The Glowing Gift (Arabic Script)[1]

7/28/2019 The Glowing Gift (Arabic Script)[1]

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THE GLOWING GIFTA Commentary on the

al-Muqaddimah al-AjurrumiyyahBy Sh. Muhammad Muhyiddin AbdulHamid

The Author popularly known as

" ", born in the year 672 (AH) and died in the year 723 (AH) (MayAllah have mercy on him) said:

I ( ) say:

The word has two senses: the first is lexical and the second is grammatical.

As for in the lexical sense, it is that through which a message is conveyed

whether it be an utterance ( ) or not, such as writing, signaling, etc.

As for in the grammatical sense, it is that which must comprise four things: (1)

it must be an utterance ( ) ,(2 ) it must be a compound ( ) ,(3 ) it mustconvey a self-contained meaning ( ) and (4) it must be coined in Arabic words (

).

The meaning of it being an utterance is that it is a sound composed of some of the

letters of the alphabet which start with the and end with the , e.g. ,and . Each one of these three words when utterred is a sound

composed of four letters of the alphabet. Hence, signaling, for example, is not called

according to the Grammarians due to it not being a sound composed of some of

the letters (of the alphabet), even though according to the Lexicologists it is called

because of it conveying a message.

The meaning of it being a compound is that it is composed of two or more words, e.g.

(Muhammad is travelling/a traveller), (Knowledge

is beneficial), (The hard worker will achieve glory),

(Every hard worker will have a portion) and

(Knowledge is the best objective that you can strive towards). Each of

these expressions is called and each of them is composed of two or more

words. A single word is not called according to the Grammarians except when

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is a compound utterance that conveys a complete and self-containedmeaning according to (Arabic) coinage and convention.


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something else is joined to it whether it is joined to it in the real sense like the

previous examples or in the hypothetical sense like when someone says to you:

(Who is your brother?) and you say: (Muhammad) then this word

is considered because the hypothetical construction is:

(Muhammad is my brother). Thus, it is hypothetically speaking composed of threewords ( , and the pronominal suffix " ").

The meaning of it conveying a complete and self-contained meaning is that the

silence of the speaker holds valid for it such that the listener does not have to wait for

anything else (like having to wait for the speaker to finish his sentence). So should

you say: (When the teacher is present .) it is not called

even though it is an utterance composed of three words because the addressee is

waiting for what you are going to say after this as regards what will happen when the

teacher is present. Thus, should you say:

(When the teacher is present the students keep quiet) it becomes because of a

complete and self-contained meaning being conveyed.

The meaning of it being coined in Arabic words is that the words used in

should be from the words that the Arabs coined for denoting particular meanings. For

example: " " (was present) is a word which the Arabs coined for a particular

meaning, namely: the occurrence of being present in the past tense; the word

(Muhammad) the Arabs coined for a particular meaning, namely: the essence

or identity of the person called by this name. Therefore, should you say:

(Muhammad was present) you would have used two words each of which has

been coined by the Arabs. This is in contrast to when you utter an expression which

non-Arabs have coined like the Persians, Turks, Berbers or the Europeans, then it is

not called according to the technical definition of the Scholars of Arabic even

though speakers of another language call it .

Examples of that satisfies the conditions:

(the air is clean), (the garden is bearing fruit),

(the crescent is rising), (The sky is clear),

(the moon shines at night), (the hard

worker is successful), (the lazy one will not prosper),

(there is no god but Allah), (Muhammad

is the elite of the messengers), (Allah is our Lord),

(Muhammad is our Messenger).

Examples of single utterances:

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(Muhammad), (Ali), (Ibrahim), (stood),

(from).

Examples of compounds not conveying self-contained meanings:

(the City of Alexandria), (the servant of Allah,

Abdullah), (Hadramaut), (If people were just

and fair .), (When winter comes .),

(Whatever the showy person hides ), (If the sun rises

.).

The Author said:

I say:

The words which the Arabs used to use in their speech and which were transferred to

us and which we now utter in our conversations and lessons, read in our books and

which we write with to our family and friends, each of these words must belong to

one of three things: the (verb), (verb) and (particle).

As for the in the lexical sense: it is that which denotes the object designated or

named (by it), and in the technical terminology of the Grammarians: it is a word

denoting a meaning in and of itself unaccompanied by time e.g.

(Muhammad), (Ali), (a man), (a camel), (a river),

(an apple), (a lemon), (a stick). Each one of these words

denotes a meaning (in and of itself) and time does not enter its meaning, and is

therefore an .

As for the in the lexical sense: it is an action, and in the technical terminologyof the Grammarians: it is a word denoting a meaning in and of itself accompanied by

one of the three tenses which are the past, present and future, like (wrote) for

it is a word denoting a meaning (in and of itself) which is "writing" and this meaning

is furthermore accompanied by the past tense, and like (write/s) for it also

denotes a meaning (in and of itself) which is also "writing" and this meaning is

accompanied by the present tense, and like (write!) for it also denotes a

meaning (in and of itself) which is also "writing" and this meaning is accompanied by

the future tense which occurs after the time of speaking.

Similar to these words are:

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s constituent parts are three: (noun), (verb) andparticle) signifying meaning.


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- - (to help)- - (to understand)- - (to know)- - (to sit)

- - (to hit, beat)

The is of three types: (perfect), (imperfect) and

(imperative).

The is that which denotes an action occurring in the time before the time of

speaking, e.g. (wrote), (understood), (left, went out),

(heard), (helped), (spoke), (asked forgiveness) and

(participated).

The is that which denotes an action occurring in the time of speaking or

after, e.g. (write/s), (understand/s), (leave/s, go/goes out),

(hear/s), (help/s), (speak/s), (ask/s

forgiveness) and (participate/s).

The is that which denotes an action whose occurrence is requested after the time

of speaking, e.g. (write!), (understand/s), (leave!, go out!),

(hear!), (help!), (speak!), (ask forgiveness!) and

(participate!).

As for the it is lexically equivalent to "periphery / margin", and in the

technical terminology of the Grammarians it is a word denoting a meaning in

something other than itself, e.g. (from), since this expression is a word denoting

a meaning, namely "commencing / starting", and this meaning furthermore is not

complete unless you join something else to this word such that you say:

(I went from the house/home), for example.

Examples of the : (book), (pen), (inkpot),(notebook), (newspaper), (Khalil, friend), (Salih, pious,

righteous), ('Imran), (paper), (predatory animal, beast of prey),

(donkey), (wolf), (cheetah), (tiger, leopard),

(lemon), (orange), (pear), (narcissus),

(rose), (these) and (you masculine plural).

Examples of the :

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- - (to travel)- - (to say)- - (to be safe and secure)

- - (to be pleased)- - (to be truthful, speak thetruth)

- - (to work hard, exert effort)- - (to seek

forgiveness)

Examples of the :

(from), (to), (away from, about, of), (on), (except),

(but), (indeed, truly, verily), (to), (indeed, yes "it is so"),

(rather, instead, but), (indeed, definitely), (will, shall),

(until), (did not), (not), (will/shall not), (if, were something to be

the case), (when, did not yet), (hopefully, with the hope, so that),

(not), (not), (were that, how I wish, if only), (if), (then) and

(or).

The Author said:

I say:

The has signs such that it is distinguished from its two sister categories the

and the by the presence or acceptance one of these signs. Of thesesigns the Author may Allah have mercy on him mentions four signs, namely:

, the , the entry of the and and the entry of one of the

.

As for it is lexically the opposite of elevation and in the technicalterminology of the Grammarians it is the which the produces or

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he is identified and characterised by , the , the entry of the

and the and the , and they are: (from),

(to), (about, of), (on), (in), (often, perhaps), the

(with), the (like) and the (to, of), and (the entry of) the

, and they are: the (by), the (by) and the

(by).


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whatever stands in place of it, like the of the (letter) in (Bakr) and

('Amr) as when you say: (I passed by Bakr) and when you

say: (This is 'Amr's book). and , therefore, are

two due to the presence of the at the ending of each of them.

As for the it is lexically equivalent to "whistling". You say (for example):

(The bird whistled), and in the technical terminology of the

Grammarians it is an unvowelled which follows at the end of the in

articulation but is absent from it in script due to the fact that the need for it (in

writing) is obviated through doubling the vowel mark when diacritically marking (the

text), e.g. (Muhammad), (book), (continue talking),

(keep quiet), (female Muslims), (Fatimahs), (at

that time, when that happens), (at that hour). These words are allon the evidence that the is found at the ending of each of them.

The third sign from amongst the signs of the is the entry of " " at the

beginning of the word, like: (the man), (the servant/boy),

(the horse/mare), (the book), (the house),

(the school). These words are all due to the entry of the and at

their beginning.

The fourth sign is the entry of one of the , like

(I went from the house to the school). Each of

and is an due to a entering on them

and due to the presence of " " at its beginning.

The are:

among its meanings is (commencing, starting), e.g.

(I travelled from Cairo).

among its meanings is (ending, finishing), e.g.

(I travelled to Alexandria).

among its meanings is (surpassing, going beyond), e.g.

(I shot the arrow from the bow).

among its meanings is (being elevated), e.g.

(I climbed on top of the mountain).

among its meanings is (inclusion/in-ness), (The

water is in the jug).

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among its meanings is (rareness/infrequency),

(Maybe a generous person met me).

the among its meanings is (transitivity), (I passed

by the valley).

the among its meanings is (resemblance/likening)

(Layla is like the full moon).

and the among its meanings are (possession) (The

moneybelongs to Muhammad), (specificity) (The door is

forthe house) and (worthiness) (All Praise is due to Allah

i.e. Allah is worthy of it).

Of the are the , and they are three :

The first is the (by) and only enters on a (substantive noun),

like: (By Allah) and like: (By the Mountainand) and like: (By the Fig and the Olive andMount Sinai).

the second is the (by) and is not used with one kind of word at the exclusion of

another but enters instead on the , like: (By Allah, I

will work hard) as well as on the (personal pronoun), like:

(By You, I will beat the lazy person).

the third is the (by) and enters only on the (Expression of

Majesty), e.g. [And by Allah, I shall plot a plan (todestroy) your idols].

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The Author said:

I say:

The is distinguished from its two sister categories the and the

by four signs such that whenever one is present in it or you see that it accepts it

then you know that it is a .

The first is , the second is the , the third is and the fourth is the

.

As for it enters on two types of , namely: the and the .

When it enters on the it denotes one of two meanings, viz.

(definitiveness i.e. it definitively happened) and (imminence i.e. it is about

to happen). An example of it denoting is the statement of the Most High:

(Indeed. The Believers are successfully) and His statement:

(Indeed, Allah is pleased with the Believers)and our statement: (Muhammad has definitely arrived) and our

statement: (Khalid has definitely travelled). An example of it

denoting is statement of the one announcing the commencement of the

prayer: (The prayer is about to be established) as well as your

statement: (The sun is about to set).

When it enters on the it also denotes one of two meanings, viz.

(infrequency, rareness) and (frequency, regularity). As for it denotingit is like when you say: (Sometimes a liar speaks the

truth) or when you say: (Sometimes a miser is generous) or

when you say: (Sometimes an unintelligent person passes). As for

it denoting it is like when you say: (Often the

hard worker reaches his desired goal) or when you say:

(Often the pious person performs righteousness) or when the poet says:

*

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he is identified and characterised by (indeed, sometimes), the

ndicating near future), (indicating distant future) and the

(unvowelled Ta' of Femininity).


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(Often the unhurried person fulfils some of his needs and often slips

accompany the hurried person)

As for the and they enter on the only and denote

which means "future" except that the is nearer in the futurethan . As for the it is like the Most High's statement:

(The fools among the people will say) and (Those who failed to turn up i.e. for the battle, will say to you). As for

it is like the Most High's statement: (And your Lord will give to you i.e. in the Hereafter, and you will be

pleased), and (We will make them fuel a fire) and (He will give them their rewards i.e. in the Hereafter).

As for the it enters on the exclusively, and

its function is to indicate that the of which this is predicated is

(feminine) whether it is a (doer), like or a

(agent/substitute of the doer), like: .

What is meant [by it being (unvowelled)] is that it is according to its

original coinage, such that its vowelisation is due to the temporary cause of avoiding

the juxtaposition of two unvoweled letters in for example the Most High's statement:

(She said: Go you out to them), and (Pharaoh's wife said) and (They said: We come inwilling obedience).

Based on the aforementioned it should become clear to you that the signs of the

that the Author has mentioned are of three categories: a category specific to entering

on the , which is the , a category specific to entering

on the , which constitutes the and , and a category shared

between them, which is .

He disregarded the sign of the , which is it denoting a request whilst

accepting the ) of the second person feminine singular) or) of corroboration or emphasis), like: (stand),

(sit), (write) and (look). These four words denote the request for the

occurrence of standing, sitting, writing and looking, whilst accepting the

in for example: [Stand (feminine singular)] and [Sit

(feminine singular)] or whilst accepting the in for example:

(Write and lookat what will benefit you).

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The Author said:

I say:

The is distinguished from its two sister categories the and the

by the fact that the entry of one of the previous signs of the is not

applicable to it just as the entry of one of the previously explained signs of the

is not applicable to it, like (from), (question article) and (negative

particle). These three words are due to the fact that they do not take " " ,

nor the , nor is it allowed that the enter on them (i.e.

govern them). Therefore it is incorrect to say: (the from) or to say: or to

say: (to from) and the same applies to the rest of the . Similarly, it

is incorrect that the or or the or or

anything else which constitutes a sign indicating that a particular word is a

enters on them.

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he is that for which the sign of the and the sign of the

re not valid.


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The Author said:

I say:

has two meanings: one which is lexical and the other technical.

As for its lexical meaning it is "to reveal, make known, clarify". You say:

(I expressed what is in my heart), when you reveal or

make it known.

As for its technical meaning it is what the Author has mentioned by saying: "changing

the endings of words etc."

What is meant by "changing the endings of words" is changing the states or modes of

the endings of words. It is illogical and unreasonable to think that what is meant is

changing the very endings. Changing the states of the endings of words is changing

them from , to or in the real or virtual sense. This change is the

result of the alternation of , that is, from an necessitating on the

basis of being the (doer) for example to another requiring on the basis

of being the (object) for example and so on and so forth.

By way of illustration: when you say: (Muhammad was present),

then is because it is governed and operated on by an

necessitating on the basis of being the (doer) and this is

, and if you were to say: (I saw Muhammad) then the state of

the ending of changes to that of due to the alternating with

another necessitating , which is . When you say:

(I enjoyed the favour of Muhammad) the state of its ending changes to that

of due to the alternating with another necessitating , which is

the .

When you consider these examples it becomes evident to you that the ending of the

word which is the of did not change but what changed instead was the

states or modes of its ending, for you saw that it was in the first example,

in the second example and in the third example.

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(The Chapter on )

is changing the endings of words due to the alternation of the

ntering on them (whether the change is) explicit or implicit.


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This change from the state of , to the sate of and to the state of is

according to the Author and whosoever follows his view. These three

vowel-marks which are , and are merely a sign or indicator of.

Like the in this regard is the . Thus, were you to say:

(Ibrahim is tavelling or will be traveling), then is a

that is due to it being stripped of an necessitating

its or an necessitating its . Thus, when you say:

(Ibrahim will not travel) the state of changes from to

due to the alternating with another which necessitates its

, which is . Thus, when you say: (Ibrahim did not

travel) the state of changes from or to due to the

alternating with another which necessitates its , which is .

Know that this change is divided into two types: (explicit and real) and

(implicit and assumed).

As for the it is a change whose pronunciation is not obstructed by any

obstruction as you have seen in the case of the vowel-markings of the of

and the vowel-markings of the of .

As for the it is a change whose pronunciation is obstructed by an

obstruction such as (i.e. the impossibility of vowelling an ,((i.e. the difficulty of the vowelling a or with a or a ) or

(the necessity of vowelling the letter before the of the first person

singular with a corresponding vowel which is the ).

You say: (the young lad, the judge and my

servant are calling)

is because it is stripped of a and a .

is due to it being the .

and are because they are (conjoined) to

the which is .

However, the is not (apparent/subject to pronunciation) at the

endings of these words due to its impossibility in the case of , and its difficulty

in the case of and and due to correspondence with the of thefirst person singular in the case of . Hence, the is (implicit

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and assumed) at the ending of the word and what obstructs it from becoming apparent

is , or the occupation of the place (of declension) by the vowel of(correspondence).

You say: (The young lad, the judge andmy servant will not be pleased) and you say:

(Indeed, the young lad and my servant are victorious) and you say:

(I passed by the young lad, the judge and my servant).

That whose ending is a necessary and permanent has all the vowels obstructed

and assumed due to . The ending in an is called , like:

(young lad), (stick), (intellect), (mill-stone) and

(satisfaction).

That whose ending is necessary and permanent has the and

obstructed and assumed due to . The ending in the is called

. The (on the other hand) is apparent due to its lightness and ease of

pronunciation, like: (judge), (propagator),

(warrior/battler), (striver), (comer, coming, following) and

(archer/thrower).

That which is (annexed) to the has all the vowels obstructed

and assumed due to , like: (my servant), (my book),

(my friend), (my father) and (my teacher).

stands in contrast to . Each of these two (concepts) becomes abundantlyclear with the explanation of the other.

The Author does not give any explanation of . However, we will explain it to you

in the manner in which we have explained .

Thus, we say: has two meanings: one which is lexical and the other technical.

As for its lexical meaning it is placing one thing on another in a way that is stable and

permanent.

As for its technical meaning it is the adherence of a word's ending to a single state or

mode which is not the result of an nor a change involving a weak letter. This

is like the adherence of (howmuch/howmany) and (who) to the ,

and the adherence of (these), (Hathami) and (yesterday) to

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the , and the adherence of (since) and (where) to the ,

and the adherence of (where) and (how) to the .

From this explanation you know then that the title names of are four: ,

, and .

After having clarified all these things it should not be difficult for you to know (the

meaning of) and . The is that the state of whose ending

changes either explicitly or implicitly due to (different) and the is

that whose ending adheres to a single state which is not the result of an nor a

change involving a weak letter.

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Types of

The Author said:

I say:

The types of that occur in both the and are four: the first is

, the second , the third and the fourth . Each of these four

types has a meaning lexically and a meaning in the technical terminology of the

Grammarians.

As for it is lexically equivalent to exaltation and elevation, and technically it is a

specific change whose sign is the or what substitutes for it. You will know

shortly what substitutes for the in the section that follows if Allah so wills.

occurs in both the and , e.g. (Ali is standing) and

(the nightingale is chanting).

As for it is lexically equivalent to levelling and evenness, and technically it is

a specific change whose sign is the or what substitutes for it. also

occurs in both the and , e.g. (I will never like

laziness).

As for it is lexically equivalent to lowering or debasing, and technically it is a

specific change whose sign is the or what substitutes for it. It does not occur

except in the , e.g. (I feel pain regarding the lazy

person).

As for it is lexically equivalent to severing, and technically it is a specific

change whose sign is the or what substitutes for it. It does not occur except

in the , e.g. (The lazy person was not

successful).

It is thus clear to you that the types of are divided into three categories: a

category shared between the and , viz. and , a category

specific to , viz. , and a category specific to , viz. .

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s types are four: ,, and . Of these ,and apply to the , and does not feature in them all, and of these , and apply to the , and


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The Author said:

I say:

You are able to know that a word is by the presence of one of four signs at

its ending: one of which is primary, viz. the , and three that are secondary, viz.

the , and .

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Chapter on knowing and identifying the Signs of

or there are four signs: the ,, and .


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The Places of the

The Author said:

I say:

The is a sign indicating that a word is in a state of in four places:

The first place is the , the second place is the , the third

place is the and the fourth place is the which

does not have an ,, , nor a(single or double) or suffixed to it.

As for the , what is meant by it here is anything that is not

(dual), (plural), (affiliated) to the two of them and from the

(five nouns). It does not matter whether what is intended thereby is

(masculine), like (Muhammad), (Ali), (Hamzah)

or what is intended thereby is (feminine), like: (Fatimah),

('A'ishah), (Zaynab), nor does it matter whether the is

(explicit and real), like in (Muhammad was present),

(Fatimah traveled), or (implicit and assumed), like:

(the young lad, the judge and my brother were

present) and (Layla and Nu'ma got married).

and are and the sign indicating that they are is the

(explicit .( and likewise and areand the sign indicating that they are is the

(implicit ) on the and what obstructs its explicitness is .is and the sign indicating that it is is the

(implicit ) on the and what obstructs its explicitness is .is and the sign indicating that it is is the

(implicit ) on the letter before the and what obstructs its

explicitness is the vowel of .

As for the (broken plural) what is meant by it is anything denoting

more than two masculine or feminine objects accompanied by a change in thestructure of its singular form.

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s for the it is a sign of in four places: the ,, and that does


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The kinds of change found in (broken plurals) are six:

(1) A change through diacritical marking only, e.g. (lion) and

(lions), (tiger/leopard) and (tigers/leopards). The letters of thesingular and the plural in these two plurals are the same and the difference

between the singular and plural is only in their diacritical marking.

(2) A change through decreasing (the number of letters) only, e.g.

(accusation) and (accusations), (indigestion) and

(indigestions). You find that the plural has decreased in one letter in these two

examples, which is the while the rest of the letters are the same as in the

singular.

(3) A change through increasing (the number of letters) only, e.g. (one

palm tree from a group of palm trees joined by a single/same root) and

(palm trees joined by a single/same root) as in the Most High's

statement:

(palms trees growing out of single roots orotherwise)

(4) A change through diacritical marking and decreasing (the number of letters),

e.g. (bed) and (beds), (book) and (books),(red for singular) and (red for plural), (white for

singular) and (white for plural).

(5) A change through diacritical marking and increasing (the number of letters),

e.g. (cause) and (causes), (hero) and

(heroes), (Hind) and (Hinds), (hyena) and

(hyenas), (wolf) and (wolves), (brave person) and

(brave people).

(6) A change through diacritical marking, increasing and decreasing (the number

of letters), e.g. (noble) and (nobles), (loaf) and

(loaves), (writer) and (writers),

(prince/commander) and (princes/commanders).

All of these kinds are with the and it makes no difference whether

what is meant by the word is , like (men) and (writers)

or , like (Hinds) and (Zaynabs), or whether the isas illustrated in these examples or (implicit and assumed) as in for

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example: (drunkards) and (wounded people) or for example

(virgins) and (pregnant women). You say:

(The men and the Zaynabs stood) and you find that they are

with the , and you say: (the wounded

people and the virgins were present) such that each of and is

with a (implicit and assumed) on the with

obstructing its explicitness.

As for the it is anything that denotes more than two feminine

objects with the addition of an and a at its ending, e.g.

(Zaynabs), (Fatimahs), (hot baths). You say:

(the Zaynabs came and the Fatimahs travelled).

and are and the sign indicating that they are

is the . The is not in the

except when it is annexed ( ) to the , e.g.

(These are my trees and my cows).

If the is not additional by being present in the (singular), like:

(judge) and (judges), (propagator) and

(propagators), then it is not a but is a instead.

Similarly, if the is not additional by being present in the , e.g.

(deceased person) and (deceased people), (house, poetry verse) and

(houses, poetry verses), (sound) and (sounds), then it

belongs to the and not to the .

As for the , it is like: (hit/s) and (write/s). Each of

these two verbs is and the sign indicating that they are is the

(explicit ). Similarly, (call/s) and (hope/s), each

of which is and the sign indicating that it is is the

(implicit ) on the and what obstructs its explicitness is . Likewise are

(judge/s) and (please/s), each of which is and the sign

indicating that it is is the (implicit ) on the and

what obstructs its explicitness is . In like fashion also are (is pleased)

and (is strong), for each of them is and the sign indicating that it is

is the (implicit ) on the and what obstructs its

explicitness is .

21


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By saying: "which does not have an , orsuffixed to it" we exclude that which has one of these three things suffixed to it. That

which has the suffixed to it is like (they masculine dual write)

and (they masculine dual help). That which has the suffixed

to it is like (they masculine plural write) and (they masculine

plural help). That which has the suffixed to it is like (you

feminine singular write) and (you feminine singular help). It (i.e. the

) is then not with the , instead it is with the fixing

or attachment of the , while the , or is a . This will beexplained (in greater detail) later.

By saying: "nor a (single or double)" we exclude the

that has one of the two suffixed to it, like the statement of the Most High: (He will most certainly be imprisoned andbe amongst the humiliated ones). The then is (indeclinable and

fixed) on a .

By saying: "or the " we exclude the that has the

suffixed to it, like the statement of the Most High: (The mothers should suckle). The then is (indeclinable and fixed)

on a .

22


23/68

Substitution of the for the

The Author said:

I say:

The is a sign indicating that a word is in a state of in two places: the first is

and the second place is the .

As for the it is an denoting more than two masculine

objects (i.e. males) through an addition at its ending, capable of being stripped of this

addition and having its like conjoined ( ) to it, like: (Those who failed to turn up i.e. for the battle, were filled with happiness),

(But those firmly grounded inknowledge amongst them and the Believers), (Eventhough the sinners detest), (if theretwenty patient ones amongst you) and (and otherswho acknowledged their sins). Each of ,,,, and is a

denoting more than two masculine objects and has an addition at its end and is

capable of being stripped of this addition. Do you not see that you say: ,,,, and . Each of these plural words

that occur in these (Qur'anic) verses is and the sign indicating that it is in a

state of is the as a substitute for the . This after the is a

compensation for (the loss of) the in your saying: and its sisters,

which is an .

As for the they are these limited (number of) words which the

Author enumerated and they are: (your father), (your brother),

(your wife's in-laws), (your mouth) and (Possessor of

Wealth). They are with the as a substitute for the . You say:

(Your father, brother

and wife's in-law were present, and your mouth and a possessor of wealth uttered).

Similarly, you say: (this is your father) and you say:(your father is a pious man). Allah, the Most High says:

23

s for the it is a sign of in two places: in the

nd in the , they are: (your father), (your

rother), (your wife's in-laws), (your mouth) and

Possessor of Wealth).


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(And our father is an old man), (from where theirfather ordered them), (And truly, He is one possessingknowledge) and (Indeed, I am your brother). Each thereofin these examples is and the sign indicating that it is in a state of is the

as a substitute for the . What comes after them in terms of the

(personal pronoun) or the word (wealth), or the word (knowledge) is a

(the to which a prior the is annexed).

Know that these are not declined in this way except with (certain)

conditions. Of these conditions some are stipulated for all of them (i.e. all of the

) and some are stipulated for some of them.

As for the conditions that are stipulated for all of them, they are four conditions: the

first is that they be (singular), the second that they be (non-diminutive),

the third that they be (annexed) and the fourth that they be to

other than the .

By stipulating being , we exclude the case where they might be or

in the form of the and . If they were then

they would have been declined with (explicit vowels). You say:

(the fathers raise their sons) and you say:

(Your brothers are your hand that you grasp with). Allah, the

Most High says: (Your fathers and your sons ), (Truly, the Believers are a single brotherhood),

(So you became through His Bounty brothers). If they werethen they would have been declined with the for , and with the for

and . An explanation thereof will follow shortly. You say:

(You parents raised you) and you say: (Be well-

mannered in the company and presence of your parents). Allah, the Most High said:

(And he lifted his parents on to the throne) and (Make peace between your two brothers). If they were

in the form of a then they would have been

with the based on the aforementioned, and and with the .

You say: (These are fathers and brothers) and you say:

(I saw fathers and bothers). None (of these ) have their

plurals formed with the and the except the words and . The rule

is that none of them should have their plurals formed in this way at all.

24


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By stipulating being , we exclude the case where they might be , for

then they would be declined with (explicit vowels). You say:

(this is a small father and a small brother) and you say:

(I saw a small father and a small brother) and you say:

(I passed by a small father and a small brother).

By stipulating being , we exclude the case where they might not be

, for then they would also be declined with (explicit

vowels). You say: (this is a father) and you say: (I saw a

father) and you say: (I passed by a father). The same applies to the

rest. Allah, the Most High says: (and he has a brother or asister), (If he had stolen thenhe had a brother who stolen before), (Hesaid: Bring to me a brother of yours from your father) and (Truly, he has an old father).

By stipulating being to other then the , we exclude the case

where they might be to this , for then they would be declined with

(implicit vowels) on what is before the and what

obstructs them from becoming apparent or explicit is the occupation of the place (i.e.

the letter subject to declension) by the vowel of (correspondence). You say:

(My father and my brother were present) and you say:

(I respect my father and my elder brother) and you say:

(I do not speak in the presence of my

father and my elder brother). Allah, the Most High says: (Truly,this is my brother), (I am Yusuf and this is my brother)and (And they threw it on my father's face).

As for the conditions that are specific to some of them but not to the others, of them is

that the word (your mouth) is not declined having this declension except on

condition that it is stripped of the . Therefore, if the was attached to it then

it would have been declined with (explicit vowels). You say:

(This is a good mouth) and you say: I saw a

good mouth) and you say: (I looked at a good mouth).

This condition applies to this word specifically over and above the four conditions

that have been mentioned previously.

Of them (i.e. these conditions) is that the word " " (possessor of ) is not declined

having this declension except on two conditions: the first is that it has the meaning of

" " (possessor, owner) and the second is that the to which it is

25


26/68

should be a non-descriptive substantive generic noun (

). Therefore, if it does not have the meaning of " " such

that it is (a relative pronoun) then it is (indeclinable). An example

of it being a non-relative pronoun ( ) is the statement of

:

*

(The possessor of intellect feels miserable in pleasure with his intellect, while the

brother of ignorance rejoices in misery)

These two conditions apply to this word specifically over and above the four

conditions that have been mentioned previously.

26


27/68


The Author says:

I say:

The is a sign indicating that the word is in a state of in one place and that

is the , like: (The two friends were present).

is and it is because it is a and the sign

indicating that it is is the as a substitute for the , and the

compensates for (the loss of) the in your saying: (friend) and it is

an .

The is every denoting two masculine or two feminine objects with an

addition at its ending. This addition dispenses with the and the

(conjunction and the noun conjoined), e.g. (The two

'Umars and two Hinds approached). is an utterance denoting two males

each of whose name is 'Umar due to the presence of an addition at its ending. This

addition is the and the and dispenses with having to bring the

(Waw of conjunction) and repeating the such that you say:('Umar and 'Umar were present). Similarly, the is also an

utterance denoting two females each of whose name is Hind. The cause for it denoting

that is the addition of the and the in the example. The presence of the

and the obviates the need for having to bring the and

repeating the by having to say: (Hind and Hind were

present).

27

s for the it is a sign of in the specifically.


28/68


The Author says:

I say:

The is a sign indicating that the word, at whose ending it is, is in one

place. And that is the that is predicated of the or

, predicated of the or predicated of the

.

As for (the ) that is predicated of the , it is like:

(The two male companions will travel tomorrow) and

(The two of you are travelling tomorrow). and

likewise is a that is due to it being stripped

of a and a , and the sign indicating that it is is the

(fixing or attachment of the ). The is a and is

(indeclinable and fixed) on the in a place of .

You have seen that the that is predicated of the

sometimes begins with the to denote the third person as illustrated in the first

example and sometimes begins with the to denote the second person as illustrated

in the second example.


(The two Hinds will travel tomorrow) and

(You two Hinds are travelling tomorrow).in the two examples is a that is due to it being stripped of a

and a , and the sign indicating that it is is the

(fixing or attachment of the ). The ) ) is a and is(indeclinable and fixed) on the in a place of .

From this you know that the that is predicated of the

does not begin except with the to denote that the is feminine and it is the

same whether it is in the third person as illustrated in the first example or in the

second person as illustrated in the second example.

28

s for the it is a sign of in the when a, a or the is attached to


29/68


(The sincere men are the

ones who carry out their duty) and (You, my

people, are carrying out your duty). and likewise is a

that is due to it being stripped of a and a , and the

sign indicating that it is is the (fixing or attachment of the

). The is a and is (indeclinable and fixed) on the

in a place of .

From this you know that the that is predicated of this sometimes

begins with the to denote the third person as illustrated in the first example and

sometimes begins with the to denote the second person as illustrated in the second

example.


(You, O Hind, know your duty). is a

that is due to it being stripped of a and a ,

and the sign indicating that it is is the (fixing or attachment of

the ). The is a and is (indeclinable and

fixed) on the in a place of .

The that is predicated of this does not begin except with the which

denotes that the is .

Thus, it can be summed for you that (the ) which is predicated of the

begins with the or the , (the ) which is predicated of the

similarly begins with the or the and (the ) which is

predicated of the does not begin except with the .

Their forms or paradigms are: , , and. These forms are called: (the five verbs).

29


30/68

Signs of

The Author said:

I say:

It is possible for you to adjudge a word to be when you find one of five

signs at its ending: one of which is primary, viz. the , and four that are

secondary, viz. the , , and .

30

or there are five signs: the ,, , and


31/68

The and its Places

The Author said:

I say:

The is a sign indicating that a word is in a state of in four places:

The first place is the , the second place is the , the third

place is the which is preceded by a and which does not have

an ,, , nor a (single ordouble) or suffixed to it.

As for the its definition has been mentioned before. The is

at its ending in for example: (I met Ali) and (I

met Hind). and are two which are because

they are the (in each case) and the sign indicating that they are is

the . The first is and the second is . The is

in for example: (I met the young lad) and (I

spoke to Layla). and are two which are

due to each of them being a and the sign indicating that they are

is the and what obstructs its explicitness is . The first is

and the second is .

As for the its definition has also been mentioned before. The is

at its ending, e.g. (I accompanied the men) and

(I took care of Hind). and are both

which are due to them being the and the sign indicating

that they are is the . The first is and the second is

. The is sometimes as in the statement of the Most High: (You will see people drunk) and

(Marry the widows). and are two which are

due to them being the and the sign indicating that they are

is the and what obstructs its explicitness is .

31

s for the it is a sign of in three places: the ,and when a enters on it and it

oes not have anything attached at its end.


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As for the aforementioned , like the Most High's statement: (We will continue to be devoted to it). is a

which is by means of " " (will not), and the sign indicating

that they are is the . The is sometimes as

in: (It pleases me that you are striving towards

glory/nobility). is a which by means of " "

(that, to) and the sign indicating that they are is the and

what obstructs its explicitness is .

If the ' has a as in (they masculine dual

will not hit or strike), a as in (you masculine plural will

not hit or strike) or the as in (you feminine

singular will not hit or strike) is attached to it, then it is not with the

. Instead, each of , and is with " "and the sign indicating that they are is (dropping or omission

of the ) while the , or is a and is (indeclinable andfixed) on the in a place of . You will know the explanation thereof in

what follows.

When a whether double as in (By Allah, you will

not go) or single as in (By Allah, you will not go) is attached toits ending, then it is (indeclinable and fixed) on a in a place of .

When a as in (You will not

achieve glory except through chastity) is attached to its ending, then it is

(indeclinable and fixed) on a in a place of .

32


33/68


The Author said:

I say:

You know the from what has gone before and the conditions for

their declension with the for , the for and the for .

Now, we will inform you that the sign indicating that one of these words is

is the presence of the at the end, e.g. (Respect your father),(Help your brother), (Visit your father-in-law),

(Clean your mouth) and (Do not

respect the possessor of wealth for his wealth). Each of ,,, and in these examples is due to it occurring as the

therein, and the sign indicating that it is in a state of is the

as a substitute for the . Furthermore, each of them is (annexed to

another ) and what comes after it as regards the and " " is the

(the to which the is annexed).

33

s for the it is a sign of in the , e.g.

(I saw you father and your brother) and whatever resembles that.


34/68


The Author said:

I say:

You know the from what was mentioned before. Now, we

inform you that it is possible for you tell that this is in a state of through

the presence of the at its end. This is like when you say:

(the well-mannered lasses achieve glory). Each of

and is a and both are due

to first being an of " " and the second a (descriptive or qualifying

adjective) of the (before it which is ), and the sign indicating that

they are is the as a substitute for the .

There is no place in which the substitutes for the except this place.

34

s for the it is a sign of in the .


35/68

Substitution of the YA' for the FATHAH

The Author said:

I say:

You know the from what has gone before and likewise you know the . Now we want to tell you that it is possible for you to know that one of

them is in a state of through the presence of the . The difference between

the two is that the in the is preceded by a letter bearing a and

followed by a letter bearing a while the in the ispreceded by a letter bearing a and followed by a letter bearing a .

Example of the is: (I saw two

sparrows on top of the tree) and

(My father bought two books, one for me and the other for my brother). Each

of and is due to being the , and the

sign indicating that they are is the preceded by a letter bearing a

and followed by a letter bearing a , because it is . Furthermore,the is a compensation for the (that has been forfeited) in the

.

Example of the is:

(Truly, the Believers have earned the pleasure of their Lord) and

(I advised the hard workers to embark

or get down to studying). Each of and is due to

being the , and the sign indicating that they are is the

preceded by a letter bearing a and followed by a letter bearing a ,

because it is . Furthermore, the is a compensation for the

(that was forfeited) in the .

35

s for the it is a sign of in the and .


36/68


The Author said:

I say:

You know from what has preceded what the are. Now, we will tell

you that it is possible for you to know that each one of them is in a state of

when you find the , which is a sign of , dropped or omitted. Examples of the

in the Case of : (It pleases me that youare memorising your lessons) and(It pains me that the lazy ones are neglectful of their duties). Each of

and is a that is with , and the sign

indicating that it is is the , and the is a

that is (indeclinable and fixed) on the in a place of '. The same

applies to that which is attached to the as in: (It

is pleases me that you are realising your wishes) and that which is attached to the

as in: (It pains me that you areshowing slackness in your duty) and you know how to decline and analyse them.

36

s for the it is a sign of in the which

re with the .


37/68

Signs of

The Author said:

I say:

It is possible for you to adjudge a word to be when you find one of three

things: the first is the which is the primary (sign) in . The second is

the and the third the , both of which are secondary to the . For each

of these three things there are places in which it occurs. We will mention for you their

places in detail in what follows.

37

or there are three signs: the , and .


38/68

The and its Places

The Author said:

I say:

For the there are three places in which it is a sign indicating that the is

.

The first place is Ism . You know the meaning of it being

. The meaning of it being is that the is suffixed to its end.

The is the as in: (I ran to Muhammad),

(I am pleased with 'Ali), (I

benefited from keeping company with Khalid) and (Bakr's

character impresses me). Each of and is due to being

entered on by a , and the sign indicating that it is is the

. Each of and is due to being the

of what is before it, and the sign indicating that it is is also the. Thus, , , and are

(singular nouns) and are due the being suffixed to them.

The second place is the . You know from what has gone

before the meaning of " " and you know from (a discussion of) the first

place here (in this section) the meaning of it being and that is like:

(I passed by honourable men) and

(I am pleased with our brave companions). Each of and

is due to being entered on by a , and the sign

indicating that it is is the , and each of and

is due to being a (descriptive or qualifying adjective) of

the (before it), and the sign indicating that it is is also the

. Thus, , , and are(plurals) and are due the being suffixed to them.

The third place is the . You know from what has gone before

the meaning of " " and that is like:

38

s for the it is a sign of in three places: the, and .


39/68

(I looked at the well-mannered young girls) and

(I am pleased with female devotee Muslims). Each of and

is due to being entered on by a , and the sign

indicating that it is is the , and each of and

is due to being a (follower, in the form of a ) of the

(before it), and the sign indicating that it is is also the

. Each of , , and is a.

39


40/68


The Author said:

I say:

For the there are three places in which it is a sign indicating that the is

.

The first place is the . You already know them and the conditions

for their declension from what has gone before, and that is like:(Greet your father on the morning of everyday),

(Do not raise your voice above the voice of your eldest

brother) and (Do not love the

possessor of wealth except if he is well-mannered). Each of , andis , due to the entering it, and the sign indicating

that it is is the . The in the first two is the

(personal pronoun of the second person masculine singular), and it is

(annexed to) and on the in a place of . The word in thethird example is also and with the .

The second place is the and that is like: (Look at the

two soldiers) and (Greet the two friends). Each of

and is due to being entered on by the

, and the sign indicating that it is is the preceded by a letter

bearing a and followed by a letter bearing a . Furthermore, each of

and is because it denotes two (masculine) objects.

The third place is the , like (I am

pleased with the two Bakrs) and (I looked

at the humble Muslims). Each of and is due to

being entered on by the , and the sign indicating that it is

is the preceded by a letter bearing a and followed by a letter bearing a

. Furthermore, each of them is .

40

s for the it is a sign of in three places: the ,and .


41/68


The Author said:

I say:

For the there is only one instance in which it is a sign indicating that the

is , namely: the that is not .

The meaning of it not being is that it does not take the which is

the . The that is not is: "that which resembles the inhaving two (secondary common causes), one of which goes back to the

(verbal form) and the other to the (meaning), or it has one which

stands in for two . The (plural of ) which are found in the and

which denote the secondary nature (of the ) and go back to the are only

two. The first is (being a proper noun) and the second is (being a

descriptive noun i.e. being of the type of used for describing and qualifying). It

is necessary that one of these two be found in the

(i.e. the noun debarred from the ) due to the presence of two init.

The which are found in the and which denote the secondary nature (of

the ) and go back to the are six , and they are: (being

feminine) not with the ) or i.e. short or long),(being a foreign name), (being a compound),

(addition of the and the ,( (pattern of the verb) and(deviation from another pattern). It is necessary that one of these (six) be found

with in it (i.e. in the ). As for with ,

only one of three out of these (six ) has to be present, and they are:

, and .

Examples of with other than with the are: (Fatimah),

(Zaynab) and (Hamzah).

Examples of with are: (Idris), (Ya'qub) and

(Ibrahim).

41

s for the it is a sign of in the that is not .


42/68

Examples of with are: (Ma'dikarib),

(Belbecca), (Qadikhan), (Buzurjamihr) and

(Ramahurmuz).

Examples of with are: (Marwan),('Uthman), (Ghatafan), ('Affan), (Sahban),

('Imran), (Qahtan) and ('Adnan).

Examples of with are: (Ahmad), (Yashkur),

(Yazid), (Taghlib) and (Tadmur).

Examples of with are: 'Umar, (Zufar),

(Qutham), (Hubal), (Zuhal i.e. Saturn), (Jumah),

(Quzah) and (Mudar).

Examples of with are: (Rayyan),

(full) and (awake, wakeful).

Examples of with are: (more generous, honourable),

(better), and (more beautiful).

Examples of with are: (twos), (threes), (fours)and (other).

As for the two , each of which stands in place of two , they are:

(furthest plural form) and the which is

(short) or (long).

As for the rule for it is that the is

and occurring after its (i.e. the third additional ) are two letters as

in (mosques), (pulpits), (most respected ones),

(most honourable ones), (most exemplary ones),

(menstruating women) and (menstruating), or three letters the middle of

which is (unvowelled) as in: (keys), (sparrows) and

(candleholders).

As for the short it is like: (pregnant lady),

(furthest), (nearest) and (claim).

42


43/68

As for the long it is like: (red), ,() (good, becoming), (white), ,() () and(scholars).

All these nouns that we have mentioned and those similar to them are not allowed totake the , and are with the as a substitute for the as

in: (May Allah send His Blessings on Ibrahim,

His Friend) and (May Allah be pleased

with 'Umar, the Commander of the Believers). Each of and is

due to being entered on by the , and the sign indicating

that they are is the as a substitute for the , because each

one of them is an that is not . What blocks from being

(i.e. from having the or ) is and andwhat blocks from being is and . Apply this to rest.

It is a condition for making the , that is not , with thethat it be void of (the definite article) " " and that it not be

(annexed) to an after it. If it is accompanied by " " or it is

(annexed) it is made with the , as in the Most High's statement: (And you a in the mosques) and as in:

(I passed by the beautiful damsel of the Quraish).

43


44/68

Two Signs of

The Author said:

I say:

It is possible for you to adjudge a word to be when you find in it one of two

things: the first is the which is the primary (sign) for . The second is

which is the secondary sign. For each of these two signs there are places in

which we will mention for you in what follows.

44

or there are two signs: the and .


45/68

Place of the

The Author said:

I say:

For the there is only one place in which it is a sign indicating that the

is , and this place is the (with the sound

ending). The meaning of it being " " is that its ending (i.e. its final

letter) is not one of the three (three weak letters) which are the ,and .

Examples of the are: (play/s),

(is/are successful), (travel/s), (promise/s) and (ask/s). So

when you say: (Ali did not play), (no dim-witted

person was successful), (your brother did not travel) and

(Ibrahim did not promise Khalid anything), then each

of these is because of the (particle of )

preceding it, and the sign indicating that it is is the . Furthermore,each of these is a .

45

s for the it is a sign of in the

(with the sound ending).


46/68

Places of

The Author said:

I say:

For there are two places in which it is a mark and sign indicating that the

word is . The first place is the (with the

weak ending). The meaning of it being " " is that its ending (i.e. its

final letter) is one of the three (three weak letters) which are the ,and .

Examples of the whose ending is an : (strive/s),(is/are pleased), (desire/s), (is/are distant) and

(remain/s).

Examples of the whose ending is a : (call/s),(hope/s), (test/s), (is/are elevated), (is/are hard) and

(grow/s).

Examples of the whose ending is a : (give/s),(judge/s), (cover/s), (revive/s), () and

(guide/s).

Thus, when you say: ('Ali did not strive for honour),

then is due to it being preceded by a , and the sign

indicating that it is is the (dropping/omission of the )

and the before it is evidence for it (i.e. that the was there before).

Furthermore, it is a .

When you say: (Muhammad did not call except to

the Truth), then is that is due to being preceded by a

, and the sign indicating that it is is

(dropping/omission of the ) and the before it is evidence for it (i.e. that the

was there before).

When you say: (Muhammad did not give except toKhalid), then is that is due to it being preceded by a

46

s for it is a sign of in thewith the weak ending) and the which are with the


47/68

, and the sign indicating that it is is the

(dropping/omission of the ) and the before it is evidence for it (i.e. that

the was there before).

The second place is the which are with the

and an explanation thereof was already given. Examples of them are:

(they masculine dual hit), (they feminine dual hit/ you dual hit),

(they masculine plural hit), (you masculine plural hit) and

(you feminine singular hit). You say: (they masculine dual

did not hit), (they feminine dual did not hit/ you dual did not hit),

(they masculine plural did not hit), (you masculine plural did

not hit) and (you feminine singular did not hit). Each one of these

is a that is due to it being preceded by a

(particle of ) which is , and the sign indicating it that it is is

the . Furthermore, the , or is a and is onthe in a place of .

47


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(Declinables)

The Author said:

I say:

The Author May Allah have mercy on him intends by this section to explain in a

general way the rule concerning what was previously discussed in detail in the places

of declension. The places whose rules as regards declension were mentioned in

detail are eight, and they are: the , , the, which does not have anything attached at its end, ,, and . Furthermore, these

types i.e. the places of , are divided into two categories: the first category is

declined by means of and the second category is declined by means of

. Each of these types will be discussed in detail.

48

Sectionhe are two categories: a category declined by means of

vowel markings) and a category declined by means of (letters).


49/68

(Declinable by means of vowel markings)

The Author said:

I say:

The are three: the , and . The is affiliated tothem. You know that the (declinables) are of two categories: the first

category is declined by means of and the second category is declined by

means of . This (here) is the onset of the discussion of the first category

which is declined by means of , and constitutes four things:

(1) the like: (Muhammad) and (the lesson) when

you say: (Muhammad revised the lesson). is a

that is on the with no place in (declension).

is a and is and the sign indicating that it is is the. is a that is and the sign

indicating that it is is the . Each of and

is an .

(2) the like: (pupils) and (the lessons) when

you say: (the pupils memorised the lessons).

is a that is on the with no place in (declension).

is a and is and the sign indicating that it is isthe . is a that is and the signindicating that it is is the . Each of and

is an .

(3) The like: (female Believers) and

(the prayers) when you say: (the female

Believers are Allah-conscious in the prayers). is a that is

on the with no place in (declension). is a

and is and the sign indicating that it is is the

49

Section

hat which is declined by means of (vowel markings) are four things:

, , the , which does not have anything attached at its end.


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. is through and the sign indicating that it isis the . Each of and is an

.

(4) The which does not have anything attached at its end like

(goes/is going) when you say: (Muhammad goes/is going).

is that is due it being stripped of and a , and

the sign indicating that it is is the . is athat is and the sign indicating that it is is the .

50


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The general rule for the declension of the with , and what is

excluded from it

The Author said:

I say:

The general rule pertaining to the four things that are declined with is to be

with the , with the , with theand with the .

As for with the all of them (i.e. these four categories of word) proceed

according to what is the norm for them, so that all of them are with the

, e.g. (Muhammad, the friendsand the female Believers are traveling). is that is

due it being stripped of and a , and the sign indicating that it is

is the . is a that is and the signindicating that it is is the and it is furthermore an

. is because it is (i.e. conjoined) to the(which is ) and the sign indicating that it is is the

and it is furthermore a . is becauseit is also (i.e. conjoined) to the (which is ) and the signindicating that it is is the and it is furthermore a

.

As for with the all of them (i.e. these four categories of word) proceed

according to what is the norm for them except the for it is

with the as a substitute for the , e.g.

(I will not oppose Muhammad, the friends

and the female Believers) ). is that is by meansof (will not), and the sign indicating that it is is the

51

Section

ll of them are with the , with the ,with the and with the . Excluded from

hat (i.e. this general rule) are three things: the is

with the (instead of the ), the that is not

is with the (instead of the ) and the

is with the dropping of its ending


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. is a that is and the sign indicatingthat it is is also the and it is furthermore an

as you know. is because it is (i.e. conjoined) to

the (which is ) and the sign indicating that it is is the

and it is furthermore a as you know. is

because it is also (i.e. conjoined) to the (which is

) and the sign indicating that it is is the as a substitute

for the because it is a .

As for with the all of them (i.e. these four categories of word)

proceed according to what is the norm for them except the for it is

not at all and except for the that is not for it is

with the as a substitute for the , e.g.

(I passed by Muhammad, the men, the female

Believers and Ahmad). is and and the is a

. is a with the and the sign indicating that it isis also the and it is furthermore an

as you know. is because it is (i.e.

conjoined) to the (which is ) and the sign indicating that it is

is the and it is furthermore a as you

know. is because it is also (i.e. conjoined) to

the (which is ) and the sign indicating that it is is the

and it is furthermore a as you know.

is because it is also (i.e. conjoined) to the (which

is ) and the sign indicating that it is is the as a substitute

for the because it is an that is not and what bars it from the

(i.e. the ) is (being a proper noun) and (the

pattern specific to the verb).

As for with the you know that is specific to the

. Therefore, if it is (of sound ending) the its is with

the as is the norm for , e.g. (Khalid did not

travel). (did not) is a (i.e. particle of negation,

and transformation i.e. transforming the verb's tense from the present or future

to the past). is that is by means of (did

not), and the sign indicating that it is is the . is athat is and the sign indicating that it is is the . Ifthe is then its is with the

52


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(dropping or omission of the weak letter), e.g.

(Bakr did not strive, invite and fulfill what was incumbent upon

him). Each of , and is a that andthe sign indicating that it is is the in and the

before it is evidence for it (i.e. that the was there before), the in

and the before it is evidence for it (i.e. that the was there before)

and the in and the before it is evidence for it (i.e. that the

was there before).

53


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(Declinable by means of letters)

The Author said:

I say:

The second category of the is the things that are declined by means of

(letters). The letters that act as a sign of are four: the , ,and . That which is declined with these letters is four things:

(1) The , and what is meant by it is the , e.g. (the two

cities), (the two Muhammads), (the two Bakrs) and

(the two men).

(2) The , e.g. (the Muslims), (the

Bakrs) and (the Muhammads).

(3) The , and they are: (your father), (yourbrother), (your in-law from your wife's side), (your mouth) and

(a possessor of wealth).

(4) The and they are: (they masculine dual hit),

(they feminine dual/you dual write), (they masculine plural

understand), (you masculine plural memorise/protect) and

(you feminine singular stay up the night).

An explanation of the declension of each one of these four things will follow in detail.

54

hat which is declined by means of (letters) are four categories: the

,, andnd they are: ,,, and

.


55/68

(Declension of the Dual)

The Author said:

I say:

The first of the things that are declined with letters is the , which is the as

you know. You already know from what has gone before the definition of the .

The rule for it is that it is with the as a substitute for the

,and with the preceded by a letter vowelled with aand followed by a letter vowelled with a as a substitute for the or

. Further extended to it after the or the is a which

compensates for the that is in the . This is not dropped

except during (annexation).

An example of the that is is (the

two judges attended/came and two men said). Each of and is

because it is a and the sign indicating that it is is the

as a substitute for the because it is a , and the compensates for the

(that was forfeited in) the .

An example of the that is is

(I like the two well-mannered persons and detest the two lazy

persons). Each of and is because it is a

and the sign indicating that it is is the preceded by a

letter vowelled with a and followed by a letter vowelled with a as a

substitute for the because it is a , and the compensates for the

(forfeited in) the .

An example of the that is is

(I looked at the two horsemen on the two horses). Each of

and is due to the entering on it and the sign

indicating that it is is the preceded by a letter vowelled with a

and followed by a letter vowelled with a as a substitute for the

55

s for the it is with the , andith the .


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because it is a , and the compensates for the (forfeited in) the

.

56


57/68

(Declension of the Masculine Sound Plural)

The Author said:

I say:

The second of the things that are declined with letters is the .

You already know from what has gone before the definition of the

.

The rule for it is that it is with the as a substitute for the ,and with the preceded by a letter vowelled with a

and followed by a letter vowelled with a as a substitute for the or

. Further extended to it after the or the is a which

compensates for the that is in the . This is dropped during

(annexation) like the of the .

Examples of the that is are (The

Muslims attended/came) and (Those ordering Good

are successful). Each of and is because it is a

and the sign indicating that it is is the as a substitute for the

because it is a , and the compensates for the

(that was forfeited in) the .

Examples of the that is are (I

saw the Muslims) and (I respected those orderingGood). Each of and is because it is a

and the sign indicating that it is is the preceded by a letter vowelled

with a and followed by a letter vowelled with a as a substitute for the



Examples of the that is are

(I got in contact with those who order Good) and(May Allah be pleased with the Believers). Each of and

57

As for the it is with the ,


58/68

is due to the entering on it and the sign

indicating that it is is the preceded by a letter vowelled with a

and followed by a letter vowelled with a as a substitute for the



58


59/68

(Declension of the Five Nouns)

The Author said:

I say:

The third of the things that are declined with letters is the . You

already know from what has gone before the meaning and essence of the

.

The rule for it is that it is with the as a substitute for the ,with the as a substitute for the and with the

as a substitute for the .

Examples of the that are are

(When your father orders you than obey him) and (You

brother came/arrived from his travel). Each of and is because

it is a and the sign indicating that it is is the as a substitute for

the because it is a , and the is a

that is on the in a place of .


(Obey your father and love your brother). Each of and is

because it is a and the sign indicating that it is is

the as a substitute for the because it is a , and the

is a that on the in a place of as in theprevious case.


(Listen to your father) and (Be kind to your brother). Each of

and is due to the entering on it and the sign

indicating that it is is the substitute for the because it is a

, and the is a that on the in a

place of as in the previous case.

59

s for the they are with the , ith the and with the .


60/68

(Declension of the Five Verbs)

The Author said:

I say:

The fourth of the things that are declined with letters is the . You

already know from what has gone before the meaning and essence of the

.

The rule for them is that they are with the fixing of the as a substitute

for the , and with the dropping of this as asubstitute for the or .

Examples of the that are are: (you masculine

dual/they feminine dual write) and (you masculine dual/they feminine dual

understand). Each one of them is a that is due to it being

stripped of a and and the sign indicating that it is is the

. The is the (personal pronoun denoting the dual)

being a and is (indeclinable and fixed) on the in a place of

.


dual/they feminine dual will not be sad) and (you masculine dual/they

feminine dual will not fail). Each one of them is a that is

with (will not) and the sign indicating that it is is the . Theis the (personal pronoun denoting the dual) being a and

is (indeclinable and fixed) on the in a place of .


dual/they feminine dual did not study) and (you masculine dual/they

feminine dual did not understand). Each one of them is a that is

with (did not) and the sign indicating that it is is the

. The is the (personal pronoun denoting the dual) being aand is (indeclinable and fixed) on the in a place of .

60

s for the they are with the , nd with the dropping thereof.


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61


62/68

The and its types

The Author said:

I say:

The is divided into three types:

The first type is the , which is that which denotes the occurrence of something

before the time of speaking (of the speaker), e.g. (hit, beat, strike),

(help, aid), (open, conquer), (know), (reckon, think),

(be noble, generous), etc.

The second type is the , which is that which denotes the occurrence of

something during or after the time of speaking (of the speaker), e.g.

(hit/will hit, beat/will beat, strike/will strike), (help/will help, aid/will aid),

(open/will open, conquer/will conquer), (know/will know),

(reckon/will reckon, think/will think), (is/will be noble, is/will be generous),

etc.

The third type is the , which is that whereby the occurrence of something after the

time of speaking (of the speaker) is requested, e.g. (Hit, Beat, Strike),

(Help, Aid), (Open, Conquer), (Know), (Reckon,

Think), (Be noble, Be generous), etc.

We mentioned this division (of the ) to you at the beginning of the book and we

mentioned together with it the characteristics or defining signs of each of these three

types.

62

(Chapter on the )

he are of three types: the , and , like:beat, hit, struck), (beat/will beat, hit/will hit, strike/will strike) and

(Beat, Hit, Strike).


63/68

The Rules of the

The Author said:

I say:

After the Author mentioned the types of he commences with an explanationof each type thereof.

The rule for the is to be on the , and this is either

or .

As for the which is it occurs in the ( ( [strongending (verb)] that does not have the nor the

attached to it as well as in every whose ending is a or a , like:

(honoured), (forwarded, placed before), (travelled) and like:

(Zaynab travelled and Su'ad came) and like:

(was pleased), (was wretched) and like: (was generous)

and (was obscene, lewd).

As for the that is , it is of three types because:

it is either due to and this is in the case of every whose

ending (i.e. final letter) is an , e.g. (call, invite, supplicate),

(strive, run), for each of them is a that is on a

on the what obstructs its explicitness is ,

or the is due to and that is the case of every

to which the is attached, e.g. (they masculine

plural write), (they masculine plural are happy), for each of them is

a that is on a on its final letter and what

obstructs its explicitness is the occupation of the place (of declension) by the

vowel of (correspondence) and the in each case is a

that is on the in a place of ,

63

(Chapter on the )

he always ends in the , the is always and the

is that which has at its beginning one of the four additional letters

rouped together in your statement: (I matured, drew near) and it is always

until a or enters upon it.


64/68

or the is due to avoiding the repugnance of the consecutive

following of four vowelled letters (i.e. the intinterrupted sequence of four

vowelled letters) and that is in the case of every to which the

(vowelled personal pronoun occurring in the place of

) is suffixed, like the ) indicating the ) or the) denoting feminine plural), e.g. (I wrote),(you masculine singular wrote), (you feminine singular wrote),

(we wrote) and (they feminine plural wrote), for each of these

is a that is on a on its final letter and

what obstructs its explicitness is the occupation of the place (of declension) by

a that appears temporarily for the purpose of repelling the

repugnance of the consecutive following of four vowelled letters in what is

similar to a single word, and the , or is a that is onthe , , or and occupies a place of .

The rule for the is that it is on the sign with which its is

.

So if its is (i.e. of a strong ending) and with the

then the is on the . Furthermore, this is either

or . The that is has two places. The first is for it (i.e.

the ) to be (i.e. of a strong ending) and not have anything

suffixed to it, and the second is for it to have the ) denotingfeminine plural) suffixed to it, e.g. (Hit!) and (Write!) and likewise

(Hit! feminine plural) and (Write! feminine plural) being

predicated of the . As for the that is it has one place

which is for it (i.e. the ) to have the whether the single or

double like: (Hit!!) and (Write!!) and like: (Hit!!!) and

(Write!!!).

If the is then it is with the

(dropping or omission of the weak letter) and hence the thereof is on the

, e.g. (Call!, Invite!), (Judge!, Spend!) and

(Strive!).

If the is of the then it is with the

(dropping or omission of the ), and hence the thereof is on the

, e.g. (Write! dual), (Write! masculine plural) and

(Write! feminine singular).

64


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Furthermore, the characteristic sign of the is to have at its

beginning an additional letter out of four letters grouped together by your statement:

(I was slow), or your statement: (I was distant), or your statement:

(they feminine plural came) or your statement: (we come/will come).

The is for (signifying) the first person (speaker) masculine or feminine,like:

(I masculine or feminine understand), the is for (signifying) the first

person (speaker) who exalts himself or the first person with whom there is someone

else, like: (we understand i.e. a single speaker who exalts himself or a

speaker with whom there is someone else), the is for (signifying) the third person

(absentee), likle: (he stands/will stand) and the is for (signifying) the

second person (addressee) or the third person feminine singular (and dual),like:

(You understand, O Muhammad, your duty) and like:(Zaynab understands her duty).

If these (four) letters are not additional but are from the root or stem of the ,

like: (ate), (transferred, transport), and or the letter is

additional but does not signify the meaning that we have mentioned (for it), like:

(honoured) and (progressed, advanced), then the is and

not .

The rule for the is that it is as long as the whetherit is single or double or the is not suffixed to it. If the is

suffixed to it then it (i.e. the ) is with it (i.e. the ) on the

, like the Most High's statement: (He will most certainly be imprisoned and be amongst the humiliated ones) and if the

is suffixed then it is (with it) on the , like the Most

High's statement: (The mothers should suckletheir children).

When it is then it is as long as it is not entered on (i.e. governed

by) a or , e.g. (Muhammad understands/will

understand). is a that is due to it being stripped of a

and a and the sign indicating that it is is the

and is a that is with the .

If it is entered on (i.e. governed by) a that makes it , like

(A hardworker will never be disappointed). is a

(future tense), is a that is

and the sign indicating that it is is the and is a

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that is and the sign indicating that it is is the

.

If it is entered on (i.e. governed by) a that makes it , like

(Ibrahim did not feel anxious). is a (i.e.

particle of negation, and transformation i.e. transforming the verb's tense from

the present or future to the past), is a that is and

the sign indicating that it is is the and is a that is

and the sign indicating that it is is the .

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67/68

(Nasb-effectors of the Mudari')

The Author said:

I say:

The instruments (in this case particles only) after which the is

are ten particles and are threegroups: a group effecting by itself, a

a group effecting by means of " " that is optionally dormant or latent after it

and a group effecting by means of " "

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The Glowing Gift (Arabic Script)[1]

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