The Globalization of Personal Data.pdf

The Globalization of Personal DataQueen's University

Mid-term Report to theSocial Sciences and Humanities Research Council ofCanada (SSHRCC)

June 2005 ��

Introduction

Research Overview

Personal Data and Everyday Life

Notable Achievements

International Survey

Schedule for Completion

Future of the Project

Micro-studies: Employees

Micro-studies: Travelers

Micro-studies: Consumers

Micro-studies: Citizens

The Project Team

Expenses

Acknowledgements

Appendix A: The Surveillance Project brochure

Appendix B: International research contacts

Appendix C: GPD publications

Contents

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The Surveillance Projectc/o Department of Sociology

Mackintosh-Corry Hall Room C515Queen's University

Kingston, OntarioK7L 3N6

CanadaTel 613 533-6000, ext. 78867

Fax 613 [email protected]

www.queensu.ca/sociology/Surveillance

The first two years of our

work have been extremely

productive, and the

collaboration of a diverse

group of investigators has

proved effective and

stimulating.

Introduction

This report details the work-in-progress of theGlobalization of Personal Data project, fundedby the SSHRC INE1 program and based atQueen’s University. The project investigatessome of the many ways that personal data flowacross borders, with special reference toincreased security concerns after 9/11, and witha view to highlighting and explaining the social,political and economic consequences of thoseflows. We are interested in which newtechnologies are being utilized for monitoringand keeping track of populations, why they arefavoured over others and what actually happenswhen data are captured and processed. Ourproject team explores the triggers for their use,such as 9/11, but also their commercial,organizational and political catalysts. Weexamine the results of these growing modes ofpersonal data processing, particularly in so faras they enable increased means of sortinggroups by category and treating categoriesdifferently. And we investigate the responsesof ordinary people – employees, consumers,citizens and travelers – to expandingsurveillance.

Needless to say, these issues are ofconsiderable importance to ordinaryCanadians, not to mention citizens of othercountries around the world. For example, thegrowth of e-commerce raises questions about“identity theft” (the unauthorized use of personaldata for fraudulent purposes) and the spreadof cell phones and mobile devices add yetanother dimension, location, to the alreadyexisting means of mapping and tracking oureveryday activities. The advent of theDepartment of Homeland Security in the USAhas had extensive and ongoing repercussions

in Canada, and security measures involvingpersonal data now affect not only obvious sitessuch as airports, but also other areas such aseconomic transactions, employment andcommunications. These issues have becomepolitically more central in the past few years,especially with the use of biometrics, videosurveillance cameras and the quest for reliablemeans of national identification. We are allaffected by these changes, and part of our taskis to comment critically on whether thesechanges are for better or worse.

The first two years of our work have beenextremely productive, and the collaboration ofa diverse group of investigators has provedeffective and stimulating. Indeed, we havediscovered levels and dimensions ofcollaboration that simply did not occur to uswhen we made the initial application. It hasbeen an exciting and stimulating process! Aswell as completing the objectives we set forourselves in the first instance, we have alsodeveloped new strands of work andincorporated fresh approaches in order to dealwith both unforeseen obstacles and with theever-changing field that we chose to investigate.We have been pleased with the ways that ourresearch plans have drawn together researchersin unexpected alliances, and how the overallproject has retained its coherence despite thelarge-scale and ambitious nature of our plans.Queen’s University has been as good as itsword in providing adequate support, as havethe faculties and departments at the universityfrom which most of our team is drawn. At thesame time, we have enjoyed good relationshipswith our colleagues from elsewhere in Canadaand overseas, all of which has contributed to acollegial and fruitful working environment.

1 Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, Initiative on the New Economy.

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Personal data are routinely processed for manypurposes. The Globalization of Personal Data(GPD) project seeks to understand whatactually happens when personal data flows aretriggered and particularly what happens whenthey flow across borders where differentindustry privacy rules and regulatory systems(or none at all) apply. A second aim is to findout how ordinary people feel about the travelsof their personal data, whether the data are usedto target, profile, or single them out for specialattention. A third aim is to consider theconsequences in a post 9/11 environment ofintensified data flows (i.e., data merged fromseveral databases) triggered by the push of abutton: What difference do the data make toindividuals and groups, and in particular, howthey are used to determine life-chances, be itwork prospects, mobility, credit ratings, andaccess to government services?

The “ordinary people” in question are employees,customers, travelers, and citizens. In each case,personal profiles or snapshots are compiled bymerging databases and mining data in order todiscover patterns of individual behaviour. Thisinfluences aspects of peoples’ lives, especially whenbackground information, transactional records andother locational data are examined and sorted intocategories in order to permit differential treatmentof the persons and groups concerned.

While the institutional, technological and legalaspects of the globalization of personal data areexplored, another important thrust is tounderstand how ordinary people are involvedin these flows and their understanding of whathappens to information gathered about them.We also examine related national and globalimplications for social relationships, governance,and economic benefit.

Research Overview

What difference do the

data make to individuals

and groups, and in

particular, how they are

used to determine life-

chances, be it work

prospects, mobility, credit

ratings, and access to

government services?

Major project goals are:

to examine on a global scale theconsequences of 9/11 for personal dataflows, such as the introduction of variouslaws that govern access to personal data,profiling of people, and the reaction ofpeople;

to discover empirically what happensto personal data in employment, citizenship,immigration, consumption, travel and othercontexts, with a view to understanding theirconsequences for governance;

to conduct a major internationalsurvey involving thousands of individuals innine countries to understand how ordinarypeople in different cultures experience andrespond to the realities of networked dataflows; and

to develop appropriate theory toexplain and predict flows of personal data,and to connect this with privacy ethics andgovernment policy.

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The findings on

management awareness

of and interest in privacy

questions is discouraging

for privacy advocates, but

offers a challenge to

indicate more clearly how

flows of personal data do

have consequences in

commercial contexts.

Personal data are processed in relation to manydifferent roles that we play in daily life and ourresearch focuses on four of these; employees,travelers, consumers and citizens. (See Micro-studies beginning on page 18.) Each of theseraises a cluster of concerns that we investigateempirically and theoretically in order to find outexactly what is happening and how people andorganizations are affected. In each case-studywe analyse what happens to personal data, howand where they flow, how this is understoodand responded to by those whose data areprocessed, and we draw conclusions that relateback to our overall aims and objectives.

Employees’ personal data are found in manycontexts and they flow across borders for anumber of reasons. Kirstie Ball’s work on callcentres in South Africa and the UK plots wherecustomer and employee data travel, and with whatconsequences. Unlike the persons to whom theyrefer, the data need no passports, yet the protocolsused for their passage do make some significantdifferences. David Zweig and Jane Webster’sresearch, that began with an examination ofemployee attitudes to workplace surveillance isnow starting to focus on how consumers react toprivacy invasions by organizations. VincentMosco and Simon Kiss are approaching similarquestions obliquely, by trying to ascertain howtrade unions and anti-globalization movementsrespond to workplace surveillance. In this case,research will show how employee knowledge ofdata-flows affects their awareness of and theirengagement with surveillance issues. Someworkers actually cross borders themselves insearch of employment and the work of CagatayTopal and David Lyon tries to explore wheredata flow in the case of workers from Turkey,who have found jobs in Germany. Dosurveillance patterns serve to open and closedoors to such workers?

Travelers’ personal data may appear to travelwith them in passports, ticketing information ordrivers’ licences but in fact the data also travelindependently of the air passenger or the cardriver. As Colin Bennett is finding in his researchon airlines and ticketing, much data arrives atthe passenger destination in advance of thepassenger–with consequences for the receptionof that traveler. How passenger data are treatedalso differs in different jurisdictions, as hiscomparative work on European countries andbetween Europe, North America and Asiashows. Mark Salter focuses rather on airportsthemselves, as sites of "global mobility regimes"and how risk management is handled in differentcontexts, especially after 9/11. Once again,flows of personal data are vital to thisexploration. The notion of multiple mobilities intoday’s world is also taken up within NicolaGreen’s work on the travels of people andtechnologies as well as data. Personal datamovement in the UK is being charted andwill soon also be compared with studiesundertaken in Canada. In each casementioned here, the flows of data have adirect bearing on how the "means ofmovement" are enabled and regulated.

Consumers’ personal data are increasinglymobile as commercial transactions occur acrossborders as well as within them. The work ofKathleen Greenaway and Yolande Chan, onthe privacy orientations of Canadian firms, hasimplications for understanding how personaldata travel, and with what consequences. Thefindings on management awareness of andinterest in privacy questions is discouraging forprivacy advocates, but offers a challenge toindicate more clearly how flows of personal datado have consequences in commercial contexts,some of which are certainly not intended bytheir initiators. David Skillicorn, approaching

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this from a computing science perspective,shows empirically how attitudes to commercialdata movement on the internet differ depending,for example, whether people gain electronicaccess from work or home. The research ofJason Pridmore (with David Lyon) on retailloyalty cards again indicates how consequentialare the varied origins and paths of personaldata. Customer Relationship Management isshown to be a means of surveillance that usespersonal data to sort effectively betweendifferent classes of consumer, privileging someand marginalizing others.

Citizens’ personal data, lastly, also experienceincreasing density of flows, especially since 9/11. Taking the commercial theme further, butadding a legal dimension, Art Cockfield isexploring the varying levels of protectionafforded to personal data as they travel acrossborders (and he uses the countries of ourinternational survey as his examples). At the sametime, Elia Zureik is looking at how new means ofgleaning data, that use traces from the human bodyitself, affect different groups differently. Biometricshas become a central source of personal data,catalysed in part by the aftermath of 9/11, andthese are used increasingly as a means of regulatingphysical entry across borders. However, there isa sense in which the "borders" themselves arebeing "virtualized" as the checks on personal datamove upstream from geographical borders.National identification card schemes, studied byDavid Lyon and dependent on national registriesof citizens, are appearing in several contextswith as yet little understood consequences forpersonal data flows. They enable an automationof sorting processes to occur, that combine theregulation of the means of movement with anincreasing interoperability of systems dependenton single modes of identification.

Customer Relationship

Management is shown to

be a means of

surveillance that uses

personal data to sort

effectively between

different classes of

consumer, privileging

some and marginalizing

others.


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Workshops:

As promised in our Milestone document, wesuccessfully hosted two workshops in 2004.The first, a preparatory workshop to discussthe international survey component of theresearch, was held in March 2004 at theDonald Gordon Centre in Kingston, ON. Thishighly collaborative workshop was attended byco-investigators, collaborators, graduatestudents, and consultants, such as HeatherDryburgh from Statistics Canada, andStephanie Perrin from Digital Discretion, Inc.Also in attendance were representatives fromIpsos Reid and EKOS, the polling firms weengaged to facilitate the qualitative stage (PhaseI) of the survey. A GPD collaborators’ meetingfollowed this workshop. At this meeting co-investigators, collaborators and students wereinvited to present their GPD research to therest of the team. General administrative pointswere also discussed.

The second workshop, State Borders andBorder Policing, was held in August 2004 atQueen’s University. A call for papers in thespring of 2004 netted 18 papers accepted forpresentation at the workshop. Participantsincluded researchers and scholars from Canada,the UK, USA, and Norway. Plenary sessionswere held over three days, and the workshopwas covered by CBC Radio, and the local CBCtelevision affiliate, CKWS-TV. The worshopaddressed key aspects of global flow ofpersonal data and issues of surveillance as theyimpact corporeal movement of people andgoods, as well as the virtual flow of data. Theproceedings of this workshop will be publishedby Willan Publishers (UK). The title of thecollection is Global Surveillance andPolicing: Borders, Security, Identity and willbe available in October 2005.

A third workshop, entitled TheorizingSurveillance: The Panopticon and Beyond, washeld over three days at Queen’s University inKingston. Workshop participants from manycountries including Finland, Denmark, Italy,Japan, the UK and USA explored varioustheoretical positions in the hope of providingsome pointers for further multi-disciplinary andinternational work in surveillance studies. Eachpresentation made clear reference to empiricalexamples, to ensure clarity about what sort ofsurveillance practices and processes werebeing explained. While the workshop had somereference to policy implications, the main thrustof the event was theoretical development. Abook featuring a collection of papers from theworkshop is in process.

The May workshop was preceded by acollaborators’ meeting and a meeting of theeditorial board of the online journalSurveillance and Society.


Theorizing Surveillance: The Panopticon and Beyond12-14 May 2005

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The Surveillance Project (SP) adopted adistinctive wordmark/icon in 2004. In additionto adopting this visual identity, the SP createdan informational brochure that briefly describesthe research and team members. A copy of thisbrochure is included in the appendix.

A new Surveillance Project website was createdin 2004, featuring the new visual identity.

SP Seminar Series:

A key component of our project are theresearch seminars we regularly hold throughoutthe academic term to draw other co-investigators, students, and partners togetherfor round-table discussions. These seminars arecoordinated by our full-time researcher, EmilySmith. Our SP seminar series feature one ormore speakers who present papers and leaddiscussion. In the past 20 months severalspeakers have led seminars. These include ArtCockfield, Elia Zureik, Greg Elmer (RyersonUniversity), Jason Young (LL.M. candidate,University of Ottawa), Joan McCalla(Amethyst [Executive] Fellow, School of PolicyStudies at Queen’s University and CorporateChief Strategist, Office of the Corporate CIO,Government of Ontario; seminar held jointlywith the Knowledge-Based Enterprise Café,Queen’s School of Business), Chiara Fonio(visiting student from Milan), Martin French,Cagatay Topal (both Sociology PhDcandidates), Kathleen Greenaway(postdoctoral fellow, School of Business) andAlan Mcleod (Senior Legal Counsel, City ofKingston).

Other guest speakers we were fortunate to hostinclude Mary Culnan, Slade Professor ofManagement & Information Technology


Management Department, Bentley College,USA, whose talk “Current Issues in InformationPrivacy” was a joint presentation with theSchool of Business.

In June 2004 we hosted two speakers fromAustralia. The first, Roger Clarke, VisitingFellow in the Faculty of Engineering andInformation Technology at the AustralianNational University, spoke on the topic “TheSearch for Balance: The Past, Present andFuture of Privacy Impact Assessments”. RogerClarke is also a member of the Asia-PacificPrivacy Charter Council, a GPD partner.

We then welcomed Malcolm Crompton,former Australian Federal PrivacyCommissioner whose talk was entitled “Proofof ID Required? Getting IdentityManagement Right.”

The Surveillance Project regularly co-sponsorsevents with Internet Studies at Queen’s (IS@Q)whose primary goal is to promotecommunication among people interested in abroad range of social, political, economic, andcultural phenomena which affect and/or whichhave been affected by the emergence andspread of internet technology. An example isthe recent symposium entitled “CriticalApproaches to Knowledge Work,” whichfeatured Nick Dyer-Witheford, AssociateProfessor in the Faculty of Information andMedia Studies at the University of WesternOntario; Ursula Huws, director of the socialand economic research consultancy Analytica,Associate Fellow of the Institute forEmployment Studies, and Honorary VisitingProfessor of International Labour Studies at theWorking Lives Research Institute at LondonMetropolitan University; Heather Menzies, an

SP wordmark and icon

��

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Ottawa writer, teacher, and activist; and VincentMosco, GPD co-investigator.In April 2005 we were pleased to present aunique community event featuring ValerieSteeves, Assistant Professor, Department ofCriminology, University of Ottawa, and SeniorResearch Fellow with the Media AwarenessNetwork (MNet). Steeves presented a publicevent for high school students, parents,teachers, and the Kingston community entitled“‘It’s Not Kids’ Play’: Protecting Teens Rightsin Cyberspace - Internet Education for YoungPeople”. The evening event, staged at a localhigh school auditorium, was attended bycommunity members young and old and wascovered by local media. Steeves alsoconducted a workshop specifically for highschool teachers on this topic, as part of theLimestone District School Board’s professionaldevelopment, and a SP seminar at Queen’sUniversity.Media relations:

In the fall of 2004 Queen’s Alumni Reviewmagazine featured The Surveillance Project asits cover story. The story, entitled “Someoneto Watch Over Me,” was written by LawrenceScanlan, and outlined for readers some of theissues surrounding privacy and surveillance in thepost-9/11 world. The story featured photographsof and interviews from David Lyon, JasonPridmore, Yolande Chan and Elia Zureik. Themagazine has a circulation of 99,000.

Since the beginning of the project, many GPDco-investigators have been sought out by themedia to comment on current events or GPDresearch specifically. At our State Borders andBorder Policing workshop in August 2004,Colin Bennett, Mark Salter, David Lyon and

Elia Zureik were interviewed by CBC radioand television journalists.

CBC radio also interviewed David Lyon andHille Koskela during our Theorizing Surveillanceworkshop in May 2005.

Art Cockfield, David Skillicorn, David Zweigand Vincent Mosco have also responded tomedia requests.

David Lyon has been featured in severalnewspaper articles in Italy and Japan, relatingto his book Surveillance after September 11,of which Japanese and Italian editions haverecently appeared.

Notable publications and works inprogress:

See appendix for a list of GPD publications.

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for designing the questionnaire (phase II). Weanticipate that a draft questionnaire will beprepared and discussed at a researchworkshop in January 2006, and piloted shortlyafter. In summer 2006 we hope to completethe data collection and preliminary analysis, withthe final report to be ready in early 2007.

What have we learned from this preliminarywork? In Canada, for example, data from focusgroups conducted in Toronto and Montrealshow that the public is prone to accept orendorse by default current privacy practiceswith little awareness of the personal or societalimplications of existing laws or the technologyitself. We have learned that there is an urgentneed to educate the public about thecomplexities of the information age, todemand organizational accountability withregard to handling personal data, and todevelop ways of operating in an information-loaded environment so as to keep personalinformation secure.

International Survey

Data from focus groups

show that the public is

prone to accept or

endorse by default current

privacy practices with

little awareness of the

personal or societal

implications of existing

laws or the technology

itself.

The international survey component of ourresearch seeks to reveal complex cross-culturalattitudes to privacy and surveillance.Discovering these cross-cultural variations willenable various stakeholders to betterharmonize differing privacy legislations. As partof the qualitative phase of our internationalsurvey, we have conducted focus groups in ninecountries: Canada, USA, Mexico, Brazil,China, Japan, France, Hungary, and Spain. Thenumber of countries was reduced from 12 tonine in order to remain within our budget.

The raw data have been submitted, andgraduate students have been involved in writingextended narratives based on the raw data.Figure 1 provides a summary of the qualitativecomponent (phase I) of the international survey.Brief reports by the vendors, Ipsos Reid andEKOS, have also been submitted. Thesereports are intended to feed into preparing thequantitative questionnaire which will bedistributed to national samples representingthese countries. In addition to the focus groupinterviews, we commissioned backgroundreports on each of the countries concerned. Theidea behind these reports is to help usunderstand the scope of existing indigenousresearch on privacy in each of the ninecountries. We have been successful in obtainingbackground reports written by indigenousresearchers on some of the countries on ourlist, such Hungary, Japan, Canada (Quebec),and Mexico. Additional background reports onSpain, Japan, Canada and Brazil have beencompleted internally and reports on the US,Mexico, Hungary, France and China are underpreparation internally as well. Elia Zureik, thelead researcher for the international survey, leda Surveillance Project seminar in January 2005to discuss a heuristic model that will be the basis

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Country City Number of Focus Groups

Dates Held Size of Focus Groups

Total Number of Participants

Background Report

Brazil São Paulo 2 November 3rd and 4th, 2004

10, 10 20 No

Canada Toronto Montreal

4 4

May 3rd and 4th, 2004 May 5th and 6th, 2004

8, 10, 7, 5 7, 6, 8, 8

59 Yes for Quebec

China Beijing 2 November 26th, 2004 13, 13 26 No France Paris 2 December 20th and

21st, 2004 8, 9 17 No

Hungary Budapest 2 December 10th and 14th, 2004

10, 10 20 Yes

Japan Tokyo 2 October 28th and 29th, 2004

10, 10 20 Yes

Mexico Mexico City 2 August 11th and 12th, 2004

9, 9 18 Yes

Spain Barcelona 2 January 25th, 2005 10, 10 20 No USA Chicago 2 July 8th, 2004 11, 9 20 No

Total = 9 10 24 May 2004- Jan 2005 Average Size 9 220 4

Figure 1: Summary Table of Phase IFocus Groups

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Professional services, $78,044

Doctoral students, $1,251

Masters students, $668

Travel, $1,028

Supplies and other expenses, $4,338

Total: $85,330

Phase I Survey Expenses to 31 March 2005

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Schedule for completion

Dynamics of Data-Flows: A number of teammembers are cooperating on some comparativeinvestigations of cross-border data-flows in avariety of contexts. This arises from members’sub-projects and also from some of the projectslisted below. The aim is to answer some of ouroriginal empirical questions about what happenswhen data flows are triggered. A workshop onthis theme will be held in conjunction with theInternational Survey work in January 2006.

International survey: We anticipate that a draftquestionnaire will be prepared and piloted early2006. A one-day workshop is planned todiscuss the questionnaire in January 2006. Insummer 2006 we hope to complete the datacollection and preliminary analysis, with the finalreport to be ready in early 2007.

Location technologies: Research began on thedevelopment in Canada of location technologies(in relation to GPS enabled Location-BasedServices) late in 2004, resulting in a preliminaryreport in March 2005. Further research willbe built on this, led by Steve Marmura(Sociology postdoc) and David Lyon, during2005-2006. This will feed into our work ondata from mobile workers and consumers.

National ID cards: Research on comparativenational ID card systems in North America,Europe, and Asia will commence in 2006, witha view to discovering what sorts of personaldata will travel as new systems come into being.This relates to the post-9/11 aspect of ourresearch, and also to personal data circulatingabout citizens. It is led by David Lyon, inconjunction with postdocs in Sociology and Law.

Airport security and surveillance: A furtherphase of work on airport security, surveillanceand screening will commence in September2005, led by Mark Salter (University ofOttawa) and David Lyon. The aim is toexamine what actually happens at Canadianairports, especially since the creation of CATSA(Canadian Air Transport Security Authority) in2002. We are working in conjunction withCATSA on comparative research, relating toour "traveler" category, and in particular toconsider the relation of personal data to "watchlists." A workshop in conjunction with CATSAis planned for March 2006.

Anti-surveillance campaigns: With theinauguration of I-CAMS (The InternationalCampaign Against Mass Surveillance) in March2005 we hope to study the effectiveness ofmovements dedicated to curbing or eliminatingcertain kinds of surveillance believed to beundemocratic or otherwise undesirable. Wehope to work with our partner PrivacyInternational on this, and to explore the role ofsuch movements in raising awareness and ofinfluencing policy. This emerges from ourinterest in the perceptions of surveillance andprivacy in everyday life.

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Future dissemination of results:

Documentary DVD: We have enterednegotiations with White Pine Studios (Toronto)to make a documentary film of the issuescovered by our project. Internationallyacclaimed film-maker Peter Raymont has

shown great interest in our work, and plans totake a concept brief of the film to the BanffTelevision Festival in June 2005.

Documentary Book: We have entereddiscussions with Knopf Canada (RandomHouse) to consider producing a title onCanadian case-studies of personal data-flows,with special reference to the post-9/11situation.

Surveillance in Film Symposium: A symposiumfeaturing films with a surveillance theme isplanned for early 2006. The symposium willinclude presentations by guest speakers.

Green Papers: We plan to initiate a series ofGreen Papers in 2006. We have been workingwith Queen’s Media and Communication toconsider the best format for such papers. Theirsuggestion is that we involve the Globe andMail newspaper and CTV in this project. Oncewe have the concept properly established weplan to move ahead with occasional paperproduction.

Planned workshops:

January 2006 Joint researchworkshop on the International Survey andDynamics of Data Flows.

March 2006 Research workshopon airport surveillance in conjunction withCATSA, Montreal.

July 2006 International SociologicalAssociation session on "Security,Surveillance and Social Sorting," Durban,South Africa (David Lyon and other teammembers are involved).

Fall 2006 International Survey finalworkshop preparatory to findingsdissemination (including co-investigatorsand partners meeting)

May 2007 Research Workshop onnational ID cards (plus co-investigatorsmeeting)

August 2007 Final GPD co-investigators, partners and collaboratorsmeeting in conjunction with a researchworkshop entitled "Globalization ofPersonal Data: What we have learned anda new research strategy."

Schedule for completion

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Future of the Project

The Globalization of Personal Data project hasproved itself by making an importantcontribution to our understanding of the growingsignificance of personal data in the twenty-firstcentury, and especially after 9/11. Whathappens to our personal data is of utmostimportance to Canadians’ life-chances and tothe choices that we make on a daily basis. Howsuch data are handled has implications for wherewe may work and travel, and for what we maybuy. While some schemes that use personal datadefinitely produce greater efficiency,productivity or safety at work, in airports, withgovernment departments or in economictransactions, others lead to the loss of civilliberties, of freedom of movement or of financialsecurity. How, when, and for whom thesepositive and negative social consequences ofproliferating cross-border and national flowsof data traffic occur is clearly a matter of morethan mere academic interest! Questions ofhuman dignity and social inclusion or exclusionare of the essence.

The work we are engaged in has beenrecognized and is sought by numerousagencies, universities and individual researchersin Canada and around the world. We arepartnering or interacting with new agencies,some of which did not even exist at the time oforiginal application, as well as the groups withwhich we set out on this research project. Ourwork, based mainly at Queen’s, has become ahub for international research, and opportunitiesfor visitors to spend time with us are increasinglysought by both leading researchers and PhDstudents from many parts of the world. Moreand more, our work sets new standards forcross-disciplinary and internationalcooperation. We are playing an expanded rolein the production of our online journal,Surveillance-and-Society, and are involved in

The work we are engaged

in has been recognized

and is sought by

numerous agencies,

universities and

individual researchers in

Canada and around the

world.

several creative and innovative initiatives to findnew modes of dissemination for our researchresults. We are training a steady stream ofgraduate students in research skills, and alsoproviding invaluable opportunities forpostdoctoral fellows to round out their researchcapabilities and to take major responsibility forresearch projects.

For all these reasons, we believe that it isimperative that our work continue after theofficial end of the current funding in 2007. Wefeel a strong sense of responsibility to ourconstituency of academics, policy-makers,media persons, NGOs and others who use ourwork, and of course the Canadian public. Aswell, we have a keen commitment to ourgraduate students (from Canada and abroad)to maintain the level of supervision andinternational exchange that has come tocharacterize our work in such key ways. Therange of issues is increasing constantly,especially with the growth of security-orientedgovernance and its associated practices andprocesses such as the adoption of national IDcards, the greater use of electronic media inpolicing and in corrections as well as inemployment and consumer situations. We alsohave come to see that the work we have begundemands some continuity as well as increasedcooperation with others, especially in theinternational and comparative context. To thisend, we are seriously considering what shapeour future endeavours should take.

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Kirstie BallThe Open University Business School, UK

The objective of Ball’s set of case studies is tocomplete a detailed investigation of the causesof variation in customer and employeeinformation use in outsourced call centres. Anumber of literatures have been consulted: thecall centre, trust, privacy and some social theoryon time/space distanciation. These literatureshave helped frame and scope the study.

The questionnaire and research design stageof this work is complete. Three separateinstruments were produced.

As this is a comparative study, access toequivalent organizations in the UK and overseasis imperative. Cape Town’s largest contract callcentre has participated, and access to a similarorganization (i.e. outsourced, not in- house) isbeing addressed in the United Kingdom.

The South African case study was completed inFebruary 2005. A total of 18 employees wereinterviewed, and 55 survey responses werecollected from agents over a two week period. Afurther 11 supervisors completed an informationaudit questionnaire. These interviews are currentlybeing transcribed.

A delay has been experienced in gaining accessto a UK-based organization. A number ofstrategies have been developed to combat this,involving further contact with regional inwardinvestment agencies and the call centreassociation. Once access is secured, the researchwill be complete in a two-week period.

Analysis of the South African case studycommenced in May 2005 and the project willbe completed by April 2006.


David Zweig, University of Toronto andJane Webster, Queen's School of Business

Zweig and Webster’s original research questionwas designed to assess the psychologicalmechanisms guiding attitudes and behaviourstowards monitoring. The investigation wasoriginally planned to take place in a workplacecontext; however, access to organizations toconduct such an investigation has provedchallenging.

To overcome these challenges, the researchershave redirected their efforts toward examiningthe psychological mechanisms guiding consumerattitudes toward privacy.

Two studies were conducted to examineconsumer reactions to privacy invasion byorganizations. The first study examined howconsumers respond when they are informedthat their personal information was collectedand sold to a third-party database marketingfirm. Not surprisingly, consumers perceive ahigh level of privacy invasion and report verynegative attitudes toward the organization thatcollected this information.

This study was presented at the AnnualConference of the Association for ConsumerResearch in October 2004, and will bepresented at the Annual Conference of theAcademy of Management in August 2005. Ithas also been submitted for review to thePsychology and Marketing Journal(“Beyond Privacy: The Mediating Role ofPsychological Contract Breach in theRelationship Between Knowledge-BasedMarketing Practices and Attitudes”).Similar results were found in the second studyexamining consumer reactions to radio

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frequency identification tags (RFIDs) that areembedded in products and transmit consumerinformation to organizations. A manuscriptbased on these studies is in preparation.

Zweig and Webster have completed a bookchapter entitled “Beyond Privacy and FairnessConcerns: Examining Psychological BoundaryViolations as a Consequence of ElectronicPerformance Monitoring” (in J. Weckert [ed.]Electronic Monitoring in the Workplace:Controversies and Solutions, Idea Group,2005) that integrates the relevant research onelectronic performance monitoring (includingtheir own) and sets out a new research agendafor future investigation.

Zweig and Webster continue to seek outresearch sites to conduct field studiesinvestigating the impact of electronic monitoringon employees.

Vincent Mosco, Queen's Dept. ofSociology

Vincent Mosco (Canada Research Chair inCommunication; Sociology), along with PhDcandidate Simon Kiss (Political Studies), isconducting a study of how trade unions andthe anti-globalization movement are respondingto increased surveillance of the workplace andof social movements respectively. The study issituated within theoretical perspectives that seecivil society as a site of growing contestationand surveillance.

A literature review was carried out in June 2004that identified the extent and major forms ofworkplace surveillance as well as trade unionapproaches to the problem. This was followedby a content analysis of over 5000 collectiveagreements stored in the Negotech database,

maintained by the federal Human ResourcesDevelopment department, to find contractlanguage regarding workplace surveillance. Ananalysis of both English- and French-languageagreements that determined the extent of suchclauses, the type and strength of clauses, andthe types of unions that contain such contractlanguage were carried out. Some results of theresearch were presented at a symposium onKnowledge Work, which took place atQueen’s University in March 2005. A paperbased on this research was accepted forpresentation at the Annual Meeting of theCanadian Association of Industrial Relations(CAIR) in June, 2005. Mosco and Kiss are inthe process of completing a second paperwhich, based on earlier draft, has beenaccepted at a conference of the InternationalFederation of Information Processing Societiesin Turku, Finland, June 2005.

In January 2005 the second phase of theproject, which examines the response of theanti-globalization movement to increasingsurveillance of its activities, began. Mosco andKiss are part way through the literature reviewand will carry out a detailed analysis of specificcases over the summer 2005.

Cagatay Topal (PhD candiate) and DavidLyon

Topal studies, under the supervision of DavidLyon, surveillance regimes that migrant workersfrom Turkey have experienced since the firstrecruitment agreement between Germany andTurkey. His research is titled “Surveillance overMigrant Workers from Turkey in Germany:From the Disciplinary Society to the Societyof Control.” It also locates the surveillanceexperiences of Turkish migrant workers withinthe context of the relationship between Turkey


18


and the European Union. It aims to show thatinclusion/exclusion of migrant workers fromTurkey within/from Germany can be seen asthe joint effect of the processes of immigration,globalization and surveillance.

In the summer of 2004, Topal conducted fieldresearch in Turkey and visited a variety ofTurkish organizations. He found that bothGerman and Turkish states have institutedelectronic recording of information on migrantworkers from Turkey. Turkey does not have aseparate database for migrant workers inGermany, but Germany, on the other hand, hasa central foreign register that includes a greatdeal of information about all immigrants inGermany, including those from Turkey.

Topal’s research in Turkey did not producesufficient evidence to observe a transition formthe society of discipline to the society of control.He is in the process of completing the secondpart of his field research in Germany, after whichhe hopes he will have a clearer picture aboutthis transition. The research will consist ofinterviews with representatives of Turkishlabour organizations. He will conduct interviewsand collect documents from organizationsconcerning the conditions of migrant workersfrom Turkey and hopes his research willdemonstrate the practical appearances ofsurveillance in Germany confronted by migrantworkers from Turkey.

19

Colin Bennett (University of Victoria)

Bennett employed a research assistant in thesummer of 2004 to gather some basic factualinformation on the CAPPS II data profilingsystem, Global Distribution Networks (e.g.Galileo, Sabre), the data collection practicesof Air Canada, and the ongoing conflictbetween the EU and the US over passenger-airline data. This research formed the basis ofhis paper: “What Happens when you Book anAirline Ticket (Revisited): The Collection andProcessing of Passenger Data Post 9/11” whichwas delivered at the State Borders and BorderPolicing workshop at Queen’s in August 2004.This paper has been revised for inclusion in theforthcoming book edited by Elia Zureik and MarkSalter, Global Surveillance and Policing:Borders, Security, Identity (Willan Publishing).

A second paper was delivered on the conflictbetween the EU and the United States on “TheEuropean Union and the InternationalRegulation of Personal Data” to the conferenceon “The European Union and the World: Asia,Enlargement and Constitutional Change” inBeijing on 5 – 6 May 2005. This conferencewas hosted by the Chinese Academy of SocialSciences. Bennett plans to conduct furtherinterviews in Toronto/Ottawa in 05/06 for thepossible preparation of a paper to theInternational Sociological Associationconference in Durban (July 2006).

Mark Salter (University of Ottawa)

Salter has begun the empirical research into dataflows in the Canadian case. He attended theInternational Civil Aviation Organization’sAviation Security World 2004 conference inearly November, which allowed him to developcontacts for later interviews and gauge the

interface of government and commercial interests.Salter has examined the policies and bureaucraciesat work in this area, and found the cleardominance of the risk management paradigm. Ininvestigating this dynamic at the Canadian border,he argues in an article in preparation for submissionto the Journal of Homeland Security andEmergency Management called “No Exit: TheDangers of a Risk Management Strategy at theBorder,” that this model has several structural flaws.Salter also presented this research at a number ofprofessional workshops, including a trainingseminar for Canadian Air Transport SecurityAgency executives, a policy conferenceorganized by the Canada Project at the Centerfor Strategic and International Studies, and thegeneral implications for border security at aworkshop hosted by the Woodrow WilsonInternational Center for Scholars and the Institutd’Études internationals de Montréal.

Salter’s paper “At the Threshold of Security”was presented at the Association ofBorderlands Studies annual conference and isincluded in the forthcoming Willan book GlobalSurveillance and Policing: Borders, Security,Identity, which Salter co-edited with Elia Zureik.

In the next year, Salter will be expanding hisevaluation of the airport as a node in the globalmobility regime in partnership with Peter Adey, whohas previously written substantially on this topic forthe online journal Surveillance and Society.

Nicola Green (Digital World ResearchCentre and Sociology, Surrey University,UK).

Nicola Green’s Life of Mobile Data (LMD)project encompasses the main themes of theGPD research, examining the intersection ofdifferent mobilities, the movement of people,


20

technologies and information, across bordersand boundaries of various kinds. Focussing onthe social and cultural significance of mobilityand data in particular, the micro-studyspecifically contributes to the "travelers’"stream of the project, but also has overlap with,and contributes to, the "consumer" and "citizen"streams of the research.

The first phase of the LMD research focussedparticularly on mundane mobilities and everydaytravels, and the cultural understandings of thesesocial relations amongst the UK public. Aconcurrent theme of the research was toexamine the notion of "borders" or"boundaries" in particular, and how these areconceptualised with respect to the everydaymobilities outlined above.

Firstly, a literature search and bibliography oncross-border mobilities of people, goods anddata-flows was conducted in July 2004. Theresults of this bibliographic work havecontributed to a UK-based research fundingproposal intended to complement and extendthe UK contribution to the collaborativework undertaken by the Queen’s GPDproject. This proposal will be lodged withthe UK Economic and Social ResearchCouncil’s open funding stream.

Secondly, in conjunction with RIS:OME (anIntel-funded project: Regulation, Informationand the Self: Ownership in MobileEnvironments), a series of focus groups tookplace at the end of 2004, focussing on aspectsof mobility, personal data, surveillance andprivacy, with members of the UK public. Fourfocus groups, each with six participants, wereconducted in London. The proceedings of thesefocus groups have been transcribed, and

analysis of the data will take place in June 2005.It was expected that the analysis of the focusgroups would take place by the end of 2004,but the conclusion of the RIS:OME project,and subsequent loss of the project’s ResearchFellow, has meant that the timetable has shiftedgiven other institutional commitments. It is,however, expected that the findings from thefocus groups will contribute to the comparativeconceptualisation of these issues across theGPD project, and make a contribution toproject meetings, conference papers andpossible publications in the coming year.

The analysis of the focus group data will alsoprovide a template for second-phase research,identifying the forms of generation andcirculation of data that are of most culturalsignificance in the UK context, and pursuing

a further exploration of how "privacy" isconceptualised and practised in the UK onan everyday basis, using Christena Nippert-Eng’s "Islands of Privacy" methodologyan investigation of the relevance of "lateral"as well as organisational and institutionalmonitoring and surveillance practicesan exploration of the changing landscapeof UK data collection and circulationpractices, particularly as they relate toinstitutional change with respect to travelerand citizenship data in UK border regionsan exploration of the contribution recentfeminist theory might make to an analysisof contemporary monitoring andsurveillance


A concurrent theme of the

research examines the

notion of "borders" or

"boundaries" and how

these are conceptualised

with respect to everyday

mobilities

21

Yolande Chan (School of Business)

In 2004, Yolande Chan examined privacyawareness in small and medium-sized (SME)Canadian communications and informationtechnology (CIT) enterprises with researchassistant Anna Dekker. Letters were sent toCIT firms in southern Ontario (Toronto,Kingston, Ottawa and surrounding areas) usingthe Industry Canada Strategis database (seehttp://strategis.ic.gc.ca/) and local businessdirectories. Chan’s goal was to discoverexecutives’ interest in, and managerial actionto ensure, the provision of data privacy tocustomers and employees. A case studyapproach was employed. However, SMEswere unwilling to take time out from their busyschedules to discuss these issues, and the studywas eventually discontinued. Chan learned thatSME executives in Ontario in this high-techsector were generally unaware of, andunconcerned about, applicable privacylegislation (e.g., PIPEDA). They did not seethe provision of information privacy as amanagement priority. Privacy services wereseen as a cost, not as a competitive opportunity.Given scarce financial resources and time,“stretched” executives focused their attentionelsewhere. A follow-up survey of largeCanadian organizations (e.g., financial servicesector institutions) is planned for 2005. Thiswill be carried out with postdoctoral fellow,Kathleen Greenaway. It is envisioned thatprivacy awareness and attention in large multi-national firms will contrast significantly with the2004 findings.

Jason Pridmore (PhD candidate,Sociology) and David Lyon

Jason Pridmore, under David Lyon’ssupervision, studies retail loyalty cards andvirtual shopping carts. His study of personaldata flows focuses on the tracking of consumerbehaviour with special reference to multi-national corporations and cross-bordertransactions. Pridmore has received ethicsapproval to proceed with interviews ofcorporate representatives to evaluate theprocesses by which consumer information isretrieved, stored and used. Pridmoreanticipates that the data gathering phase of hisresearch will be completed by fall 2005 afterwhich he will analyse and evaluate the data.

David Skillicorn (School of Computing)

David Skillicorn examines the ability of analysistechniques based on matrix decompositions toreveal and elucidate latent or hidden structurein responses to survey data. Such structuremight occur because of similarities between theresponses of individuals, or because ofsimilarities among the issues about which surveyquestions are asked. Skillicorn intends to applythese techniques to the international survey data,the major deliverable of the GPD project.

Several large datasets on the topic of internetuse and associated privacy considerations havebeen examined. So far, only limited analysis hasbeen done, in part because of data cleaningand preparation issues. Some results have beensurprising: for example, there appears to be astrong difference in use of and attitudes to theInternet depending on whether it is accessedfrom a home setting and somewhere else (work,public site). Less surprisingly, attitudes to

Micro-studies: Consumers

22

privacy are related to experience with theInternet and sophistication of use — moreexperience leads to more wariness in general.The data analysis has been done in collaborationwith Allison Larsen, a research assistant andM.A. candidate (Sociology).

Arthur Cockfield (Faculty of Law)

Art Cockfield’s major contribution to theproject thus far is a background paper entitled“A Comparative Analysis of Canadian andForeign Private Sector Privacy Laws,” whichwas submitted November 2004.

The paper compares the Canadian federallegislation that governs commercial transfers ofpersonal information, the Personal InformationProtection and Electronic Documents Act(PIPEDA), with privacy laws of ten foreigncountries, most of which are included in theproject’s international survey component: USA,France, the Netherlands, Poland, UK,Hungary, Australia, Mexico and Brazil. Theanalysis was intended to promote anunderstanding of whether the personalinformation of a Canadian resident is subjectto similar legal protections when it is transferredto another country.

Cockfield has presented his research at theannual meeting of the Canadian Association ofLaw Teachers, the annual meeting of theAssociation of American Law Schools, theannual meeting of the Centre for InnovationLaw and Policy, two Queen’s SurveillanceProject Seminars, as well as numerouspresentations at universities in Canada, Japan,China, and the USA.

Micro-studies: Citizens

Cockfield is currently preparing a textbook onlaw and technology for classroom use in thefall of 2005, including a chapter on Canadianprivacy laws and related judicial decisions.

David Lyon (PI, Sociology)

Building on work done for over a decade, Lyonis establishing a research group to examine therise of national identification cards. While someproposals, such as those in Canada, the UKand the USA, date directly to the aftermath of9/11, several other schemes, especially in someSouth-East Asian countries, have beendeveloping over a number of years before 9/11. The study undertaken within the GPDproject is a comparative analysis of the originsand consequences of using "smart" ID systemswith actual or potential multi-purpose cards.The vital difference between the presentproposals and earlier ID systems is that theydepend on the establishment of national citizendatabases — such as the "Juki-Net" system inJapan — thus locating their activities preciselywithin the field of analysis of the GPD project.How personal data flows are fostered, and withwhat results for citizenship and social sorting,are the questions investigated by this initiative.The value of comparative research is that weshall be able to gauge the contribution of thesenew national ID card systems to theglobalization of personal data and to new formsof inclusion and exclusion in nation-states.

23

Management structure:

The GPD project has been successfullymanaged by the group of three primary co-investigators at Queen’s (Chan, Lyon, andZureik), with Lyon handling overall directionand Joan Sharpe (Project Manager) responsiblefor day-to-day administration. Periodically wehold all-member meetings at Queen’s, at whichquestions of policy and direction are raised, andthere are regular meetings at which researchquestions are discussed. When we holdresearch workshops we try to draw other co-investigators and partners together for round-table discussions, and more of these areplanned as we proceed through the final twoyears of our research. Not wishing to over-burden the research process with superfluousmeetings, and finding that the work progressesperfectly satisfactorily without a formal advisoryboard, we have not appointed a further bodyto oversee our work. Instead, we have chosento call upon a highly qualified and experiencedinternational group of researchers for advice,when it is needed. (Please see the appendix.)This method seems to work well, and suits theresearch task focused nature of our work.

The project also benefits from two full-time staffresearchers, Emily Smith and Pasha Peroff, andone part-time Research Assistant, ShannonYurke.

Post-doctoral fellows:

In the summer of 2004 we were pleased tohire Linying Dong for a four-month period,who, under the supervision of Yolande Chan,surveyed and summarized the MIS literatureon privacy for a working paper entitled,“Information Privacy Practices: Dimensions

and Influences.” This paper will be submittedto an MIS journal.

Stephen Marmura, who recently completed hisPhD in Sociology from Queen’s University, washired in November 2004. Under the supervisionof David Lyon, Marmura led a research teamwhich assembled a "trends report" pertainingto the privacy implications of locationtechnologies in Canada. This was submitted tothe Office of the Privacy Commissioner at theend of March 2004. Marmura is nowinvestigating surveillance issues relating tohomeland security. In May 2005 he attended aconference in Ottawa hosted by the CRTIconcerned with “Human Dimensions and theRisk of Terrorism.”

Kathleen Greenaway joined the project aspost-doctoral fellow in January 2005 followingthe successful completion of her PhD atQueen’s School of Business in December2004. Greenaway continues with her researchon information privacy orientations atCanadian corporations under the supervisionof Yolande Chan.

Finally, we have agreed in principle to hireRebecca Wong, a PhD candidate in the Facultyof Law at the University of Sheffield in the UK,as a postdoctoral fellow as soon as shecompletes the requirements of her program(anticipated completion September 2005). MsWong will be primarily supervised by ArtCockfield, a GPD collaborator and Queen’sLaw faculty member.

The Project Team

24

Yolande Chan (School of Business)

As a member of the GPD management team(along with David Lyon and Elia Zureik),Yolande Chan helps steer the project overalland shares responsibility for all major budgetand strategic decisions. Chan also supervisedKathleen Greenaway’s PhD research on theinformation privacy orientation of financialorganizations. This 2004 study involved theexamination and analysis of privacy policiesposted on the websites of Canadian financialorganizations. It also involved four in-depthcase studies (including internal survey datagathering and document analysis). Fourpublications related to this research are inprogress/anticipated. Another co-authoredpublication, related to a privacy panel chairedby Chan at the 2004 International Conferenceon Information Systems, is also being finalized.

In the summer of 2004, postdoctoral fellowLinying Dong, under the supervision of YolandeChan, surveyed and summarized the MISliterature on privacy. They have produced aworking paper that will be submitted to anMIS journal.

Chan is currently supervising research on datasecurity and identity theft by MSc. student,Frederick Ip. This research involves a surveyand in-depth cases studies in financial serviceorganizations and in higher educationinstitutions. This study will be completed inAugust 2005. A research publication is planned.

Elia Zureik (Sociology)

Elia Zureik leads the international surveycomponent of the research. In this role heorganized and oversaw a survey planning

workshop held March 2004, wrote a conceptpaper and appendix, engaged the services oftwo prominent public opinion polling firms(Ipsos Reid and EKOS), personally briefedfocus group moderators in all countries, andcontinues to supervise ongoing data analysis bystaff researchers. Zureik and Mark Salter alsoorganized the academic workshop StateBorders and Border Policing, which was heldAugust 2004. He and Salter edited thecollection of papers from the workshop for aforthcoming Willan book Global Surveillanceand Policing: Borders, Security, Identity. InJanuary 2005 he conducted a seminar todiscuss a heuristic model that will be the basisfor designing the questionnaire for theinternational survey. He was a co-organizer ofa workshop that was held at the EuropeanUniversity Institute in Florence, Italy on 24 -28 March 2004 which addressed the issue ofinformation technology in the Middle East. Hepresented a paper at the workshop titled“Conceptual Framework for the Study of ICTin the Arab World”. Zureik was also invited toattend a workshop on biometrics andimmigration that was hosted in October 2004in Ottawa by Canada Immigration andCitizenship.

Zureik plans to conduct further research onbiometrics with specific reference to variouslegislations and case studies. This componentof the project will be completed in late fall,2005.

David Lyon (PI; Sociology)

David Lyon has been researching on a numberof fronts, including some (such as the LocationTechnologies project, with Steve Marmura andPasha Peroff) mentioned earlier in the report.

The Project Team

25

Preparation is underway for the project onnational identity cards (with Pasha Peroff and,eventually, with other co-investigators), and forthe next phase of the airport surveillance andscreening research (led by Mark Salter andcarried out in conjunction with CATSA). Aresearch-related meeting with CATSA tookplace in February 2005, in which Pasha Peroffalso participated as the recorder. As well, Lyonhas been planning and coordinating the ad hocsession on "Security, Surveillance and SocialSorting" at the International SociologicalAssociation meeting in July 2006. He haswritten two articles: location technologies(submitted to Information, Communicationand Society) and surveillance in Japanese cities(with David Wood and Kiyoshi Abe, submittedto Urban Studies). He also contributed achapter to the Salter and Zureik volumeGlobalizing Surveillance and Policing, aslightly shorter version of which appeared as‘La frontière est partout: Encartement,surveillance et alterité’ in Cahiers d l’institutde sécurité intérieure (56, 2005), and wrotean issue brief for the Oxford Internet Institute,on ID Cards: Social Sorting by Database(2005). He is also planning a book for PolityPress, Cambridge, called IntroducingSurveillance Studies.

Lyon has undertaken a number of speakingengagements at Jawaharlal Nehru University,Delhi, the University of Madras, The Institutefor Social and Economic Change, Bangalore,India; Edinburgh University, Surrey Universityand Cambridge University, UK; SophiaUniversity, Tokyo and Kwansei GakuinUniversity, Kobe, Japan (all in 2004);Dartmouth College, Calvin College, and CornellUniversity, in the USA and at the University ofOttawa (in 2005).

In October 2004 David Lyon presented someof the general issues underpinning the GPDproject to the Office of the PrivacyCommissioner (OPC) in Ottawa. The title ofpresentation “The Globalization of PersonalData: Flows, Channels, and Consequences”provided some useful points for the OPC as itcontinues with its mandate of advocating forappropriate Canadian privacy policy.

The Project Team

26

Graduate students play a vital role in theresearch. Many specific aspects of the case-studies, for example, are investigated by bothPhD and MA students in conjunction withfaculty and postdoctoral fellows. We supporta number of such students and offer them bothrigorous research training and opportunities tointeract with research colleagues from acrossthe globe.

Students contribute to the research processthrough the design of projects, ethics reviewsubmissions, and, most importantly, datagathering and analysis. Students also activelyparticipate in academic workshops andseminars by assisting with planning, presentingpapers and presentations, and assisting with theengagement of guest speakers.

Kathleen Greenaway (PhD, School ofBusiness)

The GPD Project supported Greenaway’sdoctoral dissertation research into InformationPrivacy Orientation in Canadian financialinstitutions (successfully completed inDecember 2004).Working with Yolande Chan,she developed and refined specific researchskills including:

negotiating entry into firms for intensivefield research.preparing ethics review documentation.developing and validating qualitativeand quantitative instruments.analyzing qualitative and quantitativedata.communicating the results.

In January 2005, Kathleen Greenawayaccepted a postdoctoral fellowship with theProject. In this capacity she and Chan will use

modified dissertation instruments to conduct afollow-up survey in two Canadian industries.As well, they will investigate the developmentof an information systems-based privacyresearcher page in conjunction with aninternational information systems association.Seven co-, sole- and multi-authored papers arein process or under review. Please see theappendix for a list of these publications.Greenaway also presented a SP seminar inpreparation for her dissertation research in late2004 and presented a session co-sponsoredby the QSB Monieson Centre in March 2005.

Jason Pridmore (PhD candidate,Sociology)

Pridmore has been able to develop skills byengaging with a variety of topics and issuesrelated to surveillance practices. The seminarseries both funded and supported by theproject have sharpened his ability to criticallyengage with materials and have helped makeseveral connections between topics and issues.His work with David Lyon on consumer dataprocessing and surveillance is funded by theGPD project.

Cagatay Topal (PhD candidate, Sociology)

Cagatay Topal's involvement with the GPDproject has given him skills and perspectivesto understand the issue of surveillance more asa joint effect of different, yet interconnected,social practices rather than as a single processof recording and disciplining.

Students contribute to the

research process through

the design of projects,

ethics review

submissions, and, most

importantly, data

gathering and analysis.

The Project Team

27

Martin French (PhD candidate, Sociology)

Martin French’s research concerns health,health data and health data flows. He reportsthat the supportive environment created by theGPD project has been central to fostering thedevelopment of his research in the areas ofprivacy and surveillance, public safety andnational security, and the governance of healthsurveillance. He has had the opportunity toparticipate in the research design of theinternational survey component, attend andobserve French language focus group’s inMontreal, and attend relevant conferences inOttawa and Montreal. He also was a co-ordinator, with David Lyon, of the workshopTheorizing Surveillance held May 2005.

Simon Kiss (PhD candidate, PoliticalStudies)

Simon Kiss collaborated with Queen’s co-investigator Vincent Mosco on the GPD projectconcerning trade unions and surveillance. Hehas received training the analysis of secondaryand primary literature, content analysis, and inpreparing papers for conference presentation.He will be the primary presenter of his andMosco’s findings at the CAIR (CanadianAssociation of Industrial Relations) meeting inJune 2005.

Emily Smith (M.A., Sociology)

With support from the Globalization of PersonalData Project, Emily Smith completed herMasters thesis in Sociology in November 2004under the primary supervision of Elia Zureikand secondary supervision of David Lyon. Herthesis on employee resistance to surveillancein Ontario call centres explored monitoring,control and resistance in the call centre labour

process, related to the intensive use ofsurveillance technologies in these workplaces.It also presented the research results ofqualitative semi-structured interviews with callcentre workers in Ontario. Working with theProject gave Smith the opportunity to connectwith many experts in various disciplinesspecializing in this area including VincentMosco, Kirstie Ball, Jane Webster and DavidZweig. As a member of the project she alsoparticipated in the research workshop StateBorders and Border Policing, as well asmeetings related to the conceptual andmethodological issues involved in thepreparation of the international survey. Theseexperiences were invaluable for networkingwith faculty and students from outside theQueen’s community. Smith also conductedrelevant literature searches for work under theproject, as well as helped to organize theSurveillance Project Seminar program, byinviting researchers to speak on various topicsrelated to surveillance.

Emily Smith was hired by the GPD project asProject Researcher in December 2004.

Athena Elafros (M.A. candidate,Sociology)

Elafros, under the supervision of Elia Zureik,extracted themes from focus group dataconcerning privacy and security issues andprovided detailed charts and reports on herfindings.

Allison Larsen (M.A. candidate,Sociology)

Allison Larsen, as a research assistant toQueen’s co-investigator David Skillicorn, hasacquired experience in assessing survey

The Project Team

28

response data for appropriateness androbustness, analysis of processed data, andlearned something of the usefulness of datamining tools for understanding questions thatwould normally be addressed in either purelyqualitative or statistical ways. Larsen iscompleting her MA on attitudes to internetsurveillance.

Shane Simpson (M.A. candidate,Sociology)

Shane Simpson is an integral member of thelocation technologies research team led byStephen Marmura, postdoctoral fellow(Sociology). Simpson represented the researchteam at an RFID conference in Montreal heldearly 2005. Simpson’s MA thesis on the"Wireless Sublime" includes an analysis ofmobile surveillance.

Wei Liu (M.A. candidate, Sociology)

Wei Liu assisted Elia Zureik by preparing abackground paper on Chinese attitudes toprivacy.

David Lavin (M.A. candidate, Sociology)Alex Caldararu (M.A. candidate,Sociology)

Lavin and Caldararu are actively involved withplanning the Surveillance in Film Symposiumscheduled for early 2006.

Edward Pendergrast (Queen’s Faculty ofLaw)

Edward Pendergrast assisted Art Cockfield byperforming a literature review and backgroundresearch on the interaction of PIPEDA with

foreign privacy laws. He may benefit frompossible co-authorship of a revised backgroundpaper with Art Cockfield. Pendergrast attendeda Department of Justice meeting on behalf ofDr. Cockfield in February 2005.

Chiara Fonio (PhD candidate, CatholicUniversity of Milan)

We were pleased to host Chiara Fonio, PhDcandidate, Catholic University of Milan, for theperiod of September to December 2004.While at Queen’s University, Fonio completedthe theoretical chapter of her dissertation underthe supervision of David Lyon and built uponher research on CCTV in Milan with othermembers of the GPD team. She activelyparticipated in the SP Seminar Series.

The Project Team

29

1 October 2003 to 31 March 2005 Expenses

Travel, $27,924

Equipment, $1,905

Supplies and other expenses, $21,271

Professional services, $112,241

Undergraduate students, $5,554

Doctoral students, $37,765

Masters students, $36,133

Post-doctoral fellows, $19,608

Non-student staff, $73,940

Release allowance, $30,000

Total: $366,341

30

Acknowledgements

Queen’s University supports the research byproviding office space and administrativesupport. We are grateful to the Blakely Fundand the Department of Sociology, the Facultyof Arts and Science, and the Office of the VicePrincipal (Research) for financial support toassist with telephone/fax expenses, officefurniture and other minor expenses not eligibleunder SSHRCC.

Thanks go to Clarke Mackey, Queen’s FilmStudies department, for his advice andconsultation on our documentary film project.

We are also grateful to Queen’s School of Businessfor providing office space and support to ourpostdoctoral fellow, Kathleen Greenaway.

31


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of re

searc

hcarr

ied o

ut

in t

he S

ocio

logy D

epart

ment

at

Queen’s

but

we now

w

ork

w

ith m

any oth

ers

from

severa

l dis

cip

lines.

A larg

e p

roje

ct

on t

he

Glo

balization o

f Pers

onal

Data (S

SH

RC

C 2

00

3-

2007)

is le

d by Yola

nde

Ch

an

, M

an

ag

em

en

tIn

form

ati

on Syste

ms at

Queen’s

S

chool

of

Busin

ess and Elia Zure

ik,

Soci

olo

gy,

w

hose

re

searc

hfo

cuses

on

work

pla

ce

monit

ori

ng and bord

er

contr

ols

, alo

ng w

ith D

avid

Lyon

. T

he

team

als

ocom

pri

ses a num

ber

of

grad

uate

stu

den

ts,

researc

hers

and postd

octo

ral

fellow

s,

each of

whom

work

s w

ith a

researc

h g

roup i

n s

pecific

are

as s

uch a

s l

ocation t

echnolo

gie

s,

ID c

ard

s,

work

pla

ce surv

eilla

nce,

data

base m

ark

eti

ng,

health re

cord

s and vid

eo surv

eilla

nce.

David

Lyon,

Directo

r of

the S

urv

eilla

nce P

roje

ct,

is P

rofe

ssor

of

Socio

logy a

t Q

ueen’s

Univ

ers

ity.

What

began as stu

die

s of

the 'info

rmati

on

socie

ty'

now

fo

cus on th

e socia

l ori

gin

s and

consequences of

the purp

osefu

l pro

cessin

g of

pers

onal data

— that is

, surv

eilla

nce —

inclu

din

gdig

ital, v

ideo,

bio

metr

ic,

and l

ocational

data

.

Lyon's

books in this

are

a inclu

de S

urv

eilla

nce a

fter

Septe

mber

11 (

Polity

2003),

Surv

eilla

nce S

ocie

ty(O

pen U

niv

ers

ity P

ress 2

001)

and T

he E

lectr

onic

Eye (

Polity

1994).

Wh

o w

e w

ork w

ith

Th

e

Su

rveil

lan

ce

Proje

ct

stu

die

severy

thin

g fr

om

superm

ark

et

loyalt

ycard

s to

police netw

ork

s searc

hin

g fo

rsuspects

. W

e have a specia

l in

tere

st

inth

e s

urv

eilla

nce a

spects

of th

e p

ost

9/1

1 quest

for

tighte

ned securi

ty.

Wh

ile h

igh

-te

ch

m

eth

ods h

ave

becom

e very

sig

nific

ant,

w

e als

oexam

ine surv

eilla

nce as fa

ce-to

-fa

ce superv

isio

n or

as m

edia

ted

watc

hin

g usin

g vid

eo cam

era

s.

Surv

eilla

nce r

ais

es im

port

ant

issues

such as pri

vacy,

anonym

ity,

and

trust.

B

ut

because surv

eilla

nce is

rela

ted t

o r

isk m

anagem

ent

and t

om

od

es

of

govern

an

ce

it

als

oin

volv

es w

hat

we c

all s

ocia

l sort

ing.

Socia

l gro

ups a

re c

lassifie

d s

o t

hat

they can re

ceiv

e diffe

rent

treatm

ent.

So

questions o

f socia

l ju

stice a

nd d

em

ocra

tic

part

icip

ation a

re a

t le

ast

as i

mport

ant

as

those of

securi

ty and pri

vacy.

Elia

Zure

ik, Y

ola

nde C

han,

and D

avid

Lyon

photo: Bernard Clarktr

ust

Our

multi-

dis

cip

linary

and te

am

-based

appro

ach to

re

searc

h m

eans th

at

we

collaborate

w

ith oth

er researchers at

Queen’s

U

niv

ers

ity and acro

ss C

anada,

as w

ell

as w

ith

research

g

rou

ps in

Weste

rn Europe,

Japan,

the U

SA

and

els

ew

here

. W

e are

undert

akin

g a nin

e-

countr

y s

urv

ey o

f att

itudes t

o s

urv

eilla

nce

and p

rivacy,

for

exam

ple

. W

hile o

ur

work

is f

irm

ly b

ased i

n t

he s

ocia

l scie

nces,

we

work

wit

h

coll

eag

ues

from

oth

er

dis

cip

lines in

clu

din

g la

w,

com

puting,

and

busin

ess.

secu

rity

The S

urv

eilla

nce Pro

ject

is engaged in

con

su

ltan

cy

an

d

research

fo

rorg

aniz

ati

ons such as th

e O

ffic

e of

the

Pri

vacy C

om

mis

sio

ner, O

ttaw

a;

and th

eO

rganiz

ati

on fo

r Econom

ic C

oopera

tion

an

d

Develo

pm

en

t (O

EC

D),

an

dcollabora

tes and part

ners

w

ith gro

ups

su

ch

as th

e Public Inte

rest

Advis

ory

Council (PIA

C),

Canadia

n In

form

ati

on

Processin

g

Socie

ty

(C

IPS

),

Priv

acy

Inte

rnati

onal, and th

e Euro

pean U

rban

Eye P

roje

ct.

We h

ave r

esearc

h a

ssocia

tes

in m

any countr

ies aro

und th

e w

orl

d.

The S

urv

eilla

nce Pro

ject

uses severa

lm

edia

beyond academ

ic art

icle

s,

books

and re

port

s.

We w

ork

w

ith art

ists

, film

-m

akers

and com

munity gro

ups to

m

ake

our

work

accessib

le to

as bro

ad a public

as p

ossib

le.

We en

cou

rag

e d

ialo

gu

eabout

surveilla

nce is

sues th

at

aff

ect

everyone,

makin

g an im

pact

at

both

public p

olicy a

nd l

ocal

levels

.

Wh

at

we d

o

The Surv

eilla

nce Pro

ject

is m

ain

ly fu

nded by:

Socia

l S

cie

nces a

nd H

um

anit

ies

Research C

ouncil o

f C

anada

Ou

r P

ublicati

on

s

Glo

bal

Surv

eilla

nce: B

ord

ers

, S

ecuri

ty,

Identity

(e

ds.

Elia Zure

ik and M

ark

Salter,

Willa

n 2005)

Surv

eilla

nce as S

ocia

l S

ort

ing (e

d.

David

Lyon,

Routledge 2003)

Com

pute

rs,

Surv

eilla

nce and Pri

vacy (e

ds.

David

Lyon a

nd E

lia Z

ure

ik,

Min

nesota

1996)

The S

urveilla

nce Proje

ct

is a fo

undin

gm

em

ber

of

the inte

rnational online j

ourn

al,

Surv

eilla

nce a

nd S

ocie

ty (

ww

w.s

urv

eilla

nce-

and-s

ocie

ty.o

rg).

33

Didier BigoInstitut d’Etudes PolitiquesParis, France

Davide CalendaDipartimento Elettronica e TelecomUniversità di FirenzeFirenze, Italia

Roger Clarke, Australia

Malcolm Crompton, Australia

Kong-Chong Ho, Hong Kong

Mary CulnanBentley CollegeUSA

Katja Franko-AasInstitute of Criminology and Sociology of LawUniversity of Oslo

Simon DaviesPrivacy InternationalUK

Albert ErismanIBTEUSA

Steve GrahamDepartment of GeographyUniversity of Durham

Graham GreenleafFaculty of LawUniversity of New South WalesAustralia

Gary MarxProfessor EmeritusMassachusetts Institute of Technology

Appendix B: International Research Contacts

Clive NorrisUniversity of SheffieldDepartment of Sociological Studies

Toshimaru OguraPeople’s Plan Study Group (PPSG)Japan

Walter PeisslInstitute of Technology AssessmentAustrian Academy of SciencesAustria

Charles RaabDepartment of PoliticsUniversity of Edinburgh

Priscilla ReganDepartment of Public and International AffairsGeorge Mason UniversityUSA

Yasuhiko TajimaProfessor of Media LawJournalism DeptSophia UniversityJapan

Irma van der PloegInstitute of Health Policy and ManagementErasmus University RotterdamThe Netherlands

Nils ZurawskiProjekt “Überwachung”Institut für kriminologische SozialforschungHamburg

34

Appendix C: GPD Publications

Ball, K. (2005) "Organization, surveillance and the body." Organization. Vol. 12, no. 1.

Ball, K. (2003) "The Labours of Surveillance." Surveillance and Society, Issue 2.www.surveillance-and-society.org.

Ball, K., and F. Webster (eds.) (2003) The Intensification of Surveillance: crime, terrorismand warfare in the information era. London: Pluto Press.

Ball, K., (2004) "Gendering new managerialism," in Thomas, R, Mills, A, and Helms-Mills, J(eds.) Gender, Organization and the Micropolitics of Resistance.

Ball, K., and F. Webster (2003) "The intensification of surveillance," in Ball, K. and Webster,F. (eds.) The Intensification of Surveillance: crime, terrorism and warfare in theinformation era. London: Pluto Press.

Bennett, Colin (2005) "What Happens when you Book an Airline Ticket (Revisited): TheCollection and Processing of Passenger Data Post 9/11," in Zureik and Salter (eds.) GlobalSurveillance and Policing: Borders, Security, Identity. UK: Willan.

Chan, Yolande, Mary Culnan, Kathleen Greenaway, Gary Laden, Toby Levin, and Jeff Smith(invited publication). “Information Privacy: Management, Marketplace, and Legal Challenges.”To appear in Communications of the AIS.

Greenaway, K., and Yolande Chan (under review) "Antecedents and Outcomes of CustomerInformation Privacy Orientation." 2005 International Conference on Information Systems.

Greenaway, K. and Yolande Chan (under review) "Theoretical Explanations for Firms'Information Privacy Behaviors." Journal of the Association for Information Systems.

Greenaway, K., Yolande Chan and P. Cunningham (under review) "Customer InformationPrivacy Orientation: How Organizations view Privacy Differently." Information andOrganization.

Cockfield, Arthur with Jinyan Li and Scott Wilkie (forthcoming 2005) International Tax:Canadian Rules and Practice. Toronto: Buttersworth Publishers.

Cockfield, Arthur (forthcoming) "The Rise of the OECD as Informal World Tax Organizationthrough the Shaping of National Responses to E-commerce Taxation." Yale Journal of Lawand Technology.

35


Cockfield, Arthur (2005) NAFTA Tax Law and Policy: Resolving the Clash betweenEconomic and Sovereignty Concerns. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Cockfield, Arthur (2004) "Towards a Law and Technology Theory," Manitoba Law Journal.Vol. 30, p. 383. Available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=615088.

Cockfield, Arthur (2004) "The State of Privacy laws and Privacy-Encroaching Technologiesafter September 11: A Two-Year Report Card on the Canadian Government." University ofOttawa Law and Technology Journal. Vol. 1, pp. 325-344 Available at: http://web5.uottawa.ca/techlaw/resc/UOLTJ_1.1&2.doc%2014(Cockfield).pdf

Cockfield, Arthur (2003) "Who Watches the Watchers? A Law and Technology Perspectiveon Government and Private Sector Surveillance." Queen's Law Journal. Vol. 29, p. 364.

Greenaway, K. (2005) "Implementing Privacy Programs: Lessons from the Field." Queen'sSchool of Business Working Paper.

Greenaway, K., and Yolande Chan (2005) "Customer Information Privacy Orientation: A Taleof Four Firms." Queen's School of Business Working Paper.

Green, N. (forthcoming) "Outwardly Mobile: Young People and Mobile Technologies," inJames Katz (ed.) Machines that become us: The Social Context of PersonalCommunication Technology. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.

Lyon, D. with David Wood and Kiyoshi Abe (under revision) "Surveillance in Japanese Cities."Urban Studies.

Lyon, D. (under revision) "Why where you are matters: mundane mobilities, transparenttechnologies, and digital discrimination." Information, Communication and Society.

Lyon, D. (2005) "La frontiere est partout: Encartement, surveillance, et alterite," Cahiers del'institut de securite interieure. 56.

Lyon, D (forthcoming 2005) "A Sociology of Information," in Craig Calhoun, Bryan Turner,and Chris Rojek (eds.). A Handbook of Sociology. Sage.

Lyon, D. (forthcoming 2005) "The Border is Everywhere: ID Cards, Surveillance andOtherness," in Elia Zureik and Mark Salter (eds.) Global Surveillance and Policing:Borders, Security, Identity. UK: Willan.

36

Lyon, D. (forthcoming 2005) "New media, niche markets and the body: Excarnate andhypercarnate challenges to theory and theology," in James Beckford and John Wallis (eds.)Social Theory and Religion: Classical and Contemporary Debates. London: Ashgate.

Lyon, D. (forthcoming 2006) "Information Technology"; "Surveillance," entries in George Ritzer(ed.) The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Sociology.

Lyon, D. (2005) "Public Issues and Personal Information: Risk, Fear, Safety and Surveillancein Contemporary Societies," in Kwansei Gakuin University C21st COE Program in AdvancedSocial Research, pp. 321-336.

Lyon, D. and Sean P. Hier (2004) "Globalizing Surveillance." International Sociology, 19 (2)June 2004, pp.135-149.

Lyon, D. (2004) "Introduction: International Perspectives on Surveillance, Technology and theManagement of Risk." International Sociology, 19 (2) June 2004, pp. 131-133.

Mosco, Vincent (2004) The Digital Sublime: Myth, Power, and Cyberspace. Cambridge,MA: MIT Press.

Salter, Mark (forthcoming 2005) "At the Threshold of Security: A Theory of Borders," in EliaZureik and Mark Salter (eds.) Global Surveillance and Policing: Borders, Security,Identity. UK: Willan.

Salter, Mark and Elia Zureik (forthcoming 2005) "Who and What Goes Where? GlobalPolicing and Surveillance," in Elia Zureik and Mark Salter (eds.) Global Surveillance andPolicing: Borders, Security, Identity. UK: Willan.

Wightman, Doug H., Lucas G. Jurkovic, and Yolande E. Chan (forthcoming 2005) “Technologyto Facilitate Ethical Action: A Proposed Design.” AI & Society.

Wood, D., Konvitz, E., Ball, K. (2003) "The constant state of emergency," in Ball, K. andWebster, F. (eds.) The Intensification of Surveillance: crime, terrorism and warfare in theinformation era.

Zureik, E. and Mark Salter, (eds.) (forthcoming 2005) Global Surveillance and Policing:Borders, Security, Identity. UK: Willan Publishing.

Zureik, E. with Abbe Mowshowitz (forthcoming 2005) "Consumer Power in the Digital Age."Communications of the ACM.


37

Zureik, E. (2004)" Conceptual Framework for the Study of ICT in the Arab World withSpecial Reference to Palestine." Fifth Mediterranean Social and Political Research Meeting,24-28 March 2004. Florence, Italy.

Zureik, E (2004) Globalization of Personal Data Project International Survey Concept Paper.The Surveillance Project Public Opinion Workshop, 3 March 2004. Kingston, ON.

Zureik, E. (2004) Overview of Public Opinion Research Regarding Privacy (Appendix A). TheSurveillance Project Public Opinion Workshop, 3 March 2004. Kingston, ON.

Zweig, David (2005) "Beyond Privacy and Fairness Concerns: Examining PsychologicalBoundary Violations as a Consequence of Electronic Performance Monitoring," in J. Weckert(ed.). Electronic Monitoring in the Workplace: Controversies and Solutions. Idea Group2005.

Zweig, David, and Jane Webster (2002). "Where is the line between benign and invasive? Anexamination of the psychological barriers to the acceptance of awareness monitoring systems."Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 23: 605-633.


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