The Global Petrochemical Industry:
Understanding the Complex Interactions Between Technology, Economics and Markets
Online Training
Manuel Asali
Vice President
Copyright © by Nexant Inc. 2019
All rights reserved
The C4 family
Section 4
September 2016
Butadiene and rubbers
Section 4 Module 2
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Global butadiene consumption, 2018
Source: Nexant
Consumption = 12.2 Million Tons
Butadiene Rubber
31%
SB Rubber
28%
ABS 12%
SB Latex 9%
HMDA 4%
Others 16%
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Leading global butadiene producers, 2018
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800S
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Top 10 Represents 45 percent of Global Capacity
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Rubber trees
Sir Henry Nicholas Ridley
(1855 – 1956)
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Joseph Priestley is credited with the name “rubber” (June, 1770)
Joseph Priestley
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Charles Goodyear figures out how to
“vulcanize” rubber
Charles Goodyear (1800-1860)
Vulcanized Rubber
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How vulcanization works
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Polybutadiene – more “bouncy” than natural rubber
CH2
C=C
nH
CH2
H
Q105_00101.0000.4005_exhibit12-16.cdx
CH2=CH-CH=CH2
“ Made of amazing Zectron -
50 000 lbs of compressed energy!”
3 241 834
HIGHLY RESILIENT POLYBUTADIENE BALL
Norman H. Stingley, Garden Grove, Calif.,
assignor to Wham-O Manufacturing Company, San Gabriel,
Calif., a corporation of California
Filed Aug. 25, 1965, Ser. No. 482,584
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PBR (polybutadiene rubber) – used in combination with
other rubbers, mostly in sidewall construction
Global PBR Demand by End-Use, 2018
Tire 67%
HIPS 25%
Others 8%
Global PBR Capacity Share, 2018
Sinopec 9%
PetroChina 8%
Kumho Petrochemical
8%
Lanxess 7%
Saudi Aramco 7%
Goodyear 6%
Nizhnekamsk-neftekhim
5%
LG Daesan 4%
Versalis 4%
Firestone 3%
Other 40%
PBR is the second largest volume synthetic rubber
Consumption = 3.4 Million Tons
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SBR (styrene butadiene rubber) – adding styrene
changes the properties of the rubber
SBR typically contains 74% butadiene and 26% styrene by weight
(about a 6/1 mole ratio)
SBR is the largest volume synthetic rubber
+ CH2
C H C H CH2
CH2
C H C H CH2)
x( CH
2( C H )
y
12/03 V:4103:PERP SBR Sec_3
CH = CH2
Styrene 1, 3 - Butadiene
+ CH2
C H C H CH2
CH2
C H C H CH2)
x( CH
2( C H )
y
12/03 V:4103:PERP SBR Sec_3
CH = CH2
Styrene 1, 3 - Butadiene
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SBR (styrene butadiene rubber) – used in passenger
car tire tread
Global SBR Demand by End-Use, 2018
Tire 70%
Rubber Goods 25%
Footwear 5%
Global SBR Capacity Share, 2018
Kumho Petrochemical
9%
PetroChina 8%
Sinopec 6%
JSR 5%
Synthos 5%
Trinseo 4%
SIBUR 4%
Goodyear Tire and Rubber
Co. 4%
Styron Corp 4%
Versalis 3%
Other 49%
SBR consumption is dominated by tyre production
Consumption = 5.5 Million Tons
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Tire construction
Reinforcing Materials:
Steelbelt Fabric
Textile Carcass Fabric
Bead Cable
Rubber Compounds:
Tread
Steel Belt Fabric Topping
Textile Carcass Fabric Topping
Sidewall
Apex
Bead Cable Topping
Chafer
Liner
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Major elastomers
Elastomer Monomers and/or Structure Polymerised By Comments
Natural Rubber Cis-1,4-polyisoprene
Enzymes Obtained from Hevea
Brasiliensis
Styrene-Butadiene Approx. 1 mole styrene to
Emulsion polymerization,
free radical initiator often
at low temperature
(cold rubber)
About 20% butadiene
units are in 1,2-
configuration, about 60%
are trans-1,4 and 20%
cis-1,4
Cis-1, 4-Poly-
butadiene Rubber
Metal complex High resiliency
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Major elastomers (cont.)
Elastomer Monomers and/or Structure Polymerised By Comments
Butyl Rubber Isobutene +1-3% Isoprene
Cationic initiator High gas impermeability
Synthetic cis-1,4-
Polyisoprene
Isoprene
Metal complex Properties are similar to
those of natural rubber
Polychloroprene
Rubber
Chloroprene
Free radical initiator
Excellent ozone
resistance
Nitrile Rubber Butadiene + 20-40%
Acrylonitrile
Free radical initiator Similar to SBR but more
oil resistant
H2C CH2
C CH2
Cln
cis-1,4-polychloroprene
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Major elastomers (cont.)
Elastomer Monomers and/or Structure Polymerised By Comments
Ethylene-Propylene
Rubber (EP and
EPDM)
C2H4, C3H6 in EPDM
ethylidene norbornene or
other diene monomer
Metal complex EP vulcanised with
peroxide; EPDM with
normal vulcanising
agents
Thermoplastic Rubber Block polymer of
butadiene and styrene
(and many others)
Ionic “living”
polymerization
High strength, excluding
solvent resistance,
processability
Thiokol nNa2S4 + nCICH2CH2Cl
Step growth
polymerization
Used in sealants
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Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) block copolymers
S S B
B
B
S
S S
S
S
S
B
B
B
B
S
S = Polystyrene Block
B = Polybutadiene Block
B
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TPEs are much easier to use than thermoset rubbers
Source: Polyone
Purchase: Gum rubber Filler Extenders Chemicals
Purchase: Thermoplastic Rubber
Finished Product
Finished Product
Conventional Rubber Products
Scrap Scrap Scrap
Mixing Shaping Vulcanization
Shaping
Thermoplastic Rubber Products
Recycle
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Santoprene (ExxonMobil)
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