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Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
A Satellite View
Africa’s Size
# Second largest continent 11,700,000 sq. mi.# 10% of the world’s population.# 2 ½ times the size of the U. S.
5000
MILES
4 6 0 0 M I L E S
TheCompleteTopographyOfAFRICA
Nile River
Zambezi River
Niger River
Mediterranean Sea
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Indian Ocean
Red Sea
L. Victoria
L. Chad-->
L. Tanganyika->
<--Gulf of Aden
Ruwenzori M
ts.
Δ Mt. Kenya
Δ Mt. Kilimanjaro
Sahara Desert
Sahel
Kalahari
Desert
Libyan Desert
Gre
at R
ift V
alle
y
Atlas Mts.
Tropic of Cancer 20° N
Tropic of Capricorn20° S
Equator 0°
Vegetation Zones
The Mighty Nile River:“Longest River in the World”
North Africa
The Sahara Desert
Great Rift Valley
3,000 miles long
The African Savannah:13 million sq. mi.
African Rain Forest
# Annual rainfall of up to 17 ft.# Rapid decomposition (very humid).# Covers 37 countries.# 15% of the land surface of Africa.
Mt. Kilimanjaro:Snow on the Equator?
TheCompleteTopographyOfAFRICA
Nile River
Congo River
Zambezi River
Niger River
Orange River
Limpopo River
Mediterranean Sea
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Indian Ocean
Red Sea
L. Victoria
L. Albert-->
L. Chad-->
L. Tanganyika->
<--Gulf of Aden
Drajensburg Mts.
Ruwenzori M
ts.
Δ Mt. Kenya
Δ Mt. Kilimanjaro
Sahara Desert
Sahel
Kalahari
Desert
Namib Desert
Libyan Desert
Gre
at R
ift V
alle
y
Atlas Mts.
Tropic of Cancer 20° N
Tropic of Capricorn20° S
Equator 0°
1. Sahara Desert2. Great Rift Valley3. Atlas Mountains4. Nile River5. Mt. Kilimanjaro6. Lake Victoria7. Kalahari Desert8. Red Sea9. Equator10.Rain Forest11.Savanna 12.Madagascar 13.Mediterranean
Sea14.Atlantic Ocean15.Niger River16.Sudan
Kingdom of Kush[295 BCE – 320 CE]
Nubia[modern-day
Sudan]
Kush• Nubia became busy trade center• Became Kush when freed from
the Egyptians• Kushites became excellent with
iron smelting• Built a large commercial network• Wealthy society• Declined because of the rise of
Axum
Pyramids of Kush at Meroë
Pyramids of Kush at Meroë
Kushite in Egypt, 23 BCE
Kingdom of Axum [300-700]
Axum • Combined African and Arab cultures• Adopted Christianity as its religion
under King ‘Ezana in 330 A.D.• 15th century, engaged in conflict
with the Muslim state of Adal• Trade society= trade with Middle
East and Mediterranean Sea
Stele, Ezana’s Royal Tomb,Aksum (4c)
Christian Church, Lalibela[Ethiopia]
AXUM’SACHIEVEMENTSControlled
NE AfricanTrade
WrittenLanguage
Spread Christianityin No. & E.
Africa
TerraceFarming
BuiltStelae
Gold “Money”, Ghana/Ivory Coast
Ghana Empire [4c-11c]
Ghana• On the West African coast
Ghana• Active, strong kings who protected
kingdom using military• Lived off the land: gold and iron• Became center of trade in the west• Trade across the Sahara for salt• Weakened by war, collapsed durng
1100s
Ghana’s Economy
Iron Ore• Created agricultural
tools for use and trade• Weapons
Gold Mining• Increased wealth,
located near richest African mine
Agriculture• Fertile soils
produced surplus of foods
Trade• Traded w/ Muslims• Iron/ gold for salt, metal
goods, textiles and horses
Salt
Mali Empire [13c-15c]
GOLD
SALT
Sundiata [1210-1260]
“Lion Prince”
Mali• Established by Sundiata Keita• Built wealth on trade and farming• Villages had local rulers• Mansa Musa- rich and powerful
King–Devout Muslim
• Built Timbuktu
Timbuktu-”Heavenly Clay”
Timbuktu Rooftop, Mosque
“From Here to Timbuktu”
• ** Do not write**• Comes from tim- “tin” • And buktu- an old woman known for
her honesty• Signifies a long distance away/ harsh
road to travel
Tuaregs
Marketplace near the Niger River
Mosque in Gao
Great Mosque at Djenne, Mali
Mansa Musa [r. 1312-1337]
European Map
Songhai Empire [15c-16c]
GOLD
SALT
Sunni Ali [r.1464-1492]
Songhai Empire• First Ruler: Kossi- 1009- Dia Dynasty-
first Songhai state• Sunni Ali- began to expand kingdom• Trading empire- gold and salt• Muhammad Ture overthrew Ali– Reached its height
• Slowly declined after Ture, conquered by Morocco
Askia Mohammed [r.1493-1529]
Askia Mohammed’s Tomb
Gao, Mali
BantuMigration
s:
1000 BCETo
500 CE
East Africa-Bantu• Spread out slowly across S.
Africa • Subsistence Farmers- personal
farming only• Built eastern trade network-
Indian Ocean- new ports opened up
Indian Ocean Trade• Emergence of a new language: –Swahili
• Result of trade between Arabs and Bantu
• Still used widely today
Swahili-Speaking Areas of E. Africa
SWAHILI [“the coast’] = Bantu + some Arabic
Great Zimbabwe [1200-1450]
“Zimbabwe” = “stone enclosure”
Great Zimbabwe• 1300- 1450• Wealthy nation-
gold• Contacts all over
Africa, Indian Ocean, and China
• Famous for wall
Great Zimbabwe Street
Great Enclosure, Zimbabwe
Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
African Trade [15c-17c]
Pre-19c European Trade with Africa
IndustrialRevolution
Source forRawMaterials
Markets forFinishedGoods
EuropeanNationalism
MissionaryActivity
Military& NavalBases
EuropeanMotivesFor Colonization
Places toDumpUnwanted/Excess Popul.
Soc. & Eco.Opportunities
HumanitarianReasons
EuropeanRacism
“WhiteMan’sBurden”
SocialDarwinism
European Explorers in Africa
19c Europeans Map the Interior of Africa
1. Where Is Dr. Livingstone?
Dr. David Livingstone
DoctorLivingstone,I Presume?
Sir Henry Morton Stanley
European Explorations in mid-19c:“The Scramble for Africa”
2. What is the Source of the Nile?
John Speke Sir Richard BurtonLocated central great lakes
Africa1890
Africain1914
The Congo Free State orThe Belgian Congo
King Leopold II:(r. 1865 – 1909)
Harvesting Rubber
Punishing “Lazy” Workers
5-8 Million Victims! (50% of Popul.)
It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official
Belgium’s Stranglehold on the Congo
Leopold’s Conscience??
Berlin Conference of 1884-1885
Another point of view?
Berlin
Conference
of 1884-1885
European Colonization/Decolonization Patterns
Berlin Conference of 1884-85
Leopold Defends Himself in Paris, 1903
King Leopold (to Loubert) : How about that! John Bull claims that I tortured, robbed and murdered more than he did. . .
Loubert : No, your Majesty, that's impossible .
Dutch Landing in 1652
Shaka Zulu (1785 – 1828)
Boers Clash With the Xhosa Tribes
Boer Farmer
The Great Trek, 1836-38
Afrikaners
Diamond Mines
Raw Diamonds
Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902)
“The Colossus of Rhodes”
Paul Kruger (1825-1904)
Boer-British Tensions Increase
1877 – Britain annexed the Transvaal. 1883 – Boers fought British in the Transvaal and regained its independence. - Paul Kruger becomes President. 1880s – Gold discovered in the Transvaal
The Boer War: 1899 - 1900
The BoersThe British
A Future British Prime Minister
British Boer War Correspondent, Winston Churchill
The Struggle for South Africa
South Africa Today• Apartheid- ended in 1994• Nelson Mandela–Hosted 1995 World Cup of Rugby
• Current president is Jacob Zuma–Hosted the 2010 World Cup of
Soccer• Slowing improving
Hidden History• After colonization, Europe “hid”
African’s history• Limit tribal involvement, hide
less “white” side• Educated and involved all
Africans• Attributed ruins to earlier
European people
Africa Today
SudanChad
Congo
Nigeria
Somalia
Ethiopia
Algeria
Kenya
Cote d'Iv
oire
Africa Today• Child soldiers• Small arms trade• Illegal smuggling • Governments vs. Rebel forces• Diseases, etc
• Invisible Children
Initiation Masks
Kingdoms• Kush• Axum• Rise of Islam• Trade networks• Ghana• Songhai• East Africa• South Africa • Society/ culture• Imperialsism/ colonialism/ independence/ Blood Diamond• Ch 7, Ch21 sec. 2
