The Global Situation of Foot and Mouth Disease Occurrence...Nepal SAT2 in progress Myanmar O Kenya...

Jef M Hammond, Nigel Ferris, Yanmin Li, Nick Knowles, Donald King and David J Paton

WRLFMD, Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey,GU24 0NF, UNITED KINGDOM

The Global Situation of Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease Occurrence

An Overview

Talk Overview

• Introduction to WRLFMD

• FMD situation update

• Global Control through Regional Knowledge

• Other activities

• Future Issues and Gaps

Principal Activities of WRLFMDOIE Reference Laboratory

FAO World Reference Laboratory

• 24/7 Diagnostic Service

• Referral diagnosis

• Global surveillance

• Sequence analysis and

strain identification

• Test development,

improvement and validation

• Quarterly and Annual reports

Principal Activities of WRLFMD• Quality assurance

• Reagent and kit supply

• Training

• Consultancy and

research priorities

• Reference laboratory

Network co-ordination

• Proficiency testing

• Advice

The WRLFMD website contains quarterly and annual reference laboratory reportsand can be found at http://www.wrlfmd.org/ref_labs/fmd_ref_lab_reports.htm

2008

Jan-March2009

http://www.wrlfmd.org/fmd_network/FMD Network Report 2007.pdf

http://www.wrlfmd.org/fmd_network/FMD Network Report 2007.pdf

WRLFMD: 1250 samples from 37 countriesOctober 2006 - 2008

AFGHANISTAN BHUTAN CAMBODIAKYRGYZSTAN LAOS PAKISTAN THAILANDVIETNAMMALAYSIANORTH KOREA

UKTURKEYMALTAITALY (SVD)PORTUGAL(SVD

BAHRAINIRAN ISRAEL JORDANKUWAITSAUDI ARABIA UAEYEMEN

BOTSWANA NAMIBIAEGYPT NIGERIA 1984-5

ETHIOPIA SENEGALGABON 1st SOMALIA 1983

KENYA SUDANMALI UGANDAMAURITANIA ZAMBIA

Middle East 8 Europe

5

Africa14

Asia10

523 FMD Viruses Isolated Between October 2006-2008

382

84

11

44

2

OASAT 1SAT 2Asia 1

WRLFMD: 330 Viruses Sequenced (VP1) 2007-2008

OASAT 1SAT 2Asia 1

194

69

2

14

51

2009

• Very high numbers of samples submitted to WRLFMD

• Middle East Region

• Increase in A serotype A-Iran-05 lineageO-PanAsia 2

WRLFMD Number of positive samples 1st quarter 2008 vs 2009

2008 ~50

WRLFMD Number of positive samples 1st quarter 2008 vs 2009

2008 ~502009 >300

187 positive samples in total in 2008

>450 samples in 1st quarter 2009

91 112

49 1

FMD Reports in 2009Southern/Southeast Asia

• China Asia 1 & A• Taiwan O• Chinese Taipei O• Hong Kong O• Thailand O• Myanmar O

Central Asia• Pakistan O, A & Asia1

Africa• Angola SAT2• Botswana SAT2• Kenya O, A, SAT1 & SAT2• Ethiopia O & A• Zambia SAT1 & SAT2

FMD Reports in 2009Southern/Southeast Asia

• China Asia 1 & A • Taiwan O• Chinese Taipei O• Hong Kong O• Thailand O• Myanmar O

Central Asia• Pakistan O, A & Asia1

Africa• Angola SAT2• Botswana SAT2• Kenya O, A, SAT1 & SAT2• Ethiopia O & A• Zambia SAT1 & SAT2

Middle and Near East• Bahrain A & Asia1• Egypt O & A• Iran A• Iraq A• Israel O & A• Kuwait A• Lebanon A• Libya A• Sudan O• Turkey O & A• UAE O• Yemen O

20082009

KeyO-Ind-2001O-PanAsia-2

Not yet recd / genotyped

O-Sharquia-72

n=10

n=5

n=4

n=3

FMDV-O genotyping in 2008 & 2009

FMDV-A genotyping in 2008 & 2009

A-Iran-05BAR-08

A-Iran-05AFG-07

A-Iran-05ARD-07

A-Iran-05EZM-07

20082009

Key

A-Egypt-06

A-Iran-05

n=9n=37

n=4

n=6

Sub-lineages of A-Iran-05

A-Iran-05A-Iran-05

A-Iran-05ARD-07A-Iran-05ARD-07

A-Iran-05EZM-07A-Iran-05EZM-07

A-Iran-05AFG-07A-Iran-05AFG-07

Turkey 2007-2009

Turkey 2007-2009

Afghanistan 2007Iran 2008-2009Pakistan 2008-2009Bahrain 2009

Bahrain 2008

Iran 2003-2007Afghanistan 2004, 2007Turkey 2005-2007Saudi Arabia 2005Jordan 2006Pakistan 2006

A-Iran-05BAR-08A-Iran-05BAR-08Iran 2009Iraq 2009Israel 2009Kuwait 2009Lebanon 2009Libya 2009Pakistan 2009

Intermediate, sporadic

Endemic FMD ‐Free

Free. Virus present in game parks

Free with vaccination

Countries with multiples zones:FMD‐free, free with vaccination or not free

ZambiaSAT 1 & SAT 2

EthiopiaO & A

LebanonA

TurkeyO & A

FMD Outbreaks in 2009

EgyptO & A

IranO & A

IraqA

KuwaitA

LibyaA

SudanO

United Arab EmiratesO

SenegalNo type

IsraelO & A

22 countries~700 samples

BotswanaSAT2

MyanmarO

KenyaO, A, SAT 1 & SAT 2

Honk KongO

BahrainA & Asia1

PakistanO, A and Asia 1

ThailandO


Endemic FMD ‐Free




ZambiaSAT 1 & SAT 2

EthiopiaO & A

LebanonA

TurkeyO & A


EgyptO & A

IranO & A

IraqA

KuwaitA

LibyaA

SudanO


SenegalNo type

IsraelO & A


BotswanaSAT2

MyanmarO


Honk KongO

BahrainA & Asia1


ThailandO


Endemic FMD ‐Free




ZambiaSAT 1 & SAT 2

EthiopiaO & A

LebanonA

TurkeyO & A


EgyptO & A

IranO & A

IraqA

KuwaitA

LibyaA

SudanO


SenegalNo type

IsraelO & A


Palestine ATin progress

BotswanaSAT2 Nepal

in progress

MyanmarO


Honk KongO

BahrainA & Asia1


ThailandO


Endemic FMD ‐Free




ZambiaSAT 1 & SAT 2

VietnamA and Asia 1

ChinaAsia 1 & A

EthiopiaO & A

LebanonA

TurkeyO & A


EgyptO & A

IranO & A

IraqA

KuwaitA

LibyaA

SudanO


TaiwanO

SenegalNo type

IsraelO & A


AngolaSAT2

Palestine ATin progress

BotswanaSAT2 Nepal

in progress

MyanmarO


Honk KongO

Chinese Taipei

O

BahrainA & Asia1


ThailandO

Global Control through Regional Knowledge

If We Divide the Globe into 7 pools each with;• Multiple serotypes but topotypes mainly confined to that pool

Visualization of Regional Virus Pools as an Aid to Global Control

Pool 7O & A

Pool 6O, A, SAT1,2,3

Pool 5O, A,SAT1,2

Pool 4O, A, SAT1,2,3

Pool 3O, A, Asia 1

Pool 1O, A, Asia 1

Pool 2O, A, Asia 1

OIE Reference Laboratories And Collaborating Centres

FAO Additional Reference Centres Regional/NationalReference Centres

3 pools covering Europe, Middle-East and Asia

3 pools covering Africa

1 pool for the Americas

Global Control through Regional Knowledge

If We Divide the Globe into 7 pools each with;• Multiple serotypes but topotypes mainly confined to that pool

• If vaccination is to be a major tool then each pool may need

tailored vaccines– currently, there is an asymmetry of effort to identify vaccines (little

information for west and east African pools)

• This approach requires that each pool needs support for

typing and vaccine matching

What Do We Know So Far In 2009?

Pool 7?

Pool 6SAT1 & SAT2

Pool 5?

Pool 4O, A, SAT1 & SAT2

Pool 1O, A & Asia

1

Pool 2O




Regional/NationalReference Centres


FAO Additional Reference Centres

What do we know so far in 2009?

Pool 7?

Pool 6SAT1 & SAT2

Pool 5?

Pool 4O, A, SAT1 & SAT2

Pool 1O, A & Asia

1

Pool 2O

Pool 3Bahrain Lebanon Egypt LibyaIran PakistanIraq SudanIsrael TurkeyKuwait UAE

YemenO, A & Asia 1




Regional/NationalReference Centres


FAO Additional Reference Centres

More Detailed Breakdown of Regional Pools

Label Nomenclature

SEROTYPETOPOTYPE(Strain)

WRLFMD disclaimer: The virus pool boundaries are approximations and further data are needed to improve and more accurately define these regions

Pools 1 & 2 : O, A & Asia 1

Pool 1

Pool 2

OME-SA(PanAsia-2)

AASIA

ASIA1(G-III) OCATHAY

AASIA

ASIA1(G-IV)

OME-SA(PanAsia)

OSEA

ASIA1(G-V)

Pool 3 : O, A & Asia 1

OME-SA(PanAsia-2)

ASIA1(G-II)

AASIA(Iran-05)

ASIA1(G-VI)ASIA1

(G-I)

Pool 4 : O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 (& SAT 3?)

SAT2XIII

SAT2VII

AAFRICAG-VII

SAT1IX

OEA-3

OEA-4

Pool 5 : O, A, SAT 1 & SAT 2

OWA

AAFRICAG-VI

SAT1?

SAT2VII

OEA-3AAFRICAG-IV

Pool 6 : O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 (& SAT 3?)

Pool 6aO, A, SAT 1, SAT 2, (SAT 3)

Pool 6bSAT 1, SAT 2, (SAT 3)

SAT2IIISAT2II

SAT1I-NWZ

OEA-2AAFRICAG-I

SAT2IV

SAT1III-WZ

SAT2I

Pool 7 : O & A

OEURO-SA

AEURO-SA

Other Activities • ISO 9001 and ISO 17025 Accreditation

• Training- Diagnostics and veterinary

• Interlaboratory proficiency tests for virus detection and serology

• OIE/FAO FMD Ref Labs Network- vaccine matching

• LFD penside test launched with Svanova and IZS-Brescia

• Major development work with Smiths detection on rapid field

based PCR-BioSeeq

• Global FMD Research Alliance (GFRA)

The Need for a FMD The Need for a FMD Ref Lab NetworkRef Lab Network

• To make available accurate and timely global surveillance

information

– Value of sharing information on transboundary diseases

– Developing trust and shared vision through ongoing contact and joint

programmes of work

The Need for a FMD The Need for a FMD Ref Lab NetworkRef Lab Network

• To make available accurate and timely global surveillance

information

– Value of sharing information on transboundary diseases

– Developing trust and shared vision through ongoing contact and joint

programmes of work

• Network goals

– Understanding global FMD virus distribution and patterns in order to identify

threats and make vaccine recommendations

– Improving the quality of laboratory tests from international and national

reference laboratories

– Building up local capability in support of regional control programmes

EAH-ARC, ZA

FADDL, US

Reference Centres

PANAFTOSA, BR

IAH, UKFGI-ARRIAH, RU

RRLSS, BWLFA, AR

Reference Laboratories and Collaborating Centres

CODA-CERVA, BE

Regional/National Reference Centres

ICAR, IN LVRI, CN

RRL, TH

• Pirbright• Rio de Janeiro• Vladimir• Gabarone

• Buenos Aires• Onderstepoort• Plum Island • Brussels

• Lanzhou• Mukteswar• Pakchong

A Potential Vaccine Bank Network A Potential Vaccine Bank Network

• An international FMDV vaccine/antigen bank network would be beneficial in many ways– Exchange of technical know-how and information on strain selection

and performance – Access to the vaccines/antigens in other banks could reduce the

burden of stockpiling on individual members and increase the range of strains available

A Potential Vaccine Bank Network A Potential Vaccine Bank Network

• An international FMDV vaccine/antigen bank network would be beneficial in many ways– Exchange of technical know-how and information on strain selection

and performance – Access to the vaccines/antigens in other banks could reduce the

burden of stockpiling on individual members and increase the range of strains available

• The administrative challenges to making this a reality are great– Constraints related to confidentiality, varying standards, conflicts of

interest and complex administration


• Training





based PCR-BioSeeq



• Training





based PCR-BioSeeq


Future Issues and Gaps• Increase knowledge of circulating viruses in Africa

−Lack of information on effective vaccine strains in Africa

−Sequence and vaccine matching studies especially SAT2

−Needs a comprehensive study on variation





• Full length sequencing projects −Type A – Turkey/Iran

−SATs - Africa





• Full length sequencing projects −Type A – Turkey/Iran

−SATs – Africa

• Vaccine Matching studies−Antigenic Cartography

• Next Generation Vaccines

Future Issues and Gaps

• Improve interactions and information sharing with other reference laboratories and industry− Network meetings and 2-way training visits

− Better communication with vaccine manufacturers

− Better communication with Government and decision makers

• Rapid field detection devices

• Improved field data- GPS coordinates

WRLFMD Summary

• WRLFMD provides antigenic characterisation and epidemiological

monitoring of circulating virus strains

• Need for improved submissions from some regions

WRLFMD Summary




• WRLFMD Provides a global ‘real time virus map’ for the implementation

of better informed control measures for FMD

WRLFMD Summary






• FMD activity increasing this year in Middle East

• Vaccine recommendations have been modified

WRLFMD Summary






• FMD activity increasing this year in Middle East

• Vaccine recommendations have been modified

• WRLFMD offers its full support to the Global FMD Control Initiative

Vision for the New Pirbright

◊ Laboratory Diagnosis of FMD ◊

Serotyping by ELISA

Virus Isolation on Sensitive Cell Cultures

RT-PCR

Real-Time RT-PCR

◊ FMD Virus Characterisation ◊

VP1 Sequencing

Phylogenetic Analysis

Vaccine Matching

◊ FMD Virus Reference Collection ◊

Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United NationsFood and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations www.wrlfmd.org

Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory,Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.Tel: + 44 (0)1483 232441Fax: + 44 (0)1483 232448www.iah.ac.uk

Thank you for your attention

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The Global Situation of Foot and Mouth Disease Occurrence...Nepal SAT2 in progress Myanmar O Kenya...

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