

growth centres and parks. It is also rn the process of setting up an Expott Promotion Industrial Park at

Gummidipoondi at a cost of Rs. 20 crore.

3.5 Small Industries Development Corporation Limited (SIDCO) has been promoting and developing

small-scale industries all over the state, especially in the backwarcl areas, by stimulating entrepreneurship.

It has been reported that SIDCO has established 73 industrial estates and proposes to develop 50 more

industrial estates bY 2002'

L34 iltt turunt 0t unEAlllsAll0ll

Tamil Nadu

Industrial Development and Urban Growth

3.6 Traditionally Tamil Nadu is one of the well-developed states in terms of industrial development.The industrial development pattern discernible in the state is highliglrted below;

D Engineering industries are concentrated in Chennai, Coimbatore, Salem and Tiruppur.

D The state has a leading position in the manufacture of cotton textile in India and contributes tomore than 25 per cent of the country's exports of cotton yarn and fabrics. The textile mills are inseveral locations but Coimbatore, Erode, Karur, Tiruppur, Bhavani and Salem are the main centres.

D The state has a dominant presence in the leather and leather-based industries. The state accountsfor more than 45 per cent of the country's expoft of leather and leather-related products.

O Approximately 21 per cent of India's exports of ready-macle garments are from Tamil Nadu. Thetwo main centres are Chennai and Tiruppur. In fact, Tiruppur has emerged as a major industrialcentre.

D Madurai - Dindigul belt is for growth of agro-based industries of fruits and vegetables andfloriculture around Coimbatore, Dharmapuri and the Nilgiris.

O An important element of the food processing industry is the marine product segment in the coastalbelt.

O The state has a strong base in the chemical industry. Manali in the outskirts of Chennai hasemerged as a major petrochemical complex. Major chemical and fertilizer plants have also beenestablished at Cuddalore and Tuticorin.

3.7 Several large-scale industries are located in the three clistricts of Chennai, Chengalpattu, andCoimbatore. They are also the thrce most urbanised districts. Another feature of these urbanised districts interms of their functional specialisation as industry indicates that these districts experienced much morerapid growth during the decade 1981-91 when compared to those districts whose economies areagriculture-based (such as Thanjavur). This suggests that urbanisation process is taking place throughindustrialisation.

Industrial Locations

3.8 Broadly, the present industrial locations in the state fall into the following three categories:(1) Locations within the core metropolitan cities - namely export-oriented and electronic Aoods production;(2) Outside core city but within urban agglomerations limits - mainly large industries; and (3) Those thatare located into new areas, specially in backward areas or in rural areas, requiring infrastructure facilities.Hosur, Ranipet and Manamadurai are examples of this category. Attempts are being made to developPudukottai, Cuddalore and Gummidipoondi as industrial towns with major industrial complexes,

New Investments

3.9 With liberalisation of economy and opening up of the state to rapid industrialisation, urban areas arelikely to have a greater flow of rcsources from private sector and multinationals apart from public sectorinvestments. According to CMIE data, the total investments in Tamil Nadu in infrastructure, manufacturing,service and others, as of March 1999, was Rs. 1,12,148 crore wofth fresh investments. Out of the above 46per cent investment (Rs. 51,258 crore) was for infrastructure such as power, road, shipping, airways andtelecom and 41 per cent for manufacturing and remaining 13 per cent for 'service and others'. The statusof the projects indicates that out of 284 projects, 105 have been completed, 114 are under implementation,

IllI fuTult 0tu8lNil$ilot| 135

and 65 are at proposal stage. Investments seem to be clustering in the coastal districts of the state.

Chennai together with Chengalpattu district have attracted the largest share of total investments ininfrastructure, manufacturing, service and others, accounting for 32 per cent followed by Thanjavur 21 per

cent, South Arcot 15 per cent, Tirunelveli 10 per cent and Tiruchirappalli 8 per cent, all accounting for 78per cent of the total investments. As regad investnents in manufacturing is concerned; the same pattern

as for total investment in infrastructure and manufacturing is discernible. Here also the major share goes toChengalpattu and Chennai (38o/o), Thanjavur (30%), South Arcot (11%) Chidambaranar (6%). Thus 75 per

cent of the investments again have preference for,the coastal districts. As far infrastructure investmentsare concerned, the major share again Eoes to coastal districts- Chengalpattu (L9o/o), Chennai (13%), SouthArcot (17.55Vo), Tirunelveli (Z2o/o), aggregating to72 per cent (Table 3.10 and 3.11) (Map 3.3).

Table 3.10: Investments Proposed in Tamil Nadu in Infrastructure, Manufacturing andService, 19!X)

(cost Rs. in crore)

I Chengalpattu 976t.3t 19.04 16015.22 35.17 1326.90 8.54 27L03.43 24.L7

2 Coimbatore 706.30 i.38 577.57 1.27 1461.60 9.52 2745.47 2.45

3 Dharmapuri 184.00 0.36 501.10 1.10 0 685.10 0.614 Dindisul 0 0 28.00 0.06 0 0 28.00 0.025 Kamarajar 0 0 200.00 4.44 0 0 200.00 0.18

6 Kanniyakumari 0 0 400.00 0.88 0 0 400.00 0.367 Chidambaranar 3349.50 6.53 2732.L0 6.00 0 0 6081,60 5.42I Chennai 67t5.74 13.1 12s6.98 2.76 L344.42 8.76 9317.14 8,31a Madurai 1182.81 2.31 614.96 1.35 5.00 0.03 t802.77 1.61

10 Nilqiri U 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0.0011 North Arcot 0 0 285.00 0.63 0 n 285.00 0.25t2 Pasumpon

MuthuramalingaU n 37.99 0.08 n n 37.99 0.03

13 Periyar 63.85 0.12 397.85 0.87 35.55 0,23 497.25 0.44L4 Pudukkottai 0 n 9.00 0.02 0 0 9.00 0.01

15 Ramanathapuram

0 0 0 0.00 U 0 0,00 0.00

16 Salem 362.50 0.71 971.80 2.t3 n 1334,30 1.19.11

South Arcot 899s.93 17.55 5190.84 11.40 3144,00 20.48 t7330.77 15.45

18 Thanjavur 1608.50 3.14 13884.90 30.49 8000.00 52.11 23493,40 20.95

IY Tiruchirappalli 6913.81 13,49 2247.02 4.94 0 0 9160.83 8.17

20 Tirunelveli 11413,30 22.27 81.71 0.18 n 0 11495.01 10.25

27 Tiruvannamalai 0 0 105.52 u,z5 35,00 0.23 140.52 0.13

Total s1257.55 100.00 45537.56 100.00 15352.47 100.00 112147.58 100.00Source: CAPEX Guide to New Business Opportunities, CMIE, March 1999, as obtained from the Ministy of

136

fndustry

iltt tuluRt 0l uRBAiltsAll0ll

Tamil Nadu

I Chengalpattu 26 24 10 OU

2 Coimbatore 15 8 7 2n3 Dharmapuri 3 4 L44 Dindigul Anna 1 1 0 25 Kamarajar I 0 n 1

Kanniyakumari 0 0 I 1Chidambaranar 5 2 7 t4

8 Chennai 27 27 10 64Y Madurai 1 L4IU Nilgiri 0 0 U U11 Nofth Arcot 0 6 1 7L2 Pasumpton 0 2 0 213 Periyar 5 6 1 LZt4 Pudukkottai I 0 0 115 Ramanathapuram 0 0 0 016 Salem 4 3 2 977 South Arcot 6 4 I 1818 Thanjavur 2 1 2 519 Tiruchirappalli 6 4 9 1920 Tirunelveli 5 2 1 R

2t Tiruvan na malai 1 1 1 5Total 114 105 65 284

Table 3.11: Status of Projects

Source: CAPEX Guide to New Business OpportuIndustry

ilII TUIURI |lT URBAIIISAII|lX t37

TamilNadu

ru. sPlTl[l lrlllll]tsilrlolls 0f tc0!0-lllF 0n0wu...". -.-..-..,"-

A" PRESENT SPATIAL PATTERN

4.1 In terms of level of urbanisation as of 199i, Tamil Nadu can be broadly classified into five^groups: (i)

Chennai-Chengalpattu region: highly urbanised and industrialised, (ii) North-West part (Nilgiri-Coimbatore

districts): niqhly urbaniiea ani industrialised region; (itl) Central part (Salem-Tiruchirappalli districts):

medium urbinised(iv) Southern part (Madurai-Kamarajar-Chidambaranar districts): medium urbanisedand

(v) Tirunelveli- Pasumpon districts: medium urbanised (Map 3.L)'

Transport Corridors

4.2 A number of transport corridors have emerged in Tamil Nadu, They are characterised by their

centrality and linking up metropolitan and large cities, higher level of resource base, large number of

industries, and a constellation of urban centres of varying sizes and growth rates. The concentration of

population along the corridors has increased by more than 40 per cent between 1981-91. Such corridors

have attained over years specialisation and economies of scale ancl have begun to form clusters but do not

enjoy the spatial as well as inter-industry linkages. These transport corridors include:

1. Chennai - Coimbatore Corridor

2. Chennai - Madurai Corridor

3. Madurai - Kanyakumari Corridor

4. Tiruchirappalli - Villupuram Corridor

5. Coimbatore - Dindigul Corridor

6. Madurai - Shencottah Corridor

7. Tirunelveli - Tuticorin Corridor

4.3 The Ninth Five-Year Plan (1997-2002) envisages upgradation of National Highways on the Golden

euadrangle, linking Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Calcutta. Development of North-South and East - West

cbrridors- are proposed to be incorporated in the existing alignment of the Golden Quadrangle

supplemented by extensions along North-South and East-West extremities. The portions of the above high-

density corridors falling in Tamil Nadu include Chennai-Krishnagiri to Bangalore and Krishnagiri-Salem-

Dindigul-Madurai-Kanyakumari. There would also be a need for high-speed expressway to carry high traffic

volumes on select sections in a longer perspective, such as 2021 AD. One such expressway is anticipated

between Chennai-Dindigul-Madurai. The above proposals have been shown on Map 3.5.

4.4 What is discernible in these corridors is a clustered pattern of urban settlements, where small and

medium towns are clustered around the following metropolitan and large cities developing as 'Nodes'on

the transDort corridor.

(4) Tiruchi(8) Vellore

(1)(s)(s)

Chennai (2) CoimbatoreSalem (6) TirunelveliTiruppur ( 10) Tuticorin

(3) Madurai(7) Erode

138 T[t FUrUnt 0r unBNlFlrloil

TamilNadu

B. EMERGING URBAN CORRIDORS

4.5 trt is anticipated that by 2021, the level of urbanisation in Chengalpattu district in the shadow ofChennai (100o/o urbanised) in the north east will increase to about 69 per cent, followed by Coimbatore(60%) and Nilgiri (53%) districts in the north west. Another group of 3 districts - Madurai, Kamarajar andChidambarnar in southern part of the state will get urbanised above the state average of 43 per cent by2021. This will be followed by Salem and Tiruchirappalli districts in the central paft of the state.

4.6 This study having taken into consideration the transport corridors, clustering of major urban centresemerging as 'Nodes', investments flowing both in infrastructure and manufacturing sectors in variousdistricts of the state together with the anticipated urbanisation level of the districts and anticipated growthof cities in the state by 2021 AD, juxtaposed with location of industrial estates and growth centres,suggests the following emerging spatial pattern in the state (Map 3.5). The population of urban corridorsare given in Table 3,12 and administrative status in Table 3.13.

d Coimbatore - Tiruppur - Salem - Vellore - Chennai lJrban Corridor: This corridor is similar to the oneproposed by the Registrar General/NATMO from Coimbatore - Salem. However, this will qetextended to Bangalore along the transport corridor.

J Coastal Tamil Nadu Urban Coridor: This corridor is identical to the Registrar General/NATMO,sidentified urban corridor.

Table 3.12: Population of Urban Corridors

I Chennai - Krishnagiri - Hosur 69,35,s48 36.35 7,33,36,374 43.382 Coimbatore - Erode - Salem -

Krishnagiri(excluding Krishnagiri)

30,99,209 t6.24 57,51,170 18.71

3 Coastal Corridor - I (Chennai -Cuddalore - Tanjavur -Karaikudi) (excluding Chennai)

15,49,789 8.12 22,09,gtg 7.t9

4 Coastal Corridor - II (Tuticorin- Nagarcoil) 7,00,316 3.67 10,40,923 3.39

Total t,22,84,862 64.38 2,23,38,185 72.67Source: Census of fndiax Projected

4.7 In addition to the above, the following UrbanisingTiruchirappalli covering part of the districts of Tirunelveli,foci of the reoion.

Region is also emerging: Tirunelveli-Madurai-Madurai and Tiruchirappalli with Madurai as the

Tlll ;uilnt 0t uRBAlilsAIt0tl 139

TamilNadu

shortfall as well as provide new urban infrastructure services in the urbanising areas. It is against this

background, there is a need to identify the dirnensions of the problems.

5,11 The 74h Constitution Amendment envisages significant devolution of powers to urban local bodies.

The spirit of the Amendment seeks to achieve a paradigm shift in the role of an urban local body from thatof a constrained and indifferent service provider to a more responsive developer of urban infrastructure.The urban local bodies responsible for provision of urban infrastructure services have treated the services

as public seruices. Cost recovery and user charges have often been inadequate to cover O&M expenditures,let alone debt servicing. This coupled with limited revenue raising potential of local bodies has led to asituation of increasing shortfalls in service delivery. The progressive transfer of the powers andresponsibilities of the local bodies to a multiplicity of the agencies in the provision of infrastructure services

have further aggravated the situation.

5.12 There have been several initiatives in the state to encourage private sector participation in providing

urban infrastructure services. The Municipal Urban Development Fund (MUDF), component of World Bank

assisted TNUDP has been restructured to create a public-private partnership for financing urbaninfrastructure. The Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board used 'operation andmanagement'contracts for the operations and maintenance oF 14 sewage pumping stations in 1992. Thiswas followed by an additional 61 pumping stations, the operation and maintenance of 4 water bore holes,

and operation and management contract for a new water treatment plant. The private sector initiatives in

urban water supply has been successful in Tiruppur, where various urban infrastructure services have also

been contracted out to private companies and community groups.

Level of Urban Services

5.13 Water supplies vary from 34 lpcd in Town Panchayats to 74 lpcd in Corporauons, significantly belowthe norm of 70 lpcd for Town Panchayats and 110 lpcd for Corporations. Only 57 per cent population in

Corporation areas, 32 per cent in Municipalities and 16 per cent in Town Panchayats have access to safe

sanitation. Although 70 per cent of solid waste generated is collected, most local bodies do not haveorganised disposal facilities. Less than 50 per cent of the roads are provided with storm water drains.

Sources of Finance for Infrastructure and Services

5.14 The financial position of the urban local bodies is weak. With increasing population pressure, the local

bodies have undertaken several major schemes of water supply and drainage by obtaining loans from LIC

and the government. The loan is raised by TWAD Board on behalf of the local bodies on state governmentguarantee. For municipalities and town panchayats comprising medium and small towns, financial

assistance is available from the Centre and state under the IDSMT and IUDP schemes.

5.15 The Tamil Nadu Urban Development Fund (TNUDF) has been set up for improving basic services

such as drinking water supply cum sewerage schemes, shopping complexes, and transpoft in all urban local

bodies of Tamil Nadu. It is being managed by the Assets Management Company (AMC) with theparticipation of ICICI, HDFC, IL&FS and the state government. The role of TNUDF is to:

O Fund urban infrastructure projects

D Facilitate private sector participation in infrastructure through joint venture and public-private

partnerships

O Operate a complementary window- the Grant Fund, for addressing the problems of the urban poor

L44 IIIT FUTUff OT URBAIIISAIIOII

TanilNadu

5.30 The World Bank has flnanced water supply and sanitation pqects for Chennai Metropolitan Area ancl

several other cities such as Madurai, Coimbatore and Salem, However, sewerage system has not received

the due priority it deserves. Given the high levels of water-borne diseases in Tamil Nadu, water supply

systems need [o be linked with parallel wastewater collection and disposal systems. All the waterways in

Chennai have now reached a stage of extreme pollution. Steps taken on its improvement will have a major

impact on other environmental issues, such as coastal pollution and recreational facility etc. Likewise, solid

waste management also assumes urgency in view of higher population densities particularly in large cities.

NGOs like EXNOM have been helping in getting waste from houses to roadside bins and garbage disposal

sites, Hospital waste is extremely hazardous and need proper collection, treatment and disposal'

53L fndustrial waste: There are altogether 3,226 industries in the state but wastewater data isavailable only for 2,115 industries. Of these t,522 are small, 388 medium and 205 large-scale units. The

large industries generate more than 85 per cent of the effluents per day, whereas the medium and small

industries contribute the remaining 15 per cent. More than 36 per cent of wastewater is generated by fourthermal plants. Chemical industries contribute more than 11 per cent of discharges of which nearly 91 per

cent is generated by 25 large industries alone. Only 65 per cent of the waste from the large chemical

industries are treated. Several industries are located in the three districts of Vellore, Chengalpattu and

Chennai. Most of these industries do not have waste treatment facilities. Effluents end up in the land

causing pollution of the soil and groundwater. The Palar river which serves as a drinking water source formany urban areas including Chennai city is now getting polluted.

5.32 Much of the effluent generated by petrochemicals, oil refineries, textile, dye, chemical, thermal, steel

and spinning mills, cements, tanneries, are discharged untreated. The same problem exists for mediumindustries like fertilisers, pharmaceuticals, textiles etc. Noyyal river carries untreated sewage and industrialeffluents from the towns of Coimbatore and Tiruppur. With no fresh water for dilution, the untreatedsewage and effluents severely contaminate ground water. Nearly 90 mld of water is used and discharged

from the dyeing and bleaching industry. Major towns along Cauvery river also discharge their untreatedsewage into the river. The quantity of wastewater from tanneries is of the order of 87,600 cum per day

thereby contributing to heavy pollution load. Bhawani, a perennial river coursing through Coimbatore and

Erode is threatened by industrial waste. In order to control pollution from tanneries and textile-dyeingunits, 51 Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) - 28 for tanneries and 23 for textile-dyeing, wereproposed in the Eighth Five Year Plan but only 11 CETPs for tanneries were installed.

Air Pollution

Ambient Air Quality

5.33 Available information indicates that dust and suspended pafticulate matter (SPM) are dominantfactors of air pollution in cities. The industrial emissions and vehicular exhausts are major sources ofpollution. Sulphur dioxide and suspended particulate matter are the result of burning of fossil fuels.

Industries contribute sulphur-dioxide and suspended particulate matter emissions. Vehicles using petrol

emit oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and lead, whereas sulphur dioxide, oxides ofnitrogen and particulates emanate from diesel-based vehicles. These pollutants cause adverse health effect.

5.34 In Chennai, a total vehicular emission is 297 tonnes per day. Carbon monoxide emissions are

maximum due to four wheelers followed by two wheelers. The Central Pollution Control Board data on

ambient air quality during 1987-95 indicate that in Chennai, the levels of sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen

and SPM are quite high in both residential and industrial areas. The thermal power plant of Chennai also

contributes to the high level of air pollution. SPM in residential areas of Tiruchirappalli exceed the

IIIt fUIURT |l; URBAIIISAIIOII r47

IIIT FUIUNI OT UREAIIISATIOII L49

Tamrl/iadu

rermissible levels, Despite the limited data on vehhular emissions, there are indications thar manygeCOndary Citieg tOo are affectod by vehicular pollution due to consestion as in Tiruppur, Kodaikanar,Coimbatore and Madurai.

Coastal Zone

5.35 Tamil Nadu has a 1000 km coastline. Petrochemical

FUTURE OF URBANISATION STUDY

KARNATAKA

ANDHBAPRADESH

14 1

ERHY *

LqGEND

Stale Soundary

Distri.jt Eoundary

State Capital

District Headquarler

Nalional Highway

DICHERFIY(u.r.)

O--rl. t .',,' ^"..-...: .t:-.. :....,.:: :

,.r_rL,i\$s, F,ttjhi. ;i1r

zLIJ

In

rL

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:r jll{ ill

--1. li-:.., l

Nnla: r itctlt: l| iieakcln;if|!lr. ;t f.ri3t.i.ls irill.! l.

l}-]1: i;n:]e $ l".C.l.J.

lMAP 3.2

I .,uTi*' llA#l- KILOIiIETRE

cer.rrne ron IPOLICY RESEARCH

^I

aa

J

E.ulY

INDIAN OCEAN

TAMIL NADU

ANTICIPATED CHANGE INLEVEL OF URTANISATIOhI FROM 1991 TO 2021

FUTURE OF URBANISATION STUDY

ANDHRAPRADESH

PALKSTRAIT

PALK8AY I

\"n

LEGENO

Stale boundary

Disvicl Boundary

stale capitat

District Headquartdr

Nallonal HiOhway

Othef Boads

Proposed Exp16ssways

Golddn Ouadrangle /NH . H.D. Corridor

Airpods

Seapons

& Industrial Estatos

a Growth Centres

CLASS , POPN, SIZE

I i I 1000000

. \ 100000

t ,,

i i\r{,. jil f lciti i:r,,r 1 ir tlrl:lr;i:rl fasii i.rcli.r at & llidLsti.!?s

| > 11,(irpli, li:.S) (:l)(:')(t)(2)

(t2)I No lnvesim-.nt (2)

r !:iilrfts,rl ltacf|]li 1flfi.. .,: liltii!]i l;iti;ll. l:lifl! i':.f lil|: :li lir!aajiraallil

MAP 3,3

KARNATAKA

EFIRY(U T,)

*

I

IIDICHERRY(U.T )

r

.;

<t3J ;r^i< ."'uJt<

zIIJ

;

50000

?0000GULF OF

I l{l i|.i lllffi 5 rctr:t[!i r,s tc i!.2,5

INDIAN OCEAN

TAMIL NADU

DISTRICTWISE INVESTMFNT INIhIFRASTRUCTURE & INDI'.JSTRY . 1 999

JUNr 2001

OF URBANISATIONt

FUTURE STUDY

ANDHFAPRADESH

PALKBAY

' (u.t.)

l,l

LECEND

Stale boundary

btstrict Eoundary

state capiisl

Dislicl l"leadqu6dor

NailoR6ll"ltghway

Othsr Roads

\\

KARNATAKA

EFIRY *

ERNY(u.r.)

J6^ ,

."r"

PALKsTnAtl

J

2IJJ

[: J SpatialProrityr4 Urban Reqion 1988{As per NCU)

r': . I Urban Corndor- 1991[ ] (As per NATMOT

CLASS - POPN. SIZE

, O ,oooooo

c i 00000

ll a 50000

ill o AO0O0

CENTBE FONPOTICY HESEABCH

l{!w DILHI

J

lu!.

ugq%

INDIAN OCEAN

TAMIL NADU

SPATIAL PRIORITY URBAN REGIONS . NCUURBAN CORRIDORS - NATMO

GULF OFMANNAR

A

'" rrrr%, _)

'ula^'|e

f

FUTURE OF URBANISATION STUDY

TAMIL NADU

HMEMGIhJG UNBAN CORRINORS& uRFAl.! REGIOT{S - 20*1

t ^".

-lD i|'l-r

titAP 3.5

JUirE 2001

I

l

l\l-r-e -I . KILoI'ETFEi

CENTRE FORPOLICY RESEAFCH

'{EW DELHI

a?

FUTT'RE OT URBAI{I$ATIOH STUDY

KAR t*A TA KA

I}IOIAN OqEAN

TAiTIL ilNOU

BROAD LANO USE ANDEMERGING URBAN CORRIDORS

PALl(STRAiT

F.{ L r(8Av

(U.T.

{U,T }

a*

:aa:411:: :t':11:"r i' '"::,::ai:i . .. ... .::_.:l

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MAP 3.6

unBlil]$lll0t Ail[ unBil D$fil0pitttT Glt[llHt0ts ltrfiRltlrfffi

Kamataka

G0ililltls.F|'.1/../.11..|/r|1.|''|?//.'|+./'.,1..1'/i

I. Introduction - P. IZt

n. The State's Urbanisation: Trends and fssues - p. I72

UI. New Geography of Investments - p, 777

ry. Spatial Manifestation of Economic Growth _ p. 7gI

A. Present Spatial pattern - p. IBIB. Emerging Urban Corridors- p, IgIC. SPURs - NCU, Urban Corridors - NATMO _ p. Ig3

V. Problems, Issues and Constraints- p, IgS

A. Spatial planning and Land use - p. lgsB. Regional Infrastructure - p. lg6C. Urban Infrastructure Services - p, lg7D, Urban Environment - p. lggE. Investment Requirements - p. IgI

VI. Urban Governance and Management - p. lg2A, 74th Constitution Amendment Act- p. I92B. Role of Local Bodies in Future Urban Growth _ p. Ig3C. Role of State and Sectoral Agencies - p. Ig4D, Metro Areas and Metropolitan planning Committees _ p. tg4E. Rurar Urban Integration and District pranning committees - p. 7g5F. Managing Urban Corridors- p. 196

References- P, 797

IIIT ]UTURT ||; URBAIII$IIOII 169

Karnataka

ltsr 0t T[BltS

Table 4.1

Table 4.2Table 4.3Table 4.4Table 4.5Table 4.6Table 4.7Table 4.8Table 4.9Table 4.10Table 4.11Table 4.12

Distribution of Towns/urban Agglomerations and urban Population by size class

ofTowns, t99L- P.772Growth oi Urban Population by Districts - P' 174

UrOan eoputation Projections in Karnataka for 202L- P' 775ievel of Urbanisation by Districts and Regions - 1991- P' 176i"u"f of Urbanisation by Districts and Regions - 202L- P' 776

Key Industrial Centres in Karnataka - P. 177Investments Proposed in Infrastructure, Manufacturing and services - 1999 - P' 179

Status of Projects in Karnataka- P. 780PoDulation of Urban Corridors- P- 782Administrative Status of Urban Corridors- P. 182Urban Corridors of Karnataka and Urbanisation Level, t99t - P' 784

Land Utilisation Pattern of Karnataka (1970 - 1993) - P' 786

Level of Urbanisation and Urban Centres - 1991- P. 799Anticipated Change in Level of Urbanisation from 1991 - 202t- P' 207District-wise Investment in Infrastructure and Industries- P, 203Spatial Priority Urban Regions - NCU, Urban Corridors - NATMO- P' 205Emerging Urban Corridors and Urban Regions - 202t- P. 207Broad Land Use and Emerging Urban Corridors- P' 209

Map 4.1Map 4.2Map 4.3Map 4.4Map 4.5Map 4.6

L70 TIIT ;UIURI |lF URBIIIISAIIOII

Karnataka

IilTN||[UGII|lII

1.1 Karnataka is the eighth largest state in India, both in area and population (1991). The total area ofthe state is 191,791 sq km. The total population of 44.98 million (1991), constituting 5.3 per cent of thetotal population of India, is increasing by t.92 per cent per annum. Karnataka is the 4th most urbanisedstate in India among the major states, after Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, with 13.91 million urbanpopulation in 1991, accounting for about 31 per cent of the state's total population, Karnataka's capitalBangalore, with a population of 4.13 million, enjoys absolute urban primacy in the state. About one - thirdof the state's urban population is below the poverty line.

I.2 KarnaLaka is one of the leading industrialised states in India, contributing 4 per cent of nationalproduction in the industrial sector. Some of the manufactured iterns include aircrafts, rail coaches,telephone instruments, electronic and telecommunication equipment, Karnataka stands first in productionof electronic equipment. The state also stands first in production of raw silk and is famous in the worldmarkets for its sandal soap and sandal wood oil. The state is rich in mineral resources, such as high gradeiron ore, copper, manganese, chromite, limestone, granite and gold. Gold and iron resources, amongseveral other minerals, have strengthened the economy of the state.

1.3 It is more than ten years that the National Commission on Urbanisation (NCU) had identified, on thebasis of information then available, as per 1981 Census data, 329 Towns as GEMs (Generator of EconomicMomentum) and 49 SPURs (Spatial Priority Urbanisation Regions) including Urban Corridors within andbetween the states in the country. Taking that as a stafting point, this study takes a fresh look into whathas happened in terms of changes that have taken place since then; in demography, economic activities inthe wake of liberalisation, and more importantly the physical growth across Karnataka. The report raisesissues of concerns in four broad areas, namely, spatial manifestation of economic growth, infrastructure,environment and urban governance and management for consideration. Within this context, there is anincreasing need for research to help, solve problems that have arisen and setting a new strategic approachto the future of urbanisation.

il|I rurunt 0r uR8Ailslil0r| 17t

Karnataka

lt. Tllt SIIIES UnB[il]$Il0ll :I[t110$illlISSU$

Urbanisation Trends

2.L Karnataka is the foufth most urbanised state in India with an urban population of 13.91 million in

iggr constituting 30.92 per cent as level of urbanisation. Bangalore - the state capital with a population of

about 4.13 million (1gg1), is one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in the country' Among the 21

Class I cities in the state, Bangalore is the only metropolitan city enjoying absolute urban primacy in the

state and it accounts for 30 peicent oftotal urban population. The vast gap between the size of Bangalore

l+,p mtttionl and the size of the next largest city, Mysore (0,65 million) coupled with high growth rate

ichieved by Bangalore are responsible for much of the imbalance in Karnataka's urbanisation pattern.

2.2 An important feature of the urbanisation pattern in the state during the decade 1981-91 is that the

decadal growth rate conspicuously decelerated from 50.65 per cent during 1971-81 to 29'62 per cent in

19g1-91, even though majority ol other states as well as the country as a whole experienced a moderate

decline in urban growth.

2.3 The components of urban population growth in Karnataka, such as natural increase, migration and

reclassification of urban centres exhibit a different phenomenon as compared to the all-India pattern' In

LgTt-lI, migration contributed 54.81 per cent to urban growth as compared to 40 per cent at the all-India

level, Similarly natural increase accounted for 34.81% growth. The share of urban to urban migration was

53 per cent. karnataka's high urban growth was thus largely caused by migration and natural increase,

rather than reclassification of settlements (10.37o/o).

Population Distribution

By Size Class of Towns

2.4 The 13.91 million urban population in 1991 in Karnataka lived in 254 urban settlements. It may be

seen that the share of 21 Class I cities, (with over 100,000 population) was as high as 64.70 per cent ofthe urban population. The smaller towns, especially those below 50,000 population size were in large

numbers (85%), but contained only 28 per cent of the population. The 134 out of 254 towns, withpopulation below 20,000 accounted for only about 10 per cent of urban populatlon (Table 4.1),

Table 4.1: Distribution of Towns/Urban Agglomerataons and Urban Population by Size Class ofTowns, 1991

ClassI (100,000&aboveClassII (50,000-99,999

ClassIII (20,000-49,999

ClasslV (10,000-19.999

Class VI (Below 5,000

Source: Census of fndia, 799!

Lt/. iltt tuTURt 0t uRBAlllslil011

Karnataka

Table 4.3: Urban Population Projections in Karnataka for 2021

Source : Registrar General, India (7996), Population Prolbctions for fndia & States 7996'2016* Computed on basis of growth trend of2011-2016

2.12 Even on this conservative basis, the state's urbanin 1991. This urban growth will have different impactsdistricts experiencing higher growth in urbanisation.

D is tri ct L e ve I P roj e ct io n s

2.13 The trend based projections for urbanisation level at the district level as well as population size forClass I, II and III cities and towns for 2021 have been made based on the 1981-91 growth rates. Thefollowing two tables (Table 4,4 and 4.5) indicate the level of urbanisation of the districts and regions as of1991 and the anticipated level of urbanisation in 2021 AD. This analysis is based on 1991 Census

comprising 20 districts in the state. The emerging urbanisation pattern at the district level is as foliows:

O Bangalore (U) district will become fully urbanised.

O Mysore and Chitradurga districts will change to the higher level of urbanisation in the range of35o/o-45o/o in 2021 from the existing range of 25o/o-35o/o in 1991.

O Likewise Tumkur and Kolar districts will attain higher level of urbanisation in the range of 25o/o-35o/o

in 202t from the existing range of l5o/o-25o/o in 1991.

D In coastal region, Dakshin Kannada district is likely to emerge as a highly urbanised district,jumping from the range of 25o/o-35o/o level of urbanisation 1991 to the range of 35o/o-45o/oin202L.

O In nofthern region, Belgaum, Bidar, Dharwad, Raichur and Gulbarga districts are likely to comecloser to the state's level of urbanisation and changing from the existing level of urbanisation rangeof t5o/o-25o/o in 1991 to25o/o-35o/oin202L.

O In Malnad region, only Hassan district will attain higher level of urbanisation while Kodagu,

Chickmagalur and Shimoga districts will continue in the same range.

population will double in its size from 13.91 millionin the four regions of the state resulting in many

IHI TUIUR: O; URBAIIISATI||II t75

Karnataka

Industrial Development and Urban Growth

3.3 Karnataka's urban policy as contained in its Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-1997) and continued in theNinth Five Year Plan (1997-2002), aims at promoting planned urbanisation and regulated urban growth.The state's urban policy objectives include : (i) to evolve a desired pattern of balanced regionaldevelopment; (ii) to distribute the urban population proportionally among various classes of towns andregions; (iii) to contain the rate of growth of metropolitan and other large cities by dispersing economicactivities to identified growth centres; and (iv) to provide a minimum level of services to the urban andrural populations. The strategy for achieving these policy objectives as outlined in the Urban DevelopmentStrategy, prepared in 1994, include : (i) the dispersal of urbanisation and equitable distribution of benefits;(ii) the development of counter magnets to Bangalore to slow down its growth; (iii) the establishment of aproper hierarchy of towns; (iv) the establishment of urban and rural linkages between small and mediumsized town; and (v) the development of areas with potentials such as the coastal region, industrial growthcentres, impoftant towns in the so-called growth areas and administrative towns.

3.4 One of the objectives of the urban development policy has been to contain the growth ofmetropolitan and large cities by dispersing economic activities and to create effective linkages betweenrural and urban areas. The state industrial poliry identifies a number of urban centres for targetedindustrial investment. However, the objective of attracting investments in competition with other states inthe context of the liberalisation, has led to a conflict with decentralisation and physical planning policies asmarket forces push towards concentration of investments in Bangalore. Bangalore has been Karnataka'scentre of urban and industrial growth over the past two decades. It is one of the fastest growingmetropolitan areas in the country, having specialised in telecommunications and computer hardware andsoftware development. The rapid expansion of industrial activities and the increased migration of peopleare placing considerable pressure on the city. The state has recognised that the social and economicdevelopment potential of other urban centres has not been realised due to absence of adequate levels ofinvestment in urban infrastructure,

Industrial and Infrastructure Inyestment

3.5 According to CMIE data, the total investments proposed in Karnataka in infrastructure (power, roads,railways, shipping, airways and telecom) and manufacturing industries and services, as of March 1999, wasRs, 68,285 crore (Table 4.7). Out of the above, 55 per cent was for infrastructure (Rs 37564 crore) and 45per cent for manufacturing and service sectors. The status of the prolects (Table 4.8) indicates that out of260 projects, 72 have been completed, 85 are under implementation, while 103 have been proposed.Investments seem to be clustering in ceftain districts of the state. Dakshin Kannad District of the CoastalKarnataka is emerging as the most preferred location followed by Bangalore(U), Bellary and Mysoredistricts. As regard investment in manufacturing and service sectors are concerned, the investmentsaccount for 77 per cent of the total investment in the districts of Dakshin Kannad (360/o), Bellary(2s%)and Bangalore (U) (16%). Given these trends, the Coastal Region is poised to leap fonarard in industrialdevelopment, while Bangalore(U) will continue to attract investments stimulating its further growth,

t78 iltt twunt $ unBAillsATl0l

Kamataka

Table 4.7: Investments proposed in infrastructure, manufacturing and services, 1999Rs in crore

I Banqalore Urban 5875.8 t5.64 4833.8 t5.73 10709.6 15.68z Banqalore Rural 0.0 0.00 1259,8 4.L0 1259.8 1.843 Belgaum 1533.6 4.08 301.8 0.98 1835.4 2.694 Bellary 1542.3 4.tL 7689.4 25.03 923L.7 13.515 Bidar 51lJ. I 0.92 61.6 0.20 408.3 0.59

Biiapur 847.6 2.26 206.0 0.67 1053.6 1.547 Chikmagalur 0.0 0.00 L2.0 0.03 12.0 0.018 Chitradurga 366.0 0.97 0 U 366.0 0.s39 Dakshin Kannad 11061.6 29.45 11031.8 35.90 22093.4 32.3510 Dharwad 2723.t 7.25 552.2 r.79 3275.3 4.791t Gulbarga 48L.7 1,28 1431.0 4.65 r9L2.7 2.80L2 Hassan 767.5 2.04 72.7 0.23 840.2 L,Z513 Kodagu 0,0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00t4 Kolar JJJ.U 0.89 82.8 0.26 4L6.6 U, OI15 Mandya 565.0 I,JU 88.6 0,28 o)5.o 0.9sIO Mysore 5L76.9 13.78 2118.9 6.89 7295.8 10.68t7 Raichur 2383.0 6.34 425.0 1,38 2808.0 4.1118 Shimoga 53.9 0.14 47.8 0.15 101.7 0.1419 Tumkur 0.0 0,00 265.0 0,86 265.0 0,3820 Uttar Kannad 3505.0 9.33 24L.0 0.78 3746.0 5.48

Total 37563.s(55olo)

100.00 3072t.2(45o/ol

100.00 68284.7(100o/o)

100.00

Source: CAPEX Guide to new Business Opportunities, CnfiIndustry

IIII FUTURT OT URBAIIISAIIOII

TIfi ruIUNI OF UNIATISATIOII

L79

].U I

Karnataka

constituting 76.0Lo/o of the state's urban popuiation as against 9.02 million with 64.850/o of the total urbanpopulation in 1991.

Table 4.9: Population of Urban Corridors

Source: Census of fndia, 7997* Poected

Table 4.10: Administrative Status of Urban Corridors

1 Bangalore - Belgaum 3 11 36 58 1 8 119Mysore-Bangalore-Kolar(excluding Bangalore)

4 1 4 ZU 4 1 36

3

Coastal Corridor(Mangalore-Udupi-Karwar)

1 9 J 0 I 18

Source: Census of India, 7997

CC - City Corporation, CMC - City Municipal CounciL TMC - Town Municipal Council NMCT - Non-Municipal Census Town,NAC - Notified Area Committee, MP - Mandal Panchayal OG - Outgrowth

North-South Urban Corridor

4.5 Bangalore - Belgaum Corridor extending towards Pune in the North (Belgaum-Hubli-Dharwad-Davangere-Hiriyur-Tumkur-Bangalore). The concentration of population is predominant in the North -South corridor (Bangalore - Belgaum) with 66.89 lakh population constituting 48.08% of total urbanpopulation of the state in 1991. The corridor is spread in 7 districts, covering 3 city corporations, and 11city municipal councils, apart from several town municipal councils and non-municipal census towns. Thetwo SPURs suggested by NCU are likely to emerge as two distinct North-South and East-West corridorswithout any gap. The NATMO study on urban corridors based on 1991 Census, will also get modified asthere is likely to be no gap between the portion terminating at Bhadravati and Bangalore. It is likely that apoly-nodal urban corridor with nodes as metropolitan, large and medium cities will emerge rather thansparsely located urban centres.

15,16,477 34,0t,t54Coastal Corridor(Mangalore - Udupi -

8,r5,740 16.09,4152,06.66,474

182 IIIT IUIURT ||T URBAIIISAII|III

Karnataka

East- West U rba n Corridor

4.6 Mysore-Bangalore-Kolar corridor extending towards Chennai in the east along with Kolar, Hosekote,Bangalore, Ramanagaram, Mandya and Mysore will have a strong potential for its linkage to Chennai. Ithad a population of about 15,16 lakh in 1991 and will increase to 34.01 lakh by 202t i.e., 12.51% of thestate's urban population. This corridor passes through 4 districts covering 1 city corporation and 4 citymunicipal councils besides several non-municipal towns as per 1991 Census.

Coastal Corridor

4.7 The NATMO's recommendations do not include a coastal corridor. An urban corridor identical to SPUR

of NCU, from Mangalore to Karwar along the National Highway is likely to emerge, This had a population of8.16 lakh in 1991 and it is likely to double to 16.09 lakh in 2021 with 5.92olo of the state's urbanpopulation. The corridor covers 3 districts with 1 municipal committee and 1 city municipal council andseveral non-municipal towns as per 1991 Census.

Urbanising Regions

4,8 Two urbanising regions are likely to emerge in addition to the above urban corridors:

O Hospet-Bellary-Raichur: This Region is similar to the SPUR suggested by NCU.

B Bijapur-Gulbarga-Bidar: This region will emerge as an urbanising region instead of an urban corridorextending upto Bidar (as suggested in NATMO study).

C. SPURs- NCU/ URBAN CORRIDORS- NATMO

4.9 The National Commission on Urbanisation (NCU) in its recommendations on Spatial PriorityUrbanisation Regions (SPURS) include the following SPURs in Karnataka:

1. Hospet-Bellary-Raichur

2. Tumkur-Bangalore-Hosur-Mysore-Mandya

3. Belgaum-Hubli-Dharwad-Davengere-Harihar

4, Ratnagiri-Goa-Karwar-Mangalore

4.10 Later, National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation (NATMO), published a map on UrbanCorridors in India, based on a study on 1991 Census, which gives the following urban corridors inKarnataka with the range of urbanisation level as indicated below (Table 4,11). Map 4.4 indicates the twocorridors identified by NATMO in addition to the SPURs suggested by NCU.

IHI ;UTURT |lT UBBAIIISAII|lII IOJ

Karnataka

Hubli - Dharwad15 - 25; >50

Table 4.11: Urban Corridors of Karnataka and Urbanisation Level, 1991

Source : National Atlas Thematic Mapping (NATMO ) 1993

4.11 The corridors identified in this study (Map 4.5) reflect near similarity to the corridors identified byNATMO as well as SPURs by NCU (Map 4.4). The corridors now emerging are continuous along thetransport routes, unlike NATMO's identified corridors, which were not continuous throughout the transportroutes. The SPURs recommended by NCU along transport routes provide for the continuity of the corridors,if taken into consideration.

184 iltt tuIURt 0t uRBAlll$il0||

Kamataka

u. Pn||BltMS, ISSU$ filll G0tslnllllTs.(n.{/.-!/6r*itati(/!?E*q,4.rtr:lrt'rs+m!+np+/!"h:!:ttv.ar!.v/n!n}/rN}Ni'!!,'///4)t!ititi tn*44r!tt/rltl"!tp/!///?ta!/rt!rtL4r')E

A. SPATIAL PLANNING AND LAND USE

5.1 The poly-nodal settlements in the transport corridors would be the destination for future investments

and economic activities. The physical growth of the poly-nodal centres will take place along the transport

axis, over spilling the boundaries of formal municipal jurisdictions. If the urban corridors are not

recognised, then the implication will be of sparsely located creeping sprawl of settlements which may not

be a continuous development. If these corridors are recognised, then a poly-nodal structure in the form ofmetros/urban centres will emerge on the corridors. This will need various planning approaches to prescribe

the functions of the Nodes as well as the intervening spaces, thereby establishing a functional settlement

system in the urban corridors. Apart from Bangalore metro city, the corridors will include some of the

emerging new metropolitan cities such as Mysore, Hubli-Dharwad, Mangalore, Belgaum located on both the

North-South and East-West urban corridors. The corridors would thus include metros which would be multi-

municipal entities. How do we deal with planning, provide infrastructure, address the environmental issues,

and management and governance aspects of the emerging urbanised spaces in the corridors require fullerconsideration in the context of future urbanisation in the state.

5.2 Coastal Karnataka is fast emerging as a corridor. In this corridor, urban and industrial growth isconcentrated along a narrow coastal strip, 300 km long, from Mangalore to Karwar in the north. Along thecoast line, there are 21 minor ports, a medium size harbour at Karwar, a fishing harbour at Malpe, and a

major deep sea harbour at Mangalore. The new Konkan Railway connecting Mangalore with Mumbai is

expected to promote further impetus to urban growth and industrial expansion. The existing NationalHighway passing through Mangalore and Karwar to Mumbai is already providing access to the majorindustries. There is a need for preparing a Coastal Environmental Management Plan for protecting theecosystem and conservative use of natural resources for this corridor.

5.3 Two urbanising regions have been suggested, namely, Hospet-Bellary-Raichur; and Bijapur-Gulbarga-Bidar, The Hospet-Bellary-Raichur urbanising region was identified by the NCU as a Spatial PriorityUrbanisation Region (SPUR), The trend based projections indicate that there would be 5 Class I cities andanother 5 Class II towns in this region by 202t AD. BUapur-Gulbarga-Bidar are located in the backwardregion as being developed by the Karnataka government. All the above three nodes are Class I cities andhave experienced high growth rate varying from 31% to 66% during the decade 1981-91. Based on thegrowth rate of 1981-91, the cities in terms of population are expected to grow by three times thepopulation size in 1991, with aggregate population of 6.44 lakh for all the three cities to 18.22 lakh in 2021.

The high growth rates indicate their potential for development.

Land Utilisation

5.4 Land is a vital resource, which is consumed to accommodate the growing population. Land is also a

non-renewable resource, once convefted to habitation use is generally non-retrievable. It would, therefore,be useful to discuss the prevailing pattern of land utilisation i.e., the extent of land under differentcategories of use. The pressure of land is bound to increase with the growth of population giving risg tocompeting claims on land for various uses such as urbanisation, infrastructure, industries, agriculture,pasturing and forestry. A broad land use pattern of the state along with the emerging urban corridors is

depicted in the Map 4.6.

ilfi fltruRt 0F ultAlilslil0ll 185

Karnataka

Table 4.12: Land Utilisation Pattern of Karnataka (1970 - 1993)000 hectares

Land under Forest 2890 t5.26 3033 15.92 3075 16.74 4.95 4.36Land not available forcultivationa. Land put to non-

agricultural usesb. Barren and unculturable

landc. Others

938

839

1930

4.95

4.43

10.19

1066

844

1689

5.60

4.43

8.87

1204

801

0

6.32

4.20

0.00

13.65

0.60

13.01

0.03

Land under cultivation 12346 65.17 724t8 65.18 13970 73.34 0.58 0.02Repofting Area 18943 100.00 190s0 100.00 19050 100.00Source: CMIE, India's Agricultural Sector, luly 7996

5.5 The present land utilisation pattern of Karnataka for L970-7t, 1980 -81 and 1992-93 are given inTable 4.12 above. In 1992-93, land reported under non-agricultural uses was 1.20 million hectarescompared to 1.07 million hectares in 1980-81. The growth rate of land put to non-agricultural uses wasthus about 13% while the urban population of Karnataka increased from 10.73 million to 13.91 millionduring 1981-91 recording a growth rate of 29.64 per cent. This is indicative of the growth concentrating in

existing urban areas with sparse development of their peripheries.

B. REGIONALINFRASTRUCTURE

5.6 Regional Infrastructure such as power, roads, railways, telecommunications, are required for rapideconomic development. Urbanisation in itself is an important factor stimulating demand for regionalinfrastructure. When regional infrastructure capacity as well as supply is inadequate in rapid urbanisingareas, it will lead to serious constraints on economic development. For industrial development, wellfunctioning network of regional infrastructural services is a prerequisite. Such development demandsquality services with assured reliable supplies.

Power

5.7 The total installed capacity of power in the state was 2,985 MW and the total energy generated was12,041 million units in 1990-91. It is estimated that by 2001, the demand for power in the state would be

6,630 MW, with an annual energy requirement of 34,846 million units. The planned availability is expectedto be around 5,529 MW, with an annual energy availability of 28,872 million units. Thus, the deficits arelikely to be of the order of 16.5 per cent in demand and 17 per cent in energy supply. The Karnataka PowerCorporation has added 600 MW capacity in 1999. With the upcoming KPC Bidadi Power Corporation's 300MW Naphtha based project, the gap between demand and supply in the state is expected to be bridged bythe year 2001. This will further boost the investments in industries by the private sector.

Roads

5.8 Karnataka has 128,900 kms of roads including 1,968 kms of National Highways. The highwaynetwork is inadequate, as it is only 1.60 per cent of the total road network while the state highwaysconstitute 9 per cent. The central government has decided to strengthen and improve National Highwaysystem through upgradation of the National Highways on the Golden Quadrangle, linking Delhi, Mumbai,

Chennai and Calcutta. Development of North-South and East-West corridors will be incorporated in the

186 IHT TUIURT ||1 UBBAIIISAII|lII

Karnataka

alignment of the Golden Quadrangle supplemented by additional work along North-South and East-West

expansion with four laning. The proposed upgradation of the National Highways as well as likely proposal

for expressways, as falling in Karnataka, has been shown on the Map 4.3. The construction of the

Bangalore-Mysore expressway is progressing. The completion of the bypass to Hubli has enabled

connections to major cities.

Railways

5.9 The rail network in Karnataka was 3,090 kms including broad gauge, metre gauge and narrow gauge

in 1990-91. The state has been persuing to have all the trunk routes on broad gauge, so that a faster and

economical broad gauge fosters economic development. As a result of its efforts, a number of sectionshave already been converted to broad gauge.

Telecommunacations

5.10 Telecommunlcations is one of the prime support services needed for rapid growth of the economy.This sector has grown rapidly in recent years. With the announcement of the National Telecom Policy inMay 1994, efforts are being made to make available telephone on demand and cover all settlements. Theprivate sector is playing an impoftant role in achieving this objective.

C. URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES

water Supply

5,11 Water is a limiting envelope in Karnataka. Though there is 100 per cent coverage of urban areas bydrinking water, the overall urban water supply in the state is not adequate, with as many as 143 townshaving a supply of less than 70 lpcd much below the minimum recommended norm. The recommendedIevels are 100 lpcd, 80 lpcd and 70 lpcd for City Corporations, City Municipal Councils, and Town MunicipalCouncils and Town Panchayats. Poor water supply and inequitable distribution characterises the situation inmost of the towns making the poor most vulnerable to health risks. Karnataka Urban Water Supply andDrainage Board is the state organisation for the execution of water supply and drainage schemes in urbanareas of the state, except Bangalore. The Board had launched 17 new schemes to augment the watersupply in various towns.

5.12 The most pressing problem of Bangalore is that of water supply. Bangalore gets a supply of 540million litres of water per day, of which one-third is consumed by industries. The remaining 360 mld worksout a domestic consumption of 76 lpcd for a population of 4.13 million (much below the national norm)recommended for City Corporations by State Finance Commission. For the likely population of 7 million in2001, the per capita availability will be much less. The 4'n stage of Cauvery Water Supply Schemeenvisages an additional quantity of 540 mld of water into two phases. The project is estimated to cost Rs.L072 crore and is expected to add 270 mld of water in its first phase to the existing supply therebyimproving the per capita supply. There are definite constraints on increasing the quantum of water supplybecause water is pumped to the city from the Cauvery River, 100 km away and 1000 ft below the elevationof Bangalore, In the long run, water will surely be one of the limiting factors for Bangalore. There is a needto take up wastewater recycling for supply of water to industrial consumers. Like Bangalore, Belgaum alsofalls short of the per capita norm of 100 lpcd.

5.13 The problem of ground water exploitation is acute in Bangalore urban and rural districts where about50 per cent of the state's large and medium scale units are located resulting in over-exoloitation of groundwater, encroachment of prime agricultural land and in-filling of water bodies and tanks.

Tilt ruruff 0t unBAlilstilorl t87

Karnataka

5.14 The Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB) is responsible for all aspects of watersupply and sewerage in Bangalore metropolitan area. But neither the BWSSB Act nor the KarnatakaMunicipal Corporations Act provide for integrated management of sewerage, sanitation and solid waste, aswell as control of environmental pollution. The responsibility for control of environmental pollution vestswith Karnataka State Pollution Control Board. Thus there are three separate authorities functioning underdifferent laws making integrated management of the above three services difficult in the metropolitan area.

A reference may be made to Gujarat Municipal Corporation Act empowering the Municipal Corporations tohave an integrated management of all the three services. The BWSSB Act also does not confer power on

the Board for the control of exploitation of ground water.

5.15 It is essential to explore alternative methods to help augment as well as conserve water. The optionsinclude recycling of water which can be used for industrial and non-domestic purposes, The treatmentplants put up by BWSSB cover only the primary and secondary stage. If the treatment is extended up toterritory stage, it should be possible to use the treated effluent for non-domestic purposes. The next optionis rainwater harvesting which can improve the ground water around the many tanks existing in theBangalore metropolitan area. The use of water can also be reduced by water conservation strategies, There

is also a need to check wastages, leakages and unaccounted water supply.

5.16 Much of the Southern Karnataka is desperately short of water. The Coastal Region is most severely

afFected by lack of safe water supply with saline intrusion. The per capita water supply vary from 8 lpcd in

Kundapura to 130 lpcd in Dandeli. The entire region suffers from low coverage of water supply. The heavyreliance on bore wells is becoming problematic due to increasing levels of ground water pollution as well as

saline intrusion. The households experience severevendors.

Sanitation

shortages and depend on expensive water from

5.17 Very few cities in the state have underground sewerage systems. The large City Corporations ofBangalore and Mysore have sewerage system. Other cities and towns like Gulbarga, Hubli-Dharwad,

Mangalore, Davanagere, Udipi and few others have paftial system.

Solid Waste Management

5.18 In most towns, the disposal of garbage poses a problem. The arrangements for collection and

disposal of garbage are inadequate and are being carried out in a rudimentary manner. Hazardous wastes

and wastes from hospitals are also disposed off at landfill sites. The capacities of existing waste disposal

sites have exceeded and their locations are too close to urban areas. This is directly contributing tonegative health impacts.

5.19 Bangalore generates about 2000 metric tonnes of solid waste and the magnitude of hazardous waste

is growing. Although collection efficiency in Bangalore is high (68%), it is around 50 per cent in smaller

towns, The uncollected solid waste fills open spaces, drains and roads and is a major cause of the in-

sanitary conditions and diseases. In Bangalore, the disposal is through sanitary landfill in the city's

outskirts. Composting as method of disposal is limited. With a large number of hospitals, dispensaries and

nursing homes, a lot of hospital waste is generated in Bangalore city. Disposal of hospital waste is an area

that is yet to receive adequate priority. Bangalore requires a comprehensive solid waste management plan,

with community involvement for waste collection and disposal, house-to-house collection, recovery ofresources and compost from waste.

188 iltt tuTunt 0t u[BAlll$n0il

Karnataka

D. URBAN ENVIRONMENT

Water

5.20 The availability of water resources for urban areas is going to b€ limited' This is a serious constraint

looming large on the horizon. As the state utUanisii, thJ seirch f91 new and unpolluted sources will

continue. W6hin urban areas, 60 to 70 per cent of watir is consumed for domestic use with 30 to 40 per

cent going to inclustry, commercial and other uses. The industrial and commercial uses are growing faster

than iom-estic use. Water for domestic use would become more preclous'

5.21 Rapid urbanisation and industrialisation are both exhausting and polluting water sources' Since 60 to

70 per cent of drinking water is drawn from surface sources, iheir pollution is a direct threat to public

health. As far as ground water is concerned, over-exploitation and intrusion of saline water in coastal

Karnataka is becoming a serious problem.

5.22 Recenuy, an important shift in thinking is on managing the demand. Allocation policies and

mechanisms are required to address the ever-increasing watei demands for different sectors' The urban

*.t"iirppfv has aiso been affected by poor pricing policies and operational arrangements. Poor tariffs

have an adverse effect on water use and conservation'

5.23 There is a need to look at water supply and sanitation in an integrated manner and to ensure as

much wastewater is reused or recycled so as to bring down demand for fresh water. There are various

options available to conserve water-leak detection and preventive maintenance, metering, water

conservation at household level and reuse and recycling of water after necessary treatment to meet

industrial requirements.

Wastewater and Sanitation

5.24 Ot the total wastewater generated in most cities, only partial wastewater is collected and of what is

collected, only a part goes th-rough some form of treatment. In Bangalore, nearly three-fourth of the

wastewater gbnerateO is collected and has primary and secondary treatment facilities. By and large, the

mode of disposal is on agricultural land and into rivers. Wastewater management is a serious problem in

major cities of the state. The waste water management should emphasise the importance of water

conservation and wastewater reclamation and reuse in cities'

5,25 In Mysore city, there are a variety of industries like automobile, textile, paper, chemical, rubber tyres

and fertiliser. They generate large amount of wastewater and discharge it into the main sewerage system,

and in the peripheral areas into the rivers. The investigations have revealed that Mysore is responsible for

heavy metal pollution through electroplating waste. Effluents of some industries are utilised for irrigation

prrpor"r. Irrigation with el6ctroplating waste is very undesirable. This example indicates that industrial

wastes should not be discharged into iewers unless standards of the discharged effluent can be met. This

may require industries of sim]hr category to be spatially concentrated so as to provide common effluent

treatment plant to make them cost effective.

Air Pollution

5.26 Air pollution due to various factors has come to stay in urban areas with its environmental concerns.

Bangalore city is no exception. In Bangalore, air pollution is caused by industrial, commercial and domestic

souices. The point sources of pollution are mainly large and medium scale industries causing large-scale air

emissions, while vehicular exhausts constitute the most dominant non-point. Small-scale industries burning

iltI ruruRt 0t uRBAlllsArl0ll 189

Karnataka

up..fuel for processing, hotels and households using cooking fuels are some other sources. The routinepollutants in urban air inciude sulphur dioxide, nihogen oxidJs and suspended particulate matter, Besides,there is a severe threat from a range of othei toxins such as carbon monoxide, lead, benzene,hydrocarbons etc.

5'27 The ambient air quality monitoring by the Karnataka Pollution control Board in Bangalore during1985-89 indicated that the suspended particulate matter was within timits, but sutphur ;i;;iJ. andnitrogen oxides had shown increasing trend. The major vehicular pollutanti comprjsed of carbon monoxide,hydro-carbons and oxides oF_nitrogen with a percentage distribution of 64.2, zs.a a;d-g.o"pi, ..ntrespectively in 1994 (CPCB). Pollution from the increasing number of vehicles, particularly traro a'nO tnreewheelers is a serious concern for air pollution and is.likely-to seriously undermine public health. The city,sgrowth, vehicular population increase, transport inadequacies and rojd infrastructure - all have a bearrngon air pollution in and around Bangalore city.

Vulnerability Areas

5'28 The Government of-India in the Ministry of Urban Development, has prepared a Vulnerability Agas ofIndia, as a follow-up of the Yokohama Strategy for Safei worid: Guidelines for National DisasterPrevention, Preparedness and Mitigation, which contains the following hazard maps:

1. Earth Quake Hazard Map

2. Wind & Cyclone Hazard Map

3. Flood Hazard Map

Based on the above Atlas, the hazard areas have been identified in the state.

5'29 Eafth Quake Hazard Areas:rhe coastal districts of Karnataka upto about 4g kms from the shore rsindicated as moderate damage risk zone, which falls in parts of Uttara Kannada and Dakshina Kannacladistricts along with urban centres of Mangalore, udupi and Karwar. Some parts of Belgaum, Shimoga,Chikmagalur, Kodagu, Hassan and Mysore districts fall under low damage risk zone. The iemaining areasfall under very low damage risk zone. An earthquake was reported i'n 1843 in Bellary oistrict"witn amagnitude of 6'0 on Richter scale while Tumkur was affected with a magnitude of 5.0 on Richter scale in1919.

5'30 wind and cyclone Hazard Areas: The entire coastal belt upto about 65 kms from the shore (i.e.,Bidar, Gulbarga and some parts of Raichur district) is indicated as moderate damage risk zone - g wnite tneremaining districts are covered under low damage risk zone.

5'3t Flood and Drought prone areas: Mangalore, Udupi, Gulbarga, Bidar and Raichur districts fall underdrought prone areas.

5'32 As a long term policy, location of future urbanising areas and expansion of existing cities and townsmust be taken into consideration along with various vuinerable areas in order to minimise loss of life anctproperty from natural hazards. The vulnerability atlas can be a quite useful tool to identify areas vulnerableto natural disasters. Land use tools such.as zoning, building codes need to be used to reduce risk fromnatural hazards. The hazard consciousness, organisational itructure at the national, state and municipalagencies to deal with potential of damaging housing stock and related infrastructure need to haveprepareclness, and capacity for timely mitigation measures aimed at reducing physical, economic and social

190 IIIT fUIUNT OT UNXATFAN|IT

Kamataka

vulnerability to threats. There is a need for formulation of a strategy for setting up techno-legal regime for

enforcing dlsaster resistant construction and zoning of land use based on vulnerability of the area'

E. INVESTMENTREQUIREMENT

Norms of Urban Infrastructure Services

5.33 The investment requirement depends upon the norms and standards formulated for provision,

operation and maintenance of municipal services. At the national level, very few financial norms and

standards are available for provision of urban infrastructure and services. The impoftant among them are:

a. Norms as suggested by Zakaria Committee (ZC)

b. Norms as suggested by Planning Commission (PC)

c. Norms as suggested by Operations Research Group (ORG)

Among these only Zakaria Committee has suggested norms for O&M of core municipal services. Out of six

core services, (i.e. Water Supply, Sewerage, Drainage, Solid Waste Disposal, Roads and Street lighting), the

ORG have suggested per capita financial investment norms only for water supply and sewerage. As these

norms are not comparable with Zakaria Committee and Planning Commission norms, these have not been

utilised to compute fiscal requirement for provision of core services of the state'

5.34 It has been estimated that by the year 2001, the urban local bodies of Karnataka would require an

investment in basic infrastructure and services in the range of Rs.1907 to Rs.2572 crores, according tonorms proposed by the Planning Commission. On the other hand, financial requirements will be aroundRs. 1709 crores, if the municipal government adopt standards laid down by the Zakaria Committee. Thisfinancial requirement of Planning Commission (high range) relates to 2001 population which is likely to be

around 18 million. Therefore financial requirement for 202t at 1995 prices will be about Rs. 3885 crores forthe projected 27.19 million urban population in Karnataka.

r[t ruTunt 0F unBlilslil0l| 191

Karnataka

ul. URB[]| |i||ulnillilGl fft0 ]rililncilItl

A. 74T'{ CONSTITUTION AMENDMENT ACT

6.1 Karnataka has amended the Municipal Acts to meet the requirement of the 74th ConstitutionAmendment but no major amendments have been made in the existing legal frameworks. The urban localbodies (ULBs) in Karnataka are governed by the Karnataka Municipal Corporations Ad, L976, and theKarnataka Municipalities Act, 1964, and the Amended Act of 1994. Now ULBs have been reconstituted intoa four-tier system: City Corporations with a population of more than 3 lakh, City Municipal Councils with apopulation of 50,000 and above, and Town Municipal Councils with a population of 20,000 and above, andTown Panchayats with not less than 10,000 population. There are 215 urban local bodies in the statecomprising 6 City Corporations, 40 City Municipal Counciis, 81 Town Municipal Councils and 88 TownPanchayats. Additional functions have been assigned to ULBs by the Amendment Act, 1994. Many of thefunctions assigned to the municipalities are being discharged by sectoral agencies; impotant among themare town planning and land use regulation, water supply and slum clearance. The State FinanceCommission has expressed the view that all the functions of the Twelfth Schedule should be performed bymunicipal bodies and not by other agencies,

Functional Domain and Local Autonomy

6.2 The functional domain prescribed under the 12th schedule in the Constitution Amendment is ofdiscretionary nature. This has led to the perpetuation of the present position and patchwork amendments.The Karnataka government is yet to vest town planning functions to the municipalities and lay down thefunctions of wards committees in the acts. The functions and responsibilities of the wards committees arenot defined in the Acts but are contained in the draft rules published under Karnataka MunicipalCorporations Act, 1976. The amendment to legislation relating to special purpose agencies and townplanning laws reflecting the thrust of the 12s schedule is yet to be initiated, The role of parastatals andfragmentation of responsibility thus continue in the state. The parastatals are controlled more or lessdirectly by the state government, and cannot be considered to be autonomous. It is necessary to clarifythe functions to be performed by municipalities of different sizes and do away with overlapping dischargeof same functions by state depaftments/parastatals and the municipal bodies. ClariW of functions andterritorial jurisdictions are also important to ensure accountability to the electorate and eliminate theencroachment on the municipal domain by state and city agencies.

Multiplicity of Agencies

6,3 At the state level, the multiplicity of institutions dealing with urban services and planning has posed aconstraint to an effective management. In Bangalore, municipal - related functions are spread across amultiplicity of agencies. These include: the Bangalore City Corporation, Bangalore Development Authority(BDA), Karnataka Housing Board, Karnataka Slum Clearance Board, Karnataka State Road TransportCorporation, Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board, Karnataka Water Supply and Sewerage Boardfor the peripheral areas and City Municipal Councils under the BDA, the Bangalore Metropolitan RegionDevelopment (BMRDA) and Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Finance and Development Corporation. Thecontinued fragmentation and duplication of municipal functions by multiple agencies, not accountable tothe public, undermine effective urban service delivery, overlapping jurisdictions and conflicts, There is a

need to review the functions of these agencies and streamline their functions with due regard to the statusof local bodies as units of local self-government. The State Finance Commission (SFC) 1996 hasrecommended that " all functions of urban development boards constituted in the state should be brought

192 Tltt fltruR: 0t uRBAlllsATl0ll

Karnataka

under the jurisdiction of the respective municipal bodies. Even the functions of the Bangalore Development

Authority and Town ptanning Oiganisation have to be transferred to Bangalore City Corporation' They can

not function independently hereafter."

Gaps and Co-ordination

6.4 There are gaps and duplications in planning and provision of services, For instance in Bangalore,

there are three enactment (iown Planning Act, BMRDA Act, BDA Act) for achieving the objectives of

planned development. The fringe areas are administered by different agencies' This has led to fragmented

administration and unauthorised development and constructions in the peripheral areas, Except the

pollution Control Board's efforts to control water and air pollution, the implementation of the environmental

management strategy is not taken as the responsibility of various organisations under the urban

development department, although the State Minister for Urban Development is the Vice Chairman of the

state body for environment.

Problems of Co-ordination

6.5 Considerable power to approve development of land vests with the Revenue Department in terms ofconversion order and alienation of land to the non-agriculturists under the land legislation. Planning powers

are weak outside the planning area. The village panchayats generally do not always seek permission from

the Town Planning Department or Development Authority before approving layouts. The relevant laws,

such as those relating to BDA and BMRDA in Bangalore, need to introduce clarity in responsibility for co-

ordination and planning permissions within and outside the municipal limits. The agencies like BDA and

BMRDA should have power to co-ordinate investment planning, environmental management and take up

advocacy of large city needs at higher levels. At the state level, institutions like Karnataka Urban

Infrastructure Development Finance Corporation (KUIDFC), Directorates of Town Planning and Municipal

Administration should work together in the prioritisation and convergence of investment needs withlinkages to the approved urban investment strategy etc. There is thus a need to initiate an action plan forlegal changes, develop co-ordination mechanisms for various activities as well as investments.

B. ROLE OF LOCAL BODIES IN FUTURE URBAN GROWTH

6.6 Under the 74th Constitution Amendment, municipalities have been made responsible for protection ofenvironment and promotion of ecological aspects. This requires a clear assignment of the above functionsto municipalities having due regard to their traditional functions as well as the role of the existing stateenvironmental agencies. It would be important to enlarge the scope of the traditional municipal functions toinclude environmental management in addition to pollution issues related to household energy, industryand transpoft, waste recycling, resource utilisation and sustainability. Municipalities should continue toperform traditional environmental management functions relating to water supply, sanitation, solid waste

management and community health. The municipalities would continue to perform licensing functions forpremises used for several non-residential functions. Improvement of environment at the local level requires

incorporation of environmental standards and norms in the urban planning process. In the context ofpolicies for economic liberalisation and delicensing of industries, environmental guidelines have become

much more important for guiding their location. The role of local government in the task of dealing withnoxious effluents of the industry would become equally important. The local bodies can become a majorplayer in registering the polluting industries so that pollution profile of cities can be mapped,

61 The municipal laws would need to be amended with a view to provide for the following: (1) the new

role of local government in management of urban environment, (2) the new imperatives for measuring

tff flfiuil 0I unlfllls[il0l 193

Karnataka

quality of living and work environment, (3) the new responsibilities for monitoring of pollution levels and forundeftaking health risk assessments, and (4) the involvement of community based organisations.

6.8 Local authorities require a wide range of skills and capabilities to deal with environmental planningand urban service delivery. Skills are needed in the areas of water supply, sanitation, drainage, solid wastemanagement, ground water protection and air pollution. Unfortunately, most of the local bodies suffer froma low level of technical skill. There is also a need for citizen groups and NGO's to play a larger role in themonitoring of environmental impact and their collaboration needs to be established by the local bodies.

C. ROLE OF STATE AND SECTORAL AGENCIES

6.9 The key actors crucial to urban environmental management are the central and state governments,urban local bodies, private and popular sector. At the state level, the Department of Environment andForests performs executive functions similar to that of Ministry of Environment and Forests at the cenrre.Town and Country Planning Directorate is entrusted mainly with the task of preparing development plansfor urban areas of the state and enforcing zoning regulations. The State Pollution Control Board plans anoexecutes state-wide programmes for prevention and control or abatement of water and air Dollution andensure compliance with provisions of relevant Acts. At the same time other levels and agencies of the stateand central governments are also involved in this task. For any effort towards improving urbanenvironment to succeed, various different agencies will have to be brought together. Environmentalplanning and management at the state level should focus on selecting policy instruments to meet pollutioncontrol, waste management and land management in urban areas. A combination of several instrumentssuch as pricing, taxation, regulation, investment, etc., would be needed. Public support will have to oemobilised for application of these instruments. The constitutional amendment stipulates environmentaltasks such as allocation of natural resources between rural and urban areas for the District planningCommittees and Metropolitan Planning Committees. These tasks are inter-jurisdictional in nature and canbe performed only through a collaborative and inter-institutional arrangement. These committees arerepresentative in character with representation from the state level agencies. In metropolitan city ofBangalore, several organisations are involved in urban management. However, there can be no escapefrom this situation as different agencies perform various tasks which are different in nature. The MpC forBangalore need to be constituted to address the problems of environmental protection having cross-sectoral dimensions. The responsibilities for management of urban environment would thus have to oeshared between the central, state and local governments consistent with their capacities.

D. METRO AREAS AND METROPOLITAN PLANNING COMMITTEES

5.10 The Bangalore Metropolitan Area comprises Bangalore City Corporation (BCC),7 City MunicipalCouncils (Yelahanka, Byatarayanapura, Krishnarajapura, Bommanahalli, Dasarahalli, Pattanagere,Mahadevapura) and 1 Town Municipal Council (Kengeri). The fragmentation of the metropolitan fringebeyond the Bangalore City Corporation limits has recently been reduced by abolishing the Sanitary Boarcsand Notifi'ed areas and consists of seven Ci$ Municipal Councils and one Town Municipal Council, asindicated above. It covers an area of 1280 sq km, of which BCC has a jurisdiction over an area of 223 sqkm, Of ihe total 1280 sq km of Bangalore Metropolitan Area, 780 sq km is earmarked as 'Green Belt' and500 sq knt as 'Conurbation Area'. Bangalore Metropolitan Area is facing major management problemsparticularly in the context of its multi-municipal situation, besides emergence of a number of specialisedagencies established for specific functions. The Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) is the PlanningAuthority for the metropolitan area which includes all municipal areas and the periphery, and is also a lineagency responsible for land development and housing construction, on the Delhi Development Authority(DDA) model. BDA prepares devqlopment plans under the lbwn and Country Planning Act. The Bangalore

L94 ilII ruruNt ||T URBAIIIEAII||II

Kamataka

Metropolitan Region Development Authority (BMRDA) is a strategic planning, programming and co-

ordinating agenJy for orderly development'of Bangalore Metropolitan Region (8,000 sq km), and thus

pertormsha-nagement functions. BMRDA has met with limited success in achieving co-ordination between

various agencies.

6.11 Managing growth in the metropolitan cities is not just an inter-municipal issue but also.invoMes

several deplrtments anO agencies of central and state governments. The size, scale and complexity ofproblems in a metropolitan area like Bangalore are such that it is impossible to put all the tasks and

agencies within a single organisation. Because the tasks are numerous, multiple organisations for their

discharge become inevitable, Such a agglomeration itself needs a metropolitan wide perspective, planning,

advocaiy and action. Items like sources of water, disposal of waste, traffic and transport, drainage,

abatement of air pollution etc., are examples where one city corporation, or a municipality alone cannot

deal with the problems by themselves in isolation. The Metropolitan Planning Committee has been

envisaged under the Constitution Amendment, as an inter- governmental, inter-organisational collaborative

forum with two-thirds of the members comprising elected representatives of the urban and rural segmentsof the metropolitan area and the remaining one - third as nominees of the state and central governments.

The MPC is thus essentially a participatory and democratic platform for metropolitan planning which coversnot merely physical planning but other related crucial aspects such as formulation of metropolitan vision,capital investment co-ordination and metropolitan level advocacy. MPC should be seen more as a

continuing mechanism for harmonising policies, strategies and programmes of various agencies. The multi-municipal metropolitan area of Bangalore, where central and state government agencies have significantpolicy and investment role, has a critical need of a MPC. The MPC for Bangalore metropolitan area has notbeen set up so far. However, the Bangalore Agenda Task Forc€ has been constituted by the Chief Minister.This Task Force, besides Chairman and members, has representatives from business, science andtechnology and other fields, and deals with various civic issues of the city.

6.12 The reasons for not setting up an MPC in the state appears to be ambivalence and confusion aboutthe purpose and the role of the MPC. There may be a perception that in case a separate MPC isestablished, it may undermine the role of Bangalore Development Authority as well as may result in itssurplus staff. This may be a mistaken perception, The MPC is expected to be a high level, democraticallyset up body, which will bring to the whole exercise of metropolitan development planning a constitutionalmandate.

6.13 The role of both BDA as a planning authority and BMRDA as an organisation performing planning andcoordination functions, needs to be reviewed in the context of setting up MPC for Bangalore metropolitanarea. Since the MPC has to perform the function of preparing the development plan, there can not be toomany planning bodies in Bangalore, The issue that arises is which of the two bodies - BDA or BMRDA couldbe made the technical secretariat of the MPC, on the same pattern as in Maharashtra, to make it morepurposeful and accountable within the structure of urban governance, as envisaged in the ConstitutionAmendment. In Maharashtra, the Mumbai Metropolian Region Development Author.ity will assist the MPC inMumbai in preparing the development plan, This approach has been recommended by central governmentand various expert bodies to utilise the technical resources of development authorities and make themmore effective. The BMRDA should act as a professional body and assist the MPC in preparing thedevelopment plan as well as co-ordination.

E. RURAL.URBAN INTEGRATION AND DISTRICT PLANNING COMMITTEES

6.14 Between the fast urbanising and the intervening rural areas, there will be a variety of commonproblems like the sharing of water and natural resources, drainage and communication etc. Municipal,

TilT TUTURT OT URBIIIISATIOII

Planning Commission Government of India, Ninth Five Year Plan 1997-2002, Vol. - I & II.

Rao B. Bhaskara and Rao M. Nageswara, t997, Urban Futures: Karnataka in Shelter-A HUDCO-HSMI Publication. New Delhi.

Ravindra A, 2000, Creating a Well Governed and Managed CiU Case Study: Bangalore'

rvf

iltt rurunt 0t unBNrEAII0ll t97

Karnataka

industrial and hazardous wastes are already spilling over into the watercourses in the rural areas. Suchproblems can not be seen in isolation and must be boked into from the point of view of the inter-relationships of rural.and urban areas. This needs an urban-rural platform. The District planning Committee;;'.ffi;j;;;iil;l,.;;ffi;

Karnataka

Sharma I P and Thippeswamy M N, Priuate Sector Participation in Bangalore Water Supply andWastewater Sector.

The committee on urban Management of Bangalore city, tggT , Report submitted to theGovern men t of Ka rnata ka.

Times of India, New Delhi, May 3t, L999, pg.l2.

Times Research Foundation, 7992, Indias lJrban Environment vol. I,u & III, calcutta.

Times Research Foundation, t992, Metropolitan Bangalore A Management Perspective, based on aResearch Study Sponsored by BMRDA, Calcutta.

Times Research Foundation, Seminar on Bangalore 20a0 - Some Imperatives for Actions Now,0ctober9&10,1987,

Town and Country Planning Organisation (1995), lJrban and Regional Planning and Development in India,New Delhi.

Vagale L R, 1997, Trends in Urbanisation in India and Their Impact on Settlement Structure:Focus on Karnataka in 46th National Town & Country planners Congress.

198 ilttrurum0;u[B&ilEATt0tl

I ]

FUTURE OF URBANISATION STUDY

MAHARASHTRA

f."'

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CLASS . POPN, SIZE

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: > 15 (upto 85.8) (1)

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FUTURE OF URBANISATION STUDY[]

I

MAHARASHTRATOSNOLAPIJfr

KARNATAKA

AANTICIPATEP CHAI\{GE INLEVEL OF URBANISATION FROMI 1991

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1 Introduction - P.213

II. The State's Urbanisation: Trends and Issues - P' 274

UI. New Geography of Investments - P' 278

IV. Spatial Manifestation of Economic Growth - P' 222

A. Present SPatial Pattern - P' 222B. Emerging Urban Corridors- P. 222C. SPURs - NCU, Urban Corridors - NATMO - P' 224

V. Problems, Issues and Constraints - P. 225

A. Spatial Planning and Land Use - P. 225B. Regional Infrastructure - P' 225C. Urban Infrastructure Services - P. 227D. Urban Environment - P' 228E. Investment Requirements - P. 237

VL Urban Governance and Management- P.233

A. 74th Constitution Amendment Act - P. 233B. Role of Local Bodies in Future Urban Growth - P. 233C. Role of State and Sectoral Agencies - P. 235D. Metro Areas and Metropolitan Planning Committees - P. 235E. Rural Urban Integration and District Planning Committees - P' 237F. Managing Urban Corridors - P. 239

References- P.240

ilIT TUIURT O! URBAIIISAII|lII zLL

Andhra Pradesh

ltsl 0t llBlts

Table 5.1Table 5.2Table 5.3Table 5.4

Table 5.5Table 5.6Table 5.7Table 5.8Table 5.9

lt$ 0t ttilP$

Urban Population Projections in Andhra pradesh for 202L _ p. 276Level of Urbanisation by Districts and Regions _ tggL _ p. 216Level of Urbanisation by Districts and Regions - 2O2L - p. 276Investments Proposed in Andhra pradesh in Infrastructure, Manufacturing andService, 1999 - P. 220Status of Projects - March Lggg - p. 22tPopufation of Urban Corridors - p. 223Administrative Status of Urban Corridors - p. 224Land Utilisation Pattern of Andhra pradesh (1970 -93) _ p. 226District-wise Municipalities in Andhra pradesh - p. 23g

Level of Urbanisation and Urban Centres - 1991 - p,241Anticipated Change in Level of Urbanisation from 1991 - 2O2t _ p. 243District-wise Investment in Infrastructure and Industries - p. 248Spatial Priority Urban Regions - NCU, Urban Corridors - NATMO _ p. 242Emerging Urban Corridors and Urban Regions - 2O2L - p. 24gBroad Land Use and Emerging Urban Corridors- p. 2Sl

Map 5.1Map 5.2Map 5.3Map 5.4Map 5.5Map 5.6

212 I[T FUTURT |l; UNBATISAII||II

L tilil0llucil0]l

1.1 Andhra Pradesh is the fifth largest state in India, both in area and population. The area of the state

is 2,75,045 sq km with a total population of 66.50 million (1991), growing at the rate of 2.42 per cent per

annum. About 17.89 million or 26.90 per cent of the total population of the state lives in 213 UAs/towns(19e1).

L.2 Andhra Pradesh is strategically located. It has the second longest coastline (1000 km) in the country,providing several gateways for international trade. It is within easy reach of major Indian metropolises -

Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai and Bangalore, The state also has emerging economic centres of nationalimpoftance. Visakhapatnam, an important pod city, is the fastest growing metropolitan city whileHyderabad, the capital of the state, has the third highest growth rate among all the metropolitan cities in

the country.

1.3 Andhra Pradesh has a great deal of agricultural wealth. It leads in the production of poultry, fruitsand rice. Besides, it has got large reserves of oil and natural gas, both on-shore and off-shore. It aboundsin iron ore, limestone and dolomite, beach sands, copper, manganese, lead, zinc and mica and other rare

minerals. Infrastructure development is creating demand for the state's key minerals - coal and limestone,

such as in power generation and construction. Andhra Pradesh is rapidly building up the InformationTechnology sector. The strength of its three regions - Telangana, Coastal Andhra and Rayalseema lies intheir natural resources - Telangana in maize production and horticulture; Coastal Andhra with extensivecoastline in industrial development; and Rayalseema in mining and quarrying. The three regions have thepotential for development for location of related industrial activities by optimal utilisation of naturalresources.

L.4 This report seeks to stimulate consideration of the emerging urbanisation pattern, as a result ofchanges that are taking place in demography, economic activities in the wake of liberalisation, and more

importantly, the spatial growth across the state of Andhra Pradesh. The report raises some key issues ofconcern in areas, namely, spatial manifestation of economic Arowth, infrastructure, environment, and urbangovernance and management for consideration, and setting a new strategic approach to the future ofurbanisation.

iltt tuI0Bt 0I uRBAlllsAil0ll 2t3

Andhra Pradesh

Tabfe 5.1: urban popuration projections in Andhra pradesh ror 2o2t

Source: Census of fndia, tgSt ana niStates 7996-2Ot6

* Computed on the growth trend during 2011-16

District Level Projections

2'10 Trend based proJections indicate that by 2001, besides Hyderabad, which is already fully urbantsed,the level of urbanisation of the Rangareddy and Visakhapatnam districts will be more than 50 per cent. By2011, Rangareddy will join the urbanisation level of Hyderabad. ey iozt, visakhapatnam *itn unurbanisation level of 82 per cent will closely catch up Hyderabad and'Rangareddy followed by Krisnna,cuddapa and Karimnagar becoming almost hali-urban fiible 5.2 and s.3) (rvap 5.1 and s.zl. r"tap s.zindicates the districts where the level of urbanisation will change significantly from 1991 to 2021,

Table 5.2: Level of Urbanisation by Districts and Regions - 1gg1

Table 5.3: Level of Urbanisation by Dastricts and Regions 2021

Mahbubnagar, Medak,

Vizianagaram, EastGodavari, West Godavari,Parkasam. Nellore

Chittoor, Cuddapah,Anantapur

Nizamabad, Adilabad,Karimnagar, Warangal,Khammam

Visakhapatnam, Krishna

East Godavari.Vizianagaram, WestGodavari, Parkasam

Medak, Warangal

Chittoor, Anantapur

Visakhapatnam, Krishna Hyderabad, Rangareddy,

2t6 ilt TUIURT |lT URIAIIISATI|lII

Andhra Pradesh

Projections for Urban Centres

2.11 The proportion of urban population in Class I cities of the state has increased from 56.14 per cent in

1981 to 66.98 per cent in 1991. Assuming a similar growth trend as during 1981-91, it may be envisaged

that there would be a total of 39 Class I cities by 200t, 57 by 2011 and 81 bV 2021 from the existing

number of only 32 Class I cities as per 1991. Census. Hyderabad Urban Agglomeration has had a

consistently high growth rate since 1961. As per trend based population projections, Hyderabad UA may be

about 10 million size while Visakhapatnam UA may exceed 3.5 million by 2021. Six cities viz., Vijayawada,

Guntur, Warangal, Rajamundry, Cuddapah and Ramagundam may join the rank of metropolitan cities by

2021 (Map 5.2). Many new towns and cities will also emerge in the state.

IHT fUIUNT,|tT URBAIIISAII||II 2r7

Andhra Pradesh

H'*IH"#9Al#/lJAl-lJ;HEIi"*."*""*",,".,..,,..".."",'".-..--,".-*Industrial Policy

3.1 In tune with liberalisation of economy, the locational policy has been significantly amended. There isno requirement of obtaining industrial approvals from the central government (except for the industriesunder compulsory licensing) for locations not falling within 25 kms of the periphery of cities having apopulation of more than 1 million. However, notified industries of a non-polluting nature may be locatedwithin 25 kms of the periphery of cities with more than 1 million population. Other industries are permittedonly if they are located in designated industrial areas set up prior to July 1991. The new industrial policy,therefore, changes the nature of licensing and shifts it to the state and city level authorities as urbanplanning responsibilitles.

3.2 The government of Andhra Pradesh with a view to achieving the objectives of rapid industrialisationand balanced development has set up Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation Limited(APIIC). The APIIC identifies and develops potential growth centres in the state with infrastructure facilitiesto cater to the needs of small, medium and large-scale industries. The APIIC also identifies land forindustrial estates. APIIC's industrial estates are either undeveloped or under-developed and have not beenattractive to investors. In such a situation, why some locations could attract the entrepreneurs while otherscould not do so are matters worth examination.

3.3 The new Industrial Policy of Andhra Pradesh, envisages a strategy to identify nodes of industrialdevelopment and intensively develop 'Industrial Parks' providing facilities for industries in selected areaswith a view to attract investment to these Parks such as:

1. Wadepally - Nalgonda District

2. Krishnapatnam - Nellore District

3. Kakinada - Visakhapatnam Belt (Parawada, Vakalapudi, Peddapuram and Konapapapet)

3.4 In addition to the above, the following Specialised Complexes are being set up to promote speciflcproduct based industries:

D Apparel Export Promotion Park at Gundla Pochampally with an Area of 170 acres located at adistance of 18 kms from Hyderabad

O Chemical Complex at Pydibhimavaram, Area 1500 acres in Srikakulam District

D Industrial Park at Srikalahasti, Area 600 acres in Chittoor District

O Industrial Park at Kuppam, Area 900 acres in Chittoor District

O Industrial Park at Karimnagar in Karimnagar District

O Export Promotion Industrial Park at Pashamylaram, Area 300 acres in Medak District

D Knowledge Park (ICICI), in Rangareddy District

3.5 The Cyber Towers in the Hyderabad Information Technology and Engineering Consultancy (HITEC)was set up by the APIIC in collaboration with Larsen and Toubro at Madhapur in Hyderabad over an area of158 acres of land with 5.8 million square feet of high quality built-up space comprising the first phase ofdevelopment. The total cost of the prqect is Rs. 1,500 crore. This is already attracting a host of Info-Tech

iltt rurunI0tunmrFATt0ll218

Andhra Pradesh

Companies to*CyBERABAD". It is now a preferred location for global I.T players_ like Microsoft,.Oracle,

Baan and Metamor. Another initiative includes setting up of the Indian Institute of Information Technology

in Hyderabad, as a collaborative effort between the government and the private sector InfoTech

companies. There is a proposal to have an additional IT Centre in Visakhapatnam.

Industrial Development and Urban Growth

3.6 Andhra pradesh has also been trying to promote industrialisation in the backward areas of the state,

with Andhra pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation (APIIC) as the implementing agency. The cost of

setting up each Growth Centre is around Rs. 25-30 crore. At present, the contribution of financing of

centra-l government is in the ratio of 2:1. The Government of India has sanctioned the following four

Growth Centres, which are under development at present:

1. Bobbili in Vijayanagaram District, Area 1500 acres

2. Ongole in Prakasam District, Area 1500 acres

3. Hindupur in Anantapur District, Area 1500 acres

4. Damarcherla in Nalgonda District, Area 1500 acres

In spite of the efforts, however, the concentration of industrial and commercial activities has mainly

continued in three areas. These are: (i) Hyderabad (ii) Vijayawada-Guntur and (iii) Visakhapatnam.

Industrial and Infrastructure Investment

3.7 Our general approach has been to use the CMIE data to analysis the industrial and infrastructureinvestments in various locations at the district level in the state. According to CMIE data, the totalinvestments in Andhra Pradesh in infrastructure and large and medium industries and others, as of March

1999, were of the order of Rs. 82,324 crore. Out of the above, 52 per cent was under manufacturing,services and others (Rs. 42,500 crore) while the remaining 48 per cent (Rs. 39,824 crore) was forinfrastructure. The status of the projects indicate that out of 251 projects, 101 projects had been

completed, 64 are under implementation, while 56 are under proposal stage, and announcements have

been made in respect of 30. The manufacturing, services and 'others'sectors have attracted a major share(52 per cent) of investments, dominated by chemicals, drugs and pharmaceuticals, fertiliser, cement, sugar,cotton yarn, engineering, paper and paper products, and non-metallic mineral products. In theinfrastructure sector, the power projects dominate the proposed investment with 86 per cent whileremaining 14 per cent are for roads, railways, shipping, telecom and airports. In the 'others' category areincluded hotels and commercial complexes, transport services, storage and distribution.

3.8 Investments in infrastructure sector seem to be clustered in certain districts of the state. CoastalAndhra is beginning to emerge as the most preferred region for investment in the state withVisakhapatnam, East Godavari and Nellore districts accounting for about 61 per cent of the investment.Karimnagar, Kurnool and Hyderabad districts have attracted infrastructure investments to the extent of 30per cent (Map 5.3). This map also indicates the proposed Expressways and Golden Quadrangle - NationalHighway Network: one along Coastal Andhra and another in North - South direction via Hyderabad.

Investment in manufacturing sector as well goes to the same three coastal districts aggregating to 51 per

cent. In addition, Cuddapah and Chittoor districts have attracted investments to the extent of 25 per cent.

3.9 The total investment in infrastructure and manufacturing is also concentrated in coastal Andhra,

namely, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari and Nellore accounting for about 60 per cent. Only Hyderabad in

/. L9IIIT ;UTUNT OT URBAIIISAITOil

the Telangana region has investments over Rs. 5000 crore, accounting for 9 per cent of the investment inthe manufacturing, service and others sectors. The overall investment preference appears to be for existingcentres' The Rayalseema region appears to have received the lowest investment. The most dramaticdevelopment in the state's economy relates to the software sector of the IT industries. A large number ofInfoTech enterprises such as Microsoft, IBM, Motorola, Oracle, Baan and Wipro have already sit up their IToperations in Hyderabad. There are proposals to create Industrial Parks at various locations. The state hasdecided to give incentives in the form of state owned land on lease and ancillary township developmentrights for highway projects (Table 5.4 and 5.5).

Table 5.4: Investments Proposed in Andhra Pradesh in Infrastructure, Manufacturing andSeruicg 1999

Andhra Pradesh

Source: CAPEX Guide to new Business Opportunities, CMIE. March. 7999, as obtainea from tne UinistrryfIndustry

'Rs. in crore

Adilabad 100.00 0.25 t72.93 0.67 272.93 0.351 Anantapur 257.56 0.6s 811.93 ', 11 1069.49 1.30

Chittoor 118.35 0.30 2777.77 10.84 2896.12 3.51.| Cuddapah 475.9r 1.20 3762.63 14.68 4238.54 5.155 East Godavari 5525.00 14.13 3219.85 12.56 8901.10 52.76 t7746.95 21.556 Guntur 385.75 o.97 64.76 0.25 450.51 0.s4

Hyderabad 2348.50 5.90 580.75 2.27 4591.30 27.22 7520.55 o 1?

8 Karimnagar 4237.00 10,64 7s4.85 2.95 4991.8s 6.069 Khammam 2763.40 6.94 918.68 3.58 3682.08 4.45.10 Krishna 1192.s0 2.99 143.00 0.s5 25.00 0.15 1360.s0 1.6511 Kurnool 2439.60 6.13 125.93 0.49 2565.s3 3.L2t2 Mahbubnagar 0.00 0.00 55.02 0.22 37.00 0.21 93.02 0.1213 Medak 270.58 0.68 269.43 1.05 400.00 2.37 940.01 1.1414 Nalgonda 0.00 0.00 652.07 2.54 652.07 0.7915 Nellore 5018.00 t2.60 1740.20 6.79 6758.20 8.2116 Nizamabad 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.001-' Prakasam 0,00 0,00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0018 Rangareddy 42r.97 1.06 660.27 2.58 53.50 0.31 1135.74 1.3819 Srikakulam 0.00 0.00 2r2.28 0.83 2t2.28 0.2720 Visakhaoatnam 13663.00 34.31 8133.93 3t.74 2864.10 16.98 2466r.03 29.952l Vizianagaram 35.00 0.09 29.30 0.11 64.30 0.09)) Warangal 0.00 0.00 338.41 1.32 338.41 0.4223 West Godavari 47r.00 1.18 203.30 0.79 674.30 0.82

Total 39824.12 100.00 25628.29 100.00 16872.00 100.00 82324.4L 100.oo

zzv Illt tuTUm 0F uRlAlilstTt0rl

Andhra Pradesh

Table 5.5: Status of Proiects - 1999

1 Adilabad 3 0 0 0 3

2 AnantaDur 0 2 0 0 2

3 Chittoor 3 4 3 I 11

4 Cuddapah 0 5 5 0 9

5 East Godavari 4 9 I 7 28

6 Guntur 2 2 0 0 4

7 Hyderabad 11 16 5 39

R. Karimnagar 2 0 I 1 4

9 Khammam 2 3 z 1 x

10 Krishna 3 3 2 1 9

11 Kurnool 1 3 0 0 4

t2 Mahbubnagar 1 5 I 0 7

13 Medak 4 15 2 1 22

t4 Nalqonda 1 4 6 2 13

15 Nellore 2 5 t2

16 Nizamabad 0 0 0 0 0

L7 Prakasam 0 0 0 0 0

18 Rangareddy 8 10 1 3 22

19 Srikakulam 2 4 I 7

20 Visakhapatnam 9 6 t4 o 35

2l Vizianagara m z 1 0 0

22 Warangal 3 1 0 0 4

23 West Godavari 1 4 0 0 5

Total 64 101 56 30 25LSo"re: CAPEX Guicle to new Business Opportunities, CMIE, March 7999, as obtained from the Ministry of

Industry

ilT TUilNI OT UNEATISAII|III 22L

Andhra Pradesh

tu. splilil, MAlil]r$rlil0ts 0t rc||il0iltc 0n0m[tllt/!FJns8?!Es,/Eln.!tt/./,ar.+-

A. PRESENTSPATIALPATTERN

Existing Urban Regions

4'L There are substantial variations in the distribution of urban population in Andhra pradesh acrossdistricts. Three distinct areas can be identified as major urban regions in Andhra pradesh. 1,elilesi areaof influence among the three urban regions goes to the (1) Hyderabad urban region followed by (z)Visakhapatnam and (3) Vijayawada-Guntur urban region. The various urban regions have the followingcharacteristics:

o Hyderabad urban region is spread over the districts of Hyderabad, Rangareddy and Medak in theTelangana area. Hyderabad, the leading metropolitan city of Andhra pridesh, is also the primatecity of relangana region, besides being the capitar of Andhra pradesh.

D Visakhapatnam urban region covers the districts of Visakhapatnam, Srikakulam and Vizianagaram.This is a highly industrialised region besides having a major port on the east coast. calcutta/Haldiaand Paradip ports together handle only as much load as Visaihapatnam. Various industrial activitiesare getting concentrated in Visakhapatnam. Important power projects like NTPC and Hindujai navebeen announced' Well known companies have shown keen interlst to set up fertilisers and petro-chemicals, power plants etc,, in Parawada at Visakhapatnam. Andhra pradesh IndustrialInfrastructure Corporation has proposed to set up an industrial park at parawada, SO lffii fromVisakhapatnam city,

D Vijayawada-Guntur urban region covers the delta areas of the Coastal Andhra. This is the mostprosperous agricultural region in the country. Along with this, it has developed good agro-basedindustries. The percentage share of urban population to total population in the relion isiign ontyafter Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam regions.

Clusters of Development

4.2 Andhra's extensive coastline is making it possible for location of clusters of developmenf around itsthree cities - Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada and Kakinada. Thanks to existing transport and communicationlinks, industrial estates and ports, these clusters are emerging as preferred-location for investments. Othermajor clusters in the state are Hyderabad, Karimnagar, Warangal, Tirupati, Anantapur and Nellore,

B. EMERGING URBAN CORRIDORS

4'3 On considering the pattern of investment in industry and infrastructure, connectivity through NationalHighway network and proposed Expressway and Golden Quadrangle network for various regi6nal urbangrowth areas, it is found that the growth centres are coalescing to form two main urban groilth corridorsand two minor urban corridors. They are:

1. North - South corridor from Rangareddy - Hyderabad - Kurnool - Ananthpur - Hindupur includingcities like, Adoni, Nandyal, Guntakal, Proddatur, Cuddapah, Hindupur and Tirupati towards thesouth. The corridor is likely to have about 113.2 lakh population in 2021 AD against 55 lakh in1991. The corridor passes through 6 districts with 3 Municipal Corporations, besidls 6 Class I cities

222 TIIT FUTURT |lF URBAIIISATI|lII

Andhra Pradesh

and 2 class II towns and other towns of smaller sizes. These two corridors have proposals for

expressways besides the existing rail network'

2. A lateral corridor from Vijayawada to Hyderabad connecting the coastal and Nofth - South corridor

is a possibility. It will have 39.76 lakh population in 20?t1 as -against

21 lakh in 1991 excluding

Hyderabad. The corridor passes througn 4 districts with 4 Class I cities (1 Municipal Corporation), 2

class II towns and 9 class III towns besides other towns of smaller sizes'

3. A minor corridor extending from Hyderabad - Nizamabad towards North with 7.43 lakh population

in 1991 is likely to emerge and will have 11.92 lakh population by 2021. The conidor spreads

through 4 districts with a Municipal Corporation, 4 Class II towns, 7 Class III towns and other small

towns.

4. Coastal corridor extending from Visakhapatnam to Ongole, and possibly further south towards

Nellore and Chittoor on the coast. The corridor covers 9 districts, 10 Class I cities, 12 Class II towns

and 29 Class III towns, with Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation besides several other towns. The

urban population was 47.72 lakh in 1991 which is likely to increase to about 99 lakh (27o/o of total

urban population) along this corridor by 2021 AD.

The corridors of transpoft are thus transforming to form poly - nodal urban corridors (Map 5.5).

Table 5.5: Population of Urban Corridors

Source: Census of fndia, t99t and 7987

* Projected

1 Hyderabad - Ananthpur-Hinduour

55,tt,r73 30.81 L,r3,t7,759 31.23

2 Hyderabad - Vijaywada(excluding Hyderabad)

2L,00,327 tt.74 39,76,286 10.97

3 Hyderabad - Nizamabad -Adilabad (excludingHvderabad)

7,42,609 4.15 Lt,92,236 3.29

q Coastal Corridor (Srikakulum

- Vishakhapattam -

Kakinada - Guntur - Ongole- Nellore)

47,72,tL3 26.67 99,18,515 27.37

Total 1,31,26,222 73.37 2,64,O4,796 72.86

iltt rurunt 0t uRBAlllsAiloll 223

Andhra Pradesh

Table 5.7: Administrative Status of Urban Corridors

1 f,yderabad - Ananthpur- Hinduour 6 3 0 7 al.2 Hyderabad - Vijaywada

(excluding Hyderabad) 4 2 6 4

3 Hyderabad - Nizamabad -Adilabad (excluding Hyderabad)

.| 1 0 5 04 Coastal Corridor (Srikakulum -

Vishakhapattam - Kakinada -Guntur - Qngole - Nellore)

9 1 6 29 t7

Source: Census of fndia, 7997

MC - Municipal Commiftee, M - Municipality, p - panchayat, OG _ Outgrowth

4'4 Urbanising Regions: Additionally, an urbanising Region, comprising Ramagundam - Karimnagarand Warangal is also emerging in the northern part of the state.

C. SPURs - NCU/ URBAN CORRIDORS - NATMO

4.5 Based on the configuration of 329 Generator of Economic Momentum (GEMs), the NationalCommission on Urbanisation (NCU) had identified 49 Spatial priority Urbanisation niglons'iseuns) in theentire country. These regions vary in size and in many cases cut across the state boundaries and thedevelopment would benefit the backward areas in a much better fashion than the mere development oftotally new growth centres proposed by the central government. The Map 5.4 shows the above spuRs inAndhra Pradesh. Out of the 49 SPURs, the following were identified by the NCU in Andhra pradesh:

1. Hyderabad-Mahboobnagar-Nalgonda-Kurnool-Anantapur

2. Adilabad-Nizamabad-Karimnagar-Warangal

3. Nellore-Tirupati

4. Visakhapatnam-Rajahmundry-Vgayawada-Gunrur

4'6 The National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation (NATMO) later identified Urban Corridors inthe country on the basis of their intensity of urbanisation, based on 1991 Census, which are identical to theUrban Corridors identified by the Registrar General. In all, 25 urban corridors have been identified all overthe country. The two urban corridors in Andhra pradesh as also depicted on Map 5.4 are:

1. Hyderabad - Warangal

2,Andhra Coast

The urban corridors identified in the present study (Map 5.5) are similar and confirm the urban corridors,and SPURs identified by NATMO and the NCU.

224 I[T TUTUNT |lF UNBATISATI||II

Andhra Pradesh

U. pn0BuMs, lssuls illll G0llsTn[l]lTs

A. SPATIAL PLANNING AND LAND USE

5.1 Urbanisation is taKng place much faster in Andhra Pradesh than in the rest of India' Between 1981-

gt, tf'" state's urban popJlution grew by 42.64 per cent, compared to 36'19 per cent for India' -Larger

urban centres have been consistently growing at a faster rate than smaller urban centres. The Class I cities

accounted for nearly 67 per cent of tne totat urban population. Economic growth in future is likely to

accentuate this trend. According to trend based estimates (Registrar General, India), Andhra Pradesh's

urban population will become about 36 million plus by 202t, more than twice the size of 1991 urban

population, constituting 39 per cent as the share of urban population in the state. According to the

document "Vision 2O2O - Andhra Pradesh" the share of urban population in the state is expected to

increase to 43.24 per cent by 2020. Whatever may be the projections, it is certain that larger cities will

dominate the urbanisation scene. There will be increased concentration of population in larger urban

agglomerations. The state may have six more cities with a population of over one million, in addition to the

two of 1991. This calls for initiating new approaches for spatial planning, management and financial

reforms to respond to the urban growth pressures.

S.Z These transporV urban corridors have been emerging over the past two decades. As mentioned

before, the NCU and the NATMO had already pointed out their emergence. Whether these corridors are

officially recognised or not, they are a part of Andhra Pradesh's urban reality, The choice is between within

imaginative planning approaches to prescribe different functions of the 'Nodes' as well as the intervening

spaces, and thereby establishing a functional urban settlement system within these emerging urban

corridors or allowing them to continue as a creeping urban sprawl.

5,3 The developing urban corridors will have a variety of impacts on the settlement structure. Within

these corridors an appropriate framework for development and management of 'Nodes', is requiredparticularly in metro cities where economic and environmental changes would be rapid. The impact of thecorridor development would need consideration of the following:

O There will be a high degree of interaction between two nodes particularly between two metropolises,

This will cause higher growth around the nodes resulting in urban sprawl and smaller settlements

coalescing with each other. The concentration of activities will put additional pressure ofdevelopment.

O The influence area of the 'Nodes' will get further enlarged. This will lead to accelerated growth oflow-density urban sprawl along the corridor axis. The sprawl will likely to be in the form ofspontaneous development without basic services, but adding in cost of development later on.

O The main corridor transportation system will need to be suppoted by a secondary system of road

network and other communication facilities.

O Changes in the land utilisation pattern may be dramatic. The urban corridors would take away a

considerable portion of agricultural land. Unless planned, linear spread of urban activities may be

inevitable,

O Environment would become extremely important. Air and water pollution in and along the corridors

will rise significantly.

Andhra Pradesh

Land Utilisation

5'4 Land is one of the major natural resources of India and is also a non-renewable resource, Thepressure on land is bound.to increase with the growth of population giving rise to competing claims on landfor various uses such as housing, infrastructure, industries, agricult-ure, -hofticulture,'rec.eition

and otheruses. Land prices will rise sharply. The prevailing patterns of land utilisation i.e., the extent of land underdifferent categories of use are discussed in the following Table 5.8. The broad land use along withemerging urban corridors is depicted in Map 5.6.

Table 5.8: Land utilisation pattern of Andhra pradesh (1970 - 1993)

Source: CMIE, India? Agricultural Sector, July 1996

5.5 In 1992-1993, land re-ported under non-agricultural uses was 2.43 million hectares compared to z.!7million hectares in 1980-1981 at a growth rate of 2,17 while the urban population of Andhra pradesh wasincreased from t2.49 million to 17.89 million during 1981 - 1991 with a growth rate of 43.23 per cent.

B. REGIONALINFRASTRUCTURE

5.6 Regional infrastructure of three types - trunk, specialised and arterial, will need to be created.Regional infrastructure comprising roads, power, portS, telecommunications, airpods, etc., is required toconnect key urban centres. For instance expressways connecting Hyderabad, Warangal, Karimnagar,Visakhapatnam, Nellore, Vijayawada and Ananthpur will need to bi constructed. The deficiencies in tnestate pots need to be removed. The shortfall in power supply being 27o/o would require substantialincrease in capacity to meet the demand. Telecommunication links between these cities and to other Indianstates would also have to be provided for. Regional infrastructure is thus a pre-requisite for economicdevelopment. Future growth will be possible only with upgradation and expansion of existing regionalinfrastructure.

5'7 The huge investments expected in the next few years particularly around metropolitan and targecities and in industrial areas being developed by the State Industrial Infrastructure Corporation, willstimulate higher urban growth. The emerging urban corridors will require special measures to deal with theproblems of infrastructure and services. Primary urban infrastructure such as water supply and sewerageare not available outside the municipal limits because these services are provided only within the municiplllimits' The fringe zone of the large cities comprise nagar panchayats and gram panchayats. The provisionof basic infrastructure in the urban corridors outside the nodes particularly in the fringes of large cities will

'in'000 hectares

Land under Forest 6337 23.09 62L3 22.64 6281 22.89 -1.96 -1.96Land not available forcultivationa. Land put to non-

agricultural usesb. Barren and unculturable

landc. Others

2L22

210L

L375

7.73

7.66

5.01

2168

2340

1201

7.90

8.53

4.38

2426

2058

0

8.84

7.50

0.00

2.17

11.38

2.t7

11.38

Land under cultivation 15505 55.51 15518 56.55 L6675 60.77 0.08 0,08Reporting Area 27440 100.00 27440 100.00 27440 100.00

Andhra Pradesh

remain unattended if no specific measures are taken. This calls for larger investments in transpoft and

communications, power, water supply, sewerage, housing and community facilities, all within a co-

ordinated framework of economic and spatial planning of the corridors.

5.g Trends apat, such urban growth will, also, aggravate the existing shortfalls of various basic services

with concomitant environmentaf strain in the existing urban areas. The constraints and problems, which

could undermine the growth are: inadequate water supply, inadequate coverage through sewerage and

storm water drainage services, problem of disposal of domestic and industrial wastes, unsustainable ground

water drawl, pollution of water courses, environmental pollution etc.,

C. URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES

5.9 According to 1991 Census data, only about 40 per cent urban households in the state have access to

all the three services, namely, drinking water, toilets and electricity; while 7 per cent had access to none of

these. In Srikakulam district, 23 per cent households are without any of the three services while in

Hyderabad only a small propotion of 1.51 per cent do not have access to these services. Towns in

Telangana region are worse in terms of water supply and drainage. A survey of urban services by theDepaftment of Municipal Administration and Urban Development in 1994 shows that only 13 municipalities

in the state have a satisfactory level of water supply; 6 municipalities have no protected water supply and 8have more than 75 per cent deficit while the remaining fall in between the range 25-75 per cent deficit.

The same survey indicates severe shortages in other services as well.

5.10 Poorenvironmental conditions pafticularly in the Class I cities of Andhra Pradesh can be attributed toa combination of factors such as:

D The increasing gap between population growth and municipal service provision.

O The poor operation and maintenance of existing services as also poor quality of service delivery.

O Piecemeal and sectoral solutions to infrastructure improvements often lead to transferring theproblem elsewhere (e.9. improved water supply causes drainage problems). In many of the towns,problems are compounded because of industrial effluents polluting ground water, soil and air(Chittoor, Qutubullapur, LB Nagar, Kukatpalli and Malkajgiri).

D State Government Depatments like PHED, Pollution Control Board and Directorate of Town andCountry Planning have a major role in improving the environmental situation of urban areas.Unfortunately, lack of comprehensive and holistic approach to infrastructure by the concernedagencies worsen the problem of access to services.

Water Supply

5.11 As per'Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for the Poor'surveys carried out in 32 Class I cities, the per

capita water supply in 19 cities is below 80 lpcd. In slum areas, the supply is hardly 25 -50 lpcd. Due toshortfall of water supply, more ground water is extracted lowering the water table. All the municipalitiesprovide intermittent supply for /z - 6 hours daily or on alternate days. The supplies are staggered and thetimings for water supply are erratic. There is no metering for domestic supply. However, meters have been

installed on commercial and industrial consumers. The quality of water is poor due to pollution at source/

leakages in the transmission and distribution systems and water supply is not equitably distributed in

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different paft of the city. Water sources are also being polluted by the wastes discharged by the townslocated on the upstream of sources.

5'12 There is a need for better management of water supply delivery, sewage collection, treatment anddisposal' Potable water continues to be scarce in many urban areas, particularly for the lower incomegroups. Extending existing supplies through water conservation and reuse and using other sustainablemethods can achieve universal coverage of potable water. Modern technologies and managementapproaches should be followed for increasing the efficiency of water use. Reusebf the wastewa[er canconserve water. Considering the high cost of water bound sewerage systems, a combination ofconventional and low cost sanitation measures need to be pursued. Greater involvement of private sector.NGOs, and user groups will be required.

Sewerage and Drainage

5.13 Sewerage being absent in most of the cities, open drains collect storm water and also serve to carrysullage and sewage. This causes environmental problems. The drains are also poorly maintained anoflooding of streets are common in the monsoon. Several sewers are blocked and sewage overflows fromseveral manholes creating frequent health problems. Sewage treatment plants at Eluru, Guntur and Tenaliare defunct and untreated sewage used for irrigation. Untreated sewage is mostly discharged into thedrains, and thereafter into Visakhapatnam port area along with industrial wastes.

Solid Waste Management

5.14 There is always a backlog in collection and transportation of solid waste to the disposal site in mosturban centres. The problem consists of inadequate arrangements and facilities for the collection ofdomestic waste and street sweepings lack of control over the dumping of construction debris lack ofcapacity for the transpoft of all the refuse in the duping yards, insanitary disposal of garbage etc. There isno mechanism to handle hospital wastes separately. Some municipalities have given collection andtransportation of the waste, to private parties.

5.15 Urban local body in each urban area would need to plan waste disposal by classifying wastegeneration (solid and biomedical waste, sewage) according to source and collection points, and thenimplementing a suitable disposal facility. The functions of the local bodies need to be strengthened througninstitutional, legal and financial mechanisms to help them discharge these environmental functions.

D. URBAN ENVIRONMENT

Water

Sources of Water

5.16 Improper disposal of urban and industrial wastes is causing deterioration in water quality in bothsurface and groundwater resources thus becoming cause of concern for the availability of sources of waterfor cities. Most of the "easy to exploit" sources have been fully developed and as cities grow, the search fornew unpolluted and more costly sources goes on. The competition for water requirement betweenagriculture and industry is becoming severe in the state. There are thus multiple users and there is a needfor management of this scarce resource of water.

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Problems caused by existing industries

5.17 Since industrial development is taking place in concentrated pockets, it is important to provide

environmental safeguards. It is also seen that expanding residential areas are engulflng industrial

Jevelopments. Confilcts of use not apparent in the beginning become prominent over a period of time' At

the micro level, water and air pollution and waste management become serious problems. Planning and

zoning measures have to be dynamic.

5.1g The pollution caused by the industries is mostly confined to cities like Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam.

Industrial wastes of varying pollution potential are discharged by major and medium industries. Chemical

and pharmaceutical industries discharge hazardous wastes. Apart from the above, polluting industries such

as paper, distilleries, cement factories located throughout the state also cause environmental pollution.

Water Pollution

5,19 The water pollution problem is caused by existing major industries and the problem is severe

particularly in Hyderabad. A number of small-scale chemical and pharmaceutical industries are located in

areas like Jeedimetla, Bollarum, and Sanathnagar etc, Modern industrial development, particularly chemical

industries in Hyderabad started with the location of Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals (IDPL) at Balanagar.

Establishment of IDPL resulted in the proliferation of chemical and pharmaceutical industries in Jeedimetla,

Kukatpally and surrounding areas. Their location has been the source of most problems of pollution in

Hyderabad since the same are located in the catchment area of Hussainsagar as well as in the windward

direction of Hyderabad. A host of industries have come up on the upstream of all water channels ofHyderabad. All these industries are required to provide common effluent treatment for the group ofindustries in each area. The water quality monitoring results, however, indicate that organic and bacterialpollution still continue to be predominant pollution in water bodies. Several lakes have been inundated with

effluents from industries, including Hussainsagar. Hindustan Polymers Industries in Visakhapatnam has

contaminated ground water sources.

5.20 The survey of 'Water Supply, Wastewater Generation, Collection and Treatment' by Central Pollution

Control Board at the all India level, indicates a large part of municipal sewage flowing in untreated form in

nearby receiving water bodies. In the case of ground water, contamination of the sources is pafticularly

serious because this can lead to permanent loss of valuable high quality drinking water. The pollution ofsurface and ground water from untreated sewage, industrial wastes and dumping of garbage is evident in

Visakhapatnam. The nallas carry raw sewage and the system of garbage disposal only breeds disease

vectors. Since human consumption of groundwater is inevitable in areas where protected water supply isnot available, pollution of groundwater can lead to disastrous consequences. There is critical need todevelop the institutional capacity to plan, finance, and efficiently operate and maintain conventionalwastewater treatment systems.

Air Pollution

5.21 Ambient air pollution emanates from three major sources - energy generation, industry, and

transDortation all of which tend to increase with economic growth. For air quality management, the

ambient air quality in and around Hyderabad is being monitored through air quality monitoring stations. Airpollution from major industrial units such as the steel plant, a refinery, a fertiliser plant and a zinc plant

and the vehicular exhaust due to heavy traffic movement in Visakhapatnam cause air pollution which is

continuing unabated. Air pollution from dusty port cargo will also continue to increase till such cargo is

shifted to the satellite port. Kothagudem Thermal Power Plant and air polluting industries cause air

pollution in Kothagudem area. Sensitive areas have been'identified where location of industries with air

pollution potential has been prohibited. The role of the local authorities in identifying the numerous small

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sources of air pollution and measures to prevent further aggravation of the problem also need to bespecifled.

Fragile Coastal Zone

5'22 The state has a long coastline running from Ichapuram in north to Sullurpet in south. The fragi6 andsensitive area is facing rapid deterioration because of untreated wastes, erosion, and uncontrolled aicess tobiological resources taking their toll. The discharge of city wastes into fhe sea such as in Visakhapatnam aswell as over-extraction of ground water resulting in saline intrusion are special problems. paddy fields arebeing converted into more lucrative non-agricultural activities as well as into shrimp farms, creatingenvironmental problems. Using land use tools to guide the siting of industrial and residential developmentaway from environmentally sensitive areas, can greatly improve environmental quality.A mapping exercise in this regard is in progress by central pollution control Board.

Urban Form and Envaronment

5.23 Environmentally inappropriate urban land development is exerting direct pressure on land as well ason surrounding ecosystems. The relationship between various land uses and the pattern of developmenthave a considerable impact on the environment. The cities are expanding into fertile agriculture land. Thedensity and spatial forms of development also have environmental implication such ls high costs withcongestion. In this context, an understanding of the spatial dimensions of problems is required for theappropriate form of interventions, Also, co-ordination is required among different institutions havrngdifferent jurisdictions so as to ensure comprehensive environmental management.

Vulnerability Areas

5'24 Floods, draught and cyclone frequently ravage Andhra Pradesh. As a follow-up of the yokohamaStrategy for Safer World: Guidelines for National Disaster Prevention, Preparedness and Mitigation, theGovernment of India has prepared a Vulnerability Atlas of India. The places with risks of earthquakehazard, wind and cyclone hazard and flood hazard areas as per above Atlas are discussed below:

5'25 Earth Quake Hazard,4reas.'Eventhough Andhra Pradesh does not fall under very high and high riskzone, some of the urban areas are indicated under moderate damage risk zone, are.,Warangal, Kharimam,Guntur, Ongole, Kakinada, Eluru and Machilipatnam.

5'26 Wind and cyclone Hazard Areas.'The entire coastal belt of Andhra Pradesh upto about 60 kms fromthe shore is covered as very high damage risk zone. This includes the two major metropolitan pockets ofAndhra Pradesh, i'e., Vizag and Vijayawada - Guntur - Tenali areas with high population concentration.Moderate damage risk zone covers almost 75 per cent of Andhra Pradesh including Hyderabad, Nizamabadand Adilabad.

5.27 Flood and Drought prone areas: Areas liable to floods include Machilipatnam and Kakinada towns andscattered pockets mainly along Godavari and Penneru and other rivers and water bodies of the state. Theravages caused by torrential rains and consequent loss of life and property threatened by floods duringJanuary and September, 2000 was severe not only in the districts of Warangal, Medak, Nellore, Nalgonda,Kurnool, Adilabad, Mahboobnagar, Rangareddy, Krishna and Cuddapah, but also in Hyderabad andSecundrabad.

5.28 As a long term policy, location of future urbanising areas and expansion of existing cities and townsmust be taken into consideration juxtaposed with various vulnerable areas in order to minimise loss of lifeand property from natural hazards. The Vulnerability Atlas can be an useful tool to identify areas vulnerable

230 Tltt tuIURr 0t uRBllilsATt0ll

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to natural disasters, Land use tools such as zoning, building codes need, to be used to reduce risk from

natural hazards. The hazard consciousness, organisational itructure at the national' state and municipal

;G;.r to Oeat with potential of damaging housing stock and related infrastructure need to have

preparedness and capacity for timely miggation t.urrrit aimed at reducing physical, economic and social

vulnerability to threats. There is a need fJr formulation of a strategy for setting up techno-legal regime for

enforcing disaster resistant construction and zoning of land use based on vulnerability of the area'

Role of Urban Local Bodies

5.2g while municipalities will continue to perform traditional functions relating to water supply, sanitation'

solid waste management, there is a need for the incorporation of environmental concerns into local

ptanning system. As enviiaged in the Twelfth Schedule, it would be important to enlarge the traditional

,.op" oi municipal functionJso as to include environment management including pollution issues related to

household energy, industry and transpoft, waste recycling, resource utilisation, and sustainability. The role

of local governments in regard to industry has not been very clear. The system of'no objection certificate'

for wastewater discnargeslnd emissions administered by the State Pollution Control Board has transferred

the responsibility fromlhe domain of local bodies. Though State Pollution Control Board will continue to

play a major role in controlling pollution, there is a need to develop appropriate inter-relationships between

iocal bodies, development authorities and pollution control board for better coordination.

Role of State

5.30 The state needs to plan the use and management of its environmental resources in an integrated

way. Environmental resource planning involves the framing of an integrated blueprint for the planned use

of itate,s resources. All water bodies and ground water in urban agglomerations need to be protected and

conserved by suitable law and appropriate enforcement mechanisms.

5.31 A major cause of environmental degradation in Andhra Pradesh today is the lack of integrated

environmental planning. Often, departments, municipalities, local authorities and industries use

environmental resources according to the priorities of their individual sectors, without much regard to the

overall needs of the state or the sustainable use of its resources. To proactively manage environmental

resources, environmental resource planning will have to be made a central component of policy making at

the state level.

E. INVESTMENTREQUIREMENTS

5.32 Several committees, groups and task forces instituted by the government as well as research by

academic and research institutions have attempted to estimate the gap between requirement and provision

of urban infrastructure services. Unfortunately there has been no agreement to arrive at common basic

definitions, leading to wide variations in the estimates. Nonetheless all the estimates do concur on one

point, i.e., the gap between provision and requirement is huge, is growing larger everyday and appears to

be unbridgeable unless urgent remedial measures are initiated'

5.33 The Eleventh Finance Commission has recommended an amount of Rs. 2000 crore for all

municipalities in the country to be transferred out of the consolidated fund of states for the period of

S yeari (2000 - 05), of which Andhra Pradesh share is Rs. 164.66 crore only. The grant to the states is to

speed up the process of decentralisation and developing the municipalities as institutions of self-

government, by supplementing the resources of the local bodies'

ilt ruruRt 0f uRBAlllsArl0ll 23t

Andhra Pradesh

5'34 It has been estimated that by the year 2001, the urban local bodies of Andhra pradesh would requirean investment in basic infrastructure and services of about nr. jo+iirorus, accorcling to norms proposedby the Zakaria committee. The financial requirements will be in the ranll Rs. 2946 crores to Rs. 3973crores if the municipal managers choose to raise the services according to -nornrs pr";;#'il ,in'.'tiinn,ngcommission, Government of India. The figure of ptanntng c;'fi&;; ihigh range) retates to 2001population which is likely to be around 23.44million. Therefoie the 2021 requrrement at 1995 prices will beabout Rs. 6143 crores for the projected 36.24 million urban population.

232 Tl|l tuTUnt 0r uREAlilsATtotl

Andhra Pradesh

ur. unBril Gou[nililGF rX-n"*UHt$-E[!,"t]J

A. 74TH CONSNTUTTON AMENDMENTACT

6.1 Only some of the mandatory provisions of the 74th Constitution Amendment Act, 1992 peftaining to

structural aspects of ULBs, have been adopted by the state. These include composition, nomenclature and

term of office of ULBS, constitution of State Finance Commission and State Election Commission, etc'

Ho*"u"r, provisions relating to the constitution of District Planning Committees (DPCs) and Metropolitan

piinning'iommittees (MpC-s), and discretionary provisions like devolution of additional functions and

financei to the local bodies have not been incorporated in the amended Acts.

6.?. As a result, amendments in other relevant Acts having a bearing on the municipalities and municipal

corporations have not been carried out. Also, serious efforts have not been made to remove ambiguity

between the provisions of the new Acts and the rules and regulations framed under the previous Acts. For-xample,

under the amended Acts, a three-fold classification of ULBs has been made viz., corporations,

municipalities and nagar panchayats. The municipalities, however, continue into five grades viz., selection

grade,'special grade,?irstgrade, second grade and third grade. There are 116 urban local bodies including

7 corporations, S seiectlon grade, 13 spe-ial grade, 18 first grade,32 second grade, 22 third grade and 15

nagai panchayats in the state. the five-grade classification of the local bodies was not amended and the

same continues.

6.3 With a view to ensure participatory governance and transparency and improve services, the state has

instituted a state wide Janmabhoomi programme in urban and rural areas in which resources from different

sources are made available. The programme is implemented through self-help groups such as Water User's

Associations (WUAs), School Education Committees and other community groups. The lanmabhoomi

initiative closely involves the people in the choice as well as execution of development works of a defined

nature and value. Prioritised requirements of each slum/neighbourhood are consolidated in the form of a

Community Development Plan. The municipal ward is the unit for planning and monitoring. A committee

with the ward councillor as chairperson with an officer of the municipality and local members oversee theprogramme. The Disti'ict Collector allocates funds from lanmabhoomi funds for such works which can not

be funded through municipal resources'

B. ROLE OF LOCAL BODIES IN FUTURE URBAN GROWTH

Functional Devolution

6.4 The 74th Constitution Amendment incorporates the 12th Schedule suggesting functions to be

entrusted to the urban local bodies. The Constitution Amendment empowered the state legislature toentrust the functions to the local bodies to enable them to function as units of local self-government and

orovide essential and basic services to the urban community.

6.5 In Andhra Pradesh, where ULBs are responsible for several functions listed in the 12th Schedule,

however, did not incorporate various functions in the conformity legislation. Thus the functional domain of

ULBs has remained limited. There are 9 functions out of the 18 functions included in the 12th schedule

which are being peformed by the state level departments since they were not entrusted to municipalities.

These include: (1) Planning for economic and social development, (2) Fire services, (3) Urban Forestry,

Drotection of environment and promotion of ecological aspects, (4) Promotion of cultural and aesthetic

aspects, (5) Prevention of cruelty to animals, (6) Bus stops, (7) Regulation of tanneries, (8) Urban poverty

IIII fUIURt |lT UNBATISAII|lII 233

Andhra Pradesh

alleviation, and (9) Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped andmentally retarded' The government now proposes to endow the local bodies with the functions tikeplanning for economic and social development, protection of the environment and promotion of ecotogicalaspects and urban povefi alleviation based the report of the Expert Committee constituted in 1995. Thebill has already been drafted and may be introduced in the legislature in due course.

Local Autonomy

6'6 Issues relating to autonomy of local bodies and the control of state government have also not Deenamended. As a result, the conformity legislation has not made any im[act in streamlining the urbangovernance in the state. In the context of the thrust for decentralisation of urban gou6rnance anoresponsive provision of services, there is a need to rethink the role of municipal boiies and evotvemeasures to build up their organisational capacity. Local autonomy to municipalities, calls for a clear focuson executive authority, clear assignment of functions and devolution of financial resources.

Citizen Pafticipation and Accountability

6.7 As per constitutional mandate, locally elected municipal bodies have to adjust to the concepts ofpublic accountability in urban governance. The municipality is closest to the peopie in respect of variouselements of day-to-day life. This requires enhancing the accountability of municipalities. If municipalaccountability is to be related to its constituents, then the greater involvement of citizens in the activities ofmunicipality is imperative.

Territorial Dimension

6.8 There is a problem of territorial dimension for the growing bigger cities for the control of peripheraldevelopment' There is a problem of integrated service provision on one hand and decentralisation ofservices for responsive delivery on the other. Another problem relates to the incorporation of industrialtownships and village panchayats adjoining a large city. Often the peripheral townships leapfrog unsuitablepockets of land and this aggravates the problem of extension of infrastructure such as in Hydtrabad andVisakhapatnam metropolitan cities.

Multiplicity of Agencies

6'9 The state government, over the years steadily diverted the responsibilities in the functional sphere ofmunicipal bodies and has assigned the planning and development functions as well as municipal services,like water supply and sewerage etc., to parastatal agencies at the city and state level. This has happenedeven when functions are expressly delegated to the municipal bodies. The examples are HyderabadMetropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board, Public Health Engineering Department (for the eniire stateexcept Hyderabad), Urban Planning and Development Authorities for different cities; state level Housing aswell as Slum Clearance Board etc. Andhra Pradesh has also set-up Andhra pradesh Urban Finance andInfrastructure Development Corporation for the financing and provision of urban infrastructure. The StateIndustrial Investment Corporation undertakes the development of industrial estates and maintains theservices within the estate, The Industrial Corporation also functions as providers of urban infrastrucrure,such as water supply for the industries in the Vizag Region. The urban development authorities function asplanning authorities besides assuming the role of developer of land and housing.

6.10 The different roles as performed by the parastatals have not been brought out in line with municipallaws, making the urban local bodies dependent on parastatals for providing services to the citizens. Thegrowth of special purpose agencies with erosion in the powers of municipal bodies have not made anysignificant impact on the governance of cities. This raises the question of empowering the local bodies to

t5.+ TIIT TUIUBT ||F UNBAilI$II|lII

Andhra Pradesh

develop as institutions of self-government. This has resulted into administrative fragmentation and

bureaucratisation in urban gouirnance. It is therefore necessary that urban local bodies be made

responsible for various functidns as envisaged in the Constitution Amendment and should be enabled to act

independently in order to perform their [asks efficiently with a clear focus of executive authority, and

devolution of financial resources.

Problems of Co-ordination

6.11 The town planning legislation provides the framework for preparation of master plans, but does not

orovirle the institutional framework for co-ordinating spatial, and infrastructure investment planning' The

Rndhra pradesh Town Planning law concentrates all planning powers in the Town Planning Department.

Under a separate Act, Andhra Pradesh has established Urban Development Authorities for the bigger cities

but their co-ordinating role is not clearly spelt out.

G.12 The state government has been operating different schemes for infrastructure provision. The

problem again has been the division of responsibilities among two or more departments. The responsibility

for monitoring central and state schemes for urban development is divided between the Directorate of

Municipal Administration and the Directorate of Town Planning.

C. ROLE OF STATE AND SECTORAL AGENCIES

6.13 There is a need for the state government to participate in the functions of regional planning and

infrastructural development. The preparation of regional plans would need to be taken up for the urban

corridors extending over several districts. It is felt that state-municipal partnerships may be more

appropriate to take up the task of preparation of regional plans and sub-regional plans. In this context, therole of MPCs and DPCs providing broad framework taking into account the inter-jurisdictional spatial and

sectoral linkages become important. Likewise the development of infrastructural facilities at regional and

local levels require huge investments which cannot be left to the local bodies. Suitable partnerships are

essential in this regard as well. Thus, the regional planning and infrastructure provision functions can be

regarded as )oint'responsibilities of state and local bodies.

6.14 To achieve the mandate of local self - government, the state has to devolve powers to local bodies todevelop as an autonomous municipal organisation. The functions of municipalities, ward committees andplanning committees need to be defined clearly along with a transparent accounting mechanism.

6.15 Since 74th amendment has changed the nature of relationship between the state and municipal body,

the control of state government over urban local bodies need to be elaborated. Urban services throughprivatisation and public-private partnerships need to be made in Municipal Acts.

6.16 Multiplicity of organisations that have overlapping functional jurisdictional assignments is one of thecauses for improper services and lack of coordination in the organisations. These can be eliminated byhaving joint committee to ensure coordination among various organisations as in the case of Tamil Nadu.

D. METRO AREAS AND METROPOLITAN PLANNING COMMITTEES

6.17 The 74th Constitution Amendment has made it mandatory for the constitution of MPCs. While the

composition and the manner of constituting the MPCs is left to the discretion of the state legislature, it is

mandatory to have not less than two-thirds of the seats from among the elected members of municipalities

and chairpersons of panchayats in the metropolitan area in proportion to the ratio between the population

ilt ruruRt 0t unBAilsliloll 23s

Andhra Pradesh

of the municipalities and the panchayats in that area. Provision can also be made to provide representationto Government of India, state government and other organisations to facilitate in carrying out the functionsassigned to MPCs.

6'18 The Andhra Pradesh has not incorporated the mandatory provision in the amended Act. Thegovernment proposes to amend the Andhra Pradesh Urban Areas (Development) Act, 1975 empowering thegovernment to constitute MPCs together with the composition, term, powers and functions etc., and a draftbill to that effect has been prepared.

Governance of Hyderabad

6.19 The governance of the most impotant urban area, namely, Hyderabad - the state capital requrresspecial consideration. The diversity in living conditions, infrastructure facilities and needs in the differentparts of Hyderabad is not unique. The Hyderabad Municipal Corporation is one of the better-managedcorporations in the country. In recent years, the numerous residents associations in Hyderabad haveshown strong interest in the Corporation's work and have also co-operated effectively in several of theCorporation's projects and reform measures. Hyderabad Municipal Corporation has taken several initiativessuch as reforms of its property tax by introducing area-based system and self-assessment of property tax.It has also started a single window facility on a neighbourhood basis for various services. However, thereare some minus points as well. No election of Hyderabad Municipal Corporation has been held and themanagement vests with the Municipal Commissioner.

6.20 Under the present Act, the Mayor of the Corporation is to be elected directly by the voters. Thispractice is already adopted in the local bodies of the state. The Mayor, under the Hyderabad CorporationAct, is not a Municipal Authority. The Andhra Pradesh Government, on 25.4.1998, had notified theproposed creation of the Greater Hyderabad city by merging nine adjoining municipalities and one GramPanchayat in the limits of Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad. After hearing the objections, thegovernment altered the limits of Hyderabad city into single corporation of Greater Hyderabad - inclusive oftwo cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad and also covering areas of 9 municipalities and one grampanchayat, through its order dated 20.4.1999. The elections to the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation nasbeen delayed since the task of delimiting the civic wards has been initiated by the corporation. The problemof elections has not been addressed so far causing a major gap in the governahce. The highly complexproblems of Hyderabad requires somewhat different arrangement to enable the Mayor to share hisresponsibilities with others. In this connection, the Mayor-in-Council system, as is already workingsatisfactorily in Calcutta Municipal Corporation since 1980, may be worth emulating. The Mayor-in-Councilsystem is a more organised substitute for Standing Committee which ensures greater accountability. Underthis system, the Commissioner is accountable to the Mayor-in-Council as represented by the Mayor.

6.21 On the other hand, if the Mayor is made into a full-fledged executive and a municipal authority, hewill become the most important chief executive in the city. There could be clash of personalities andinterest between the political leadership of the state and that of the city, which will not be in the leastinterest of either. Systematic arrangements are, therefore, needed to enable the Mayor to share hisresponsibilities with others. Governance of Hyderabad is also constrained with the presence of multiplicityof agencies, It has a number of parastatal agencies including Hyderabad Urban Development Authority(HUDA). HUDA is a planning authority and also undertakes development projects. The Vice-Chairman is thechief executive of HUDA and is appointed by the state government. The planning approach is not strongenough as HUDA mainly concentrates on works. Hyderabad is a metropolitan city and managing its growthis just not an inter-municipal issue but also involves several depatments and agencies of the state andcentral government. Hyderabad requires metropolitan planning perspective. There is also a need to bring all

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stakeholders including private sector at a platform. The HUDA being a body preoccupied with execution of

works is not in a position to bring the exercise of metropolitan development planning, advocacy and action'

MPC for Hyderabad

6.22 Hyderabad, like other metropolitan cities in India, is also an inter-governmental city comprising many

agencies of the central and the state governments. Besides, the private sector has a crucial role to play as

eivisaged in the .vision - 2020 for Andhra pradesh'. Formulating a strategy for Hyderabad future, keeping

that uilion in view and bringing together the different rural and urban needs are impoftant issues' The

provision for setting up oi a-tqelropolitan Planning Committee which is mandatory under the 74th

Amendment is in response to this need. The enabling law for Metropolitan Planning Committee has not

been incorporated in the conformity legislation by the state. The recent Ordinance passed by the

Maharashtra government envisaging a 45 member MPC with 15 nominated and 30 elected members is a

model worth considering. Imporianily, it makes the MMRDA the technical secretariat to assist the MPC in

preparing the metropoliian wide plan. Metropolitan wide strategic planning and investment coordination is a

critical tJsk. Such a task can be performed by HUDA by providing its technical expertise and becoming a

technical arm of the MPC, as in the case of MMRDA. Likewise a MPC for Visakhapatnam also needs to be

constituted on the similar pattern. VUDA can become the technical wing of the MPC to assist in preparation

of the metropolitan wide perspective plan'

E. RURAL URBAN INTEGRATION AND DISTRICT PLANNING COMMITTEES

6.23 Under the 74th Amendment, it iS mandatory to constitute in every State at the district level a Districtplanning Committee (DPC). The DPC is expected to consolidate the plans prepared by the Panchayats and

the Municipalities in the district and prepare a draft development plan for the district as a whole. The

District planning Committees are thus required to take up integrated planning for urban and rural areas.

The need for such integrated planning becomes all the more impoftant in view of the rapid urbanisation

taking place. District wise number of corporations, municipalities and nagar panchayats are given in the

Table 5.9. Matters relating to their composition, manner of election, functions etc., were left to be decided

by the state legislature. However, in its composition, not less than four-fifths of the total number of

members should be elected from amongst the elected members of the panchayats and municipalities in a

district in proportion to the ratio between the population of the rural and of the urban areas in the district'

fllt turunt 0t uRBAlllsArl0ll

Andhra Pradesh

1 Adilabad 6 1 72 Anantapur 7 73 Chittoor 4 I 54 Cuddapah 2 z5 East Godavari I 8 t

Guntur 1 9 10Hyderabqd 1 I

R Karimnagar5I Khammam 3 1 4

10 Krishna 1 3 2 611 Kurnool L 4t2 Mahbubnagar 2 z 413 Medak 3 2 5T4 Nalgonda 4 4i5 Nellore 3 316 Nizamabad 3 3r/ Prakasam 4 418 Rangareddy 10 1 11LJ Srikakulam 1 3 4LV Visakhapatnam i 5 42L Vizianagaram 4 422 Warangal 1 1 2

West Godavari 7 1 87 94 1( 116

Table 5.9: District Wise Municipalities in Andhra pradesh

source: Regional centre for tlrban ana rniiroinenaBtuaiil4raerata4Tffi

social infrastructure

protection of suface water and ground water catchment zones including identification of solidwaste dumps and protection of natural and other drainage channels.

6'24 lt is mandatory for the DPc to prepare the draft development plan keeping in view matters ofcommon interest of the panchayats and the municipalities including spatial planning, sharing of water andother physical and natural resources, the integrated development of infrastiucture,

-enviror*entatconservation and the extent and type of financial or other resources, The urban and rural areas have toshare common natural resources such as water and land etc,, besides transport and communications/mandi centres etc. the agricultural land at the periphery of urban centres are susceptible to conversion intourban uses' The water resources have to be shared between irrigation, drinking or industry. The waterquality and water scarcity issues are closely linked such as downstream water supply being directly affectedby .pollution upstream by municipal or industrial wastes finding their way into ;djoining streams. Theproblems can be tackled.through integrated planning only at the district ievel. It il thu; expected thatintegrated planning of urban and rural areas will receive serious attention. The District plan thus shouldinclude the components of:

D transport linkages

238 iltI FUIURT 0t UltAItsAIt0tl

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Regional Plans should be prepared by srgYplxg.the neighbouring districts on the above aspects' There

;;irb b" a need for establishing inter-district Regional Planning Authority'

6.25 Andhra pradesh has not provided for the Dpcs in the conformity legislation. There is a proposal to

amend the AP Town Planning Act, 1920, empowering the government to constitute District Planning

Committees and prescribe the composition, term, poweis and functions etc' A draft bill to that effect has

been prePared'

F. MANAGING URBAN CORRIDORS

6.26 The urban corriclors containing 'nodes'in the form of metropolitan cities and other urban centres with

the urbanising fringes are experiencing rapid growth. The fringes draw heavily upon the municipal services

from the core areas. such fringe areas are town panchayats and gram panchayats. There is a need to

remedy such situations-by arialgamation of such local bodies with the adjoining financially viable

municioalities. This will make the tisk of planning and development rnuch easier.

6.27 Theapproach for planning of towns and cities along the urban,corridors would need to be brought in

ri." *iir,inJ7+6 constilution imendment. In the true spirit of the Constitution Amendment and the need

foirational inregration between spatial and economic development, both the sets of functions related to

spatial and socio-economic planning as well as development would need to be devolved to the urban local

[[ii*.-rn" i+ii nr"nOr"nt provides a framework of spatial and economic development of urban areas'

The Constitution Amenclment provides for a three tier structure comprising: (i) Panchayats/Municipalities at

local level; (ii) District and Metropolitan Planning committee at district and urban regional level; and (iii)

pofic' formufition at the state level. It envisages that at local level, panchayats and municipalities would

prepare plans for the respective rural and urban areas, which would then be consolidated at the district

ievel by District planningL Committee. For the metropolitan area, the Metropolitan Planning Commiltee

*outO prupur. similar drift development plan. The district and metropolitan development plans can thus

meet the iequirement of the formuiation of the development plan at the corridor level. In order to integrate

the entire system of planning and development, planning functions need to vest in municipalities on the

same pattern as envisaged f6r the DPCs and MPCs so that the entire process functions harmoniously' In

.ur" of projects having-bearing for the district as a whole or covering major part of metropolitan region,

the MpC anO OpC should act ai co-ordinating agencies for effective planning and implementation. This will

call for appropriate structuring of local bodies and formalising the arrangement'

illt turuRt 0t uRBAlllsArl0ll z5Y

Andhra Pradesh

NTTTRTIICTS

Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure corporation Limited, Status Note on the Actiuities of ApIIC.Business Today, (December, 1999), The Best States to Invest in.Central Pollution Control Board, 199g, Annual Report jggT_gg.Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy, !999, Agriculture, September.centre for science and Environment, 1999, Nationa/ averuiew: The citizen,s Fifrh Report New Delhi.Dinesh Kumar Mahendra, and others, 1995, Impact oflndustrial wastewater - A Case ofJeedmetla Estate,Hyderabad. (Mimeo)Exped Group on the Commercialisation of Infrastructure Projects, !996, Indian rnfrastructure Report:Policy rmperatives for Growth and welfare, volume r s"aorar neporti, Ninlt'roi]ira'n-ie] 1ew oerni.Government of Andhra Pradesh and Department For International Developmeni, co"urrr.r;;il.k;'iil;

Andhra Pradesh lJrban servlces for the Poor: Drafr Design or nsitiiiiat Reform & tLrban seruicesComponents.Government of Andhra pradesh, I99g, Andhra pradesh Wsion _ 2020.Government of India, Ministry of Urban Development, 7993, National conference on {Jrban water supply &Sanitation Policy.Government of India, Ninth Five year plan jggT-2002, Vol. I and II.Ministry of Industry, Government of India, 199g, Annual Report 1997_98.Ministry of Industry, Government of India, r9gg, sIA statistics, Vol. IV, No. g.Ministry of Surface Transport, Government of India, L998, rnternational Congress on Express Highways

Deve/opment ln India, Background papers.Ministry of urban Affairs & Employment, 7997, vulnerability Atlas of India, Building Materials & Technology

Promotion Council, New Delhi. - ' Yvr'rvrvY'

Mohanty P K, 1994, National Foundation for India, Report from National worKhop on Municipal Decentralisationand Governance in Accountability and Decentralisation in Urban Governance.

Municipal corporation Hyderabad, 1999, public Notification - Filing of self-Assessment.National Atlas and Thematic Mapping organisation, 7993, India-lJrban Corridors: A Note on Thematic Mapprng

Approach, NATMO Monograph No.12, Department of science and rechnorogy, carcutta.National Commission of urbanisation , t988, Report of the National commission onUroanisatior, vol. tt.National Institute of Urban Affairs, 7997, Financing Llrban Infrastructure in India, Research Study

Series No. 59National Institute of Urban Affairs, 1998, lJrban Sector Profile: Andhra pradesh., Research Study SeriesNo.63.Regional Centre for Urban and Environmental Studies, 1999, Regiona/ Meet on Devotution of Functional and

Financial Powers to Urban Local Eodies, Status Papers, Osmania University, HyderabadRegistrar General & census commissioner, t99t, provisional population Totals: Rural _

Urban Distribution Paper-2 of 1991, Census oflndia 1991, Offrce ofthe Register General India.Registrar General & Census Commissioner, 1997, Towns and urban Agglomerations j99j with their population

1901-1991 Patt-II-A (ii) Series, Census of India 1991, Offrce Jflhe Register General India.Task Force on urban Development and Housing, vision 2020Andhra pradesh.\I4imeo)The Economic Times (November 1, 1999), Andhra pradesh: Industry.The Times Research Foundation, 1993, Managing llrban Environment in India Towards an Agenda forAction.

Calcutta.Town & Country Planning Organisation, 1996, Llrban and Regional Planning and Development in India,

New Delhi.Venkateswarlu v, L997, India's L/rban vision 2021: An Agenda for shaping The urban Future.

240 IIII TUTURI |lT ORBAIIITAII|lII

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