The Global Fuel Economy Initiative:
International Trends
Supporting Cleaner and More Fuel-
Efficient Vehicle Policies in Tanzania-
Inception Workshop
Amos Mwangi
19 July 2018, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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• 90%+ of growth in developing, emerging economies• Opportunity for energy efficiency, green economy innovation
Source: IEA
Cars a growing reality in emerging and developing markets…Motor vehicles ~ 1 billion today…
over 2.5 billion by 2050
Relevance of cars and trucks for energy use and CO2
Transport (excluding fuel production) accounts for nearly 1/5 of primary energy demand and 23% of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion
LDVs represent 44% of the transport energy use, trucks 23%, and similar shares of CO2 emissions
Electricity & heat generation 25.7%
Industry 22.7%
Residential & services 21.5%
Non-energy use 6.1%
Agriculture 1.5%
Other 3.7%
PLDVs 7.2%
LCVs 1.3%
Trucks 4.3%
Other transport 6.1%
Transport 18.9%
Source: IEA statistics
Shares of primary energy demand, 2015
• Africa Sustainable Transport Forum – develop and adopt action plans in Africa for sustainable and low emissions transport
• Share the Road (StR) – promote and develop non-motorized transport policies
• Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI) – double vehicle fuel efficiency by 2050
• E-Mob – supporting electrification of the vehicle fleet
• Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (PCFV) – reduce emissions from light-duty vehicles
• Reducing Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles
• Clean Ports – reduce emissions from port activities
UN EnvironmentPromoting Sustainable Low Emissions Transport
StR
Avoid
Shift
Improve
The Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI)
Mission: Facilitate large reductions of greenhouse gas emissions and oil use through improvements in automotive fuel economy in the face of rapidly growing car use worldwide.
Targets (2005 baseline):
30% reduction in LDV fuel consumption per km by 2020 in all new cars in OECD countries
50% by 2030 in all new cars globally50% by 2050 in all cars globally: from 8 L/100km to 4
L/100km average (90 g CO2/km) – doubling FE6 Partners:
Additional CO2 Target for Light Duty Vehicle Targets
• Slowing improvement in OECD countries
• Increasing improvement in non-OECD but not enough
• we are still far from meeting GFEI improvement targets
2005 2008 2010 2012 2014 2015 2030
8.8 8.2 7.8 7.6 7.4 7.3
-2.3% -2.8% -1.6% -1.3% -0.5%
-1.8%
8.5 8.5 8.4 8.2 8.0 7.9
-0.1% -0.3% -1.4% -1.2% -1.6%
-0.8%
8.8 8.3 8.1 7.8 7.6 7.6 4.4
-1.8% -1.6% -1.3% -1.3% -1.1%
-1.5%
2005 base year -2.8%
2015 base year -3.7%
OECD & EU
average
average fuel economy (Lge/100km)
annual improvement rate (% per year)
Non-OECD
average
average fuel economy (Lge/100km)
annual improvement rate (% per year)
GFEI target
required annual
improvement rate
(% per year)
Global average
average fuel economy (Lge/100km)
annual improvement rate (% per year)
Progress against GFEI target for LDVs
Source: GFEI Working paper 15
GFEI at the global stage
2009
GFEI Launched
Sustainable Energy for All
– EE as one key focus
20112013
Doubling Energy Efficiency in the Transport Sector in the SDGs
UN Sec General’s Climate Summit -GFEI was launched as one of the
accelerators
2014
2014
G20 Energy Efficiency Action Plan includes Fuel Efficiency particularly HDVs
COP 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018
2019GFEI 10th
Anniversary, GFEI 2.0 Launch and Review of Targets
Global progress on fuel economy
Supporting low-middle income and transitional countriesPhase 1 – Pilot countriesand tool development
Phase 2 – Regional Rollout Phase 3 – Global Rollout Pending Resources
Chile Mauritius Uganda Nigeria Honduras Angola Serbia
Ethiopia Vietnam Ukraine Tanzania Namibia Bhutan Solomon Islands
Indonesia Thailand Malaysia Rwanda El Salvador Burkina Faso Sierra Leone
Kenya Georgia Egypt Argentina Botswana Cambodia Albania
Ivory Coast Kazakhstan Jordan Mozambique Cameroon Brunei
Costa Rica Mali Brazil Liberia Cape Verde Afghanistan
Peru Togo Colombia Myanmar D.R. Congo Yemen
Algeria Panama Bangladesh Eritrea Turkmenistan
Montenegro Belize Burundi Guinea Samoa
Russia Dominican Republic South Africa Pakistan Gambia
Jamaica Djibouti Mongolia Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan
Macedonia Guatemala Fiji Laos Nicaragua
Morocco Moldova Bolivia Lesotho
Bahrain Iran Ecuador Marshall Islands
Tunisia Barbados Senegal Oman
Benin St. Lucia Lebanon Kuwait
Uruguay Zambia Niger
Nepal Ghana Tajikistan
Philippines Malawi Armenia
Sri Lanka Zimbabwe Azerbaijan
What is fuel economy?
• Vehicles use energy, and fuel economy measures energy per unit of vehicle travel. It is the RATE of energy use.
– Litres per 100km (Europe)
– Km per litre (Japan)
– Miles per gallon (United States)
• Fuel economy, fuel efficiency, fuel intensity are all fairly interchangeable terms. But fuel economy always refers to fuel use relative to distance travelled.
Cars are getting bigger
Crossovers (medium-sized SUVs and pick-ups) have experienced significant growth across all countries:
their market share has tripled over the past decade
20
05
20
07
20
09
20
11
20
13
20
15
World
Large SUV/Pick-up
F
E
D
SUV/Pick-up
C
Van/LCV
B
A
Small
Medium
20
05
20
07
20
09
20
11
20
13
20
15
Europe and Japan
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
20
05
20
07
20
09
20
11
20
13
20
15
Other OECD
Large
Vehicle segmentation
20
05
20
07
20
09
20
11
20
13
20
15
Non-OECD
Source: GFEI working paper 15
13Source: UNEP, 2017 (unpublished).
High average fuel economy in many
developing countries and no policies
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025
Lite
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EDC
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Baseline Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy and Trends for New LDVs Algeria
Bahrain
Chile
China
Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire
Egypt
Ethiopia
EU
Georgia
Indonesia
Japan
Kenya
Mauritius
Montenegro
Morocco
Peru
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Tunisia
Uganda
Uruguay
US
VEHICLE FUEL EFFICIENCY STANDARDS
FISCAL MEASURES
MARKET-BASED APPROACHES
INFORMATION MEASURES
• Introduce and regularly strengthen mandatory standards
• Establish and harmonize testing procedures
for fuel efficiency measurement.
• Fuel taxes and vehicle taxes to encourage the purchase of more fuel-efficient vehicles.
• Infrastructure support and incentive schemes
for very fuel-efficient vehicles.
• Voluntary programs such as U.S. SmartWay and other green freight programs
• Vehicle fuel economy labels • Improving vehicle operational efficiency
through eco-driving and other measures.
Fuel Economy Policy Options
Source: ICCT
15Source: UNEP, 2017 (unpublished).
Fuel economy policies can work substantially
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025
Lite
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10
0 k
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L/1
00
km)
no
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d t
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EDC
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Baseline Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy and Trends for New LDVs Algeria
Bahrain
Chile
China
Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire
Egypt
Ethiopia
EU
Georgia
Indonesia
Japan
Kenya
Mauritius
Montenegro
Morocco
Peru
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Tunisia
Uganda
Uruguay
US
16
• Hybrid and electric cars in 2014 was 56% of the total number of cars
• Hybrid-petrol, petrol and diesel vehicles attract 58%, 253% and 345%, respectively, in excise tax
• Fully electric vehicles are levied at 25%.
Hybrid and Electric cars in Sri Lanka
17
• Feebate scheme in 2011 = fee on cars above 158 CO2g/km starting from 55$ per g/km to 137$ per g/km for cars over 290 CO2 g/km and a rebate starting from 27$ per g/km for cars with CO2 ratings from 91 to 158 CO2g/km and 82$ for cars from 90 CO2g/km and below
CO2-based Feebate Scheme in Mauritius
• From 7l/100km in 2005 to 5.8l/100km in 2014 and rapid increase of new hybrid vehicle sales from 337 in 2011 to 1418 in 2013
• Adopted a mandatory fuel economy labelling scheme from February 2013 becoming the first Latin American country to adopt such a scheme
• In September 2014 adopted a taxation scheme that puts a tax on less efficient and polluting vehicles, based on CO2 and NOxratings
• In 2015 is adopting a scheme to provide subsidies for cleaner and more efficient taxis based on the fuel economy labeling scheme, with the aim to replace the 60,000 taxi fleet over the next 8 years
Chile
https://www.globalfueleconomy.org/in-country/gfei-toolkit
GFEI Toolkit
https://www.unenvironment.org/explore-topics/transport/what-we-do/global-fuel-economy-initiativehttps://www.globalfueleconomy.org/
GFEI Components
Importance of the Fuel Economy Baseline Study
• The project provides a good understanding of vehicles imported into the country e.g. models, sizes, technologies
• This will allow policymakers to choose the right combination of policy instruments to meet:
– national emission targets
– energy security, and
– efficiency goals
GFEI Baseline Study Steps
Minimum Information Required for Successful Study
• Vehicle make and model
• Model production year
• Year of first registration
• Fuel type (petrol or diesel)
• Engine size
• Domestically produced or imported
• New or second hand import
• Rated Fuel Economy per model and test cycle basis
• Number of sales by model
NOTE: Only new vehicle registrations are considered ( new and used vehicles)
Do not look at the existing vehicle fleet.
Additional information could be
• Vehicle Information / Identification Number
• Injection system type
• Body type
• Transmission type and other vehicle configuration details, as available
• Vehicle foot print
• Vehicle curb weight
• Emissions certification level
• Use of vehicle (private, public, for hire, etc.)
Estimating the average Fuel Economy
• Look for the tested fuel economy number for the vehicle
• •If not available the fuel economy figures for a given make, model and year can usually be retrieved from the vehicle manufacturers
• •GFEI partners are compiling a list of fuel economies into a common database for use by countries undertaking baseline-setting exercise
• •For the sake of comparison, all drive cycle data obtained be converted to the NEDC cycle
• •Conversion factors can be downloadable from ICCT website www.theicct.org/info/data/GlobalStdReview_Conversionfactor.xlsx
Helpful Resources and References
• http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models;
• www.edmunds.com/toyota ;
• http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/?man=4131
• http://www.epa.gov/fueleconomy/gas-label-1.htm; and
• http://www.carfolio.com/
• A Test Cycle Conversion Tool: www.theicct.org/info/data/GlobalStdReview_Conversionfactor.xlsx
• A global comparison of Vehicle Fuel Economy Standards: http://www.theicct.org/passenger-vehicles/global-pv-standards-update/
• South African Comparative Passenger Car Fuel Economy AND CO2 Emissions Data: http://www.naamsa.co.za/ecelabels/
• U.S. Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends (1975 through 2010): http://www.epa.gov/OMS/fetrends.htm
• U.S. Fuel Economy Policy: http://www.fueleconomy.gov/
• U.S. Fuel Economy Regulations: http://www.epa.gov/oms/climate/regulations.htm
• U.S. Auto Fuel Economy Database: http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/findacar.htm
The Final data will look like this…
Obtaining the Average Fuel Economy
Examples of results from some studies in the past
Fuel economy policies & instruments
