The Global Market for Nanocellulose...13.12.2 Global market for nanocellulose in rheology...

FUTURE MARKETS August 08 2019

TECHNOLOGY REPORT www.futuremarketsinc.com/category/all-reports/

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The Global Market for Nanocellulose

Table of contents

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................... 26

1.1 Market snapshot................................................................................................................................... 26

1.2 Markets and applications....................................................................................................................... 28

1.3 Nanocellulose production capacities, in tons........................................................................................... 30

1.3.1 Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) production capacities 2019.................................................................. 31

1.3.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) production capacities 2019............................................................ 32

1.3.3 Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) production capacities 2019.............................................................. 33

1.4 Main market opportunities in nanocellulose............................................................................................. 34

1.5 Global production of nanocellulose......................................................................................................... 36

1.5.1 Production plants and production status........................................................................................ 37

1.6 Market trends in nanocellulose............................................................................................................... 38

1.7 Market and technical challenges in nanocellulose.................................................................................... 39

1.8 Global nanocellulose market size........................................................................................................... 40

1.8.1 The market for nanocellulose in 2017............................................................................................ 40

1.8.2 The market for nanocellulose in 2018............................................................................................ 41

1.8.3 Current nanocellulose commercial products................................................................................... 42

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1.8.4 Global demand for nanocellulose by market, tons.......................................................................... 45

1.8.5 Global nanocellulose market, 2018–2030, tons.............................................................................. 47

1.8.6 Nanocellulose market by region.................................................................................................... 49

1.8.6.1 Asia-Pacific............................................................................................................................ 49

1.8.6.1.1 Japan............................................................................................................................ 49

2 RESEARCH SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY................................... 51

3 INTRODUCTION............................................................................... 57

3.1 Cellulose.............................................................................................................................................. 57

3.2 Nanocellulose....................................................................................................................................... 57

3.3 Properties of nanocellulose.................................................................................................................... 58

3.4 Advantages of nanocellulose................................................................................................................. 59

3.5 Manufacture of nanocellulose................................................................................................................ 59

3.6 Production methods.............................................................................................................................. 60

3.7 Types of nanocellulose.......................................................................................................................... 61

3.7.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)..................................................................................................... 63

3.7.2 Cellulose nanofibers (CNF).......................................................................................................... 64

3.7.2.1 Applications............................................................................................................................ 64

3.7.2.2 Production methods of CNF producers..................................................................................... 65

3.7.3 Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)....................................................................................................... 67




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3.7.3.1 Properties............................................................................................................................... 68

3.7.3.2 Applications............................................................................................................................ 69

3.7.4 Bacterial Cellulose (BC)............................................................................................................... 70

3.7.4.1 Applications............................................................................................................................ 71

3.8 Synthesis............................................................................................................................................. 72

3.8.1 Microcrystalline cellulose (MC)..................................................................................................... 72

3.8.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)..................................................................................................... 72

3.8.3 Nanofibrillated cellulose (CNF)..................................................................................................... 73

3.8.4 Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)....................................................................................................... 73

3.8.5 Bacterial cellulose particles (BC)................................................................................................... 74

4 MARKET STRUCTURE FOR NANOCELLULOSE........................... 75

4.1 Volume of industry demand for nanocellulose......................................................................................... 75

4.2 Current end users for nanocellulose, by market and company.................................................................. 76

5 SWOT ANALYSIS............................................................................. 78

6 REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS................................................. 80

7 GOVERNMENT FUNDING FOR NANOCELLULOSE...................... 84

8 TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL (TRL)..................................... 85

9 NANOCELLULOSE SUPPLY CHAIN............................................... 86

10 NANOCELLULOSE PRICING........................................................... 88

11 NANOCELLULOSE PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS..................... 90




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12 COMPETING MATERIALS............................................................... 94

12.1 Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT).......................................................................................... 94

12.1.1 Brief description........................................................................................................................... 94

12.1.2 Volumes, values and growth......................................................................................................... 94

12.1.3 Key Trends.................................................................................................................................. 94

12.2 Graphene........................................................................................................................................ 95



12.2.3 Key Trends.................................................................................................................................. 96

12.3 Carbon fibers................................................................................................................................... 96



12.3.3 Key Trends.................................................................................................................................. 97

12.3.4 Growth........................................................................................................................................ 97

13 MARKETS FOR NANOCELLULOSE................................................ 98

13.1 NANOCELLULOSE IN COMPOSITES.............................................................................................. 98

13.1.1 Trends in the composites market and nanocellulose solutions........................................................ 99

13.1.2 Comparison of nanocellulose to other composite materials........................................................... 100

13.1.3 Applications............................................................................................................................... 100

13.1.3.1 By cellulose type.............................................................................................................. 101

13.1.3.2 Applications roadmap....................................................................................................... 101




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13.1.4 Global market for nanocellulose in composites............................................................................. 102

13.2 NANOCELLULOSE IN AIRCRAFT AND AEROSPACE..................................................................... 104

13.2.1 Market trends and nanocellulose solution.................................................................................... 104

13.2.2 Applications............................................................................................................................... 105

13.2.2.1 Composites...................................................................................................................... 105

13.2.3 Global market for nanocellulose in the aircraft and aerospace market............................................ 105

13.2.3.1 Applications market readiness and market acceptability analysis......................................... 105

13.2.3.2 Global demand in tons in aircraft and aerospace................................................................ 105

13.2.4 Market challenges...................................................................................................................... 106

13.2.5 Product developer profiles.......................................................................................................... 107

13.3 NANOCELLULOSE IN AUTOMOTIVE............................................................................................. 108

13.3.1 Market trends and nanocellulose solution.................................................................................... 108

13.3.2 Applications............................................................................................................................... 110

13.3.2.1 Composites...................................................................................................................... 111

13.3.2.1.1 Nanocellulose market in automotive.............................................................................. 112

13.3.3 Global market for nanocellulose in the automotive industry........................................................... 112





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13.4 NANOCELLULOSE IN CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDINGS............................................................. 117

13.4.1 Market drivers and trends........................................................................................................... 117

13.4.2 Applications............................................................................................................................... 118

13.4.3 Global market for nanocellulose in construction............................................................................ 119


13.4.3.2 Global demand in tons in construction................................................................................ 119



13.5 NANOCELLULOSE IN PAPER AND BOARD/PACKAGING.............................................................. 122


13.5.2 Applications............................................................................................................................... 126

13.5.3 Properties.................................................................................................................................. 127

13.5.3.1 Reinforcing agents............................................................................................................ 127

13.5.3.2 Transparency and flexibility............................................................................................... 128

13.5.3.3 Paper packaging.............................................................................................................. 128

13.5.3.4 Paper coatings................................................................................................................. 128

13.5.3.4.1 Improved surface properties and print quality................................................................. 128




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13.5.3.5 Anti-microbials.................................................................................................................. 128

13.5.3.6 Packaging........................................................................................................................ 128

13.5.3.7 Anti-bacterial.................................................................................................................... 129

13.5.3.8 Gas barrier....................................................................................................................... 129

13.5.4 Global market for nanocellulose in paper & board/packaging........................................................ 131


13.5.4.2 Global demand in tons in paper & board............................................................................ 132



13.6 NANOCELLULOSE IN TEXTILES AND APPAREL........................................................................... 136


13.6.2 Applications............................................................................................................................... 137

13.6.2.1 Sanitary products............................................................................................................. 137

13.6.2.2 Hygiene and absorbent products....................................................................................... 137

13.6.3 Global market for nanocellulose in textiles................................................................................... 139






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13.7 NANOCELLULOSE IN BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE.............................................................. 142


13.7.2 Applications............................................................................................................................... 143

13.7.2.1 Drug delivery.................................................................................................................... 144

13.7.2.2 Medical implants............................................................................................................... 144

13.7.2.3 Tissue engineering........................................................................................................... 145

13.7.2.4 Wound dressings.............................................................................................................. 145

13.7.2.5 Lateral flow immunoassay labels....................................................................................... 145

13.7.3 Global market for nanocellulose in medical & healthcare.............................................................. 146



13.8 NANOCELLULOSE IN PAINTS AND COATINGS............................................................................. 149


13.8.2 Applications............................................................................................................................... 151

13.8.2.1 Abrasion and scratch resistance........................................................................................ 151

13.8.2.2 Wood coatings................................................................................................................. 152




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13.8.2.3 Anti-counterfeiting films..................................................................................................... 152

13.8.2.4 Gas barriers..................................................................................................................... 152

13.8.3 Global market for nanocellulose in paints and coatings................................................................. 152




13.9 NANOCELLULOSE IN AEROGELS................................................................................................. 159


13.9.2 Applications............................................................................................................................... 159

13.9.2.1 Thermal insulation............................................................................................................ 160

13.9.2.2 Shape memory................................................................................................................. 160

13.9.3 Global market for nanocellulose in aerogels................................................................................. 160

13.9.3.1 Global demand for nanocellulose in aerogels, tons............................................................. 160


13.10 NANOCELLULOSE IN OIL AND GAS.............................................................................................. 163

13.10.1 Market drivers and trends...................................................................................................... 163

13.10.2 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 164




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13.10.2.1 Oil and fracking drilling fluids............................................................................................. 165

13.10.2.2 Water-based drilling fluids................................................................................................. 165

13.10.2.3 Extraction......................................................................................................................... 166

13.10.3 Global nanocellulose market in oil and gas.............................................................................. 166

13.10.3.1 Market assessment for nanocellulose in oil and gas............................................................ 167

13.10.3.2 Global demand in tons in oil and gas................................................................................. 168

13.10.4 Market challenges................................................................................................................. 169

13.10.5 Product developer profiles..................................................................................................... 169

13.11 NANOCELLULOSE IN FILTRATION................................................................................................ 171


13.11.2 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 172

13.11.2.1 CNF membranes and filters............................................................................................... 173

13.11.2.2 Water filtration.................................................................................................................. 174

13.11.2.3 Air filtration....................................................................................................................... 175

13.11.2.4 Virus filtration................................................................................................................... 176

13.11.3 Global market for nanocellulose in filtration and separation...................................................... 176

13.11.3.1 Market assessment for nanocellulose in filtration and separation......................................... 177




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13.11.3.2 Global demand for nanocellulose in filtration, tons.............................................................. 178



13.12 NANOCELLULOSE IN RHEOLOGY MODIFIERS............................................................................. 181

13.12.1 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 181

13.12.1.1 Food................................................................................................................................ 182

13.12.1.2 Pharmaceuticals............................................................................................................... 182

13.12.1.3 Cosmetics........................................................................................................................ 182

13.12.2 Global market for nanocellulose in rheology modifiers.............................................................. 182


13.13 NANOCELLULOSE IN PRINTED, STRETCHABLE AND FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS......................... 184


13.13.2 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 185

13.13.2.1 Wearable electronics........................................................................................................ 186

13.13.2.2 Nanopaper....................................................................................................................... 188

13.13.2.3 Paper memory.................................................................................................................. 190

13.13.2.4 Conductive inks................................................................................................................ 190




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13.13.3 Global market size and opportunity......................................................................................... 190

13.13.3.1 Market assessment for nanocellulose in printed and flexible electronics............................... 190



13.14 NANOCELLULOSE IN 3D PRINTING.............................................................................................. 195


13.14.2 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 196

13.14.3 Global market size and opportunity......................................................................................... 196

13.14.3.1 Market assessment for nanocellulose in 3D printing............................................................ 196



14 NANOCELLULOSE CURRENT AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS ANALYSIS........................................................................................... 198

14.1 Potential for high-volume consuming nanocellulose applications........................................................ 198

14.1.1 Polymer composite parts............................................................................................................ 198

14.1.2 Bioplastics................................................................................................................................. 200

14.1.3 Packaging films.......................................................................................................................... 201

14.1.4 Aerogels.................................................................................................................................... 201

14.1.5 Construction materials................................................................................................................ 202




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14.1.5.1 Cement............................................................................................................................ 202

14.1.5.2 Ultra-high-performance concrete....................................................................................... 202

14.1.6 Paint and coatings additives....................................................................................................... 203

14.1.7 Hygiene and absorbent products................................................................................................. 204

14.1.8 Tyres......................................................................................................................................... 204

14.2 Potential global nanocellulose demand by application....................................................................... 205

15 CELLULOSE NANOFIBER COMPANY PROFILES....................... 206 (73 COMPANY PROFILES)

16 CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTAL (CNC) PRODUCERS.................... 304 (10 COMPANY PROFILES)

17 BACTERIAL CELLULOSE (BC) PRODUCERS............................. 321 (5 COMPANY PROFILES)

18 NANOCELLULOSE RESEARCH GROUPS AND CENTRES 325

19 REFERENCES................................................................................ 338

Tables

Table 1: Market summary for nanocellulose-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, market estimates, global consumption, main current applications, future applications....................................... 26

Table 2: Markets and applications for nanocellulose.............................................................................................. 28

Table 3: Market segmentation by type of nanocellulose, capacities and demand 2018............................................. 31

Table 4: CNF producer capacities........................................................................................................................ 31

Table 5: MFC producer capacities 2019................................................................................................................ 32

Table 6: Cellulose nanocrystal producer capacities 2019....................................................................................... 33

Table 7: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose, by application.............................................................. 34

Table 8: Nanocellulose (CNF, MFC, NCC) production plants worldwide and production status................................. 37




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Table 9: Market trends in nanocellulose................................................................................................................ 38

Table 10: Market and technical challenges in nanocellulose................................................................................... 39

Table 11: Global demand for nanocellulose 2018, tons.......................................................................................... 45

Table 12: Nanocellulose market value, by end user market demand, 2018–2030 (Tons).......................................... 47

Table 13: Regional demand for cellulose nanofibers, 2018, tons (total excludes MFC)............................................. 49

Table 14: Properties and applications of nanocellulose.......................................................................................... 58

Table 15: Properties of cellulose nanofibrils relative to metallic and polymeric materials........................................... 60

Table 16: Types of nanocellulose......................................................................................................................... 62

Table 17: Applications of cellulose nanofibers (CNF)............................................................................................. 64

Table 18: Production methods of main CNF producers.......................................................................................... 65

Table 19: CNC sources and scale........................................................................................................................ 68

Table 20: CNC properties.................................................................................................................................... 68

Table 21: Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC)...................................................................................... 70

Table 22: Applications of bacterial cellulose (BC).................................................................................................. 71

Table 23: Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications...................... 72

Table 24: Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications........................ 72

Table 25: Nanofibrillated cellulose (CNF) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications......................... 73

Table 26: Cellulose nanocrystals (MFC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications.......................... 73

Table 27: Cellulose nanocrystals (MFC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications.......................... 74

Table 28: Current and potential end users for nanocellulose, by market and company............................................. 76

Table 29: SWOT analysis of nanocellulose........................................................................................................... 78

Table 30: Safety of Micro/Nanofibrillated cellulose................................................................................................. 81

Table 31: Global nanocellulose market supply chain analysis................................................................................. 86

Table 32: Product/price/application matrix of nanocellulose producers.................................................................... 88




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Table 33: Published patent publications for nanocellulose, 1997-2017.................................................................... 91

Table 34: Nanocellulose patents and scientific articles by organisation................................................................... 92

Table 35: Main patent assignees for CNC............................................................................................................. 93

Table 36: Main patent assignees for CNF............................................................................................................. 93

Table 37: Main patent assignees for BCC............................................................................................................. 93

Table 38: Price comparison of nanocellulose applications versus entry price of other materials in composites........... 94

Table 39. Main applications for carbon fibers, volumes, potential for nanocellulose to gain market share.................. 97

Table 40: Global demand for nanocellulose in 2018, tons...................................................................................... 98

Table 41: Market drivers, trends and nanocellulose solutions in composites market................................................. 99

Table 42: Comparative properties of polymer composites reinforcing materials...................................................... 100

Table 43: Applications of nanocellulose in polymer composites by cellulose type................................................... 101

Table 44: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the polymer composites market................................................... 101

Table 45: Global market demand for nanocellulose in composites, 2018-2030 (tons)............................................. 102

Table 46: Market drivers, trends and nanocellulose solutions in aircraft and aerospace market............................... 104

Table 47: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in aircraft and aerospace........................................... 105

Table 48: Demand for nanocellulose in the aerospace and aviation market, 2018-2030 (tons)................................ 105

Table 49: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the aircraft and aerospace market..................................... 106

Table 50: Companies developing nanocellulose products aircraft and aerospace, applications targeted and stage of commercialization....................................................................................................................................... 107

Table 51: Applications of natural fiber composites in vehicles by manufacturers.................................................... 109

Table 52: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in the automotive sector............................................. 112

Table 53: Global market demand for nanocellulose in the automotive sector 2018-2030 (tons)............................... 113

Table 54: Applications and commercialization challenges for nanocellulose in the automotive market..................... 114

Table 55: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the automotive market...................................................... 115




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Table 56: Companies developing nanocellulose products in the automotive industry, applications targeted and stage of commercialization....................................................................................................................................... 115

Table 57: Market drivers, trends and nanocellulose solutions in construction market.............................................. 117

Table 58: Comparison of nanocellulose with steel and other materials.................................................................. 118

Table 59: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in the construction industry........................................ 119

Table 60: Market demand for nanocellulose in construction, 2018-2030 (tons)...................................................... 119

Table 61: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the construction, building protection and architectural exterior coatings market.......................................................................................................................................... 121

Table 62: Nanocellulose in construction-Companies and products........................................................................ 121

Table 63: Market drivers, trends and nanocellulose solutions in the paper and board market.................................. 122

Table 64: Examples of antimicrobial immobilization into cellulose nanofibers......................................................... 126

Table 65: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the paper and board markets...................................................... 126

Table 66: Oxygen permeability of nanocellulose films compared to those made form commercially available petroleum-based materials and other polymers............................................................................................................ 130

Table 67: Application markets, competing materials, nanocellulose advantages and current market size in packaging.................................................................................................................................................................. 130

Table 68: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in paper and board.................................................... 131

Table 69: Global demand for nanocellulose in paper & board/packaging, 2018-2030 (tons).................................... 132

Table 70: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the paper and board market............................................. 134

Table 71: Companies developing nanocellulose products in paper and board, applications targeted and stage of commercialization....................................................................................................................................... 134

Table 72: Market drivers, trends and nanocellulose solutions in the textiles market................................................ 136

Table 73: Global demand for nanocellulose in hygiene and absorbents, 2018-2030 (tons)..................................... 138

Table 74: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in textiles.................................................................. 139

Table 75: Demand for nanocellulose in textiles, 2018-2030 (tons)......................................................................... 139

Table 76: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the textiles market........................................................... 140




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Table 77: Companies developing nanocellulose products in textiles, applications targeted and stage of commercialization....................................................................................................................................... 141

Table 78: Market drivers, trends and Nanocellulose solutions in the medicine and healthcare market..................... 142

Table 79: Cellulose nanofiber applications timeline in the medicine and healthcare markets................................... 143

Table 80: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in medical and healthcare.......................................... 146

Table 81: Global demand for nanocellulose in medical and healthcare, 2018-2030 (tons)....................................... 146

Table 82: Nanocellulose product developers in medical and healthcare applications.............................................. 147

Table 83: Market drivers, trends and Nanocellulose solutions in the paints and coatings market............................. 149

Table 84: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the paints and coatings markets.................................................. 151

Table 85: Market assessment for nanocellulose in paints and coatings................................................................. 153

Table 86: Application markets, competing materials, nanocellulose advantages and current market size in coatings and films........................................................................................................................................................... 153

Table 87: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in paints and coatings................................................ 154

Table 88: Global demand for nanocellulose in paint and coatings, 2018-2030 (tons).............................................. 154

Table 89: Market challenges for Nanocellulose in coatings................................................................................... 156

Table 90: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the coatings and films market........................................... 157

Table 91: Companies developing nanocellulose products in paints and coatings, applications targeted and stage of commercialization....................................................................................................................................... 157

Table 92: Market drivers, trends and nanocellulose solutions in the aerogels market............................................. 159

Table 93: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the aerogels market.................................................................... 159

Table 94: Global demand for nanocellulose in aerogels, 2018-2030 (tons)............................................................ 160

Table 95: Nanocellulose product developers in aerogels...................................................................................... 161

Table 96: Market drivers, trends and nanocellulose solutions in the filtration market.............................................. 163

Table 97: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the oil market............................................................................. 164

Table 98: Application markets, competing materials, nanocellulose advantages and current market size in oil and gas.................................................................................................................................................................. 166




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Table 99: Market assessment for nanocellulose in oil and gas.............................................................................. 167

Table 100: Nanocellulose in the oil and gas market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact........................................................................................................................................................ 167

Table 101: Global demand for nanocellulose in the oil and gas market, 2018-2030 (tons)...................................... 168

Table 102: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the oil and gas exploration market................................... 169

Table 103: Nanocellulose product developers in oil and gas exploration................................................................ 169

Table 104: Market drivers, trends and nanocellulose solutions in the filtration market............................................. 171

Table 105: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the filtration market................................................................... 172

Table 106: Types of filtration.............................................................................................................................. 173

Table 107: CNF membranes.............................................................................................................................. 174

Table 108: Application markets, competing materials, Nanocellulose advantages and current market size in filtration. 176

Table 109: Market assessment for nanocellulose in filtration................................................................................ 177

Table 110: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in the filtration industry............................................. 177

Table 111: Global demand for nanocellulose in the filtration market, 2018-2030 (tons)........................................... 178

Table 112: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the filtration market........................................................ 179

Table 113: Companies developing nanocellulose products in filtration, applications targeted and stage of commercialization....................................................................................................................................... 179

Table 114: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the rheology modifiers market................................................... 181

Table 115: Global demand for nanocellulose in the rheology modifiers market, 2018-2030 (tons)........................... 182

Table 116: Commercial activity in nanocellulose rheology modifiers...................................................................... 183

Table 117: Market drivers, trends and Nanocellulose solutions in the printed and flexible electronics market........... 184

Table 118: Cellulose nanofiber applications timeline in flexible electronics............................................................ 186

Table 119: Properties of flexible electronics‐cellulose nanofiber film (nanopaper)................................................... 186

Table 120: Properties of flexible electronics cellulose nanofiber films.................................................................... 189




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Table 121: Application markets, competing materials, Nanocellulose advantages and current market size in electronics.................................................................................................................................................................. 190

Table 122: Market assessment for nanocellulose in the flexible and printed electronics sector................................ 191

Table 123: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in flexible electronics............................................... 192

Table 124: Market challenges for use of Nanocellulose in printed and flexible electronics....................................... 192

Table 125: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the printed and flexible electronics market....................... 193

Table 126: Companies developing cellulose nanofiber products in paper electronics, applications targeted and stage of commercialization....................................................................................................................................... 193

Table 127: Market drivers, trends and Nanocellulose solutions in the 3D printing market........................................ 195

Table 128: Applications of Nanocellulose in 3D printing........................................................................................ 196

Table 129: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in 3D printing........................................................... 196

Table 130: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the 3D printing market.................................................... 197

Table 131: Companies developing nanocellulose 3D printing products.................................................................. 197

Table 132: Classification of nanocellulose applications by type of industrial product ranged in terms of their potential of consumption............................................................................................................................................... 198

Table 133: Nanocellulose for composite parts. Application, key benefits, competing materials, Nanocellulose working concentration, global market demand and growth, potential for Nanocellulose penetration.............................. 198

Table 134: Nanocellulose for bioplastics. Application, key benefits, competing materials, Nanocellulose working concentration, global market demand and growth, potential for Nanocellulose penetration.............................. 200

Table 135. Nanocellulose for packaging films. Application, key benefits, competing materials, Nanocellulose working concentration, global market demand and growth, potential for Nanocellulose penetration.............................. 201

Table 136. Nanocellulose for aerogels. Application, key benefits, competing materials, Nanocellulose working concentration, global market demand and growth, potential for Nanocellulose penetration.............................. 201

Table 137. Nanocellulose for cement. Application, key benefits, competing materials, Nanocellulose working concentration, global market demand and growth, potential for Nanocellulose penetration.............................. 202

Table 138. Nanocellulose for ultra-high-performance concrete. Application, key benefits, competing materials, Nanocellulose working concentration, global market demand and growth, potential for Nanocellulose penetration.................................................................................................................................................................. 202




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Table 139. Nanocellulose for paint and coating additives. Application, key benefits, competing materials, Nanocellulose working concentration, global market demand and growth, potential for Nanocellulose penetration.................. 203

Table 140. Nanocellulose for Hygiene and absorbent products. Application, key benefits, competing materials, Nanocellulose working concentration, global market demand and growth, potential for Nanocellulose penetration.................................................................................................................................................................. 204

Table 141. Application of nanocellulose in tires in automotive tyres....................................................................... 204

Table 142. Potential global nanocellulose demand by application......................................................................... 205

Table 143: Nanocellulose producers and types of nanocellulose produced............................................................ 206

Table 144: Target market, by nanocellulose producer.......................................................................................... 208

Table 145: Oji Holdings CNF products................................................................................................................ 268

Table 146: CNC producers and production capacities.......................................................................................... 304

Table 147: Target market, by cellulose nanocrystal producer............................................................................... 305

Figures

Figure 1: Market segmentation by type of nanocellulose, capacities and demand 2018............................................ 31

Figure 2: CNF wet powder................................................................................................................................... 36

Figure 3: Cellulose nanofiber transparent sheet.................................................................................................... 41

Figure 4: Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE)................................................................... 41

Figure 5: XCNF................................................................................................................................................... 42

Figure 6: Nanocellulose-based commercial products............................................................................................. 42

Figure 7: Demand for nanocellulose 2018, tons..................................................................................................... 46

Figure 8: Nanocellulose market value, by end user market demand, 2018–2030 (Tons).......................................... 48

Figure 9: Regional demand for cellulose nanofibers, 2018..................................................................................... 49

Figure 10: Schematic diagram of partial molecular structure of cellulose chain with numbering for carbon atoms and n= number of cellobiose repeating unit............................................................................................................... 57




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Figure 11: Scale of cellulose materials.................................................................................................................. 58

Figure 12: Types of nanocellulose........................................................................................................................ 62

Figure 13: Relationship between different kinds of nanocelluloses.......................................................................... 62

Figure 14: CNF gel.............................................................................................................................................. 64

Figure 15: TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals.................................................................................................... 67

Figure 16: An iridescent biomimetic cellulose multilayer film remains after water that contains cellulose nanocrystals evaporates................................................................................................................................................... 67

Figure 17: Extracting CNC from trees................................................................................................................... 68

Figure 18: CNC slurry.......................................................................................................................................... 69

Figure 19: Schematic of typical commercialization route for nanocellulose producer................................................ 75

Figure 20: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for nanocellulose............................................................................ 85

Figure 21: (a) Number of research publications on the different nomenclatures of nanocellulosic materials per year during the last decade. (b) Cumulative number of research article number published per nomenclature............. 90

Figure 22: Nanocellulose patents by field of application........................................................................................ 91

Figure 23: Global market demand for nanocellulose in composites, 2018-2030 (tons)............................................ 103

Figure 24: Demand for nanocellulose in the aerospace and aviation market, 2018-2030 (tons)............................... 106

Figure 25: Nanomaterials-based automotive components.................................................................................... 110

Figure 26: CNF car engine cover developed in Japan Ministry of the Environment’s (MOE) Nano Cellulose Vehicle (NCV) Project............................................................................................................................................. 111

Figure 27: The structure of the CNF-based front hood......................................................................................... 111

Figure 28: CNF composite................................................................................................................................. 112

Figure 29: Global demand for nanocellulose in the automotive sector, 2018-2030 (tons)........................................ 114

Figure 30: Nanowood with hierarchically aligned cellulose nanofibrils for insulation................................................ 119

Figure 31: Demand for nanocellulose in construction, 2018-2030 (tons)................................................................ 120

Figure 32: Example process for producing NFC packaging film............................................................................ 125




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Figure 33: Global demand for nanocellulose in the paper & board/packaging, 2018-2030 (tons)............................. 133

Figure 34: CNF deodorant products.................................................................................................................... 137

Figure 35: Global demand for nanocellulose in hygiene and absorbents 2018-2030 (tons)..................................... 138

Figure 36: Demand for nanocellulose in the textiles, 2018-2030 (tons).................................................................. 140

Figure 37: Global demand for nanocellulose in medical and healthcare, 2018-2030 (tons)..................................... 147

Figure 38: Global demand for nanocellulose in paint and coatings, 2018-2030 (tons)............................................. 155

Figure 39: Global demand for nanocellulose in aerogels, 2018-2030 (tons)........................................................... 161

Figure 40: Nanocellulose sponge developed by EMPA for potential applications in oil recovery.............................. 164

Figure 41: Global demand for nanocellulose in the oil and gas market, 2018-2030 (tons)....................................... 168

Figure 42: Nanocellulose virus filter paper........................................................................................................... 176

Figure 43: Global demand for nanocellulose in the filtration market, 2018-2030 (tons)............................................ 178

Figure 44: Global demand for nanocellulose in the rheology modifiers market, 2018-2030 (tons)............................ 183

Figure 45: Electronic components using NFC as insulating materials.................................................................... 186

Figure 46: Cellulose nanofiber films................................................................................................................... 187

Figure 47: Nanocellulose photoluminescent paper............................................................................................... 188

Figure 48: LEDs shining on circuitry imprinted on a 5x5cm sheet of CNF.............................................................. 188

Figure 49: Foldable nanopaper........................................................................................................................... 189

Figure 50: Foldable nanopaper antenna.............................................................................................................. 189

Figure 51: Paper memory (ReRAM).................................................................................................................... 190

Figure 52: 3D printed CNF in Paper Microfluidics devices.................................................................................... 195

Figure 53. American Process, Inc. CNF production process................................................................................. 212

Figure 54: Ashai Kasei CNF production process.................................................................................................. 215

Figure 55: Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet............................................................................................................. 216

Figure 56: Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric............................................................. 216




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Figure 57: CNF nonwoven fabric........................................................................................................................ 217

Figure 58. Borregaard Chemcell CNF production process.................................................................................... 220

Figure 59. Chuetsu Pulp & Paper CNF production process.................................................................................. 227

Figure 60. Daicel Corporation CNF production process........................................................................................ 229

Figure 61: Trunk lid incorporating CNF................................................................................................................ 230

Figure 62. Daio Paper CNF production process................................................................................................... 232

Figure 63. CNF-reinforced PP compounds.......................................................................................................... 232

Figure 64. Kirekira! toilet wipes........................................................................................................................... 233

Figure 65. DIC Products CNF production process................................................................................................ 234

Figure 66. DKS Co. Ltd. CNF production process................................................................................................ 236

Figure 67: Rheocrysta spray.............................................................................................................................. 236

Figure 68: CNF based on citrus peel................................................................................................................... 238

Figure 69. Imerys CNF production process......................................................................................................... 239

Figure 70: Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE)............................................................... 241

Figure 71: CNF products from Furukawa Electric................................................................................................. 242

Figure 72: Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials.................................................................................................................................................................. 243

Figure 73: CNF gel............................................................................................................................................ 245

Figure 74: Block nanocellulose material.............................................................................................................. 245

Figure 75: CNF products developed by Hokuetsu................................................................................................ 246

Figure 76. Innventia CNF production process...................................................................................................... 247

Figure 77: Innventia AB movable nanocellulose demo plant................................................................................. 248

Figure 78: Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins................................................................................ 250

Figure 79: 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side)..................... 251




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Figure 80. Kruger Biomaterials, Inc. CNF production process............................................................................... 253

Figure 81: CNF slurries...................................................................................................................................... 257

Figure 82: Nanocell serum product..................................................................................................................... 258

Figure 83: Hydrophobization facilities for raw pulp............................................................................................... 259

Figure 84: Mixing facilities for CNF-reinforced plastic........................................................................................... 259

Figure 85. Nippon Paper CNF production process............................................................................................... 261

Figure 86: Nippon Paper Industries’ adult diapers................................................................................................ 262

Figure 87: CNF wet powder............................................................................................................................... 264

Figure 88: CNF transparent film.......................................................................................................................... 265

Figure 89: Transparent CNF sheets.................................................................................................................... 265

Figure 90. Oji Paper CNF production process...................................................................................................... 266

Figure 91: CNF clear sheets............................................................................................................................... 267

Figure 92: Fluorene cellulose ® powder.............................................................................................................. 269

Figure 93. Performance Biofilaments CNF production process............................................................................. 270

Figure 94: XCNF............................................................................................................................................... 272

Figure 95: CNF insulation flat plates................................................................................................................... 274

Figure 96. Seiko PMC CNF production process................................................................................................... 276

Figure 97: Rubber soles incorporating CNF......................................................................................................... 278

Figure 98. Stora Enso CNF production process................................................................................................... 279

Figure 99. Sugino Machine CNF production process............................................................................................ 281

Figure 100: High Pressure Water Jet Process..................................................................................................... 281

Figure 101: 2 wt.％ CNF suspension.................................................................................................................. 282

Figure 102. BiNFi-s Dry Powder......................................................................................................................... 282

Figure 103. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet.................................................................... 283




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Figure 104: Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material................................................................................ 283

Figure 105: SVILOSA AD CNC products............................................................................................................. 285

Figure 106: Silver / CNF composite dispersions................................................................................................... 288

Figure 107: CNF/nanosilver powder.................................................................................................................... 289

Figure 108: Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF.............................................................................. 290

Figure 109: CNF resin products.......................................................................................................................... 291

Figure 110. University of Maine CNF production process..................................................................................... 292

Figure 111. UPM-Kymmene CNF production process.......................................................................................... 294

Figure 112. US Forest Service Products Laboratory CNF production process........................................................ 295

Figure 113: Flexible electronic substrate made from CNF.................................................................................... 296

Figure 114. VTT 100% bio-based stand-up pouches............................................................................................ 297

Figure 115. VTT CNF production process........................................................................................................... 298

Figure 116: HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test................................ 299

Figure 117: Bio-based barrier bags prepared from Tempo-CNF coated bio-HDPE film........................................... 300

Figure 118. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process............................................................................. 302

Figure 119: R3TM process technology................................................................................................................ 306

Figure 120: Blue Goose CNC Production Process............................................................................................... 307

Figure 121: NCCTM Process............................................................................................................................. 308

Figure 123: Celluforce production process.......................................................................................................... 309

Figure 122: CNC produced at Tech Futures’ pilot plant; cloudy suspension (1 wt.%), gel-like (10 wt.%), flake-like crystals, and very fine powder. Product advantages include:......................................................................... 310

Figure 124: Plantrose process............................................................................................................................ 316

Figure 125. CNC solution................................................................................................................................... 319

Figure 126: Bacterial cellulose face mask sheet.................................................................................................. 323




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Figure 127: Fibnano.......................................................................................................................................... 324


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The Global Market for Nanocellulose...13.12.2 Global market for nanocellulose in rheology...

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