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The Gilded Age
Part 3: Immigration and Urbanization
Learning Targets
• I can analyze the impact of immigration and urbanization on American Culture in the late 19th century.
• I can explain the origins and impact of reform movements of the Gilded Age.
Why do the cities grow?
• Steel• More work• Railroads• Immigration
Immigration and Urbanization
Old Immigration• 1850-1880• Northern & Western Europe
– Britain– Scandinavia– Germany– Ireland
• Mostly literate, middle and upper classes
New Immigration• 1880-1920• Southern & Eastern Europe
– Russia– Croatia– Poland– Montenegro– Greece– Bosnia– Serbia – Italy
• Many Jews esp. from Russian controlled areas
• Still, lots of Germans and Irish• Mostly illiterate, lower class
Immigration and Urbanization
• Live in large cities, especially ports of entry– Ellis Island, NY– San Francisco, CA
• Live in enclaves• Many don’t assimilate• Forced by circumstance to take
low paying jobs• Reactions to Immigration
– Nativism– Political Machines– Reform
Immigration and Urbanization
• Housing problems• 1879 New York State
Tenement House Act• James Ware’s Dumbbell
Tenement
Growth of the Cities
Immigration and Urbanization
Reform:• “love thy neighbor as thyself”• Religious response to
problems of urban poor• Application of Christian
theology to social problems• Social rather than spiritual
features:– Gymnasiums– Libraries– Lecture rooms– Night schools
The Social Gospel Movement
Walter Rauschenbusch, Baptist minister
Immigration and Urbanization
Reform:• Hull House, Chicago (1889)• Jane Addams• Staffed by young, middle-class
women• Focused on practical needs of the
working poor• Aid to immigrant poor:
– English lessons– Childcare for working mothers– Helped register children for school– Health clinics– Job training
• Began over time to organize politically
The Settlement House
Immigration and Urbanization
Reform:• Women’s Christian
Temperance Union (WCTU)• Francis Willard• Carrie Nation
Temperance and Prohibition
Immigration and Urbanization
Other Results Mass media• Rise of ‘yellow journalism’• William Randolph Hearst &
Joseph Pulitzer
Other Results:• Sports
Entertainment
Other Results: Challenges to orthodox religion
• Darwin• Robert Ingersoll• spiritualism
1. Explain some of the difficulties labor unions faced in the United States. 2. Explain some of the differing reactions Americans had to the great wealth disparities between wealthy industrialists and working class immigrants and other laborers.