THE GREAT MUGHAt^OF INDIA
A Select Annotated Bibliography
SibiiiittN in Partial Fatfilmaat far tha Award af tha Dairaa af
Mnittx of Hibrarp & information S^titntt 1itVS2
BY
MISS SHAHNAZ ZOHRA ZAIDI Roll No. 91 L8M-12
Enrolment No. X - 1 9 9 2
Under the Supervision of
Mr. Almuzaffar A. G. Khan 'Readwr)
DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY B INPOR«ilATION SCIENCE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY
AUGABH <(NQ4A)
1992
t;
-fv-
DS2396
DEDICATED TO MY
DEAREST DADA Late Col. B.H. Zaidi
Former Vice Chancellor
Aligarh Muslim University ALIGARH
C O N T E N T S
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY '* ( i - iii )
INTRODUCTION .. 1-23
BIBLIOGRAPHY '* 24-115
INDEXES!
AUTHOR INDEX .. 116-123
TITLE INDEX .. 124-137
LIST OF PERIODICALS .. 138
**************
*****
A G K N O I ; L E D G E M E K T
I t i s i n d e e d a g r e a t p l e a s u r e t o e x p r e s s my g r a t i t u d e
t o ur, rtlftiuzzaffar ^ . G , Khan, R e a d e r , f o r h i s v a l u a b l e
s u g g e s t i o n s / k i n d g u i d a n c e / s t i m u l a t i n g d i s c u s s i o n s / d e e p
i n t e r e s t / c o n t i n u o u s e n c o u r a g e m e n t and i n s p i r a t i o n , which
maae t h e s e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a r e w a r d i n g e x p e r i e n c e .
I am v e r y t h a n k f u l t o P r o f . Mohammad S a b i r H u s s a i n ,
Cha i rman/ D e p a r t m e n t of L i b r a r y and I n f o r m a t i o n S c i e n c e *
A.M.U./ A l i g a r h / S. M u s t a f a Z a i d i / R e a d e r , and Hasan Zamarrud/
R e a d e r , f o r s p a r i n g some t i m e and e n e r g y t o g i v e v a l u a b l e
s u g g e s t i o n s .
My s p e c i a l t h a n k s m u s t go t o my b r o t h e r Mr, A l e y r lehdi
r iasan ^ a i d i , S y e d B i l a l Hasan Z a i d i i U n c l e ) and y o u n g e r s i s t e r
iMaaz Z a i d i f o r t h e i r a s s i s t a n c e and c o n t i n o u s e n c o u r a g e m e n t
t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u r s e of t h i s work .
I am a l s o g r a t e f u l t o P r o f . N i i r u l Hasan Khan, L i b r a r i a n /
Maulana Azad L i b r a r y , A , M , U , , A l i g a r h , S a r t a j A b i d i , A s s i s t a n t
L i b r a r i a n of Nehru Memor ia l Muse\im &. L i b r a r y , Teen M u r t i ,
New D e l h i and S . P . Das , A s s i s t a n t L i b r a r i a n of I n d i a n C o u n c i l
H i s t o r i c a l R e s e a r c h (ICHR), B a r a Khamba Roaf , New D e l h i f o r
p r o v i a i n g l i b r a r y f a c i l i t i e s .
I am v e r y t h a n k f u l t o Mr. Muj a h i d A l i Khan who i s my
c l a s s m a t e and Mr, M . H . S i d d i q i who t y p e d t h e d i s s e r t a t i o n i n
a v e r y s h o r t t i m e .
SHAHNAZ ZOHRA ZAIDI
C i )
SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY
The study includes 267 selected abbotated articles
on the subject collected frcan Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh
Muslim University* Aligarh, Seminar Library of Department
o£ History, Indian Council of Historical Research, Bara
Khamba Road, New Delhi, Mehru Memorial Museum & Library,
Teen Murti, Wew Delhi.
STANDASD FOLLOWED
As far as possible the international standard has been
followed, after searching the literature, entries were
recorded on 20 x 12 cms cards the entries in the bibliography
contain abstract giving essential information about the
articles, each entry has been given a subject headings. The
subject headings are derived on the basis of indexable terms
and with the help of sxibj ect headings.
ARRANGEMENT
The bibliography is in three parts, part one deals
with the historical background of Mughals.
( ii )
Part two deals with bibliography, entries in
bibliographical part have been arranged alphabetically
according to their subject heading. Almost letter by
letter method ±§ followed under the specific subject
neadings the entries are serially numbered to facili
tate location of an item through index given in part
tnree. Each bibliographical entry contains the follow
ing items of information:
a) S e r i a l number
b) Name of a u t h o r / a u t h o r s l a semi colon (;) i n
between t h e a u t h o r s )
c) r» f u l l s t op ( . )
d) Title of tlie article including sxib title and
alternative title, if any,
e) Colon (;)
f) rt full stop (.)
g) Title of the periodical in abbreviated or in full forn
h) ^ full stop ( , )
i) Year of periodicals in abbreviated or in full form.
j) r canaC)
k) volume nurriber
1) I s s u e nxmiber i n b r a c k e t ( )
m) A coma (,)
n) Inclusive page of article.
( iii )
A specimen of the entry is given below:
Sharma, Dasharatha. Akbar Cavalry: the Jat and Sewar
ranks. Journal of Indian History. 5(3); Dec. 1926:359-66.
Third part deals with the Title Index & Author Index.
My dissertation is in partial fulfilment of Master
of Library and Information Science Degree, the Department
of Library and Information Science/ Aligarh Muslim
University/ Aligarh. It. Scope is strictly from 1526-
1707 A.D.
This dissertation I have left the books i.e. Macro
thought on Mughal period and I have taken into accovint
the Micro thought and article on Mughal History. The
eminent historians of the present day punlished in various
journals like Journal of Indian History, Kerala University,
Msdern Review, Historical Abstracts extra, A list which is
being appended. The main bibliography is arranged in
alphabetical. The entries are fully annotarated and
serially numbered for the sake of convenient location.
PART - ONE
INTRODUCTION
I N T R O D U C T I O N
Medieval History of India inccmpasses a large
per iod frcan conquest of Sind by Mohd, kjasim to the u l t i
mate f a l l of the Great Mughal Empire i . e . Bahadur Shah
Zafar and taking over of the re ign of India by the Br i t i sh
but these are vague d i s t i n c t i o n s made by Great h i s t o r i a n s
on the bases of scxne h i s t o r i c a l importance. For the con
venience medieval per iod i s divided i n t o two broad groups
namely e a r l y medieval per iod which dea ls with the h i s t o r y
of Khi l j i s* Tuglaks/ Slaves Lodies and Syeds and l a t e r
medieval which deals with the establ ishment of the Great
i-iughal empire by Babar in the f i r s t dec is ive b a t t l e of
panipat which was between Babar and Ibrahim Lodi and f i n a l l y
with Rana Sangha. After the defeat of the two grea t
warr iors a t the hand of Babar the foundation of Mughal
Empire as l a i d in India .
The most au thent ic sources of Mughal h i s t o r y are sup
posed t o be the accovmts of o f f i c i a l cour t -h is tor ians of
Mughal r u l e r s and the autobiographies of the emperors l i ke
i'uzzuki Bababri,Tuzzuki J a h a n g i r i , the Royal Farmans Ahkams,
Irshadats/ administrative notes# official letters and
private letters written by rulers and the books like
Akbarnama,The-.f^kbari/ Ruqqat a-i-Alamgiri/ all these
together form the sources of Mughal history.
The official coxirt historians were not properly
grounded in historical writings* they were not impartial
as historians should be, they were paid servants of the
kings and some element of flattery exagerations is likely
to creep in the historical accounts but intelligent his
torian of the present can very well eliminate tne flattery
part while reading their books. Another major draw-back
in the writing is their ignorance of economic and social
forces working behind all the events of the Mughal period,
^ focus of historians were tne kings* the princes and
nobles/ the description is mainly concerned with war and
conquests but the study of history in Modern time is a
complex affair* the modern Historians are using various
tools from economics* sociology and other disciplies.
This has given new dimentions to the study of history.
We have a niomber of historians of Mughal history who
have tried to bring out new aspects of Mughal period. These
historian to mention a few are Qanoongo * Jadxinath -
3
stxucture proves disastrous also for one pre colonical
economy. The Mughal system left little with the pea
santry to invest in improvement of agriculture and to
provide a market for the tool techniques and good of
other.
In 1966,also from Aligarh appeared yet another
major study of tne sxobject in M. Athar All's excellent
work on the nobility and their politics in the late
seventeenth century. Athar Ali provided quantitative
support to satish Chandra's study in these two studies,
the problems attending the annexation of the Deccan
State; the absorption of the Marathas and the Decanis
into the i-iughal nobility, and the subsequent shortage of
Jagir's home the pride of place.
Irfan Habib,Potentialities of capitalistic development
in the economy of Mughal India,Enquiry New series 1113,
writer 1971, PP. 1-56. »
M. /ithar rtli the i^iughal Mobil i ty under Aurangzeb, Bcxnbay,
1966, r e p r i n t , 1970.
The s o c i a l , econcsnic and p o l i t i c a l development of
India in the centxary and a ha l f t h a t l i e s between the
accession of /^kbar and the death of Aurangzeb shows some
remarkable c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . The Mughal cour t with i t s
pe r s ian i sed r u l e r s was a cen t re of c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t y such
't
Sarkar* Sri Ram Sharma. Beni Prasad ..Ishwari
Prasad, R.C, Majximdar/ Butta Mahajan and Dr. Tarachand
and among the younger historian in Mughal India Irfan
Habeeb is Towering personolity he used economic tools
towering personality he used economic tool to study .
agarians form in Mughal India and Dr. Sateesh Chandra
who dealt with the nobility. In 1963/ Irfan Habeeb from
Aligar^ attempted on in depth analysis of the Collapse
of the empire in his seminal work/ the ^granian system of
Mughal India. .riccording to habib/ the mechanism of
collection of revenues that the Hughals ev ved was
inherently flawed . If on the one hand the imperial
policy was to set the revenue at the highest rate possible
so as to secure the greatest military strength of the
empire. The nobler on the other, tended to squeeze the
maximuro from their jagir-? even it ruined the peasantry
and destroyed the revenue-paying capacity of the area for
all time. The noble, whose jagirs were liable to be
transferred frequently, could never follow a far sighted
policy of agricultural development. In some areas the
peasants were even deprived of their means of survival.
By the late 1700 s the burden on the peasants thus/ became
unbearable. In many areas* they took flight or teo refused
to pay the revenue and were up in arms.'Ehe Mughal authority
;i
as no North Indian court had been since the time of
Bhoja/ the Parraara emperor of Dhar. Not only the
emperors/ but the ladies of the royal household from
ri\imayun's mother to Zebunissa* the famous daughter of
rturangzeb, were patrons of art and letters* cultivated
people interested in beautiful things* gardens* pain
tings* carpets* fine buildings and in the encouragement
of poets* scholars and thinkers. Akbar's generosity to
scholars and his deep interest in religious and philo-
sopical matters brought scholars from all parts of Asia
to his court. The interest of the Mughals in matters
of the spirit was reflected in the higher officialdom
and aristocracy, Abdur Rahman Khan-i-Khanan* the premier
noble and the son of the regent Bairam Khan, was a
scholar and poet not only in Persian but in Hindi and
is counted even now among the masters of Hindi litera-
tvire. The two brothers Abul Fazal and faizi were noted
writers and while both were interested in religious
thought* as became the sons of Mubarak, Abdul Fazal's
contributions were more of a descriptive and political
character while Faizi* his more learned brother* was a
poet of distinction and earned fame as the translator of
Hindu classics into Persian, Of the Hindu grandees at
the court* Todar Mai* the revenue minister was himself
r,
the author or at least the active patron of Todarananda/
a comprehensive work on Hindu Dharma Sastras. Prithvi
dingh iiathore, the author of Veli Krishna Rugminire/ was
also one of the Rajput princes attached to Akbar's court.
In fact Persian, Sanskrit and Hindi seem to have received
equal patronage at the hands of the emperor and his nobles.
History;
Special attention was paid during this period to
Historiography, r\ mere enumeration of all the historical
works produced during the period will occupy a lot of space
and serve no useful purpose. The most outstanding works
therefore, alone are described. In the reign of Akbar,
i^ul Fazl wrote Akbarnama and Ain-i->ikbari which are unique
in their character. The language of akbarnama is so ornate
and grandiloquent that it gets on the nerves of western
readers v^o fail to appreciate that the author has tried
to couch the glories of his great patron in terms ccttnmen-
sxirace with them. r^in-i-^kbari ^resents such a detailed
account of the organisation of government, philsophy and
literature of the people as is nowhere met with in medieval
historiography. Badaoni's Muntakhab-ut-tawarikh which
passes stringent strictures against the religious policy
of the Eknperor. It contains much other useful and interes
ting material too but as a piece of literature it is very
mediocre. Other notable works of this period are Tabqat-i-
i-ikbari by Nizamuddin Ahmad and Tarikh-i-Alfi-a joint work
-7 t
In the re ign of Janangir Iqbalnama was composed by
Hutxnid Khan, Maas i r - i - Jahang i r i by Khwaja Kanigar, Makhzan-
i-Afghani by Niamatullah, Ta r ikh - i -Fa r i sh t a by Mxihainmad
wasim Fer i sh ta and Maasir-i-Rahimi by Mulla Nahawandi.
The most important work of the re ign of Shanjahan's
Padshahnama by Abdul Hamid Lahori although Shahj ahannama
by Inayat Khan, Padshahnama by wazwini and Amal Saleh by
iiuhammad Saleh are a l so use fu l . In the re ign of Aurangzeb,
Khafi Khan wrote M\intakhab-ul-lubab, Sujan i^ay Khatri wrote
Khulasat-ut- tawarikh and Ishwar Das Fatuhat- i -Alamgir i ,
The successors of aurangzeb had t h e i r own h i s t o r i a n s but
the most not able work deal ing with the h i s t o r y of the Later
Mughals i s Siyar-ul-Mutakhir in , Many p rov inc ia l h i s t o r i e s
were a l so compiled, the most notable among which i s M i r a t - i -
rthmadi.
Hindi L i t e r a t u r e ;
In the Brajbhasa and Awadhi d i a l e c t s of Hindi many
exce l l en t works were composed about a l l of whom i t i s
impossible to speak here even in the most concise manner.
The poets of t h i s per iod may be divided i n t o 5 groups:
(1) Premmargi Sufis , (2) Nirguna Panthi san t s , (3) Rama Bhakti
Shakha, (4) Krishna Bhakti Shakha and (5) R i t i k a l i n Shakha,
p a i n t i n g ;
The pictures executed by Hindu artists, Abul Fazal
declarres,"surpass our conception of things; few indeed in
the whole world are foxind to equal them". Of the masters in
akbar•s court Abdus Samad the Persian was the doyen: the
great Basawan and Daswanth soon established the technique
of the new scnool which ousted the popularity of Persian
paintings. Akbar himself sat for the artists and the
nobles of his court were commanded to have their portraits
painted for the imperial collection.
Just as the Mughals made a special contribution to
the art oi book-making although they overlooked the advan-
taiges of printing to promotion of learning among the masses^
similarly, they made a special contribution in the field of
painting as well.
Babar's appreciation of the art of Bihzad and the
manner of his portrayal of nat\iral scenes suggests that he
was gifted with tne talent of a painter. But he did not
have adequate leisure to develop his potentialities in this
regard, riumayun was also interested in painting and when
he went into Persia he contacted local talent and induced
Mir Sayyad Ali and Khwaja Abdus Samad to enter his service
when better times returned. He was still at Kabul when
they joined him. He took lessons in painting himself aind
put Akbar also under their charge.
On Humayun's restoration to India, these two painters
accompanied him. Thus Akbar got the services of these
master painters from the very outset and he employed them
in building up an Indian School of painting, ^kbar showed
9
great respect to foreign painters but he was averse to
depending on mere imported talent. He therefore collected
local people with artistic potentialities and placed them
Tinder the guidance of Mir Sayyad Ali and Abdus Samad who
trained them in the intricacies of the art.
Under Jahangir, painting reached its highest water
mark. No attempt was made to portray the prophet of scenes
connected with his life. This was done to respect the
religious susceptibilities of orthodox Muslims. The Timu-
rids were interested in painting but they had no intention
of provoking needless opposition. The Hindus had no such
inhibitions. Hence* there was no bar to illustrating
Kamayana and Mahabharata, Similarly, saints and philosophers
who were not averse to portraiture were chosen as motifs
for painting. It may, therefore, be braodly asserted that
i'luyhal jjainters scrupulously avoided religious motifs, such
as i'iUhammad, the temple at f-iecca, Kaaba, or a congregation
engaged in prayer,
Arctt±tect\ire;
The Indo-Islamic architecture is not therefore the
special gift of the wughals, but the greater luxury and
the unexampled wealth of the emperors enabled them to erect
buildings of supreme beauty, lay out gardens wh±ch still
give pleasure to millions, and even erect whole new cities.
jn
Under Akbar;
The most famous bu i ld ings of the re ign of Akbar
are loca ted a t Fatehpur S i k r i , Here he b u i l t palaces and
res idences for himself and h i s consor ts / o f f i ces for the
s taff and a mosque whose gateway occupies an important
place in the Mughal moniiments. The most remarkable c i v i l
s t r u c t u r e s a t 5 ik r i are Jodhba i ' s Palace* B i r b a l ' s Palace/
the Golden palace of Karyam-uz-zamani/ and the T\irkish
o u l t a n a ' s Palace, The decora t ive elements in these palaces
are of a high order and the Golden palace:.has obvious
Hindu f e a t u r e s .
Under Jahang i r ;
The successor of Akbar was more i n t e r e s t e d in pa in
t i n g . Hence/ during h i s r e ign , a r c h i t e c t u r e did not make
much headway. Among the bu i ld ings of h i s re ign the more
remarkable are the Tcanb of Etmad-ud-daula a t Agra and the
Khusrau Bagh a t Allahabad, In Etmad-ud-daula*s tomb p i e t r a
dura work wc-s for the f i r s t time used on wn extensive sca l e .
Under a iahlahan;
Under Shahjahan/architectvire reached i t s h ighes t
development. He was fond of e rec t ing bu i ld ings and he had
given evidence of h i s re f ined t a s t e when s t i l l a p r ince .
Most of n i s bu i ld ings are found in Delhi or Agra, He planned
a new c i t y i n s ide the f o r t and ca l l ed i t Shahjahanabad.
Within the fo r t the Diwan-i-Am and the Diwan-i-Khas have
r
been adorned with finest pietra dura work. It appears
as if the art of the painter and the jeweller has been
rendered in stone. Outside the fort, he built a Jama
Mosque which is the largest and the most remarkable mosque
of this period.
Equally important from the general point of view
was the building activity of the great princes in this
periid. The domestic architecture of the Hindus underwent
a very notable change. The great palaces that the Hindu
grandees built in their capitals imitated the Diwan-i-khas/
jjiwan-i—Am, Shish Mahal and the Baradari of the imperial
palaces and the resultant architecture differed both from
the earlier. Hindu mansions and frcxn the Mughal palaces.
The great palace of Bir Singh Bundela, the old fort at
Bikaner, the palaces at Udaipur, Jodhpur and Amber are
among surviving examples of this great period of architecture.
presses;
The manner of clothing also changed greatly. Early
in the sixteenth century Nanak had bewailed the fact that
the Hindus had adopted^.ithe dress and manners of the Muslims.
The Alb\im of Jehangir preserved in the Berlin Museum shows
that even the rulers of distant kutch and Nawanagar had
in that emperor's time begun to put on the Mughal dress
and the portraits of xiajput nobles from the time of Man Singh
1 X >4
show that apart from the caste mark which distinguished
the Hindu/ the dress of both Hindu and Muslim nobles was
practically identical. Of coiarse the ordinary Hindu still
wore his dhoti, as he does now, but the higher classes
accepted the pyjamas and the chapkan as the ceremonial
custume befitting their position. Every one of the Rajput
princes whose painting has come down to us, except Maharana
Pratap, is portrayed in his court dress and that is in itself
sufficient evidence of the general acceptance of Mughal
habits and manners by the higher nobility.
Libraries;
The Mughal emperors were great collectors of books.
The imperial library was a trasure hOBse of every kind of
literature. In Akbar's time it consisted of 24,000 manus
cript volumes many of his choice, he declared his language
to be an earthern vessel which contained amrit while
oanskrit was a jewelled and rare cup of extreme beauty which
held poison.
Music;
Music a l so made grea t progress during t h i s per iod.
Both Babar and Humayun v/ere i n t e r e s t e d in music and poetry .
Akbar had a la rge troupe of exce l l en t musicians a t h i s cour t .
When he neard of the fame of Tansen, a court-musician of
Rama-chandra ., the Raja of Bhata, he sent a reques t to the
l a t t e r to send tne rnaster-niusician to h i s coxirt. The Raja
had no means t o refuse and was forced t o comply. When
i;i
Tansen came to Agra/ he became he head of the royal
musicians and earned wide fame and popularity.
The chief new musicians under Jahangir were Jahangir-
dad/ Chatr Khan, Parwizdad/ Khurramdad, Makhu and Hamza,
Shahjahan evinced greater interest in music and had a
number of excellent dancing girls. Shahjahan was parti
cularly fond of Dhrupad,
In the reign of ^urangzeb music was ceremoniously
buried amid loud lamentations of its votaries and curses
of the Emperor not to show itself again.
Position of women;
The position of women in society, Jijabai* the mother
of Sivaji,however is more typical. She is the type of the
devoted dindu mother, strong-willed and autocratic in the
nome, but wholly subordinating herself to the interests of
her children. On the whole Hindu womanhood maintained its
tradition, receiving its strength from religion and usage,
but in proportion to the general advancement which the
period shows, there is no evidence of progress.
Mixed marriages;
During this period there was a large floating popu
lation of bastards as a result of illicit love and disregard
of social regulations about marriage. Where women were
numerically inferior, men did not always bother about the
caste of. tne woman and congratulated themselves on securing
14
a woman of any class or community. This led to mixed
marriages which were very common among the Jats and the
Punjabis. They accepted even Muslim wives after a rough
and ready method of purification. Many people owned
slave-girls and concubines. This too swelled up the
ranks of illegal children. In the coastal regions/
Persians, Arabs, Portuguese and other Europeans often
inter-married among tne local people and thus created
ozher groups ol hall-castes whicn led to the emergence
or new castes althougn tnere were many sects which dis
couraged caste as a social institution,
Sconomic and Industrial Conditions;
Of the economic and industrial conditions of India
the Kughdl times, we have ample evidence from a variety
of sources. They have also been the subjects of detailed
study by competent scholars so that Wie picture of the
time can be filled up with a fair measure of accuracy.
The main centres of the empire were connected by a rea
sonable road system. Sher Shah had ccxnpleted the Grand
Trunk Koad whicn follows practically the same alignment
today from Peshawar to Bengal, Bengal was one of tne main
provinces of the empire and communication with it nad at
all times to be in an efficient State, Another important
road connected ^gra with ^hmedabad and from there to
Sujat, the gateway to i ecca and to the cominerce of the
world. This road passed tnrough Bayana and Gwalior and
was the main commercial route of the empire.
i:i
Caravanserais* dharmashalas at convenient distances*
long avenues of trees over large stretches piaus or
places,for providing wa-feer and other conveniences
existed on these roads, Along tne Ganges the waterways
were very popular and fleets of river-boats sailed down
this great highway at frequent intervals from Allahabad
to Bengal, The boats were of considerable size and bottoms
of two hundred tons carrying goods were not unfamiliar
sights on the river.
The i3eccan campaigns which were* as we have seen,
a regular feature of imperial policy kept the road to the
south in a state of reasonable repair. Reinforcements
had constantly to be sent* changes in ccxnmand were fre
quent and the generals being men of the highest positiogj
had to keep up a regular communication not of the national
State, he did fighting for it. But the empire which only
his personality held together fell to pieces with svir-
prising rapidity. The usual wars of succession, and the
rapid change of emperors gave the State no chance to recover
or to exert its authority over the provinces. The one State-
man of ability whicn the Delhi coxort produced at the time,
rtsaf Jah Nizara-ul-mulk, after vainly attempting to stem
the tide retired to the viceroyalty of the Deccan, which
he governed in a State of semi-independence. The Marathas
It;
xinder the guiding genius of Raj aram and Tara Bai had
resisted successfully Aurangzeb's last and vain effort
to put down Maratha nationalism/ and vmder the Peshwas*
the first of whom/ Balaji Viswanath/ assumed authority
on delegation from King Sahu at Satara, were ready to
move forward and bring \ander their control areas which
had till then been xinder the occupation of the Mughals.
Finance and Revenue;
Organisation of the Finance Department; The fiscal policy
of the Mughal Empire was entrusted to a separate depart
ment headed by the Jiwan-i-Ala or Wazir, But before Akbar's
relorms/ conditiibns were different. Under Humayun, this
was distributed over three departments called Daulat/Murad
and Saadat,
The head of the department was called Diwan-i-Ala.
But for reasons of administrative convenience he appointed
a number of officers to assist him and clearly defined
tneir respective duties. Perhaps the most important among
them w§s the Mustaufi who acted as the accountant general
of the empire. Diwan-i-Jagir who exercised administrative
control over jagirs. Fourth was Diwan-i-Buyutat who was
to look after State factories called the Karkhanas and
heirless ^coyerty, /\ fifth man, called Tauj ih look into
the accounts of the military department. Then there ; ere
Mushrifs for auditing account? of different departments/
sections or individual karkhanas.
17
Revenues of the State:
The revenue of the State was constantly fluctuating.
This was mainly due to three reasons;
(1) Changes in the territorial limits of the empire,
C2) Changes in .the rate of taxes and
(3) Changes in taxes raised.
Sources of revenue;
(1) Zakat: It was realized only from the Muslims at
the rate of 1/40 of their property. It was not
to be demanded froom the poor,
(2) Customs duties: The duty on imports and exports
was 2V2 Z" °d valorem for Muslims and 5% for Hindus.
This had been the usual rate \inder the Sultanate
of Delhi.
(3) Salt tax; The Emperor had monopoly rights over the
Salt Range in the Punjab and Sambhar Lake in Rajpu-
tana. The revenue derived from salt of these two
places went into the central coffers.
(4) Khums: The state had exclusive right over certain
mines while tnose worked by private enterprise paid
a tax amounting to V5 of their total annual income.
The state received a similar share in treas\ire-troves
and war-body, All these sources of income were collec
tively known as the Khums.
IS
(5) State Trading; The state owned more than 100
karkhanas. Most of them were locatedrin the
capital while the rest were scattered all over
the empire.
(6) Jizya; Jizya had been uniformly imposed on the
in the early medieval age although one author
suggests that Alauadin probably wrote it off when
he increased the land-tax. It continued to be
levied under Babar and Humayjin.
(7) Escheats; Jahangir had made the state heir to the
property of all the nobles.
(8) Land Revenue; The Emperor was regarded as the legal
master of all land within tlie empire but in practice
no farmer was deprived of land under his cultivation.
It would therefore not be improper to hold that
real and practical ownership of land vested in the
peasant. The peasants in Jagirdari lands paid taxes
to the j agirdar in accordance with the state regula
tions.
Local staff of the Land Revenue Department:
Each village had a Patwari who maintained a record
of rvillage lands. In Guj erat he was called Talati and
in riaharashtra Kulkarni,
Another unsalaried officer of tne village was the
Mukhiya or the local headman. He was called riuqaddam.
i:
Patel or Deshmukh, He was the leader and the
mouthpiece of the local population. He acted as
the link between the peasant and the government
and nelped in collection of revenue.
In the pargana there was an important hereditary
officer called the uanungo who got no regular salary.
He maintained a record of the produce and assessment
of the whole pargana on the basis of Patwari's
papers.
Changes under Janangir;
In the reign of Jahangir, tiie authority of the
government §rew lax and there was a general deterioration
which particularly affected the land-revenue system. He
tried to extend the Zabti system to Gujrat and Bengal
but we have no details about the nature and extent of his
suGcess.
Changes unaer ;3hahjahan;
adequate details about the land-revenue policy of
6hah Jahan are not available. According to Dr, Saksena,
the ^abti system did not prosper under him either,for 70%
of the land was given away in jagir,
Aurangzeb's Policy;
I'he Eajcmans of urangzeb now extant suggest that
2.)
he had ordered the assessment to range between
Y3 and 2 of 'the produce. During his reign
farming of revenue and assignments continued and
there was no imj^rovement in the lot of the peasant.
AQministration of Justice;
In Hindu and t iuslim society/ the »"uler had
no unfetttjreQ riyht of legislation at will. They
both attached great im'-'ortance to princinles or their
faiths and their h^ly books were accepted as tfye guide
in socia"" relations ana political organisation.
In the history of Islam, Law has been divided
into oharai and Urfi.
ll) Sharai Law - Tne real sovereign of the universe
is .- llcih. His cofTL-nanas tlius constitute imiversa"' law.
i'hese commands were revealed to men through God's
propnetS/ the iast among whom was Muhammad, the founder
of historical Islam, Matters which a'"e regarded as
an essential element of reliaion e.g. marriane, succes
sion, inheritance etc. fall under the Sharai law,
Tne principal component elements of the iiharai law are
the QTTRAN, HADIS, IJMA and gAYAS.
(2) Urfi Law - Rulers of different Muslim states
have from time to time issued rules and regulations.
21.
based on just.ice and fair play, bearing on matters
like trade, property, war, taxation, etc. These are
collectively known as the Urfi law. In interpreting and
applying the Urfi law a judge was allowed considerable
discretion. But in resi-ect of Sharai law, he had no such
freedom and had to abide strictly by the views of approved
jurists.
Religious Policy;
The religious policy of a state depends on contem
porary conditions, past traditions and religious beliefs
of its people on the one hand and individual predilections
of the rulers on the other. There are some rulers who
are more generous and enlightened try to harmonise their
thoughts with the aspirations of the people
Religious policy of nkbar;
Akbar based his policy on his own experiences, the
condition of the people and political exigencies of the
hour, and once formulated enforced it with vigour and con
fidence. He gave full freedom of religious worship and
propagation of views to all creeds and communities and
abolished all religious restrictions and taxes which inter
fered with it. iie followed the same policy in regard to
the Jizya. Everycody was permitted to erect new places of
worship for his co-religionists.
z?.
Religious policy of Jahanqir;
Jahangir's pxxblic policy was also liberal. He did
not seek to revive the Jizya or the Pilgrim tax and the
Hindus still occupied high office and enjoyed the freedom
to erect new temples. Consequently in Mathura, Gokul and
Bindaban many new temples were built ana maintain places
of worship for'themselves. His action affected only an
individual or a particular locality and each instance of
alleged religious persecution had some non-religious motive
at its base. He gradually helped in building up a background
for later religious persecution and he seems to have been
more anxious to keep the Muslims satisfied than the members
of other communities. It is therefore difficult to say that
he had adopted a policy of religious intolerance or prese-
cution.
Religious policy of Shahjahan;
Orthodox Muslims did not like the views of Akbar and
Jahangir and there was some resentment among them, Shahjahan
was V 4 Rajput by parentage. But from the very outset/ he
was more staunchly attached to the tenets of Islam. He was
regular in roza and namaz and as long as he was in the
capital he never neglected the roza. He also assumed the
role of a defender and propagator of Islam. He spent
ks. 30/000/- every year in public charities in the month of
Ramzan and sent forty to fifty thousand rupees every for
cnarities at Mecca.
2,1
Aurangzieb:
He was a staunch law-afc>iding Muslim. He observed
the Roza and Namaz/ led a life without blemish and spent
a large part of his time in meditation and prayer. He had
faith and trust in GOD and his desire was to strengthen
Islam as a means of converting the Timurid Empire in his
country into a predominantly Islamic government. But he
failed in the attempt. Forced by circumstances/ he had still
to assign about 25/4 of the higher mansabs to Hindus. His
regulations regarding wine and music were disregarded even
by Muslims and his policy of discrimination made the Hindus
determined enemies of Islamic government but failed to win
for him the confidence of iiuslims. He ^ays that GOD was
the witness that he had taken up arms only in the defence
of Islam.
Many important developments took place in the religious
domain as well. A man has both vices and virtues but most
of the religious leaders led exemplary moral life.
Akbar's talent for harmony and synthesis*Tulsi's regard
for the social norms,^ivaji and Rana Pratap's love of liberty
Axorangzeb's trust in God's mercy and protection to inspire
people to progress even to this day. Judged from modern stan
dards, tne medieval age may nave had its short-comings but
it was not devoid of ennobling and elevating forces. For a
proper evaluation and solution of modern problems,for their
successes and faiixires, therefore* an intelligent study of medie
val India history may prove very enlightening.
PART - TWO
BIBLIOGRAPHY
2f
1, ADMIiMlSTRATION, BABAR, MUGHAL INDIA
Keene, Henry George, Turks io India: Critical chapt. on the
Administration of that country by the Chugtai, Babar and his
decendants. London Allen, 1879 ( V) XVI, 255 P. Map.
Intends to show monographs characters, epoch and incidents
from Babar's invasions upto 1761, Reasons for fall of Mughal
empire are also described,
2. ADMIIMISTRAIIUN, DUTCH SOURCES
Morel and. W.H, A dutch account of Mughal administrative methods.
Journal of Indian history 4U) ; Apr 1925: 69-83.
"General administration as gleaned fron Dutch sources and
archives",
3 . ADMII^ISTRATION, PARMAN, AKBAR, MUGHAL INDIA
A n s a r i , Mohammad R a z a . A v e r y e a r l y farman of A k b a r . I n d i a n
h i s t o r y c o n g r e s s p r o t h i r t y s i x t h s e s s i o n g 1 9 7 8 : P . 3 5 8 - 5 7 .
A number of d o c u m e n t s r e l a t i n g t o t h e g r a n t s i n c l u d i n g
Farcaans p a r w a a a h a s b - u l hukms e t c , a n e s t i l l p r e s e r v e d i n t h e
h a n d s of t h e f a m i l y . Among t h e s e docvunent i s a v e r y e a r l y
Farman of Akbar which was i s s u e d i n f a v o u r of M u l l a H a f i z , t h e
g r e a t g r e e d g r a n d - f a t h e r of M u l l a Qu tbudd in t h e h i s t o r i c a l
i m p o r t a n c e of t h i s Farman i s t h a t i t was i s s u e d on 1 s t Dec^nber
1559 Ad, when Akbar ^ti3is 17 y e a r s and n o e a r l i e r f a rman of Akbar
h a s y e t b e e n p u b l i s h e d i n Fd C s i m i l e .
2;i
4 . AiJMINISTRATlON , FARMANS, SHAH JAHAN, MUGHAL INDIA
Verraa 3R , Some i unpx in l i shed) Mughal Farraans of t h e y e a r
1068 rt. I n d i a n H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s , V o l . I / 1970 .
The S i x Fa rmans / which h a v e b e e n t a k e n up h e r e f o r d i s
c u s s i o n a r e t h e e a r l i e s t among t h e document which a r e i n t h e
p o s s e s s i o n of t h e f a m i l y and s n e d seme l i g h t on i m p o r t a n t
e v e n t s r e l a t i n g t o t h e war o r s u c c e s s i o n . A s t u d y of t h e s e
f a r r aans snows t h a t t h e news of d e f e a t a t Dharmat i s r e c e i v e d
by S n a h j a h a n on 2 4 t h of S h a a b a n . When he i s on h i s way from
Agra t o D e l h i ,
5 . AnivilNTSTRATION^FARMANS, SHAH JAHAN, GUJRAT, MUGHAL INDIA
J h a u e r i / K r i s h a n l a l / M , Sc«ne f a r m a n s of Shah Jahan> _Mad.Rev.
4 8 ( 1 ) ; J u l y 1 9 3 0 : 2 7 - 3 0 .
T h e r e was many Farmans f o u n d e d i n G u j r a t t h e S h a n t i d a s
J h a v e r i was w e l l known a l l o v e r G u j r a t h e was known a s N a g a r -
s h e t h of Ahmedabad and t h e i s i agarshe th f a m i l y of t h a t p l a c e
s t i l l , c o n s i e s on t h e n o b l e t r a d i t i o n s founded by h im.
The E m p e r o r s a d d r e s s e d him a s Zubda t u l - A k r a n , t h e c h o s e n
(one) of t h e a g e and i n a l l r o y a l f a r m a n s h e b u i l d many t e m p l e .
S h a h t i d a s h a d g r e a t i n f l u e n c e a t t h e Moghal C o u r t .
6 . ADi^ilNISTRATIOW, FAUJDARS MDGHAL INDIA
S i d d i q i * Noman, P u l l s and p r e s s u r e s on t h e F a u j d a r u n d e r t h e
M u g h a l s . I n d i a n H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s P r o c of t h e 2 9 t h S e s s i o n
1967-68 P a r t I ; P . 2 5 0 - 6 2 .
2 i i
There is given in this article that Faujdar was
direct representative of tne imperial government at the
level of local administration namely the aujdari.
Here, has mentioned the limitations which arose frcxn;
1. The relationship between the Faujdar and uari
2. The relationship between the Faujdar and the news
reporters.
3. The presence of a vocal public opinion within the Faujdar,
7 . ADMINISTRATION, FIWrtKClAf, (HIiSiDUd)
Irfan Habib- The System of Bills of Exchange (Hindis)
in the Mughal Empire,Indian History Congress/1973,190-303
Two separate "exchange rates" existed one for merchant,
tne other for Sarrafs; that the Sarrafs, when they drew
hundis always gained a premium, while merchants had always
to pay discounts.
8 . ADMIWISTRATI01%=, F I K A I M C I A L , S H E R SHAH
M i s r a , S a t i s h C , R e v e n u e s y s t e m o f S h a h J a h a n 3 7 ( 1 ) ;
f A p r , 1 9 5 9 i 5 7 - 6 6 . J o u x ' n a l o f I n d i a n H i s t o r y .
F i n a n c i a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f S n e r Shah n a s b e e n d i s c u s s e d "
9 . AiJinlisilSTR^^TIOiN, FINANCIAL, SHAH J A H A K
Tripathi, Ram Prasaa, Tne administration of Sher Snah
Journal of Indian History, 1 (l); 1921/22; 126-46.
2 '
" A d m i n i s t r a t i o n i n g e n e r a l h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d i n c l u d i n g
f i n a n c i a l and M i l i t a r y a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s y s t e m s .
10 . ADr.Ix\ISTRAriON^-GOVEKilERS^CONFLICTS MUGH^O. IMDIA
P a y , B .C . t-iughal G o v e r n o r s a n d t h e R a j a of Knura I n d i a n
H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s p r o c e e d i n g of t h e 2 1 s t S e s s i o n 1958
I r i v a n d r x i m ; P . 3 9 8 .
O r i s s a u n d e r J a h a n g i r e n t e r e d i n t o a p e r i o d of c o n f l i c t
b e t w e e n t h e Mughal G o v e r n o r s and t h e R a j a of Khurda , t h e
o b j e c t of t h e Mughal G o v e r n o r s was t o r e d u c e t h e R a j a of
Khurda t o s u b m i s s i o n b e c a u s e t h e R a j a , a s a d e s c e n d a n t of
t n e riindu r o y a l f a m i l y of O r i s s a , was p r o u d of h i s p o s i t i o n .
i j u r iny t h e g o v e r n o r s h i p of riashim Khan P a s h , P u r u s h o t t a m
Deva t h e R a j a of Khurda t o u g h t a g a i n s t hira b u t h e was f o r c e d
t o a h u m i l i a t i n g t r e a t y .
A f t e r t h e d e p a r t u r e of S h a h j a h a n from O r i s s a Ahmad Beg
a g a i n a c t e d a s G o v e r n o r . B u t t h e R a j a r e m a i n e d f i r m i n h i s
p o s i t i o n and r e f u s e d t o s u r r e n d e r t o t h e Mughal a u t h o r i t y ,
1 1 , ADMIMISTRATIOM, « GOVERNBR ORISSA MUGHAL INDIA
rtCharya, P . Two f o r g o t t e n Mughal s u b e d a r s of O r i s s a . I n d i a n
H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s P r o c - o f t h e 1 3 t h S e s s i o n , N a g p u r ; i y 5 0 s P . 2 1 9 .
" L i s t of Mughal G o v e r n o r s of ffirissa" F u r n i s h e s such i n f o r
m a t i o n a s i s r e c o r d e d i n t h e P e r s i a n So \ i r ce s R .D, B a n e r j i
w i s h e s t h a t "we do n o t know a s y e t who was g o v e r n i n g t h e p r o
v i n c e from 1678 t i l l a b o u t t h e end of t h e 1 7 t h C e n t u r y h e
m e n t i o n s Abu Noor Khan 11682) ,Akram Khan (1697) .
28
1 2 . HiJi^-ilx.ISrRi^TIOlNl* GOVLi-iKUKS / SH.AH JAtiAri
A t h a r A l l , M P r o v i n c i a l G o v e r n o r s u n d e r Shah J a h a n : An a n a l y s i s
I n d i a n H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s , V o l , 1 ; 1970i P . 2 8 8 - 3 1 4 .
T h e r e i s g i v e n t h a t Shah J a h a n ' s r e i g n ( i . e . 30 y e a r s )
l u n n a r a r e c o v e r e d by t h e d e t a i l e d o f f i c i a l c h r o n i c l e / t h e
Badshah IJaraa, w r i t t e n by L a h a u r i and W a r i s ' ( t h e t h i r d decade )
Fo r t h e r e m a i n i n g p e r i o d of two y e a r s we h a v e t o depend upon
t h e A m a l i - S a l i h .
The main t a b l e s e e k s t o g i v e f o r each p r o v i n c e a l i s t
of i t s G o v e r n o r s * w i t h t h e f u l l d u r a t i o n of t h e i r t e r m s of
o f f i c e i n t e r r a s of t h e r e g h a l y e a r s of Shah J a h a n .
1 3 . AuHlUISTxiA^lUh GENiuRi^ , JAriAhGlK MUonAL INDIA
Beni Prasad • The Mughal government with special reference
to the reign of Jahangir, Journal of Indian History 1 ll) ;
1921/22: 92-125.
nughal general administration during Jahangir's rule
has been described".
14. ADMINISTRATION GENERAL/- JAHANGIR MUGHAL INDIA
Mughal government with specia l reference to the re ign of
uahangir 1 (2) ; 1921/22: 265-75. Journal of Indian History.
General adminis t ra t ion of Hughals in J a h a n g i r ' s re ign" .
2)
15. ADMINISxRATIQN r~ JAHANGIR MUGHAL INDIA
Moreland, w'illiam Harrison tr. Jahangir India: Remons-
trantic ' of trancoys pelsaent Cambridge Heffer, 1925,
^VII , 88P Originally written in 1626.
Is tne English translation of the book by Palsdert who
served Dutch East India Co. He reached Sxirat in December
1620. He remained at Agra for 7 years. His experiences
at Agra in the Mughal Court are described. India, yield
of the Land/ administration of the co\antry, manners, marriage
superstitions and Hindu religion are also described.
1 6 . ADMIxaSTRATIOiM # JAHAMGIiK, M - I
Ma'asiri - Jahangiri 8 (2); Aug. 1929: 173-81 Journal of
Indian History.
"Contemporary affairs of Jahangir's reign have been
dealt here".
]L7 ADMINISTRATION * JURISPRUDENCE & JUSTICE SHAHJAHAN
Sell, A - Shahjahan, Gustice and Punishment: Some inte
resting ancedotes jqod Rev. 111(6); July 1962: 455-59.
"Interesting incidents of administering justice and
crime punishment from the rule of Shah Jahan have been
dealt with".
18. >iDMINISTRATION, MILITARY CAVALARY / AKBAR
Sharma, Pasharatha: Akbar, cavalry: the Jat and Sawar
ranks 5(3); Dec.1926: 359-66, Journal of Indian History.
"Military administration of Akbar in general and his
C a v a l a r v i n a a r t l C U l « r f o r m -t-h** eiTihlfa<--h ma+-'»-ar- n,i= - l - h i e aT-*--ir.l
:'ii)
1 9 . .^iDKIi>lISTR/i^ION, MONOTHBISM , AKBAR
Lai/ K.S, Akbar's devine monotheism Indian History Congress
1st tr. session 1951: P. 193,
All works o£ Akbar had a correct planning a beginning
and an end. His work of art and administration had a definite
plan. Similarly his study of comparative religions which
began in the discussions of the Ibadat Khana had a happy
culmination in the Din I lahi. Din Illahi was not new
religion he only snowed the people the way to fraternity and
peace,
2 0 , ^iDi-iI .JlorKi^riOiSl , MUGHAliS H Y D E ^ ^ H B A D
Ahmad, M,B, The Mughal Emperors were whole time public servants
I, 189 -197.
The ruznamchas collected in the Datgri - Diwani in Hyderabad
Deccan India Throw a good deal of light on the actual working
of the machinery of the administration vmder the Mughals,
2 1, ADMIlsiISTRATION , POLITICAL*, AKBAR
Mujeeb, M. Akbar 40(3); Dec. 1962; 125-45 Journal of Indian
History,
"Analysis of Akbar as successful ruler, his political
ability, his administrative skill have been described at some
length",
22 . ADiilNISTRATIOK,PUBLIC AFPAIRS , • MUGHALS
inayat Ullah, Comp, Kalima-i- tayylbat,, 1711 A,D,
Contains notes of Auranzeb about public affairs Aspects of
3'
Mughal a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a r e a l s o d e a l t w i t h .
Has good h i s t o r i c a l i n t o r m a t i o n .
2 3 . ADi'iIi4IS'IRAiI0iN, QANUNGCV AKBAR MUGHAL INDIA
J a f r i 3,2 H u s s a i n - The S a r k a r j a n u n g o i 1 6 t h 1 7 t h Centxiry
document I n d i a n H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s 1 9 8 5 ,
The f i r s t docvunent i s a Farraan of Akbar i s s u e d i n t h e 1597
makes i t c l e a r . P r i n c e Murad who was G o v e r n o r of Malwa/had
s e n t h i s own P e s h k a s h ( g i f t ) w i t h M a t h u r a Das# who was
t h e r e a s qanungo a a r k a r . Duty of ganungos was r e l a t e d
t o t h e s e n d i n g of d e t a i l s of t h e c o n d i t i o n of t h e r i a y a / t h e
m u z a r i a n an and o t h e r r e s i d e n t s of t h e S a r k a r t o t h e C o u r t ,
2 4 , t^i-ilUldx^-iAriOl^i , u^NUNGO , AURAINGZEB i4UGHAL INDIA
B h a t t / S,K, f i v e p e r s i a n document of A u r a n g z e b ' s R e g i o n
from Malwa. I n d i a n H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s , V o l , 1 : 1 9 7 8 ; P . 398-401
Most of t h e document a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e o f f i c e of t h e
wanungo/ S a r k a r B i j a g a r h i n t h e Subah of Malwa. T h e r e a r e
Yad d a s h t a , pu rwanah H u n d i , Pu rwancha - purwanah .
2 5 . A D i a i N X d r j ^ r t l l O N , R£GUI/Ax^I01^iSrAUKHi;GZEB MUGHAL I N D I A
Laiq Ahmad Prime Minister of Aurangzeb, Allahabad, Chugh
•Publ ica t ions , 1976, VII, 160 P.
Deals with i n s t i t u t i o n of Wizarat and r u l e s of Wariss
under the l a s t g rea t Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. I s based on
pers ian and non-persian sources;
32
2 6 . ADMINlSTRATIONo,REVEl>JUES,BABAR MUGHAL INDIA
Miibarak /ili, Lahribandari a historical port of Sind
Journal of that Fakistan historical society(Pakistan);1985;
33(3) :151-162.
Lahribandar was the main port of Sind between the 14th
and 17 centuries though its exact location is unknown Revenue
increased with arrival of the European, first the portuguese
and then the English in the 16th and early 17th centxiries an
English factory being established in 1635, and the main exports
being textiles and luxury goods it importance was reduced
after the all of in 1635; by the mid 17th century
the port began to deteriorate due to sitting and its appears
to have been abandoned during the 18th century,
27. ADMINISTRATIONS, REGULATIONS, HUMAYUN,- MUGHAL INDIA
Khwandmir, Hvunayun-name or Kanun-i-Hc«nayuni,
a u t h o r was accompanying Hximayun i n t h e compaigns of
G u j r a t t h e t i t l e of Amir-i-Akbar ( nob le h i s t o r i a n ) was con
f e r ed upon him by Hximayun. Gives accoun t s of Huraayun e a r l y
r e g u l a t i o n s .
2 8 . ADiMIi^^ISi'RATlUN, REVEIMUE ,-i4ANAGEMENTr'GUJRAT JAGIRDARS MUGHAL
INDIA
MAHHUD,-iiASAN, Revenue documents of a pargana in Gujrat under
the Mughal Indian History Congress,vol. 33; 1969.
The docviments relating to the mughal pargana of Sarnol.
The perpose of this paper is mearly to introduce the
information contained in these document s about the hundred
3:i
and f i f t y , c o n s i s t of the F e h r i s t i -dena t t ashkhis Jama
dami t a shkh is i-sewaidah se la and Mawazana i -dahsa la .
Jama was i - i -bag i and the das tu ru l amal-al l r e l a t i n g to
pargana sa rna l . ^ de t a i l ed ana lys i s of these documents i s
l i k e l y t o y i e l d va luable .
29. ADMINISIRATION, REVENUES, SHAHJAHAN, MUGHAL INDIA
Inayat Khan, Shah Jahan Nama , 87 folios.
Manuscript in Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain
and Ireland, Author held administrative post and was on good
terms with Emperor Shah Jahan written in simple and clear
style; plain language and condensed form. Deals with Shah
Janans reign upto 1688, Accounts of revenues, princes and
nobles etc, are given.
30. AjJi-ilNISrRiiTIOlNl, S/^AIo, MUGHAL INDI^
Kumar, Rav indera , A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e S a r a i s i n Mughal
I n d i a I n d i a n H i s t o r y of Congress , V o l . 1 ; 1 9 7 8 : P . 464-72,
The i n s t i t u t i o n of s a r a i p l a y e d an i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n
t h e iiconctfnic l i f e of Mughal I n d i a . According t o R izqu l l ah
i ' lushtaqi , ciher Shah had b u i l t s a ran i n every d i r e c t i o n through
o u t h i s rea lm,
31. ADMINISTRATION, TEMPLE, URINDAVAN JAHANGIR
Mukherjee, Garapada, the Mughal administration and the
temple of Vrindavan, During the Reigns of Jahangir and Shah
Jahan, Indian history congress/ 1988, p, 287.
There is not only relationship between the Mughal
administration and the Vrindavan and this devotees, but
also on the functioning of that administration.
32. AGRARIAN., CRISIS,NORTHERN INDIA
Moosvi, Shireen.
Scarcities prices and exploitation; the agrarian crisis,
1658-70 Studies in history llndia) 1985;1(1): 45-55. The
agrarian crisis in northern India in the 1660 St was probably
the result of the ravages of the war of succession and attempts
by the raughal administration to increase its revenues.
3 3 . AGRARIALM, RELATIONS, POLICIES U . P . 1 6 t h CENTURY
Irfan Habib: Aspects Agrarian relations and economy in a
reign of Uttar Pradesh during 16th century Inaian History Congres
vol. 33; 1969 - p. 205 - 32
The Shara' it -i-Usmans reproduces a large nvimber of
documents concerned with the affaire or bearing the scale or
sign time of the qazis of Bilgram,
Most of these are deals of Sale Private superiar rights
in Land; some deals with dispute over possession of Shah rights;
and some are orders issued to officials in connection with
revenue grants and other matters broad aspects following as-
Revenue, assignment, Kevenue Grants Superior Right in Land.
34. AGRICULTURAL, GuMi-iUKIT AURANG2EB
Sangar, S.P. The lot of the agriculturists in Aurangzeb's time.
Based on a study of the Jaipur Akhbarat. Journal of Indian Histor
45 (1); April 1967: 245- 54 .
ST)
Materials from Jaipur Archives have been gleaned
to reconstruct the lot of agricultviral commxinity in
Aurangzeb's period.
33. rtiMGEOQTES , AURANGZEB
i'ew anccedote ot Aurangzeb, Mad Rev . 11(4) j April 1912:
268-69,
Tit-bits and stories about the great emperor form the
subject of this article the incident which generally do not
form the part of political and administrative history".
36, ANGEDOTES, AURANGZEB ,KUGHAL INDIA
Sarka r , Jadxinath- Ancedotes of Aurangzeb : Tr . from p e r s i a n
Mss Mod Rev. 7 ( 3 ) ; Sep 1909: 201 - 0 8 .
6(4) ; Oct 190 9 : 311 -20
6 ( 5 ) ; Nov. 1909; 421-38
6 ( 6 ) ; Dec. 1909; 515-17
"Famous Mughal h i s t o r i a n Sarkar g i v e s some s t o r i e s and
i n c i d e n t s of Auranzeb ' s r u l e which g e n e r a l l y a r e n o t i nc luded
i n formal h i s t o r i c a l a c c o u n t s " .
3 7 . ^ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, COLOUR, DECORATION
/iRCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, Delhi Fort. 1932. Central
Publication Branch, Government of India,Calcutta,P. 57
Report of Archaeological survey of India on the Delhi
fort. It describes the architectural plan of the buildings
in the fort,their colour decoration, inlay work on panesl.
3H
marble screen, ^ sketch plan of the fort is also given
which illustrates different buildings in the fort. Gardens
and their design, water supply systems, Hanans are also discussed,
38. ARCHITECTURE, COLOUR, DEC uR AT I ON, MUGHAL INDIA
Nath, R, Coloured decoration in Mughal architecture 1972 P B
Taraporewala, Bombay, P. 82
Deal with architecture of the Mughal period. It gives
the idea of colour tiles mosaic, in lay markle and coloured
Stueco motives which are found in plasty in the historical
monuments of the Maghal period very few examples have been
illustrated.
39. rtRCHITECTURE-BUILDING FATEriPUR SIKRI
Sanial, SC Some legends of Fatehpur Sikri Islamic cult 2,2;
1928; 287-90.
Discusses the origin of the square in mosaie which
measures about seven cubils each way and situated on the
North-eastern side of Shaikh Salim Chishti's cc»nb in its outer
court.
4 0 . ^ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, EXPENDITURE, S H A H J A H A K MUGHAL INDIA
Moosvi, S. Expenditure on buildings under Shah Jahan: 9 Chapter
of Imperial Financial History- Indian History Congress 1985,
Lahori the official historian of Shahjahan 1528-58)gives
the expected net revenue income (Jama) of Shahjahan empire in
1948 as 880 crore dame , In other words about 11% of the total
revenue was left for the Emperor establishment Khalisa after
3'
the salary payments of the mansabdars.
Construction on a large scale was under taken in the
very first year ox ohah Jahan reign.
41. ^^CHirECTURE BUILDlt.G,- INDUSTRIE^, KUGHAL IKDIA 15bl-1751
Maha patra, R.P. The ship building and boat building Indus
tries of medieval Orissa t 1551-1751) Indian History Congress
541; 1980 : P. 306 - 16.
During the period tinder review two place were asso
ciated in one way or the other with the building of ships and
boats and their repair viz. Balas ore and Horispur Balasore
were built both for trade ahd war,
42. ARCHITECTURE, CONSTRUCTION, TOMB MUGHAL INDIA
Chatterji, Nandlal wnen was Akbar tomb begtin Procedxore
Indian History Congress 5; 1941; 253-4,
Discuss the date of construction of ^kbars tcxnb at
Sikandra and also describes the design of the Mansdeum .
43. ARCHITECTURE-, GENERAL , DELHI MUGHAL INDIA
Sharma, Y.D, Delhi and its neighbourhood 1974, Director
General/ Hrchcological durvey of India, New Delhi/ p. 161
Brief descriptions of the history and architecture of Delhi
has been given. It also provides a brief sketch of the Indo-
Islaraic architecture.
44. ARCHITECIURE * LIBRARIES , I'iUGHnL INDIA
Asghar i xoharamad , Mughaliyab Hindustan Kay kutubkhane
3S
^ Libraries in Mughal India) Pakistani Library Butteler
(Pakistan) 1984-15 ( 3-4) ; 1-22.
The building furnishings holding and utilization of
the three types of Mughal period libraries royal private
and those affiliated with religious academies.
45. AKCHITSUCTURE HoogUiio,- D^CCA U G H AL INDIA
Abdul rt'aduel. Historic mosques of i-acca Islamic Gait 1,2;
J24-b4.
nosques in which hand of one Mughal can be undoiibtedly
perceived/ are: Mosque of Islam Khan, Mosque of Hayat the
Merchant; i-iosque of riaj i ohah Baz/ Mosque of Churihatta,
Mosque of Nawab Shaista Khan Mosque of Khan Muhammad Murdha;
Mosque at Lai Bagh, Mosque at the Ghowk; Mosque at the begum-
Bazar; Mosque of Khwajah Ambar and the mosque with seven
domes. The author discusses the historical background,
architecture and the persian inscriptions on them.
46. ARCHITECTURE MOSiJUES, MUGHAL INDIA
oharma, Ramesh Chandra, the crown of the Taj Journal of
Indian History 50(3); Dec. 1972; 771-72. The crowning of
the Taj-the Kalas the actual plan of which is laid down in
black stone in front of the dummy mosque.
The significance of this feature of the Taj is very
great as depicting tne national character or the architec
ture and conception. But feature like 1^1s one should not
beused to make out of it a hindu palace or temple, for the
3 J
Taj/ as a joint product of muslim taste and Hindu
spirit, muslim sup- vision and largly Hindu execution,
describes our genuine pride and our full attention.
4 7 . riKCHITECTURE* PL-t CES SHAH J^Habi, MUGH iL liiDIA
Srivastava, Salig Ram. Note on two historical places in
Allanabad district. JUP Historical SQC 12 1; 1939; 95-8.
Describes the location and map of the region from
where Shah Jahan had passed the names of the places the
buildings made by the Mugnals in these places are described
with the incriptions engraved,
4 8 . PaLrtCKS, TOMB , biU5jUES ARCHITECTURE FATEHPUR SIKRI
a r a i t h , Edrauna, W, Mughal a r c h i t e c t x i r e of F a t e h p u r S i k r i ,
rtllahabad.
- -v rcheo log ica l S u r v e y of I n d i a 1 8 9 4 - 9 8 , 4 v o l s .
P t . - 1 - 38 p . 119 p l a t e s
P t . - 2 - ;34 P . 103 p l a t e s
P t . - 3 51 P . 91 p l a t e s
P t . - 4 47 P . 88 p l a t e s
I 'iughal a r c h i t e c t u r e of F a t e n p u r S i k r i h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d
g i v i n g o r i g i n and i m p o r t a n c e . A v e r y a u t h e n t i c sov i rces
book g i v i n g d e t a i l of p a l a c e t o m b s . Mosques , B u l a n d Darwaza
a l o n g w i t h t h e c i t y l o c a t i o n e t c .
4 9 . ARCHITECTURE,POLICY/ AKBAR,3HAHJAHAN, MUGHAL INDIA
C h a t t e r j i , Nand L a i . A r c h i t e c t u r e of Akbar and S h a h j a h a n -
4U
a ccMnparative study, Indian cult- 4, 1; 1973; 123-6,
A comparative study has been made on the architectural
policy and ideals of / kbar and Shah Jahan.
50. ARCHITECTURE, REDFORT, SHAH JAHAN^ MUGHAL INDIA
Anand Mulk Raj, Delhi, under Shah Jehan Marg 20,4;1967;
58-60,
Discusses the architectural featiares of the monuments
built by Shah Jehan the Red Fort, Delhi and its building
are discussed,
51, M^CHITECTURE, SHAHJAHANBAD, SHAH JAHAN, MUGHAL INDIA
Page, JA list of Muhammadan and Hindu monuments of Shah
Jahanbad (Delhi) VI 1915, Suprintendent Printing, Calcutta;
plates 13,
Give the illustrations of the monuments of Shahja^anabad
showing architectural detail. These includes Khirki fort;
Bridge in front of Lahori Gate, Water Gate, Sonehri Masjid.
5 2 , ARCHITECTURE' TOMBS ITiSAiBUDDAULAH
I t m a d u d d a u l a h ' s Tomb a t Agra 32 1 2 ) ; Aug. 1 9 5 4 ; 191 - 9 5 .
J o u r n a l of I n d i a n H i s t o r y .
" A r c h i t e c t x i r a l g r a n d e \ i r of M i r z a Ghyas Beg* Nxir J a h a n ' s
f a t h e r and J a h a n g i r ' s f a t h e r - i n - l a w h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d , "
41
5 3 . rtiiCHIIECTURi:./ lU^Bb HUMAYUi>i , 1 5 6 5 CENTURY MUGHAL INDIA
rinand, Mulk R a j . Under t h e M u g h a l s s D e l h i Marg 2 0 , 4 ; i y 6 7 ; 3 1 - 4 .
D i s c u s s e s t h e s y n t h e s i s of I n d i a n and P e r s i a n c r a f t -
raanship which b e g i n s w i t h Humayun' s tornb 11565) . S e c t i o a a l
d r a w i n g of t h e main tomb i s g i v e n t o i l l u s t r a t e s t r u c t u r e
of d<xae , b r a c k e t s , t h e p l a n of t h e g a r d e n i s a l s o d i s c u s s e d ,
5 4 . ARCHITECTURE,TOi>iBS,DEVELOPMENT, MUGHAL INDIA
Tap 100, Rita, Origin and development of Islamic tombs in
India tl), wuart.Rev. Historical Studies 15,1; 1975-76;20-30.
Describes the origin and development of octagonal torm
in the tombs in India. The structural analysis of Octagonal
and square tombs is discussed. Tombs under the Mughals .
are also studied with the architectural design. The style
of the dames, the persian influence on them. The Mughal
tombs one, Humayun's tomb Taj Mahal. Akbars tomb at Sikindra,
Itimadud-daula, and Chini ka Rauza.
5 5 . r\RCHIV£o, FARi-iANS, J-hiiAIviGIR,MUGHAL INDIA
J a n a n g i i . t a r m a n s i n Ja ipvu: A r c h i v e s 3 6 U ) ; Aug. 1 9 5 8 ; 259-72
J o u r n a l of I n d i a n H i s t o r y . II
Archives of Jaipur State hold important farmans of
Jahangir which have great historical importance. A glimpse
of these farmans may be seen in this article,"
42
56. Brti'Ii E UdUBiil 1612 - 1613 *i.u. MUGHAL Ih^l^
Kalita, B.C. the battle of Dhubri ( .D. 1612-1613) Mughal
Kssan willitary Confrontation Indian History Congress
proceeding of the forty fifties Session Annamalacnagar 1984
P.312-19 - Raja Parikshifs forces was sighted by the Mughal
Khans who were keeping guard of the Kiubri fort.
The Mughal enjoyed the unexpected victory of Dhubri;
But Raja tried his best to raise a powerful force but was
not successful finally he surrounded to Mughal and was
taken to Dhaka prisoner.
57. BATTLE , DODDBfti,, MUGHAL INDIA
Dikohit, 3ri-G.o. the battle of Dodderi from Kannada sources.
Indian History Congress pro of the 17th Session 1954 P.296-97.
This battle took place in 1698 A.D. between the Mughal
forces led by Qasira Khan the able governor of Sirya in
Mysore and Khanazad Khan,
58. BATTL2 , HALDIGHATI, MUGHAL INDIA
rtgarwala, R»C, The battle field of Haldighati and "two
unnoticed monuments at Khamnor Journal of Indian History
37(2); Aug. 1959^ 157-60.
"Account of Famous battle between Akbar, the great
and Rana Pratap as reconstructed with the help of hitherto
hidden monuments".
59 BATTLES/ KuiiiATHAS AND i UR GZEB , MUGHAL INDIA
Madhava Rao, p . Se thu .
4.i
Inshae i'iadhoraras a pers ian sources of Mughal-Maratha
Conr l ic t , 1690-1700. Journal of Indian H i s to ry , ' 44 (1) ;
Apr. 1966i 269-88.
"In Aurangzeb's time Harathas saw t h e i r r i s e under
tne leadersh ip of oh iva j i - the a r t i c l e dea ls with the
b a t t l e s and s t r a ined r e l a t i o n s of Harathas and Aurangzeb".
60. BIOGRAPIES/ ABUL FAZI r ALLAMI » - AKBAR MUGHAL INDIA
Dey, Shambhoo Chander, Abul Fazi/ Allami Indian Review 7(6);
uun 1906; 421-27.
"Akbar collected v;isest persons in his court and
patronised them. They were jewels in various fields* popu
larly known as Nav-ratans. Abul Fazal was one ot them, an
eminent man of literature, language and history".
61. BIOGRAPHIES, ABULFAZI, AKBAR, MUGHAL INDIA
Sharma, S,R. Abul Fazi as a p o l i t i c a l th inker Indian Review
49 (6); Jun. 1 9 4 9 J 297-300.
"One of Akbar's nine j ewe l s , Abul Fazal was towering
p e r s o n a l i t y , a g rea t statesman, man of l e t t e r s and p o l i t i e s .
His p o l i t i c a l wisdom i s the subject of t h i s a r t i c l e , "
62. BIOGRAPHIES, ALI MARDAt KHAN, MUGHAL INDIA
Muhammad Afzal Ali Khan Mardan Khan, a great Iranian noble
of Shahjahan, Indian History Congress 1983s p, 198 -
Ali Mardan Khan was a kxird of the zig tribe and belonged to
a well reputed antistocratic family, Shahjahan appointed
4>
subedar of Kashmir and he conquer Balkh and Badakhshan
with prime Murad Bakhsh,
63. BIOGRAPHIES/ AURANGZEB, MUGHAL INDIA
SARKAR, Jadunath, Aurangzeb, Mad.Review 6(1);July 1909;55-62
6(2); Aug. 1909 : 120 -22.
Aurangzeb surnamed Alamgir Shah, the last of the great
nughals. He would have made successful general minister,
theologian or school master and an iueal departmental head.
Art music dance were his version and he took interest
in all pursuits.
64. BIOGRAPHY, AURANGZEB, MUGHAL INDIA
Sarkar, Jadunath. History of Axirangzeb based on o r ig ina l
sources; Ca lcu t t a , Sarkar, 1912-24 5v. ^Various Pagings)
I s a monumental work: an abridged e d i t i o n , e n t i t l e d short
h i s t o r y of Aurangzeb i s a l so ava i l ab l e . Thrones l i g h t on vari
ous events and aspec ts of iiurangzeb and h i s r u l e r i g h t from h i s
ascendence on throne upto h i s death .
6 5 . BIOGAAPHIES , AU^Ai GZIIB
.i?atts, E. In the foot steps of Aurangzeb in the Decan
ivlodern Review 13 (2); Feb. 1913 s 143-49.
He was denounced as a hypocrite who tried to hide his evil
deeds xinder a clock of religion, but a view of his whole
career reveal many noble elements in his character. He never
drank and as far as records show his whole life.
4;i
He chose Aurangabad as capital in the Decan, There are
many banking made by him on the Mecca Gate >\urangabad
Pan Cnakki# aurangabad Tomb of Asat Jaha Roza.
6 6 . BIOGRAPHIES, BABAR, iyiUGHAL INDIA
Caldecott/ R.M, Life of Babar; emperor of Hindustan
London, Parling 1844 xxii, 339 p map.
Given historical and biographical internation of Babar
which ranges frc«n Babars capture of Kabul, his poetry
description of India, firman against wine, his famous
speech and authors observations on the life and time of
Babar.
67. BIOGRAPHIES, BIRBAL, AKBAR, MUGHAL INDIA
Kukharjee, Jatindara Nath
* kbar the great and Raj a Birbal Modern Review 124) ;
(1) ; Jan 1969: 73-42.
"Birbal was a learned counter of Akbar Many anecdotes
of Birbal are famous. His wisdom, wit and repartee are
described here".
68. BIOGRAPHIES, BIRBAL, AKBAR, MUGHAL INDIA
Sinha, P.P. Some Biographical details of Raja Birbal:
Controversies and conclusion Indian History Congress proce-
of the thirty first session, Varanasi, 1969; P. 171-72.
The paper deals with Birbal. No name in medieval
Indian History can rival that of Birbal in its popularity
4fi
as well as its obscurity. Being a notable noble and one
of the Nine Gems" of Akbar Court, He has fast been be
coming a legendary figxire. This biographical details/
is here in this paper,
69. BIOGRAPHIES, GENERAL, GURUNANAK
Procedures in analysing the Soiorces for the life of Guru
Nanak. Journal of Indian Hist?orv 45 (i) 1 Apr. 1964 J207-27.
The birth of Guru Nanak is now drawing hear and it
is fitting that the event should provide an accasion for
renewed study of his life and teachings the life of Guru Nanak
is the one provided by ixi.A. Macantiffe in the first
volume of his celebrated work. The Sikh Religion Khushwant
Singh also wrote about nim, H history of the Sikhs
All that has been covered in this paper concerns the events
of the life of Guru Nanak and some record did in the Janam
Sakhis will stand the test of rigorous analysis the majority
will not the Adi Granth does not provide us with detail
7 0 . BIOGRAPHIES, HUrLfiYUN, MUGHAL INDIA
B a n e r j i , S . K .
Hxamayxin, the prince 1508-30 Journal of Indian History 14(3);
Dec. 1935; 350-62.
"Early life of the great prince form the theme of this arti
cle before his accession."
47
71. BIOGRAPHIES / HUMAYUN
Beveridge/ .roinette Susannah t r . His tory of Huxnayun
(Humayun nama) London, Royal -asiat ic Society/ 190 2.
^or ienta l t r a n s l a t i o n fund se r i e s / no. 1) xiv/ 331; 96P p l a t e s .
Gulbadan Begam was the daughter of the Mughal Emperor Babar
she described the l i f e a t the Moghul cour t in these days.
iU.so r e l a t e s to the p l i g h t of h i s b ro the r Hxamayun, due to
dated a t the hand of Sher shah/ Akbar 's b i r t h and the r e j o i
cing e t c .
72. , , BIOGRAPHIES/ IIMAD ALI KHAN, MUGHAL INDIA
Rezavi/ Syed Ali Nadeem,Tthe biography of Mughal official-
Itmad Ali Khan of Surat/ Indian History Congress pro - of
the 46th Session Amritsar; 1985; P. 40 3.
The paper attempts to delineate the Mughal bureaucratic-
cum-military system by going ever to low medium bureaucrates.
There is bibliography of Itimad Ali Khan wi?o held around
twenty administrative posts spanning over a period of thirty
years. Itiraad Ali Khan was made the diwan of Suba Gujrat in
1696-7/ By 1704 his Mansab had risen to 800/240.
7 3 . BIOOR^vPrilES/ J^HAIMGIR, MUGHAL IliDlA
Borah M, Islam , Jahangir as a man Indian Review 36(1);
Jan 1935: 25-32.
"Humane qualities of the great emperor have been
described here".
48
7 4 . BIOGfiAPHIES^ JQDHA BAI/ MUGHAL IHDIA
Bhargava, V,3., Princess Jodha Bai, Journal of Indian
History 42(3); Pec 1964: 931-33.
"Biographical sketch of Jodha Bai and her influence
on Akbar".
75. BIOGRAPHIES, JODHA BAI, MUGHAL INDIA
uanungo, 3.N. Jodha Bais The Rajput consar t ot Jahangir
Indian Review. 112(2); *\ug. 1962 s 116-19.
"Li te sketch of Akbar's Rajput queen".
76. BIOGRAPHIES, KHWAJA ABDUS SAi'iAD, 16 CENTURY, MUGHAL INDIA
Verma,S.P. Khwaja, Abdus Samad J a Court Pa in te r of the
Sixteenth Century, Indian His tory Congress, 1985sp. 25
Khwaja Abdus Sainad was the founder of the Mughal school.
Abdu's Samad has l e f t an i n t e r e s t i n g p i c t o r i a l record of
the per iod of h i s service with Humayun.
Abdus Sainad was a l so teacher of the Art ,
77. BIOGRAPHIiiS, MUGHAL i-iULK, MUGHAL INDIA
Gokhale, Balkrishna Govind, Muizul Mulk { Governor of
Surat, 1929, 1636; 1637? 1649. JoTornal of Indian History,
44(1); Apr. 1966: 55 - 64
"Biographical profile of Muizul Mulk, a high i'lughal
admini strator".
49
78. BIOGRAPHIES/ SriAH JAHAN/ MUGHAL INDIA
N. Pseud Passing ot Shah Jahan, Modern Review
1(5); May 1907; 492 - 93.
"Details of the sad demise of the great emperor
Shah Janan and nis lost days have been described".
7 9 . B I O G K A P H I L S / S i l i ^ u.rtniiiM, MUGHAL IUul±^
Sarkar, Jadunath passing of Snan Jahan^ Modern Review
18 C4); Oct. 1915: 361-68
"Death and last days of the life of Shah Janan
have been described".
8 0 . B IOGR>^pHIES , SrlER SriAH , MUGHAL I K i J l ^ .
Nayak, Hari Prasad The birth date of Sher Shah
ixMadras Review 123(12), Dec. 1968: 887 - 93.
Various historical sources like eontemporary
Dutch Vhronicle" have been studied to fix Sher
Shah's birth date as 1473 A.D,"
81. BIOGRAPHIES/ SHER SHAH/ MUGH/^ INDIA
Shrinivastavsa Chai / C.S, New Study of Sher Shah
Indian Review 24 (9); Sep. 1923: 561 - 65.
Sher Shah character/ talents and personality;
and the concluding portions of his chronicle
containing an account of Sher Shah as a man.
o;<
The main Mughal sources of Information about Sher
Shah are partially prejudiced and a little vitu-
perature tone; but their value is certainly great,
dher Shah Institutions and States manship are almost
the same in all persian stories. Sher Shah's capacity
as a civil administrator are of more value.
82. BUILDINGS/ riDKIN I STRATI VE FATEHPUR SIKRI, AKBAR,
MUGHAL INDIA
Banerji, S,K, The administrative building of
Akbar's Fatehpur Sikri, 23(1); Apr. 1944; 1-148.
Journal of Indian History .
"/ hen seat of administration was shifted from Agra
to Fatehpxir Sikri, it became virtually the capital
of i-ikbar's kingdom and placed wherefrom the orders
and royal firemans were issued".
8 3 . C / ^ V ^ ^ L A R Y , AKbrt.</ nUGK«.L Ii>iDlA
Sharma, Pasharatha. The nxamerical strength of
^kbar's Gavalary 6(2); Aug. 1927, 143-48.
"Akbar built a powerful army and the pride of his
army were his artillery and cavalary. The article
deals with the strength of his cavalary."
84. CAVALARY, ZAT, HUGHAL li DI
Moreland, . ,H. Zat rank in the Mughal empire, Journal
of Indian History empire, 1^ jt|| ;Dec, 1936:410-13.
51
"Zat denotes the rank which decided the number of
horses to be kept and keep ready at the time of
battle to j oin Mughal Cavalary,
85, CAVALARY, ZAT, MUGHAL INDI-A
Rao, C.S.K, ^ note on the Mughal Military term: Zat
and Sawar, Journal of Indian History , 14{2);Aug.
1935: 205 -21.
"Zat denotes the rank which decided the member
of houses to be kept and keep ready at the time of
battle to j oin Mughal cavalary,
86, CITIES, HIOTOKICAL ACCOUIJTS, FATEHPUR SIKRI, MUGHAL IWDIA
Shrivastava, A.L, Agra and Fatehpur Sikri in the 16th
Centuries, Journal of Indian History, 48 (1) ;Apr, 1970 i
43-49.
"Historical account of the two great cities, which
served as seats of Mughal Empire",
8 7 , POSTAL COMtuUNICATION, MUGHAL INDIA
Irfan Habib, Postal Conomunications in Mughal India,
Indian History Congress, proceeding of the Forty Sixth
Session, nmritsar:P,236,
It is iinnecessary to stress the importance of a
safe and speedy system of communication for any society.
The Mughal needed to organise a system where by news and
orders could be conveyed rapidly over great distances,The
organisation was essential based on the twin methods
52
of r e l a y r u n n e r s and r e l a y - h o r s e s . At t h e head of
t h e i m p e r i a l o r g a n i s a t i o n was an o f f i c e r who i n t h e
I 7 t n Century a r e t n e d e s i g n a t i o n of Parogha i - p a k - i -
kul M\imalik-i-mahrusa/ t h e s u p e r i a t e n d e n t of t h e p o s t
(Pak) of t h e e n t i r e JBmpire.
8 8 . CITIES, HISTORICAL ACC0Ut.T3, AGRA-DELHI, SIKRI,MUGHAL INDIA
Ter ry , John , Charm of I ndo ; I s l a m i c a r c h i t e c t u r e , Bonba
Ta rapo reva l a , 1955 - 40 p . map 61 p l a t e s .
G i v e S / d a t e s , p o l i t i c a l moveraeht^. a r c h i t e o t v i r a l . c h a r a c t e r
h i s t o r i c a l s e t t i n g of v a r i o u s bui ldincjS a t oaxinpxir,Delhi
rt,gra, Fatehpior S i k r i , Lucknow e t c . B i b l i o g r a p h y , g lassony
a r e a l s o p r o v i d e d .
8 9 . CONQUEST, AKBAR, R^WASTHAN, MUGHAL lUDlA
Shrivastava, A.L,
A k b a r ' s Conquest of R a j a s t h a n , J o u r n a l of Xndian H i s t o r y
38(2) ; 1960 385-400.
"Rajasthan or the then Rajputana was a conglomerate
of prove but small kingdoms. All yielded to him except
Rana Pratap, Tnis article give the final conquest of
Rajputana.
90. CONQUEST, ORISSA, RAJA MANSINGH, MUGHAL INDIA
Roy, B.C. Raja Man Singh first conquest of Orissa
Indian Economic Social History Review, Vol. No.1
Quarterly Journal; 1963; P 1-23.
5;]
The paper deals with only Man Singh's first conquest
of Orissa the treaty is certainly indicative of the sym
pathetic and helpful attitude of Akbar towards Jagannath,
Although Man Singh first conquest of Orissa neither
brought an end to the Afghan rule there nor conclusively
solved the prcJalein of religious prosecution of Orissa
people by the Afghans it was rather temporary arrangement
to extract to be sincere to keep his premises a loyal
vassal of the Mughal Emperor/ as a result of which, Mansingh
was forced to start his second ccwnpaign in Orissa for
ending the Afghan rule and final annexation of the Terttory
to the Mughal empire.
91. CORONATION, AURaNGZEB, MUGHAL INDIA
Coronation of Aurangzeb, Indian Review, 12(11-12): Nov-
Dec. 1911; 837-42.
"riow rturangzeb manipulated to be the emperor of India and
his he outwitted his brothers especially Dara Shikoh who
being the primogenitor had the first claim on the throne",
92. VORNOATION, JAHANGIR, MUGHAL INDIA
Hayavapana Rao,
C, Coronation of Jahangir, Indian Review, 12(11-12);Nov.
Dec. 1911: 842-44
"How Jahangir asconded the throne and the pomp and
show and fan fare witn which he was enthroned have been
dealt with".
54
93. CORONATION/ SHAH JAHAN, MUGHAL INDIA
Abdul Haraid Khan F i r s t Durbar of Shah Jahan: The
magnifleant, Indian Review 25(12): Dec,1934; 830,
"When Shah Jahan succeeded h i s fa ther Jahangir ,
the re was a magnificant coronation ceremony with
g rea t d isp lay of luxury and ga i ty in i t s fold. This
has been d e a l t with he re ,
9 4 , CUKOJSiAIIOlw S n i ^ J^riAi^i, iWGHrtx^ I N D I ^
Beni Prasad, The accession of Shah Jahan, Journal
of Indian History, 2(1); 1922/23: 1-19.
"Description of the enthrowing of great Mughal
emperor Shah Jahan",
95. COURT, AKBAR, MUGHi L INDIA
Sardesai , G.S. iMine gems of /^kbars Court, Modern
Review,74 (2); Aug. 1943: 129-33.
"rtkbar loved l ea rn ing , a r t and s k i l l s . He
pa t ron ised learneds and gathered in h i s cour t nine
jewels from var ious f i e l d s as Nav-ratans, v/^ich
from the content of t h i s a r t i c l e " ,
96 , COW PROTECTION , MUGH/iL INDIA
Moses , A n g e l o . C o w - p r o t e c t i o n i n i ' lughal I n d i a ,
J o u r n a l of I n d i a n H i s t o r y , 2 1 ; 1 9 4 2 : 2 1 6 - 2 0 .
55
"Hughals respected the sentiments of Hindu siobjects
and nobles and gave p ro tec t ion t o cows sacred to
Hindus".
9 7 . CRIMINALS/ MUGHAL INDIA
Tritton/ A S Muslim Thugs# Journal of Indian
history , 8(1); npr. Ib291 41-44.
"Description of an organised gangs of criminals who
practised extortion of money and did not hesitate
to kill even".
9 8 . COURTLY/ CULTUxiE, BABAR/ MUGHAL INDIA
Blake, Stephen P. Courtly culture under Babar and
the early muqhals/J<mcnal of ^sian History (West
Germany) 1986 20 (2) : 193-214,
In Mughal India, the undisputed center of the empires
culture was found at Court. The great amirs fastered
. uyhcil Culture. Court culture reached its Zenith
under ohah Jahan/ 1928-58, but its origins can be
traced to the first Mughal emperor,Zahiruddin Muhammad
(Babar). The Mughal Leaders exhibited their culture
both a court and on the battle field. The ideal Mughal
leaaers combined the talents of two professional
groups: The ohi-i-galam(even of the pen) ana the ahli
saif ( men ot tne sword) their behaviour set the
standards both professional groups sought to emulate.
5n
99. DANCES/ ANHRKALI/ AKBAR, MUGHAL INDIA
Gupta, Samarendranath, Anarkali, Modern Review
18(2); Aug. 1915, 142-49. "Anarkali, the famous
dancer o± Akbar's court has been a legend for
historians and fiction writers. Jahangir as prince
Saleera was infatuated with her love, this flows the
sxobject of this article".
1 0 0 . DrtNCES, ^ - J - A R K A L I , AKBAR, KiUGH^L I ^ D I A
w a n u n g o , b,hi, A n a r k a l i , M o d e r n R e v i e w , I I I 3 ( 2 ) ;
/ i u g . 1 9 6 3 : 1 1 6 - 1 8 .
"Description of thelife and activities of Anarkali,
the famous court dancer of Akbar have been described
here",
1 0 1 . DiipEI^iDKNGILi,, riUGn«.^ I N D I A
I'iorelands, »V.Ii. The Kingdoms and provinces subject
to the great x iughal. Journal of Indian History,
Aug. 1927 J 149-62.
"The vastness of Mughal Empire including its
dependencies has been described".
10 2. DIPLOMACY, I-IE'IHODOLOGY, MUGHAL INDIA
Khilnani, iM.M., Diplomacy in iedieval India,
Indian History Congress, Vol, 1; 1970, P. 441
Given in this paper that the methodology of diplo
macy as practised in medieval India. Under the guise lu:
57
f l o w e r y l a n g u a g e ( much of i t would a p p e a r o u t d a t e d
i n t h e c o n t e m p o r a r y c o n t e x t ) t h e r u l i n g e l i t e p u r s u e d
t h e d e f e n c e and a d v a n c e m e n t of N a t i o n a l i n t e r e n c e w i t h
r u t h l e s s c o n s i s t e n c y ,
Mugha l s n e v e r b o t h e r e d a b o u t t h e r e l i g i o u s t i e s b u t
were consistently p r o o c o u p i e d w i t h p r o m o t i n g t h e i n t e
g r i t y and s e c x i r i t y of t h e i r t e r r i t o r i e s ,
10 3 , EDUCATION , -fiKrsAR, HVG'tUiL INDIA
Ujha/ 5cxne a s p e c t s of E d u c a t i o n i n I n d i a u n d e r t h e g r e a t
Mugha l s I n d i a n H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s , P r o c - o f t h e 1 3 t h S e s s i o n
1950 iMagpiir: P . 2 3 4 - 4 3 .
Muslim e d u c a t i o n was d i f f u s e d i n t h i s c o u n t r y u n d e r t h e
g r e a t i- lughals by t h e t h r e e f o l d means of Ca) Maktab and
Madar sas* Mosques and m o n a s t e r i e s and p r i v a t e h o u s e s
when r e s e m b l e d t h e u n i v e r s i t y o r h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n , tJie
s e c o n d a r y e d u c a t i o n and t n e p r i m a r y e d u c a t i o n i m p a r t i n g
e l e m e n t a r y k n o w l e d g e .
Akbar was v e r y mucn i n t e r e s t e d t o g i v e e d u c a t i o n t o female
10 4 . ELEPHANTS/ J i^ANGIu , HUGHALS INDIA
Z u t s h i , C x>i / The E l e p h a n t i n I n d i a n H i s t o r y ,
I n d i a n - - R e v i e w /• 42 (3) : 1 9 4 1 , 157 - 60 : .
1 5 7 - 6 0 .
The e l e p h a n t i s more c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h h i s t o r y of
I n d i a . E l e p h a n t s were a l s o u s e d i n t h e Mughal Empire
f o r d r a g g i n g t h e h e a v y a r t i t t e r l y ,
J a h a n g i r s e n t i n 1608 u n d e r t h e command of Mahaba t Khan
58
Elephants were employed as tools of forture and
instrument of appression in ancient India as well as
by scxne of the Mughal emperors.
108. EVS NTo, BaBA i, MUGHAL lUul^
Grenard, ternand/ Babar first of the Mughals
translated by Homer White Richard Gilgenzer K.Y,
McBride 1930. 253 P. illus.
Is an standard book translated from original french
about the events of Babar's life starting from Samar
kand won and lost/ Kabul and gateway to India,Battles
of panipat with Ibrahim Lodi in lb26 and Ranasanga ,
and his tragic death.
10 6. EVIDENCES , MAHARAJA JAISINGH, AMBAH, MUGHAL INDIA
Code / P.K.
Some contemporary evidence regarding the Asvimedha
sacrifice performed by Sewi Jayasingh of Amber
Journal of IndianHistory , 15 (3); Dec. 1936s 364-67.
"Accoxint of Ashwamedh yagya by Maharaja Jayasingh
of Amber".
107. F^4lLIEa,HUiiAYUN/ MUGHAL INDIA
l a l i y a r Haft Anjaman
Completed by h i s son Hamayat T a l i y a r was S e c r e t a r y
of Rustam Khan and Raja J a i S ingh. Raja J a i S i n g h ' s
P e r s u i t of Dara Shikoh, Diplomacy of Aurangzeb t o
wards Rajput r u l e r s and S h i v a j i .
5;)
l08. F^llLlES, JUR JAHAN, MUGHAL INDIA
Ir£an Habib The family of Nur Jahan during Jahangir's
Reign - a Political History Indian History Congress
irroc - of the 27th Session iy65/ /^llahabad: P. 168
The article contains a reconstruction of the family of
Nur Jahan attention being particularly directed to
members who became politically prominent and to their
commexions through marriages with other important families.
10 9. FAI lILIEd/ AKBAR/ MUGHAL INDIA
Heras/ H.
Ihe story of ^kbars Christian wife. Journal of Indian
History, 3; 1924: 218-35.
"Mughal history during the reign of /ikbar has been des
cribed in detail",
110. FAMILIES/ AURANGZEB, MUGHAL INDIA
^urangzeb's favourite son , Modern Review, 35(i);Jan.
1924: 69-72.
Kam Bakhsh, the youngest son of / .xirangzeb, was the spoilt
child of his fathers old age. At the time of his birth
(24 Feb.,1667).
Kam Bakhsh proved boast that he had a better right to
the throne of Delhi than any of the other sons of
Aurangzeb. Mughal Emperors used to send their son to
away from home to learn.
60
1 1 1 . F-rti-lILIEd, K*iYASTHA,MUGHAL OFFICIALS,AURANGZEB,MUGHAL INDIA
Majida Khan A Kayastha family of Mughal Officials in
the reign of Aurangzeb, Indian History Congress Session 41,
1980 : P. 386-94.
The term Kayastha meant the past office of a scribe,
open to member of any caste. Bhim Sen who was Kayastha
both by cast and profession. Bhim Sen's family came
into prominence with the accession of Aurangzeb and
remained on scene more or less till his death,
Bhim Sen's brother was Hamir Sen who v;as given mansab
and some office.
112. FAMILIES, SALIM CHISTI, JAHANGIR, MUGHAL INDIA
Afzal Hussain, The Family of Shaikh Salim Chisti during
the reign of Jahangir. Indian Economic Social History
Review , Vol. 1 No.1 Quarterly Journal;1963, p. 173.
rtn attempt has been made in this paper to present material
relevant to the circxamstances leading to the emergence
of this family its influence if in Mughal polities, and
later on its decline,
113. FINANCIAL PROBLEMS,AKBAR J? CENTURY, MUGHAL INDIA
i-ioreland, kVilliam, Harrison, India at the death of Akbar
an economic study, London, Macmillan, 1920,XII 328 P.maps.
Sketches the economic conditions of inaia under the
Mughals in the early 17th century.
61
114 . FIi.Hl>jCl/iL PKOBL£j>iS, FARRUKH SIYAiiS, MUGHAL INDIA
M a l i k / Z a h i r u d d i n , F i n a n c i a l p r o b l e m s o± t h e Mughal
Government d u r i n g F a r r u k h S i y a r s R e i g n . The I n d i a n
Economic and S o c i a l H i s t o r y Review/ V o l , 4 No,2 P .265
The Mughal Government f a c e d maj o r p r o b l e m a f t e r t h e
d e a t h of Aurangzeb i n 1707 ,
l i b , GARDEiSIS/ KASHi>lIR/ LAHORE, AGRA, DELHI, MUGHAL IX>IDIA
B a i g , T a r a A l i
Mughal Garden, Indian Review 39^3); 1938: 169-71.
Mughul gardens came to Indian from Persia and were
evolved from the garded terraces of Ispahan and Shirazw
Babar love gardens Mughal emperor made many garden in
Kashmir Lahore,Agra Extra Jahangir made l>Jishat garden
in Kashmirs.
116, GARDEig, SHriLIMAR, LAHORE SHAH JAHAN,MUGHAL INDIA
Wadiem, Ihsan H,
The Hydraulics of Shalimar Garden, Journal of the Pakistan
Historical Society, 1986;3(l)i 1-33.
The hydraulic engineering of the Shalimar garden in
Lahore Pakistan build by Architect and horticulturist
Shah Jahan 1592-1666) fifth of the Mughal emperors,
beginning in 1618 water to drive the 410 fountains and
irrigate the greenery of the terraced garden was brought
6:J
from t h e Rav i r i v e r by a s p e c i a l C a n a l , a r c h a e o
l o g i s t s came t o a more t h o r o u g h i i n d e r s t a n d i n g o t
t h e s y s t e m when c a l l e d upon i n . 1 9 8 0 t o r a d v i c e i n
r e p a i r i n g a l e a k i n g p i p e embedded i n raasonary on
P a k i s t a n i s e r v i c e s .
1 1 7 . GARDEK, atu^hlViHR, LAHORE, SHAri J/^HAN, MUGH/iL INDIA
S h a f i Mohammad, D e s i g n and P l a n s S h a l i m a r , L a h o r e
S h a l i m a r g a r d e n s of L a h o r e , I s l a m i c C u l t u r e 1, 1 ; i y 2 7 ;
5 8 - 6 6 , D e s c r i b e s w i t h p l a n of t h e S h a l i m a r g a r d e n s
a t L a h o r e , D e t a i l s of t h e f o u n t a i n s , t a n k s and
riammams a r e a l s o d i s c u s s e d ,
118.GARDENS, MUGHAL IWDIA
M i s r a , Rekha , B u i l d i n g and Garden of t h e r o y a l l a d i e s
d u r i n g t h e Mughal p e r i o d , w u a r t . Rev , H i s t o r i c a l
S t u d . 6, ( i ) 1 9 6 6 - 6 / ; 2 2 4 - 5 .
D e s c r i b e s t n e naraes of t h e r o y a l j :e:nale b u i l d e r s
w i t h t h e name of t h e b u i l d i n g s and g a r d e n l a i d o u t
by them, t h e i n f l u e n c e , on t h e s t y l e of A r c h i t e c t u r e
u s e d , i s a l s o d i s c u s s e d .
1 1 9 . GARH.VAL, MUGH iL RELAnOWS 1500-170 7 CEINITURY MUG.i^L INDIi
N e g i , S . S . i l u g h a l - G a r h w a l r e l a t i o n s : a h i s t o r i c a l
s t u d y (frcan A . D . 1500 t o 1 7 0 7 ) / I n d i a n H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s
P r o c o r t h e s e s s i o n 4 6 t h S e s s i o n A m r i t s a r ; 1985 :P ,900
The p r e s e n t d i s c u s s i o n on t h e Garwal -Mughal r e l a t i o n s
d u r i n g 1500 t o 1707 ^ . P . t r a c e s i t b e g i n n i n g from t h e
63
time of Islam Shah of Sur dynasty. These relations
during the period of Jahangir were improved for them
but strangely enough the attempts on the part of
Janangir could not yield much rather they became more
strained. Even Shah Jahan and his successor Aiirangzeb
failed to maintain the good relation and used force
against Garwal,
120 . GOVExilNiORS, HKBAR, I'iUGHAL INDIA
i fzal Husain, Provincial Governors under Akbar (1580-1605)
Indian History Congress Proceeding of the thiry second
session (Jabalpur) Vol.l; 1970: P. 269-77.
Akbar was the first Mughal Emperor who introduced uniform
system of provincial administration in his Empire. He
appointed a Sifa -salar, a Diwan, a Bakshi a Sadr etc.
An attempt has been made in this paper to study the
nature and tenure of appointment and the kind of persons
appointed frcsn a study of the actual appointment in all
the provinces ,
1 2 1 . HIi;DU,HISTORIANS,BHIMSEi'J, AURAIMG2EB^MUGHAL INDIA
Old H indu h i s t o r i a n of A u r a n g z e b , Modern Review 18 (2) ;
Aug. 1 9 1 5 : 1 3 7 - 3 9 .
" N a s e h a - i - D i l k u s h a was t h e h i s t o r i c a l a c c o u n t of Aurangzeb
by Bhimsen , a K a y a s t h . I t n a s i t s i m p o r t a n c e b e i n g
w r i t t e n b y a H i n d u " ,
I't
122. HIiNliJU,MUSLIM,RELATION, 1 5 2 6 - 1 7 0 7 CEl^iTURY, MUGHAL INDIA
Choudhviry/ M.L.Roy, Hinau-Muslira relation during the
Mughal period 1526-1707 A.D., Indian f istory Congress
proceeding of the 13th Session 1950 i P. 282-96.
Mughals in India were central Asian by birth, Arabian
by religious association, Iranian by culture and Hindustan
by adoption. iMaturally the currents and cross cxirrents
of their social ana religious association, made them
scxnething more than mere Muslims as is understood by
the connotation of that term. Mostly Mughals emperors
are not good with non musliras except Akbar.
123. I I N D U S I R I E S / SHAVJL,KASHMIR , MUGHAL INDIA
Matloo, A.M. Shawl Industry in Kashmir in the Mughal
period. Indian History Congress Pro-thirty sixth session:
1978; P. 267.
Under the Mughals it hadbecame a xraze with every noble
to have a fine Kashmiri Shawl, which was considered a
symbol of prestige. Mughals emperors purchased Kashmiri
shawl and they got as a gift also.
This the Mughal period is remarkable for the organisa
tional and technical development iof this Industry.
124. KINGDOM,AKBAR,FATEHPUR S IKRI , MUGHAL INDIA
B a n e r j i , S.K.
rt h i s t o r i c a l o u t l i n e of A k b a r ' s D a r - u l - K h i l a f a , f a t e h p u r
s i k r i , J o u r n a l of I n d i a n H i s t o r y , 2 1 ; 1 9 4 2 : 1 9 8 - 2 1 5 .
" i j e t a i l e d accoxint of fa t ehp \ i r S i k r i which a c t e d a s s e a t
G5
125. KINGDOM, AKBAR, FATEHPUR SIKRI, MUGHAL INDIA
Heras, H, The place of Akbar a t Fatehpur s i k r i 4 (1 ) ; Apr,
1925; 53-68. j ou rna l of Indian His to ry .
"Description of Fatehpur S i k r i which served as s e a t of
government of Akbar's kingdom.
126. KINGSHIP, AKBAR, MUGHAL INDIA
SHRIVASTAYA, A.L. Akbar's Theory of Kingship 40(3) ; Dec.1962j
713-24.
"Akbar had his own ideas about k ingship . He t r e a t e d King
next only to God. He b u i l t a Jharoka for darshan to his
s u b j e c t s . This i s the sub jec t mat ter of t h i s a r t i c l e " .
127. KINGSHIP, AKBAR, MUGHAL INDIA
Yakub Hasan, Ideal Indian King, Indian Review 19(3);
Mar. 1918; 179-83.
"Good liberal qualities of Akbar have been described".
128 . LABOURERS, WAGES, ANALYSIS, 17 CENTURY, MUGHAL INDIA
N i s h a t Manzar, Wages of Labourers and A r t i s a n s in
some Urban c e n t r e s d u r i n g t h e 17th Cen tu ry , p . 2 6 6 - 2 7 2 .
In t h i s p a p e r has been made t o a n a l y s i s t h e e a r n i n g s
of l a b o u r e r s and a r t i s a n s wor id ing i n t h e town and
c i t i e s of t h e Mughal empire d u r i n g t h e 17 th c e n t u r y .
68
12 9 , JuEiTi^ii^/ rtUitrtiSiGZEB, i-AJGcU\L IKuIrt
Letters of ^urangzeb. Modern Review 33 (3); March 1923:
368-72.
The official letters of the mughal empire fall into
several classes as- Farman/ Shukha, ahkam plural noun
wrongly used for the singular and in the case of only one
later collection of i\urangzeb letters rasm wa ishara.
130 . LETTERS, HWLaYUJSl, MUGHAL INDIA
Roy, Sakiomar , letter of the Mughal emperor Hxamayun
to his brother Kamran, Indian History Congress Proceeding
of the 21st Session 1958 Trivandrvim, P. 318-319.
This letter of Humayxin was written to his brother Mirza
Kamran he sends his brother the Sadnews of Babars death
and the report of accession. He expresses his brotherly
feeling towards Mirza Kamran and emphasizes the need of
unity and concord, particularly in the difficult circum
stances which the Mughal State had to face after Babar
death, the letters does not appear in any of the standard
histories and collections of letter of the Mughal period
Tne letter occurs in the Tariki illahi-i-Nizam Shah
131. LETTERS, SHAH JAHAN, MUGHAL INDIA
SHAH JAHAti,AHKAM-i-SHaH-JaH/\I>iI Avai lable in Al l gar h
X4uslim U n i v e r s i t y conta ins l e t t e r s of Shah Jahan t o
variSus person, and a l e t t e r of Aurangzeb before the
b a t t l e od Samugarh,
67
132. lilFi. AL.D viOtiK, BABAR, MUGHAL INDIA
Edwards Stephen,M. Babar, diarist and despot,London
philpot 1926 138 P. plates, an estimate based on
Babars Life and work an estimate based on Babarnama
Members of Babar translated by A.5. Beveridge it gives
chronology of Babar's life. This character address to
chiefs before fight with Rana Sanga, methods of
warfare/ wine, women and song, his love for art and
nature, and last phase are described in it.
133. LIBRARIEii, HUMAYUN, MUGHAL INDIA
Bharat, Dha£raa, Banu, the Mughal libraries/ Journal of
the Pakistan nistorical oociety, vol.II,Part I;1954:
P.287-301.
All Mughals Emperors love of books and has good collec
tion and libraries Huraayun has a passion for the study
of geography astronomy and astrology Jahangir, in Tuzuk
is a clear proof of his extra ordinary ability and love
for reading.
1 3 4 . LIBRi^RIES/ MANAGEX4ENT/ MUGHAL INDIA
Dharma Bhanu
Libraries and their management in Mughal India. Journal
of Indian History ,31(2); Aug. 1953: 157-73.
"Royal librarian and description of Libraries of great
liughals".
b •^
135. RELIGIONS, AKBAR, MUGHAL INDIA
The Hughal marriages: a politico Religious and
legal study. Journal of the Pakistan Historical
society, 1986; 3412J : 8b-132.
Explores the policy of winning supporters and conso
lidating alliances through marriage dvuring the reign
of iAkbar U542-1605) , third emperor of the Mughal
dynasty in Northern India through royal marriages
iand multiple wives) , >ikbar was able to secure alliances
even witn his dynasty's ancient enemies; the Rajput
in the 1560 s .kbar's son and successor Jahangir (1569-
1627) continued his fathers practice of diplomatic
marriages, contracting 25 marriages during his reign,
1 3 6 , i-4Aili<IrtGES, M U G H A L i^JOBLES, HUGri-tU^ I N D I A
Afzal Hussain
Marriages among Mughal nobles as an index of status
and rtristocratic integration, Indian History of Congress
1972, 304-312,
Tiie study of all the marriages noted may now be dealt
with, for the understanding of the general trend of
marriage, and its impact of the Mughal ruling classes.
Three given references about two hundred thirty two(232)
marriages. The reign-wise break up is as follows, Akbar II
Jahangir 47, Shahjahan 41, .urangzeb, 37,
G : J
137. MARATHA HISTORY/ MUGHAL INDIA
Morrison, Barrie M.
A history of Snivaji: an 18th Century french account.
Journal or Indian History, 42(1); Apr. 1964:49-76.
"French sources of Maratha history have been tapped
to reconstruct i-iaratha history visa-vis Mughals".
1 3 8 . RtiRKKT, TAJGANJ/ MUGHAL INDIA
Javed Hasan, Humtazabad: a market in the Tajganj
area under the Wugnais. Indian History Congress, Pro
of the Forty Seventh Session, vol. 1 1986: P. 327
Humtazabad whicn svibsequently came to be popularly
known as Tajganj - a name which continues even to
the present day.
A part from this main market of Mumtazabad reference
are also foxind about ccxnmercial establishment and
shops in the surrounding areas,
1 3 9 . MERCHiii>JTS, POLITICAL PARTICIPATION, MUGHAL INDIA
C h a k r a b a r t i , p h a n i n o t r a , N a t h , Some a s p e c t s of
p o l i t i c a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n of I n d i a n M e r c h a n t s i n
Mughal I n d i a . I n d i a n ^ " ^ i s t o r i c a l C o n g r e s s P r o c e e d i n g
of t h e 4 3 r d S e s s i o n Kruk S h e t r a U n i v e r s i t y , 1 9 8 2 :
P . 2 9 6 - 3 0 3 .
H i s t o r i c a l e v i d e n c e a u n d a n t l y shows t h a t t h e y p l a y
no l e s s s i g n i f i c a n t r o l e i n f l u e n c i n g t h e S t a t e P o l i c y
I a
in i'iughcil Ina ia .
This paper i s basea preaommantly on published
engl ish records . i-iughals brought about a sudden
cnange in the age old s t r uc tu r e or India economy
140. MINIATURES, 17th CENTURY, MUGHA . INDIA
Hajek Tabor, Indian Miniatures of the Mughal school
by Txibor Hajek and W.B. Farman Prargne article
1960, 8b P 51 Colour plates.
Describes Indian Miniatures of 17th Century which
were produced xinder tne patronage of Mughal emperors.
1 4 1 . MIGRATIUX i, HUi'iAYUN, MUGHAL INDIA
Roy, N . B ,
Humayun in Iran, Modern Review 90(5); Nov.1951;
3883-85.
"when Sher Shah ousted Humayun and usurped his
throne, he sought the military assistance of Shah
Tahmasp which was responded positively.
142. MUGHAL INDIA, ABDUR RAHIM KHANI KHANAI>i, SCHOLAR,MUGHAL INDIA
O j h a , PN S c h o l a r s h i p and p a t r o n a g e of l e a r n i n g
of t h e g r e a t Mugha l s i 15 56-1707 Ap ) , I n d i a n H i s t o r y
C o n g r e s s p r o c e e d i n g of t h e 2 4 t h S e s s i o n D e l h i , 1 9 6 1 :
P . 1 9 0 .
7*
Abdur Rahim Khani Khanam,Ganga/ Brahma Etc. All of
tnese scholars and intellectuals enjoyed the en
lightened patronage of the emp!?;ror.
Besides some important works writer in other
language were also rendered into persian under the
beneficient patronage of the Emperors e.g. the
memories of Babar i, in turki) came to translated
into persian by Abdul Rahim Khani Khanam khana.
Akbar Jahangir shah Jahan were very much interested
historical studies. We find that all great Mughals
Sovereigns* during the period \inder review were
accomplished scholars.
143. MUGHAL INDIA, POLICIEo, AKBAK, FORM TIOl'
Iqtidar Alam Khan. The formation of the Mughal
rulling class: a study of Akbar policies.
Here, the process of the mughal nobility-especially
its evolution into a homogeneous body of mult -
racial and religiously hetrogenous element brought
together by Akbar and the accompanying snifts in
iAkbar administrative and religious policies.
1 4 4 . i ' lUGr t^^S , Srirtri Ortri-AlSi / H U G H A L IiMx>I/i
.rvbaul --wziz
rt history of the reign of Shah Jahan 6(3); Dec.1927;
235-57, Journal of Indian History.
"The details of the period of rule of Shah Jahan
have been described."
7 )
145 . HUGHALS/ SHAH JaHAisl, MUGHAL INDIA
rtbdul A z i z / A h i s t o r y of t h e r e i g n of Shah Jahar i /
J o u r n a l of I n d i a n H i s t o r y ^ 8 ( 2 ) ; A u g . 1 9 2 9 : 1 2 7 - 4 7 .
" A n o t h e r i n s t a l m e n t of t h e h i s t o r y of Shah J a h a n ' s
p e r i o d of r u l e " .
146 . MUGHALo, SHAH JAtlAlM , MUGHAL IKDIA
Abdul Aziz, ^ history of the reign of Shah Jahan,
Journal of Indian History,8(3} ;Dec. 1929:327-44.
"Affairs of historical importance of Shah Jahan's
rule".
147. MUGH^LS, SHAH JaHAN, MUGHAL Ii Dl .
Abdul Aziz, History of the reign of Shah Jahan,
Journal of Indian History, 9(2) :/iug. 1930: 132-72.
Affairs of historical importance of Shah Jahan rule"
1 4 8 . MUGHrtLS, SxUiH J/ix-iAM, MUGHAL Ii>ioIA
Abdul rtziz, A His tory of the re ign of Shah Jeihan,
Journal or Indian His tory , 9(3) ; Dec. 1930: 279-305
"/affairs of h i s t o r i c a l importance of Shah Jahan ' s
r u l e " .
7.^)
149. MUGHAL/ SHAH J LHAI.'/ MUGHAL INDIA
ganungo, K.R, Some side/ l i g h t s on the charac ter
and cour t l i f e Oi Shah Janan, Journal of Indian History
8 ( 1 ) ; Apr. 1929; 45-52.
"Court of Shah Jahan was the sub of r i v a l a r y among
the nobles of the Co\irt-whicn has been ciscussed here" ,
150. MUGHAL, SHAH JAH vN, MUGH- L INDIA
rtbdul Aziz History of the reign ot Shah Jahan
Journal of Indian His tory, 11(3); Dec. 1932: 47-78.
Affair of h i s t o r i c a l importance of Shah Jahan ' s r u l e .
1 5 1 , MUGHAL, SHAH JAiiAi,i, MUGHAL li\uli\
Fyldes/ Burford Sketch ot the life and reign of
the emperor Shah Jahan, Journal of Indian History
4(2) ; Aug. 1925: 71-84.
"Details of the life and times of Shah Jahan".
152 , MYSORE, MUGaAL R E L A I I U N , MUGHAL IliDIA
M u d d a c h a r i a , B. The Mysore , Mughal r e l a t i o n s
U 6 8 6 - 8 7 ) I n d i a n H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s , P r o c e e d i n g of
t h e 2 9 t h S e s s i o n 1967-68 P a r t I P . 1 6 8 - 1 7 3 .
H e r e an a t t e m p t i s made t o d i s c u s s t h e Mysore , Mughal
c o n t a c t of t h e l 7 t h C e n t u r y a s r e v e a l e d i n Kannada source
7v
The Mysore r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e Mughal ccxnraenced
i n 1666 when / ixirangzeb d e c i d e d t o s e i z e B i j a p u r and
GoIkonda ,
l53.NHTIOi,ALI3i^i/ AKBAR, MUGHAL INOIA
S r i v a s t a v a , A . L , ^ k b a r and N a t i o n a l I n t e g r a t i o n ,
J o u r n a l of I n d i a n H i s t o r y , 4 0 ( 1 ) ; Apr . 1 9 6 2 : 1-8 .
"Akbar was a b l e t o b u i l d a c o h e r e n t s o c i e t y i n s p i t e
of m u l t i p l i c i t y of r e l i g i o n s i n I n d i a . T h i s h a s b e e n
d e a l t w i t h h e r e " .
154 . IN 031 LI TY/ BABAR, MUGHAL Ii>JjJIA
A.R, Khan The n o t e on t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n of t h e N o b i l i t y
u n d e r B a b a r . I n d i a n H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s , 844 S e s s i o n
1 9 8 3 J P . 2 6 2
The person often started his military career xinder
Babar as Beqit and after some time was promoted to
the position of an ^ichki and next promotion was Begs,
155.NOBILITY, MUGHriL INDIA
Ansar zahid Khan Introduction to Tadhkarat al Umara
of Kewal Ram. Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society
(Pakistan) 1984 32 (2) :
Introduction to the publication by the Pakistan his
torical society of the first part of Kewal Ram's Tadhkarat
al-Umara an account of the nobility of the Mughal empire
empire completed in 170-71. CcMnpanison with
similar, slightly earlier works shows how Kewal Ram
corrected informatia)n from previous authorities and
wishing to include a wider nuiriber of nobles than
other writters# made his own classification accord
ing to religion, rank, and geographical origin.
156. NUBILITY/ MUGHAL INDIA
Athar Ali M. Mansab and imperial policy under - hah
oahan, Indian History Congress, BOC Thirty Sixth
Session; 1975; P. 257 -
It is new a by word in studies of the Mughal nobility
that at least from 15 75, and to at least 1707 the
mansab, granted and held are the most reliable index
of tne size and composition of the ruling class of
the aughal empire,
157. NUH/iNI, BIHAR, MUGHAL INDIA
Siddiq i , I q t i d a r Hussain, Nuhani r u l e s in Bihar
Indian History Congress , Vol. li?70 : P. 282-87.
Masnad i - a l i Darya Knan isiuhani whom Sultan Skinder
Lodi appoifcnted as the Huata of Bihar in 142 9-6 was
the second son of Musnad. There i s given in t h i s
paper the r i s e and f a l l of the iMxihani ru l e in Bihar
from 1495 to 1530 when Bihar was usuraped by Sher
Shah Khan Sur .
Sher Khan was thus able t o lay sieg^ to the fo r t of
Bihar. Being pressed, the Nuhanis f led away t o
H)
Bengal as the possibility of Mughal help was
eliminated with tne death of Babar and the rebellions
attitude of iiohd. zaman Mirza towards Humayun
So Bihar was evaluated by the Nxohani in 1530,
158. OFFICERS/ AKBAR, MUGHAL INDIA
BosBf Kamal Krishna
>ikbar*s Hindu Officers/ Indian Review/ 29 (12);
Dec. 1928: 825-31.
"Akbar made friends in all communities including
Hindus. He appointed Rajputs on important jobs
and developed family relations which forms the
subject of this article.
159. OFFICES/ 17th CENTURY/ MUGHAL INDIA
Khan, Shafaat Ahmed Khan, Sources for the History
of Seventeenth centxiry British India in the Indian
Office and the public record office/ Journal of
Indian History/1127/ 1921/22: 276-311.
"Research pfi)tential and utility of archival
material in the India Office/ London".
160. ORNAMENTS, MUGHAL INDIA
Sangar, S.P, Ornaments of Hindu Women in Mughal
India; as reflected in the contemporary hindi
literature. Journal of Indian History,44 (i);Apr,1966
181-204 .
(., ACC No
"An account of Ornaments and other decoration
materials used by Hindu women in Mughal period".
1 6 1 . PAINTIi^GS, DEoCRlPTION, MUGHAL INDIA
BKOWiJ/ P e r c y / I n d i a n p a i n t i n g u n d e r t h e Mugha lS /^ . i J .
15 5 0 - i i .D . 1750 London C l a n d a r p r e s s 1924/ 2 0 4 , P . 92
p l a t e s .
Description of Mughal paintings along with historical,
religious back ground and lists of painters and their
principal works, collections of Indian pictures and
bibliography.
162. PAINTINGS, JAHANGIR, MUGHAL INDIA
Solomon W.E.G. Essays on Mughal Art. London, Oxford
University press, 1932, 96 P. 18 Illis.
Essays deal with different phases of the Mughal
Paintings which include colour ana Mughals,«Jahangir
and his artists iinp_ssions of the Taj. Modern Art acid
Mughals and tae Indian Art and Modern criticism.
1 6 3 . PAINTING, AKB>IR , MUGHAL I N D I A
Wellesz Emmy Akbar religious thought reflected in
Mughal Paintings, London,Allen and Unwin 19b2 XI, 47 p. 40
plates Ethical and religious classics of Fast and
West no.77.
Reflects Akbar's olderancce of religions in the form
of paintings. /\kbars youth and development of his
religious ideas . Abdul Fazal ^kbars Din Ilahi of
78
Cul tura l back ground and nature of iMughal pa in t ings
are d e a l t with in t h i s book.
164, PAINTING, AKBARI SCHOOL, MUGHAL INDIA
Tasneenuihmad, Scxne thoughts on Akbari School of
Painting (summary) ICHR, P. 284.
The birth of Indo Muslim Culture, which was guided by
the doctrine of Sulh-i-kul,practised by Akbar.
The development of different branches of painting,
that is miniatures book illustration and portraiture,
are tne wide reflections of it. The execution of the paii
ting in Karkhana brought the painters closer and closer
and whatever imaginary fears existed on either side the
foundation of karkhana where painters were recruited
irrespective of their caste colour, birth region and
proceedings of the thirty seventh session, Calicut,1976.
1 6 5 . PAINTERS, FAkRUrUi BEG, ^KBAR,MUGHAL INDIA
Verma, S.P. Farrukh Beg- The Mughal Court Painter
Indian History Congress, vol. 1, iy78: P. 360-67,
Farrukh Beg "Musavvir ' belong to after Kabul and he
j oined Akbar court . Mohd. Hakim- He was very
good artist.In this paper has given about his painting.
166. POINTINGS, MINIATURE, SHAH JAHAI-J, MUGHAL INDIA
Lawrence George
i'iugnal miniatures, Indian Art, London. Methue 1963
11 P. 15 plates < ri pocket book froiu the little Library of Art.
79
Short survey of Hiniarure paintings done under Akbar.
Jahangir, Shah Jahan and i^urangzeb,
157, PAINTERS, MANDU FI&ANGI ,MUGHAL IIMDIA
Kazmi, Nuzhat Fatima, i-iandu Firangi: a case study
of an Akbari Painter, Indian History of Congress,Pro
of the 47th Session, vol. 1; 1986: P. 441-44.
/Akbari Period (1589) in the Maharaja Sewai Man Singh
i'iuseum, Jaipur. There are few painted folios ascribed
to two artists, Mandu, Firangi and Mandu, are not
mentioned in Ain-e-Akbari,
1 6 8 . P i i lNTERS, MUGH/ L INDIA
Welch, Stuart Gary. Art of the Mughal India, painting
and precious object, Newyork,^sia House Gallery,1963
179 p. 88 plates.
A Catalogue of exhibits shown in galleries of /isia
House, New York in the winter of 1964 introduction
and notes have been added by the author, which provide
valuable sources material to the researcher,
1 6 9 . PAINTIHGS, SCROLL, KaSHf-lIR, MUGHAL INDIA
Sharma, Shiv Kumar, Kashmir Scroll painting,Indian
History Congress Pro of the 47th Session 1986 :P,446
Scroll painting t both the rolled and the hanging
variety) was popular in Kashmir is proved by the exis
tence of the Hamza Nama group of cloth painting which
produced during the days of the Mughal Emperor Akbar.
Another we can designate as miniature scrolls.
170. PAWTlUG^f TEXTILE/ ORNAMENT DECORAT101^/MUGHAL INDIA
Roy-/ ^rchana. Data on mixed Modes in Indian printed
Textiles: Indian History Congress Proc thirty sixth
session: 1975; p. 206 -
There is given about Indian printed Textile the orna
mented fabrics will come under the heading mixed modes
in whicn group, the decoration was done both by dying
and weaving Indian Oriented Textiles were heavily
decorated with those two methods. Such fabrics were
known as patola or Ikat Mashru /Sangi and Gulbadan etc,
1 7 1 . PAINTINGS/ EUROPEAI' J , MUGH/iL INDIA
Havell/ E.B, EiiTopean art at the Mughal court.
Journal of Indian History/ 2(1); 1922/23/ 117-18.
"Tradition of Western Art introduced in the Mughal Court",
1 7 2 . PAIiNJTINGS/ TESHNIwUES/ MUGHAL COURT/ MUGHAL INDIA
Moti Chandra . Technique of Mughal painting,Lucknow, U.P.
Indian-Historical Society/ 1949/ 108 P. 50 Fig.
Describes the theory and practice ot painting as
prevalent d\iring Mughal times.
O i
173. PAINTINGS/ TECHNIQUES, UP MUGHAL INDIA
Moti Chandra. Technique of Mughal Painting,Lucknow/U.P.
Historical Society, 1949, 106 P. 50 Fig.
Describes the theory and practice of painting as preva
lent during Mughal times.
174. PICTORIAL CARPETS , MUGHAL INDIH
onarma, Ramesh Chandra, A pictorial carpet from the
Mughal period. Indian History Congress Pro of the 47th
Session, Vol. 1; 1986: P. 333 -
In this paper author wants to mentioned that
pictorial carpet from the Mughal period which constitutes
a fine specimen of the Indian Carpet weaver's craft of
the age,
175. POLICY GUJARAT HAMAYUN, MUGK-AL INDIA
Hasan, K.N, Fresh l i g h t on Humayun's Gujrat Pol icy.
Indian ^listory Congress j:'ro. of the 28th Session,Mysore;
1966: P. 158-
/^though a la rge number of works wr i t t en during the
re ign of ^kbar provide d e t a i l s of Humayun r e l a t i o n s h i p
with Gujrat , the information ava i l ab le so far leaves
many gaps in our knowledge, Scxne of these gaps may be
f i l l e d with tne help of the newly pioblished Tarikhi-uutbi
on the b a s i s of t h i s add i t iona l information; an attempt
has-been made t o re-examine the main aspect of Humayun's
Gujarat po l icy .
1 7 6 . POLICY, MUGri/U. INDIA, G^RO-TRIBEi, MUGHAL INDIA
Bhattacharya/ Jayanta Bhusan. A note on the Mughal
policy towards the Garos / Indian History Congress/
Vol. 1970 : P. 436
Discusses is Mughal policy towards the Garo tribes driv
ing his information mainly from the British writtrs of the
post Mughal period and record of the East Indian Com
pany's administration.
A similar policy was in itially followed by the East
India company.
177. PULICY, NuKTH-jESr FKONTIEK, AKBAR,MUGHAL INDIA
x nsari, rvrif Ali. North-West frontier policy of the
Mughal s under fikbar Journal of the Pakistan/Historical
Society, Vol. IV Part.1; 1956; P. 36-63.
The rise of the power of Vzbegs in mov-ward-al-nahr,
and the growtn of their ambitiers; whicn was marked by
the occupation of Ballen , Bad Khshan and Khurasan
these development were a potential threat to the north
west frontiers of the empire of Akbar. No attention
could have been paid to this problem earlier of his reign
because he had to concentrate his entire attention on
internal affairs and the consolidation of the government.
1 7 8 . POLICY NORTH V>iESTERN, SHAH JAHAN, MUGHAL INDIA
rtnsar, A . ^ . Shah J a h a n s N o r t h - W e s t e r n P o l i c y ( 1 ) J o u r n a l
of Indian History, p. 113-123.
Shah J a h a n was attftble and c o u r a g e o u s l e a d e r , of showed
8.1
diplomat and a very good administrator. The policy
was started by Akbar was carried to a successful
conclusion by Shah Jahan.
179 . POLITICAL, AFGHAl-i, MUGriaLS K E L A T I O N , MUGIiAL IWDIA
Rahim, ^,, t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e Afghan u n d e r t h e
M u g h a l , J o u r n a l of t n e P a k i s t a n , H h i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y ,
v o l . VI p a r t 1, 1958 . P . 1 2 6 — 1 4 3 .
I n t h e r e i g n o± / ikbar ( 1556-160 5) t h e r e l a t i o n s
b e t w e e n t h e Afghans and Mughal may b e svunmed up a s
one of h o s t i l i t y and d i s t r u s t .
Under Baba r (1526-30) and Hximayion ( 1530-40) t h e
Mughal w a n t e d t h e A f g h a n s t o a c c e p t t h i s r u l e i n
N o r t h e r n I n d i a ,
180, POLITICAL, AFGHAN, MUGHAL RELATION, MUGHAL INDIA
Tej Ram, Babur's Relations with the Nohani and
formula > fghans, A study of his nobility (1526-30)
Indian History Congress,1980 : P, 227,
iMohani and tormuli clans of Afghans were very powerful
in Hindustan. The Nohani clan was very powerful in
Bihar, The Jama of Babars empire in Hindustan being
52 crore 28.7/i was shared by the Afghans.
84
181. political policies/ mughal india
Shrivastava, A.L. Some misbonceptions about Kana
Pratap. Journal of Indian History, 48(2);Aug.1970:211-16.
"Clear delineation of tne personality and policies
of x ana Pratap".
1 8 2 . POLITICi^L RELATIuNo,IiMiJO,PERSIAN
Sana ^skari, cti, Indo Persian political relations in
the age of the great mughals. Indian History Congress
Proceeding of the seventeenth session, Ahmaaaoad; 19:34:
P. 2y7,
The papa represents an attempt to throw ligh^ on the
Indo Persian relation by utilizing the Material some of
which have been made available to the writer by a
colleague when returned fran Persia.
1 8 3 . Jr-uLiriC«.L, i\<«u\S^-iCTIOi., Jrth.ri.jGIU, MUGHaL I N J I ^
Venkateswaran, s.V. Janangir, Indian Kev. 25 (5);May 1924
30 4 University of Mysore. The book gives a continoous
narrative of all the important political and military
transactions, Jahangir's reign.
The really intatesting chapter in the book are those
dealing with the wughal Government and Noorjanan. The
autnor was attempted to show in the word: S.^.Khan
that the Mughal Government was essentially a national
govex'nment.
85
The Mughal Empire knew nothing of elective assemblies
and constitutional rights but it had this much of
the deraocratic element in it that its general policy
was in accord with the wishes and sentiment of the
people,
184, POLITICAL, CARRIER, BABAR,MUGHAL liJDiA
William, L.F, Rushbrook. Empire builder to the 16th
Century, London, Longmans, Green 1918- xvi, 187 P. illus
map ( Kept of Modern Indian History,Allahabad Univer
sity, no. 3) .
Summary account of the Political career of Zahiruddin
Muhammad, Surnaraed Babar, based on Allahabad University
lecture for 1915-16, provides list of authorities on
Babar whose boyhood training as a warriar, days of
adversity conquest of Samarkand and Hindustan are
given in detail,
185, POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY DECCAi-J MUGHAL INDIA
Alvi, R,/ ., The political Geography of the Mughal
Deccan. Indian History Congress, vol.: 1970:P. 440
In this paper has been mentioned that political geo
graphy of three Deccan provinces of the Mughal Empire,
namely, Khandesh, Berar and Ahmednagar usually referred
to in historical literature as the Hughal Deccan,
86
l d 6 . FOir-Ux^AflOlM / rtKBrtK, i4UL.rir»L liSiUlri
iMoosvi, dhireen, production consximption and population
in Akbar 's time, Indian History Congress/1972t P. 260
Gonsiomption was s u b s t a n t i a l l y higher about 1595, and
the y i e ld in a l l crops were 25 to 300 percent higher
than in 1961. On the b a s i s of these cons idera t ion t h a t
populat ion of i^kbar's Empire was about 67 c ro res ,
187 . CITIES AGRA,DELnI, SIKRI , MUGH U:, INDl/i
Anand, Mulat Kaj Delni, ngra, Sikri,1968 Marg, PxibT
Bombay, p. 67, illus.
Illustrates the three Mughal cities with their historical
back grounds. The monximents and their architectural
details are also provided the ornamental decorations,
inlaid work, design of the dame etc. are also describes.
188. POLICIES, AURAKGZEB, MUGaAL INDIA
Tripathi, riam Prasad, Vindication of Aurangzeb, Indian
Rev. 19(10); Oct. 1918: 708-11
"Rigid and fanatic policies of Aurangzeb have been
dealt with, when he was in the clutches of old rigid
Muslim fxindaraentalists".
1 8 9 . PRECIOUb, MElAi^S, MUGHAL INDIA
Ktfarty, K.G. I n d i a i n t h e 1 7 t h C e n t u r y , I n d i a n Review
2 9 ( 1 1 ) ; Nov. 19 8 : 7 6 5 - 6 8 . The p r o b l e m n a t u r a l l y i n v o l v e s
HH
the consiaeration of the standard of life at the end
of tne centxiry. We find to o\ir regret nothing that
can indicate any rise in the standard , wr. Moreland
says that the life of Peasants was harder the price
level - the importation of gold and silver and large
quantity of precious metals had been imported into
India in exchange for India manufactured good and raw
material.
190 . REBEILIOM/ KHO^ RO SHAH JAH/^ / MUGH* L INDIrt
D ' o i l v a / J o h n a . The r e b e l l i o n of p r i n c e Khusru
a c c o r d i n g t o J e s u i t s o u r c e s . J o u r n a l of I n d i a n H i s t o r y , 5
(2) -Hug, 1 9 2 6 ; 2 6 7 - 8 1 .
" K h u s r o / t h e son of Shah J a h a n r e v o l t e d a g a i n s t h i s
f a t h e r - C h r i s t i a n m i s s i o n e r y s o u r c e s h a v e b e e n u s e d
i n w r i t i n g t h i s a r t i c l e " .
191. REBEILION3 , AURANGZEB/ MUGHAL INDIA
Sharma, Shri Ram, aurangzeb 's r e b e l l i o n agains t
Shah Jahan, Journal of Indian History, 44(1) ; Apr,1966:
10 9-24.
"Aurangzeb was very ambitious and wanted t o ascend
the throne i n s p i t e of not being the e l d e s t son of
Shah Jahan wno favoured Dara ohikoh. So he rebe l led
aga ins t h i s f a the r" .
88
192. RELIGIONd, /UCbAR, KUGH^L INDIA
KKlSHN.i MURTHI, R. The inaugural meeting of the
divine faith of Akbar, 24(1-2)/ Journal of Indian
History^ Apr.- Aug. 1945: 17-21.
"/*kbar founded Din-e-Ilahi taking good tenets of
different religions and it was formally inaugurated
which forms the contents of this article".
193. RELIGIOiv-o, AURaNGZEB, MUGHAL INDIA
History of iiurangzeb. Mad Review :
7
8
8
8
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
(4);
C5);
(2);
(3);
C3);
(4);
(5);
(6);
(2);
(2);
(3);
(4);
C5);
i^pr.
May
Aug.
Sept.
oept.
Sept.
Oct.
Dec,
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
1910
1910
1910
191Q
1911
1911
1911
1911
1912
1912
1912
April 1912
May 1912
w 354
431
131
243
250
333
424
524
61
165
250
371
467
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
—
62
38
37
51
53
40
29
37
72
73
57
81
85
"Almost all aspects of Aurangzeb's rule have been
dealt with including his religions beliefs/ his political
cicumen / his battles and alliances etc,"
8 J
194.RELIGIONS/ AUi AKGZEB,MUGHaL liviDlA
H i s t o r y of Axirangzeb/ Modern R e v i e w / 8 (3) ; S e p t . i g u t
2 5 0 - 5 3 .
"xilmost all aspects of Aurangzeb' s rule have been
dealt with incl-ading his religions beliefs / his
political acumen, his battles and alliances etc."
195.RELIGIONS/ AURANGZEB/ MUGHAL INi IA
History of i urangzeb. Modern Review (4) ;8 (2) Aug. ;1911i
431-38.
"Almost all aspects of Aurangzeb's rule have been
dealt with including his religions belief/ his
political acumen; his battles and alliances etc."
196.Ri:.LIGIQiN,S/ AURANGZEB/ MUGHAL INDIA
History of aurangzeb/ Modern Review / 11(1); Jan.1912
P 61 - 72.
"Almost all aspects of Aurangzeb*s rule have been
dealt with including his religions belief/ his
political acumen, his battles and alliances etc."
197.RELIGIONo/ riURrtNGZEB, MUGHAL INDIA
H i s t o r y of A u r a n g z e b , Modern Review 11 (2) ;March 1 9 1 2 :
P . 2 5 0 - 5 7 .
"rtlmost all aspects of /lurangzeb's rule have been
dealt with including his religions belief, his poli
tical acumen/ his battles and alliances etc."
90
igS.RELlUIOKS/ rtURANGZEB/ MUGHAL INDI^
H i s t o r y of A u r a n g z e b , Modern Review 1 1 ( 4 ) ; A p r i l 1912;
3 7 1 - 8 1 .
"Almost all aspects of i urangzeb rule have been dealt
with including his religions beliefs, his political
acumen, his battles and alliances etc.
i99,i<i:LiijiuiNi , URA:>;GZEB, MUGHAL INDI^^
History of aurangzeb. Modern Review , 8(5); Sept,1911:
P. 424- 29.
"Almost all aspects of aurangzeb's rule have been
dealt with including his religions beliefs, his
political acumen, his battles and alliances etc,"
200.EELIGION, AURAIMGZEB, MUGHAL IWDIa
History of A\arangzeb, Modern Review, 8(4); Sept. 1911;
333 - 40,
"Almost all aspects of Aurangzeb's rule have been
dealt with including his religions beliefs, his poli
tical acumen , his battles and alliances etc,"
201,RELIGIOMS, AURAl 'GZEB, MUGHAL INDIA
History of aurangzeb. Modern Review,11(5);Mav 1912:
467-85,
"almost all aspects of Aurangzeb's rule have been
dealt with including his religions beliefs his poli
tical acumen his battles and alliances etc,"
9
202. KELIGIOUJ, rtUR-rtNGZEB, MUGHAL INDIA
History of Aurangzeb, Modern Review/8(3);1911;
243 - 51.
"Almost all aspects of Aurangzeb's rule have been
dealt with including his religions beliefs/ his
political acumen, his battles and alliances etc,"
20 3. RELIGIONS/ AURANGZEB/ MUGHAL IL-^DIH.
History of Axirangzeb/ Modern Review/ 10(6); Dec. 1911:
529-37
"Almost all aspects of Aurangzeb's rule have been
dealt with including his religions beliefs/ his
political acvunen/ his battles and alliances etc. "
204, RELIGIONS/ HUMAYUN, MUGHAL INDIA
Banerji/ S.K. Hvumayun & religion/ Journal of Indian
History/ 17 (2) ; Aug. 1938: 151-64.
"The religions faith of the pious thing has been dealt
with in detail including his liberalism in religious
affairs".
205. RELIGIONS POLICY/ AKBAR/ MUGHAL INDIA
Sinha/ h.N. The genesis ot the Din-i-Ilahi, 9 (3) /
Dec.1930: 306-29. Journal of Indian History.
"Akbar respected all religions and believed in the
unity of all religions. He founded a new faith Din-e-
9 >
Ilahi wnich included good tends of various religions.
20 6. RELIGIONS POLICIES, AKBAR, MUGHAL INDIA
Mohammad Yasin ,
Akbar and Indian nationalism. Journal of Indian
History, 38(2); Aug. 1960: 401-07.
"Akbar was not rigid in his religious ideas. He
believed in the goodness of all religions and in his
life time tried to unite all caranunities including
Hindus and Rajputs in particular, this has been des
cribed here".
207. RELIGIONS, POLITICS, AKBAR, MUGHAL INDIA
Shrivastava, A,L,
SCKne misconceptions about Akbar the great 42 (2) ;Aug.
1964s 361-70.
Akbar's sincerity whether in religion or politics or
even in social matters was never questioned by his
contemporaries. There is no instance of his having
dis-regarded his plighted word. He had not really
promised freedom to king Bahadxir of Khandesh, What he
had agreed to was granting his life and hono\ir' and
he fulfilled the promise,
208, RELIGIONS, POLICIES, AKBAR, MUGHAL INDIA
ShrivastavajfA, L,
Akbar and national integration. Journal of Indian
History, 40(1); Apr, 1962: 1-8
9.]
"Liberal religions policies of Akbar knit a coherent
society inspite of multiple communities. This
speaks of his success in building a homogenious
society which gave hearty cooperation to his rule".
20 9, iiELIGIONS/ POLIGIEo, >iKBAR, MUGHAL INDIA
Wadia/ P.A.
iikbar and India today, Madrea Review 73(1); Jan, 1943:
26-27,
The enthusiasm with which we are celebrating the
Akbar wuater centenary is perhaps Symbolic(1) of the
demand for a unified India (2) of the growing self
consciousness on the part of our people and their
desire to live their own life. Akbar rules in India
is a myth of this kind. Akbar believes in all reli
gion he does not have any difference between Hindu
and nuslim,
210. R^LIGIOIMS/ POLICY/ /iURAwGZxjB/ MUGHAL INDIA
Shariiia, Sri Ram Religions policy of the Mughal
Emperor ,2d ed, Bombay, Asia Pub,House,1962 x 206P
First published in 1940.
oystematic and sympathetic approach of the religions
policy or Fiughals, based on persian, ilarathi/ Sanskrit
and other original sources relating to this subject
Has list of Hindu mansabdars during Akbar and
Aurangzeb'p period.
9t
211. RELIGIOUS, PHILOSOPHY, MUGHAL INDIA
M, Amar Ali
Sulh- i and the r e l i g i o u s ideas of Akbar s tud ies in
His tory (India) 1982 4 (1) : 27-39. Believing himself
t o have a d i r e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p with God, independent
of any p a r t i c u l a r r e l i g i o n , the Mughal r u l e r Akbar
(1556-160 5 ) , developed a r e l i g i o u s philosophy much broader
than t r a d i t i o n a l Islam. His po l icy of Sulh- i -kul
attempted to i n t e g r a t e var ious cultxoral and r e l i g i o n s
t r a d i t i o n s .
2 1 2 . REVENUES, l ? t h CEixTURY, MUGHAL liaDIA
Sharma, Rajiv, Indian History of Congress,1989
Revenues and routes in the Mughal Empire- seven
century Documents in the pancholi Bhai.
The bahi entitled Pancholi Slukaran Lalchand ri Bahi
( henceforth Pancholi Bahi) contains a random collec
tion of khyats vigats.
There are giving about revenues and rout in Mughal
time,
213. REVENUES, EXTRA NON MUGHAL INDIA
Moosvi, Shireen
The s i l v e r inflxix moneys supply, p r i c e s and revenue
ex t r ac t i on in Mughal Ind ia , Journal of Economic and
Social History of the Orient ( Netherkhals) , 1987;30 (1) ;
4794.
95
The variations in 16th and 17th century mint out
put in the Mughal Empire reflect the fluctuations
in the volume of silver imports from the new world
into India. Total coined silver stock also paralleled
the influx frcan abroad roughly do\j±)ting between 1600
170 5. Price and revenue increases in the 17th century
varied by region (passed on sketchy data) and were not
as related to silver import, which could not by them
selves have led to major internal redistribution of
wealth within the Mughal empire,
214. REVEIMUES, ZMMIKDAR, MUGHaL IwDlH
Grover, B.K. Nature of Denat-i-Taa Luqa (Zamindari
village) and the Evolution of the Taaluqdani system
during the Mughal age , Indian Economic & Social
History Review, vol. 2; 1965: P. 166-
Revenues of both the Taaluq a (zamindari) and the
raiyati villages were assessed by the State the ulti
mate responsibility for the collection rested with two
differents categories of official in the Taaluqa
villages where the Zamindars owned revenues on their
personal lands* the naya and the tenants would nor
mally pay through the muqaddam of the village and the
Chandahani of the area who would deposite the revenue
in the treasury.
The rasxim known for a Chodnari in non Zamindari, villages
98
during Mughal age, was equally applicable age
was equally applicable to the Zamindarl rasum in
the Taaluqa village,
215. ROADS/ MUGHAL INDIA
Zahoor Ali Khan. The p u r s u i t of Mughal High V^aysia
study of road rt-lignments based on the Kospi l la rs /
Indian History Congress / proceeding of the for ty
f i f t h session Annamalas Nagar 1984: p . 312-19,
The f i r s t road t raced by these p i l l a r s j o i n s important
towns l i k e Mathura, iJelhi , Panipat , Karnal, Ambala,
oirhind/ Ludiana, Ja l lundhar and Lahore.
The Mughal route continued over an uneven p la in to
by the Covntour l i n e of 750 fee t as well as to the
meandering coursesiof the Gembhir-utangar r i ve r oxor
i i k e s k i l l avoided in laying out the alignment of the
Mughal high way.
216. ROYAL, FURNITURES/ MUGHAL IWDIA
Abdul Aziz. Thrones/ Chairs and Seats used by the
Indian Mughals. Journal of Indian History,17(2);
/iug. 1938: 181 - 228.
"Royal furniture used by the great Mughals has been
described".
97
217, SETTLEFiEWT i, MALWA, BIHHR/ BABAR, MUGHAL INDIA
Banerji S,K, Babar post-war settlements in the
UOBLD, X"ialwa and Bihar. Indian riistory Congress
proceeding of the 17th session; 1954; P. 296.
All the historians have spoken in glowing term of
Babar and his reign. He is represented as a great
ruler and an equally great entist biographer and war
Techtician. Babar tented to make lasting settlements
after his i4is Walwa and Bihar compaigns but he left
inane policy for his success or Humayun.
218, SOCIAL CONDITIONS/ MUGHAL INDIA
Iqtidar nlam Khan
socio-political implications of Hand guns in Mughal
India, Indian History of Congress/ 1989; p. 585.
In South Asia/ the earliest use of fire arms (repre
sented by Hawai or Ban; the mughal/State, policy with
regard to fire arms remains to be fully worked out.
abul Nazals classification of artillery and bunduqchis
(same as tutangchis of Babars description/ the handgxin
wielding infantrymen) as part of the royal house hold
(Manzilabadi ) rather than as part of army organization,
219, SOLDIEKS/ BABAR, MUGHAL INDIA
Nigan/ S.B.P, The Jahandarnama of Nuruddin Hamdard
I s l a m i c (Pakis tan) 1986 9(1) i 3 5 - 5 8 .
98
Introduces and summarises the contents of the Jahandar-
nama by Nurul Din, a member of a family of professional
solaiers that came to India in the 15 20's in the
Mughal army of 2ahir al Din Muhammad Babar, probably
written under the guidners of Yusuf Khan, the official
court historian of Farrukhsiyar,
220 . SOLDIERS^ MUHAIXlT'lADAN/ MUGHAL INDIA
C h o p r a , P .K , Scffne Muhammadan r i t e s a s o b s e r v e d d u r i n g
Mughal t i m e s / I n d i a n H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s / P r o , of t h e 1 7 t h
S e s s i o n , ? . 300 .
In this article an attempt has been made to take brief
note of some of the important Muhammadan rites viz.
Aqiqah, Bismillah ( initiation), Sunnat (circumcision)
etc, as they were observed during Mughal times incidentally
some other interesting customs which followed a childs
birth have also been described, the account is based
on contemporary persian soxirces and foreign travellers.
2 2 1 . SOCI/iL CQNxJlTIONo, BABAR, MUGH/^ IKJ lA
K h a f i Khan. M u n t a k h a b u - l u b a b - i - k e - l x o b a b Monammad d h a h i
o r r a r i k h i Kaf i Khan, F o l i o s , : lo + 3 8 2 .
C o v e r s e t h e p e r i o d from Baba r up t o 1 7 3 3 , i t s s t y l e
i n d e s c r i b i n g i aoc ia l c o n d i t i o n s p r e v a l e n t and i t s
d e t a i l of i n f o r m a t i o n f o r Mughal E m i r o r s a d v e n t u r e s i n
J e c c a n make i t a v a l u a b l e s o u r c e s m a t e r i a l s p e c i a l l y f o r
rturangzeb's e n t i r e r e i g n , o c c u p i e s a u n i q u e p l a c e among
h i s t o r i a n s of l i ugha l I n d i a ,
9n
2 2 2 . SOLDIERS, RAJA JAISINGH
S a r k a r , J a g a d i s h N a r a y a n
New l i g h t on M i r z a R a j a J a i S ingh P o l i c y i n B i j a p u r ,
J o u r n a l of I n d i a H i s t o r y , 4 3 ( 3 ) ; D e c . 1 9 6 5 ; 7 4 7 - 6 1 ,
"Ra ja J a i S ingh was A u r a n g z e b ' s army commander h i s
c o m p a i g n s i n s e n t h a v e b e e n d e a l t h e r e " ,
2 2 3 . SOLDIERS, RAJi^ JAI SINGH, MUGHAL INDIA
S a r k a r , J a g a d i s h K a r a y a n
rlirza Raja Jai Singh and Shivaji, Journal of Indian
of Indian History 42 (1); Apr. 1964: 251-64.
"Mirza Raja Jai Singh was the commander of Axorangzebfe
army who bravely and faithfully fought in South on his
behalf. Aurangzeb conferred the litle of Mirza on
this great soldier".
224, SILVER CURREi JCY, 16th CENTURY, MUGHAL INDIA
Om prakash, Mughal Silver currency out put and prices
in India in the 16th and 17th centuries: a critique
the Indian Economic and Social History Review,vol.7
No. 1, 1970: P. 139
In this paper tne silver currency out put of the Mughal
Empire and price in India during the 16th and 17th
century, Mirza Hasan has constructed a silver currency
in circulation curve based on the number of Mughal
silver coins found relating to each year.
lOi)
225. SOCIAL, iiCUNOMIC CQNDITIOi-.S/ AKBAR, MUGHAL INDIA
orait , Vincent Arthur, ^kbar the great Mughal 1542-
1605. Delhi S. Chand 1958. XVI, 504 P. Originally
pxablished in 1917 by Oxford University Press.
Contains detailed account of Akbars reign including
his ancestry conquests, i in Ilahi, Jesuit Missions
oalims rebellion, social and economic conditions.
2 2 6 . S P O K T S , H U N T I N G , AiCBAR, ihUGH^iL I N D I «
Akbar's hunting excursions. Indian Review 25(12);
Dec. 1924: 768-66.
"Akbar was advanturous and daring ruler. He loved
sports and especially hunting which have been dealt
with here,
2 2 7 . SPORTd, HUNTING, AKBAR, MUGHAL I i JDIa
G u r t u , O.K.
/%kbar and elephant fights. Indian Review 27 (2), Feb,
1926: 107-08.
"Akbar was a great lover of sports and hunting. He
maintained a huge collection of elephants and capable
Mahontss He enj©yed elephant fights which have been
described here".
228. SUGHR, MANUf/^CTURING, I7th CENTURY, i-iUGH iL INDIA
Ahmad, Mohd. Reyaz: Manufacturing Process of Sagar in
India during the 17th century, Indian History of Congress
Pro. of the 47th Session 1986: P. 447-48.
101
During the 17th Century Indian Sugar was not pro
duced for local consumption but it was also exported to
Europe, America/ Africa and some other countries.
Villages produced most of the raw material needed
for Urban manufacturing industries.
Three types of ougar viz/ powdered. Candy and un
refined were produced in India.
229, oYSTEi'lS, MANo^E, «Hi-irtDABAu, MUGHAL INDIA
i-iukherjee Paresh Nath, Some light on the Mansabdari
system of the Mughals, Indian History Congress/Pro-of the
Seventeenth session Ahmadabad, 1954,P. 297.
There is considerable difference in Zat and Swar meaning
Historians has different opinion about Zat and Swar. The
Sawar was their military rank, whereas the Zat was their
civilian rank,
230. SYSTEi'.S, I dANSAB, AKBAR , 1595-1637 CEMTURY MUGHAL INDIA
Irfan Habib, the Mansab system 1595-1637. Indian History
Congress . Pro. of the 29th Session 1967-68 Part I:P.228
In this article consists essentially of two parts.
In the first an attempt is made to establish directly from
evidence the facts of cnange in the system of Mansab pay
and obligation during the last years of Akbar and the reign
of Jahangir. so at to discover what exactly was new in
the system as it was found existing under Shah Jahan. In
the second political and administrative development of the
time.
iU.
2 3 1 . oYSi'iili^io/ i"iHi>iortB/ ^iKB^<, WUCiH/iL INDIA
r r ived i / K.K.
Maintenance of war and t r a n s p o r t animals in luansab
system under Akbar. Indian History Congress/1986.
In t h i s paper an attempt has been made t o examine
afresh weather the horseS/ e lephants and t r anspor t
animals belonged to the imperial s t ab les but were main
ta ined by the mansabdars out of the sa lary paid to
them.
2 3 2 . SYSTEMS/ BUREAUCRATIC
The A'erarchy of Cebtral places in i orth India during
the Mughal period of Indian Hisl^ory, South Asia
Uustralia) 1983. 6(1) : 1-32.
Gilbert Rozmans classification system for the hie
rarchy of central places that it is cities with
bureaucratic system dominating their surrounding
region, distinguished seven levels ranging frcan
national administration centres to standard marketing
centres . In this system/ Mughal India won between
1550 and 1650/ at a low level of development having
only two regional centres and poorly developed inter
mediate centers.
233 . SYSIEi^iS/ EoCHEAT MUGfUL Ii.\.iJlrt
Z a t a r u l I s l am, The Mughal System of Eschea t
An a n a l y t i c a l Study Tnfiian Hi.citory Gonaress Proc
of t h e 46th Sess ion i. / un t i t s a r ) ; 1988;P. 337
103
It was an established practice of the Mughal Govern
ment to escheat the property of State Officials
after their death. Here, an attempt is being made
to discuss the issue of escheat in the light of
rules laid down by the Muhals and the actual cases
of escheat given in the contemporary sources.
In the light of the above analysis it,may be
concluded that the esche at of the property of the
deceased officials was a prevalent practice in Mughal
India.
2 3 4 . SYSTEHS/ MAtiS^B, JAi i^NSIR/ MUGHi^ I ^ D I A
•'•rfan Habib/ Islamic Culture; an english cfuarterly
H IIX No3 Hyderabad 1985.
In these article W.H. Woreland argued salaries
sanctioned for raasabs or ranks were radically scaled
down by Shah Jahan after 1628.
235. SYSIEM i/ MILIT/^Y, RAJPUTS, MUGHAL INDI^
Sharma, Ravindra Kumar.
The i iilitary system of the Bundi State ^rchiv orientalni
C zchoslovakia ) 1986 54(2); 146-157.
A study of Military system of the Hara clan of the
Rajputs . Rao Ratan Hara can be regarded as the most
successful imitator of the new school medieval tech
nology and Warfare the superiority of this school
was proved by great success of the '.Vara rulers. From
lO'V
The agricultural policy of Mughals involved more than
the collection of land taxes. The Mughal brought
more land under cultivation and increased the produc
tivity of older fields. They also protected peasants
from over zealous Tax collectors as well as provided
relief from natural disasters.
The i-iugnals sought increased agricultural production
to meet internal and external market devend, insiore
the well being of tne population, and increase Govt,
revenue from taxation,
2 3 9 . TEMPLES, AURANGZEB, MuGH-fiL I K J J I A
O'AN/iH gHANDfl:4, ^ u r a n g z e b and Hindu t e m p l e s / J o u r n a l
of t h e P a k i s t a n l i l s t o r i c a l 3oc±etv, v o l . V ; 1 9 5 7 : 2 4 7 - 5 4
I n t h i s p a p e r h a s w r i t t e n by Chandra t h a t H i s t o r i a n
h a v e w r i t t e n v o l . a f t e r v o l . a b o u t A u r a n g z e b he was
a n t i H i n d u and b a n n i n g t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of Hindu t e m p l e s .
The Farman was i s s u e d by Aurangzeb on 15 J a m a d i . T h i s
Farman c l e a r s on t h e p o i n t t h a t -fiurangzeb d i d n o t i s s u e
any new o r d e r a g a i n s t t h e bu i ld i i ; i g of t h e new t e m p l e .
2 4 0 . TR^PE, MiMED^h*^, MUGHAL INDIA
Mahmud 5, Hassan the Mughal and a Merchant-Jeweller
of rthmedabad Proceeding of the Forty xxth session;
1985: P. 300
Authar attempt is made here to introduce one such
collection of documents issued to a merchant-Jeweller
of the city of Ahmedabad by the Mughal emperors.
105
2 4 1 . TRADE BENGAL 1633-1712 CENTURY/ MUGHAL INDIA
M a l i k / Z a h e e r u d d i n Mughal o f f i c i a l dociunent c o n c e r n i n g
t h e E n g l i s h t r a a e i n B e n g a l (163 3-1712) s I n d i a n H i s to ry -
C o n g r e s s P r o c e e d i n g of t h e t h i r t y f i r s t s e s s i o n ,
V a r a n a s i , 1 9 6 9 s P . 2 4 6 - 5 4 .
242. TRADE/ BENGAL, AKBAR/ MUGHAL INDIA
Chakraberti Pnanidra Nath/ Pattern of Bengal Overseas-P.374-83
Akbar was very much interes in stimulating the
ccxnmercial position of his empire but during his own
time Akbar failed to establish law and order in Bengal
the frequent ravolts by Local Afghan Chiefs and Hindu
Zamindars left the coxontry into a deplorable condition
but under Jahangir and Shah Jahan comparative peace
was secured and ccxnmerce flourished in Bengal. The
products of Bengal began to be sent again by sea river
and land routs Bengal over seas trade which will indi
cate the gradual process of decline of Bengal mercantile
community over seas trade. Different pnases of maritime
trade infringement of past uguese monopoly the age of
Bengal merchants. The English Cominercial Penetration
into Bengal.
In the last of Mughal captured by English.
243. TRADE/ CHINTZ 17 CENTURY/ MUGHAL INDIA
SEEMA , SINGH,. Go lconda C i n t z : M a n u f a c t u r e and t r a d e
i n t h e 17 Cen t ia ry . I n d i a n H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s / F o r t y n i n t h
S e s s i o n / 1 9 8 8 : P . 3 0 1 .
lOt)
Central ^sla. to Ueccan and Gujrat to Bihar, which
continued until tne arrival of the riuropean Mili
tary powers in India after the liugnal i lilitary colla
boration the Mughal system of war fare was introduced
by the rulers of Bundi State Mughal and British
influence intiltrated the whole system of military
administration.
2 3 6 . SYoTEI^iO, i-iANSrtB, MU JH-rtL, INDIA
RaO/ C . S . K , Scane n o t e s on M u g h a l M a n s a b s
J o u r n a l o f I n d i a n H i s t o r y 16 ( 1 ) ; A p r , 1 9 3 7 : 5 0 - 6 2 ,
" M u g h a l s i n t r o d u c e d i - i a n s a b d a r s y s t e m w h i c h h a s
b e e n d e s c r i b e d h e r e " ,
2 3 7 . TAX, AUx<Al>iGZEB, MUGH/\L IiMDIA
Satish ChancJ -a,,, Jizyah in the post ^urangzeb
period, Indian History Congress , Ninth Session,
Patna University; 1946: P, 320.
In this paper some new light has been thrown on
the vicissitudes of the tax in the confused period
following the death of Aurangzeb. The foregoing
account shows the rapidity with v iich Jizyah, conside
red a religious duty by Aurangzeb,
238. TAXES, LAND, MUGHAL INDI- i
Kuppuswami, G R.
^ qrarian policy of the Mughals History of agricul-
ture (India) (1984) ; 2 (3) ; 93-106,
107
•chintz* was a term applied in 17th century
European sources to both painted and printed
calicoes.
The Chintz produced in the region of Golconda was
famous in the various parts of the world on the "Chilitz
2 4 4 . TRADE, GOA 17 CEINITURY/ MUGH/iL INDIA
Afzal Ahmad, Goa based portuguese Export Trade in
the early 17th centurys (1611-1625). Indian History
Congress Session 41; 1980: P. 349-53.
The whole 16th century has been known for the rise
of the Portuguese power on the western coast of
India in general and their monopoly in the overseas
trade in particular. In 17th century the portuguese
power and their trade in the Arabian and Indian
ocean declining considerably,
245. TRADE, GUJRAT 16 CENTURY / MUGHAL INDIA
Iftikhar ^mad Khan, Trade of medieval(Pre-16th
Century) Gujrat , Indian History Congress, S. 41 session
P. 282-88.
Gujrat since long had developed various industries
and number of cotton manufacturing centces.
The main item of Gujrat, import was horses which
had great demand not only in Gujrat but throughout
India,
108
2 4 6 . TRaDE/ HORSES/i-lUGIi-aL INDIA
IFTIKHAR Ahmad Khan The import of persian horses
in India 13-17th centuries, P. 346 - 51
The Mughal empire imported the persian horses over
land as well Bernier 1656-1668) recorded that a great
nximber of Persian horses through the Janahar- Multan
route were imported to India.
The persian horses thus remarked a very coveted breed/
that only Emperor or noble could offord.
247. TRADE,HORSES 15th CENTURY/ MUGHAL INDIA
Shukla/ S.K. Horse Trade in Medieval South its
political and Economic Implications, Indian History
Congress/ 1981/ P. 31-17.
In the fiteenth century, the horse trade had became
so incrative that the foreign merchants from the non-
Arab countries were also altrated towards it.
2 4 8 . TRADE HORSES/ MUGiI^L IWDI/\
i i a i d i , S . I n a y a t / C a v a l r y H o r s e s i n Mughal Army, I n d i a n
H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s , 1 9 8 1 ; V: 1 6 8 - 9 4 .
The Mughal army was e s s e n t i a l l y an army of C a v a l r y
t h e b e s t h o r s e s were i m p o r t e d from a b r o a d . Both t h e
s e a r o u t e and l a n d r o u t e t h e s e h o r s e s were s u p p l y
frcxn I r a q Arab JTurkey e t c . Babar e s t i m a t e t h a t from
s e v e n t o t e n t h o u s a n d h o r s e s were b r o u g h t f r a n Ch ina
and T u r k e y v i a Kabul e v e r y y e a r .
109
2 4 9 . TRADE INDO-PERSIiiN I 7 t h CEWTURY, MUGHAL INDIA
Sxirendra G o p a l , A s p e c t s of I n d o - P e r s i a n t r a d e i n
t h e s e v e n t e e n t h Centxiry/ I n d i a n H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s
P r o c - of t h e t h i r t y f i r s t s e s s i o n ( V a r a n a s i ) ; 1969 ;
P . 2 4 0 - 4 6 ,
S e v e r a l f a c t o r s c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e d e e p i n t e r e s t shown
b y I n d i a n t r a d e r s i n t h e p e r s i a n m a r k e t i n t h e s e v e n
t e e n t h c e n t u r y . I n d i a n s of S indh and t h e P u n j a b c o u l d
go t o p e r s i a t h r o u g h Kandhar and K a b u l .
Some of t h e s e I n d i a n t r a d e r s h a d t a k e n up p e r s i a n c i t i
z e n s h i p t h e I n d i a n t r a d e r s c o n t i n u e d t o t h e c a r r i e r s
of p e r s i a n good i n t o t h e R u s s i a n and a l s o e x p o r t s of
R u s s i a n and »i/estern E u r o p e a n a r t i c l e s t o p e r s i a even
i n t h e e i g h t e e n t h cen tvury .
250. TRADES* JAHANGIR, MUGHAL INDirt
Josh i , V.C. East India Company and the Mughal
a u t h o r i t i e s during J a h a n g i r ' s re ign , Jovurnal of
Indian His tory , 21 ; 1942: 2-22.
"East India CcMiipany, the general t rad ing company of
England sought some t r ade concessions from the great
Mughal Jahangi r" .
2 5 1 . TRADE, MALDA (WEST BENGAL) I 7 t h CENTURY, MUGHAL INDIA
Ghosh, Ananda Gopa l , Malda (West Benga l ) a s a t r a d i n g
c e n t r e i n t h e S e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y , I n d i a n H i s t o r y
C o n g r e s s P r o . o f t h e t h i r t y s i x t h s e s s i o n , 1918 : P . 2 7 6 - 8 3 ,
iin
The Akbarnama mentioned the name of Malda as Important
centre of trade and commerce.
Rennell described Malda as a pretty. "Pretty near city'.,
like Casis Bazar it was also a place of greed trade.
252. TRADE,NORTH INDIA, 17 CENTURY/ MUGHiiL INDIA
Sharma, Ramesh Chandra, aspects of Business in Northern
India in the Seventeenth century , Indian History Congress
1972 P. 276-80.
irdha Kathanak of Banarsidas written in 1641 he was
the business man. He has given reference about the
middle class business in north India during the 17th
century on Market, Jewellers trade. Centre trade.
Partnership, rich merchants. Businessmen and officials.
2 5 3 . Ti^ifwE, x<AJASTHAN, MUGHAL INDIA
D e v r a , Ghanshyam L a i . A S t u d y of t h e t r a d e R e l a t i o n s
b e t w e e n R a j a s t h a n and "^ indh/Mul tan (1650-1800 A.D.)
I n d i a n H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s , V o l , 1 ; 1 9 7 8 : P . 5 8 1 ^ 594 .
D i s c u s s e s t h e t r a d e r o u t e s be tv /een R a j a s t h a n on t h e
one s i d e and S indh and M u l t a n on t h e o t h e r s i d e i n I n d i a
from 1650 t o 1800 ^ . D . T r a d e r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e
v a r i o u s p a r t of t h e Thar d e s e r t and t h e t h i n g s b a s e d
on t h e r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e t e r t i l e p l a i n and t h e a r e a s
d r y l a n d w i l l u n t o u i j ide r s t and t h e r e a l c h a r a c t e r of t h e
economic p r o b l e m of t h i s h o t r e i g n .
The t r a d e r o u t e s i n R a j a s t h a n and i n j o i n i n g a r e a s r e s
t r i c t e d w i t h t h e d e s c r i p t i o n of t r a d e r o u t e s from Agra
t o ahmedabad e t c .
I l l
25a. TRADE, ROUTES l7-i8 CENTURY, MUGHAL INDIA
Purber,Helden. Tne overland route to Indian in
the Seventeenth aPd eighteenth centuries. Journal
of Indian Historyr 29(2); Aug. 1951: 105-33.
2 5 5 . TREATIES/ J r t r i i^GI^/ MUGHAL IIMDIA
Ram S i n g h , t r . M a a . d i r - l - J a h a n a i r i / J o u r n a l of I n d i a n
^ l i s t o r y , 7 ( 2 ) ; ^ u g . 1928s 1 4 8 - 5 6 .
" C o n t e m p o r a r y a f f a i r s of J a h a n g i r ' s r e i g n h a v e been
d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s t r e a t i s e and t h e a r t i c l e a n a l y s e s
t h e s e a f f a i r s " .
2 5 6 . TREASURY, GREAT MUGil«.LS, nUGHAL INDIA
Abdul A z i z . The i m p e r i a l t r e a s u r y of t h e g r e a t e r
M u r a l s , J o u r n a l of I n d i a n H i s t o r y , 1 3 ( 1 ) ; A p r . 1 9 3 4 ;
5 9 - 7 3 .
" D e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e g r e a t i m p e r i a l t r e a s u r y
of M u g h a l s " .
2 5 7 . TREi^SURY, GREAT MUGHALS, MUGHi L INDIA
Abdul Aziz. The imperial treasury of the greater
iiughals. Journal of Indian History, 14(1); Apr. 1935:
50-73.
"Detailed description of the great imperial treasury
of Mughals".
2 5 8 . TRr^ASURY, GREAT MUGHALS, MUGHAL INDIA
aBDUL AZIZ. The i m p e r i a l t r e a s x i r y of t h e g r e a t e r
M u g h a l s , J o u r n a l of I n d i a n H i s t o r y , ..14 (2) ;Aug. 1935 : 2 2 2 - 4 '
11 •>
"Detail description of the great imperial treasury
of i'lughals",
2 5 9 . TRE/^oUiiY/ G R E A T iJJLjdc^hS, MUGHi L I1,DI«.
A b d u l « z i z . £ne n i i p e r i a x t r e a s u r y of t n e g r e a t e r
M u g h a l s . J o u r n a l I n d i a n H i s t o r y , 1 6 ( 3 ) ; D e c . 1 9 3 7 1 2 7 6 - 3 0 3
" D e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e g r e a t i m p e r i a l t r e a s u r y
o f M u g h a l s " .
2 6 0 . WAR, AURANGZEB, EAST INDIA COMPANY/ MUGHAL INDIA
S a f a h a t Ahmad K h a n . The c o s t I n d i a C o r a p a n ' s wa r w i t h
A u r a n g z e b / J o u r n a l o f I n d i a n H i s t o r y 1 ( 1 ) ; 1 9 2 1 / 2 2 : 7 0 - 9 1 .
" E a s t I n d i a Company w h i c h d e v e l o p e d d i f f e r e n c e s w i t h
t h e g r e a t M u g h a l h a d t o i n c u r h e a v y l o s s o f men a n d
m a t e r i a l i n t h e w a r w i t h A x i r a n g z e b " .
2 6 1 . / ^ A S I Y A T N/^^-iA, BABAK, MUGHAL INDIA
R a d h e y Shyara/ B a b u r • s W a s i y a t Nama, I n d i a n H i s t o r y C c ^ g r e s
1 9 7 2 - P . 4 1 0 .
W a s i y a t n a m a o f M a k h f i o f B a b a r i s r o u g h l y d r a f t e d d o c u
m e n t w i t h s p e c i a l f e a t u r e a n d c o n t e n t s .
2 6 2 . Z A I ^ I D A R S , AGRARlAi;,/ MUoHrtL INDIA
Grover, B.R. Nature of Land- Rights in Mughal India
Indian economic Social History Review/Vol.1 No.1
quarterly Journal; 1968: Pi -23.
The main controversy initially hinged on the question
as to whether during the Mughal age the ownership of
land was vested in the State or the Zamindars of various
categories and cc»npletely kept the right of the ryts
out of the pictiire.
113
The v i e w u p h e l d by t h e E u r o p e a n v i s i t o r s i n I n d i a
i n t h e 1 6 t h and 17 th c e n t u r i e s t h a t a l l l a n d was
owned by t h e S t a t e was b a s e d on t h e i r g r o s s i n i g n o r a n c e
of t h e w o r k i n g of t h e J a g i r s y s t e m . C o n c l u s i o n i s t h a t
i n t h e Mughal age t h e S t a t e n e v e r c l a i m e d t h e a b s o l u t e
and e x c l u s i v e o w n e r s h i p of t r ie a g r a r i a n l a n d and
d e f i n i t e l y r e c o g n i s e d t h e e x i s t e n c e of p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y
i n i t .
The o w n e r s h i p of t h e l a n d was v e s t e d i n t h e h e r e d i t a r y
n a y a which h a d t h e r i g h t of t r a n s f e r m o r t g a g e and s a l e
such r i g h t s were a l s o v e s t e d w i t h t h e Z a m i n d a r s i n
r e s p e c t of t h e i r p e r s o n a l l y d e v e l o p e d l a n d and v i l l a g e
and new c l a s s e s of c o l o n i e s named Z a m i n d a r s ,
2 6 3 . ZMl4Ii\D^iKii:ArtViiJri 1658-1750 CENTURY, MUGH/ L INDIA
Mohammad J i g a r , R e l a t i o n s of Maelad I Maash H o l d e r s
w i t h Z a m i n d a r s i n t h e Sxiba of Awadh u n d e r t h e Hugha l s
1 6 5 8 - 1 7 5 0 . I n d i a n H i s t o r y of C o n g r e s s F o r t y n i n t h
s e s s i o n s 1 9 8 8 : P . 3 0 6 - 1 0 .
The end of 1 7 t h c e n t u r y Madad- i -Maash h o l d e r s r e l a
t i o n s w i t h t h e Zara indars /Of /^wadh seem t o h a v e been
s t r a i n e d t h e a t t e m p t s of t h e g r a n t e e s t o a c q u i r e power
a t t h e l o c a l l e v e l a f f e c t e d t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e Zamin
d a r s . I n t h e l a t e l 7 t h c e n t u r y Madad- i -Maash h o l d e r s
of t h e Suba b e g a n t o a c q u i r e Z a m i n d a r i r i g h t s .
1J4-
264. Z -ilND Uo/ JECCaN 1695-1707 (CENTURY/ MUGHAL INDIA
wural Hasan 6* Aspects of the Zamindari System in
tne Deccan (1695-170 7) Indian History Congress/
Vol.33,1969/ P. 262-66.
This documents starting frcxn the reign of Ayrangzeb
are of great value for the study of tne administrative
economic and social history of the L»eccan. Interesting
light is tnrown by there document on the customary
perqximites of the intermediary Zamindars.
In these paper only a small n\amber of documents and
there is a wealth of statical date containing the
revenue demand of each village over a period of year.
(Mawazana yak Hanifi) applications for the grant of
Jagir and order granting Jagir, grant hansab and
fixation of salary for various categories of salary for
various and the working of local administration.
2 6 5 . ZAi-'ilisiiJiAri.o/ GUJRAJ. ' / HUFiAYUN'S, MUGHAL I K I J I A
Afshah rtiisan Khan, a n o t e on t h e r o l e of Zamindar s i n
Humayun•s G u j a r a t E p i s o d e . I n d i a n n i s t o r y C o n g r e s s ,
A l i g a r h i-iuslitn U n i v e r s i t y , 1978 , P . 2 3 8 - 2 4 3 .
Hvimayun's f a i l u r e s i n H i n d u s t a n n a v e g e n e r a l l y been
e x p l a i n e d e i t h e r i n t e r m s of t h e n o n - c o o p e r a t i o n of n i s
b r o t h e r and t h e n o b i l i t y .
I n s h o r t t h e e x p l a n a t i o n s t n a t riumayun o r t h e s u s p i
c i o u s l i f e i n t h e Mughal camp. The p u r p o s e ^of t l a l s oo t e - i s
US'
not t o en te r i n t o controversy about the r e spons ib i
l i t y of Tordi Beg, ^ ska r i or Huinayun, nor t o dispute
the r o l e of the above f ac to r s in Hvunaytm's l o s s of
Guj r a t .
266. Zi 'lINjjAiTiS, MlrlZi^ RAJA RAY J^lSlhGH, SHAii JAH/iN,MUGHAL IKDIH
^.liaUL. ,HASAia S . F u r t h e r l i g h t on Zamindars under
t h e Mughal; a c a s e s tudy of Mirza Raj a J a i Singh londer
Shah Janan/ Ind i an H i s t o r y Congres s : V o l . 1 / 1 9 7 8 :
P. 497-502.
i i iny y e a r s ago w r i t t e r a t t empted a s tudy of t h e
p o s i t i o n of t h e Zarainaars vinder t h e Mughal: Akbar
had made many of t h e l e a d i n g Chief t a i n s i n t o t h e
Mughal h o b i l i t y a s Amirs.
Here, a number of Farman i s s u e d by Shah Jahan t o Raja
J a i Singh of Amber have been d i s c u s s e d ,
2 6 7 . ZAMINDARS, MUGHAL INDIA
Nurul, Hasan S. The position of the Zamindars in
the Mughal iimpire. Vol. 3; 1964: 1-25.
The Zamidar played a role in the political,economic
and cultural life of medieval. During the mughal
period its importance increased.
Zaraindaris in the Mughal empire may be classified
into three broad categories(a) one autonomous chief
tains; (b) the intermediary Zarnidaras; and (c) the
primary zamidars.
PART - THREE
INDEXES
AUTHOR INDEX
I I R
rtUXHOR'S NAME ENTRY N"0.
Abdul A z i z
- i^dul Hamid Khaa
rtbdul .vadud
Adha rya , P . P .
Afsan Ahsan Khan
A f z a l Ahmad
A f z a l H u s a i n
A g a r w a l a , R . C ,
^thmad/ M.B.
i\,A, Khan
rtlvi, R.r t ,
An and , Mulk Raj
i ^ n s a r i , H . A , Shah J a h a n
^ i n s a r i , r^r i f i ^ l i
Ansar i ,Muhammad Raza
A n s a r z a h i d Khan
A s g h a r Mohammad
A s k a r i , S .H.
rtthar
1 4 4 - 8 , 2 1 6 , 2 5 6
93
45
11
265
244
1 1 2 , 1 2 0 , 1 3 6
58
20
154
185
178
5 0 , i 3 , 84
177
3
1 3 5 , 1 5 5
144
182
1 2 , 1 5 6 , 2 1 1
B a h a r a t , Dharma Banu
B a i g , T a r a A l i
B a n e r j i , s .K .
133
115
7 0 , 8 2 , 1 2 4 , 2 0 4 , 2 1 7
117
Beni Prasad 13,14,94
Bfeveridge, Annette 71
Bhargava, V.S. 74
Bhattacharya, Jayanta Bhusan 176
Bhatt, S.K. 24
Blake, Stephen ,P 98,232
Borah, M, Islam 73
Bose, Kamal Krishna 158
Brown, Percy 161
Galdecott, R,H, 66
Ghakraberti, Panindra Nath 139, 242
Chatte^ji, Kandlal 42,49,52
Chopra, P.N. 220
Choudhry; M.L. Roy 122
iJevra, Ghan Shyam Lai 253
j->ey, Shamphoo Chander 60
Dharnia Bhanu 134
jJikohit, ^ri G D 57
D'Silva, John ^ 190
Edwards, Stephen M 132
Furber, Holden 254
Fylder, Burford 150
118
Ghosh/ r^nanda Gopal
Gode, P K
Gokhale* Balkrishna Govind
Grenard/ Fernand
Grover, B.K,
G u p t a , S a m a r e n d r a n a t h
G u r t u , O.K.
251
10 6
77
10 5
2 1 4 , 2 6 2
99
227
r i a san , K.N
H a v e l l , E . B .
Hayavapana Rao
r i e r a s , H
175
171
92
1 0 9 , 1 2 5
I f t i k h a r Ahmad Khan
I n a y a t Khan
I n a y a t u l l a h
I q t i d a r i^lam Khan
I r f a n Hab ib
2 4 5 - 6
29
22
242 ,210
7 , 3 3 , 8 7 , 1 0 8 , 2 3 0 , 2 3 4
J a f r i , s Z H u s s a i n
J a n a n Chand ra
J a v e d Hasan
J h a u e r i ; K r i s h a n l a l M
J o s h i , V .C .
K a l i t a , B C
K a z m i , N u z h a t F a t i m a
23
239
138
5
250
56
167
119
Keene, Henry George 1
Khafi Khan 221
Khi lnani ,N M 10 2
Krishna Murth i / R 192
Kiimar, Ravindra 30
Kuppuswamy, G R 238
La iq Ahmad 25
La i , K 3 19
Lawerence/ George 166
Mcleod/ .V H 69
i-ladhava Rao, P Sethu 59
Mahapatra, R P 41
Mahmud S Hassan 240, 28
Majida Khan 111
Malik, zaheeruddin 114,241
Mathur, Mur ra r i Lai 55
Mat loo, A M 123
Misra , Rekha 263,118
Misra S a t i s h 8
Mohanimad J i g a r Hasan 28
Mohd. Reyaz Ahmad 228
Mohammad Yasin 20 6
Moosvi ,Shi reen 32 ,40 ,186 ,213
Moreland, W H 2 , 1 5 , 1 1 3 , 84
M o r r i s o n , B a r r i e M 137
Moses, rtngelo 96
1£0
Moti Chandra 172-3
Hubarak ^ l i 26
Muddacharia/ B, 152
inxohammad ^ f z a l 62
Mujeeb/I'i 21
Mukherjee, J a t i n d r a hath 67
Mukherjee/ Tara Pada 31
i'' l ukne r j ee , f^aresh I-^ath 230
N.^^Pseud 78
Nadieni/ Ihsan H 116
wath, R 38
l\ayak/ h a r i P ra sad 80
^legi, S S 119
Kigan; SEP 219
N i s h a t Manzar 128
Nurul ,Hasan S 264,266/267
Ojha, E N 142
Om Prakash 224
page , J x\ 51
Pay, B C 10
wanxingo, K tl 149
uan\ingo, S W 75, 100
1 2 1
Radhey ohyam 261
Rahim, A 179
Ram Singh . 1 6 , 2 5 5
Rao, C S K 8 5 , 237
R e z a v i , oyed A l i 72
Roy, A r c h a n a 170
Roy, B C 90
Roy, IN; B 141
Roy, Sukumar 130
d a f a h a t Ahmad Khan 260
S a n g a r , ^ P 34 ,160
i i a n i a l , S G 39
S a r d e s a i , G S 95
S a r k a r , J a d u n a t h 3 6 , 6 3 - 4 , 7 9
S a t i s h C h a n d r a 237
Seema S ingh 243
Sen, rt 17
S h a f a a t Ahmad Khan 159
S h a f i Mohammad 117
Shah jahan 131
Sharma, R a j i v 212
Sharma,Ramesh C h a n d r a 2 5 3 , 2 5 2
Sharma, P a s h a r a t h a 1 8 , 8 3
Sharma,Ramesh C h a n d r a 4 6 , 1 7 4
S h a r m a , R a v i n d r a Kumar 235
I2:i
Sharma, Shiv Kxomar
Sharma, Shr i Ram
Sharma/ Y D
o h r i v a s t a v a , AL
S h r i v a s t a v a c h a r i / G S
Shukla, S.K,
d i d d i q u i , I q t i d a r Hussain
d i d d i q u i , I joman
3inha/ ri i
oinha/ PP
Smith, Edmiind W
Smith, Vincent
Solomon, WEG
Srivastava, salig Kam
Surendra Gopal
169
61,191,210
43
86 ,89 ,126 ,181 ,143 , 207-8
81
247
157
6
20 5
6fa
48
225
162
47
549
T a l i y a r
Taploo, R i t a
Tasneem ^^mad
Tej Ram
Ter ry , John
T r i p a t h i , Ram Prasad
T r i t t o n , rt S
r r i v e d i , K K
10 7
54
164
180
88
9, 188
97
232
123
Ujha 10 3
Venkateswaran, S V 183
Verma, 3 P 76, 165
Verma/ S R 4
^ad i a , P A 20 9
Warty/ KG 189
Watts/ E 65
Wetch ,S tua r t Gary 168
Wellesz Emmy 163
Wil l iam, L F 184
Yaqub Hasan 127
Z a i d i , S. I n a y a t 248
ZaifiaEul -Islam 233
Zahoor Al i Khan 215
Z u t s h i , C.N. 104
12't
TITLE INDEX
Name of the Title Entry No.
Abul Fazi Allami 60
Abul Fazi as a p o l i t i c a l th inker 61 A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e S a r a i s i n Mughal I n d i a 30
A Dutch /account of Mughal A d m i n i s t r a t i v e Methods 2
i^gra and F a t e h p u r S i k r i i n t h e 1 6 t h c e n t u r i e s
A g r a r i a n p o l i c y of t l i e Mugha ls
A H i s t o r i c a l O u t l i n e of A k b a r ' s D a r - v i K h u l a f a
F a t e h p u r S i k r i
A H i s t o r y of t h e R e i g n of Jhah J a h a n
A H i s t o r y of t r ie xieign of ohah J a h a n
^ H i s t o r y of t n e x<eign of Shah J a h a n
A H i s t o r y of S h i v a j i : an 18 th C e n t u r y F rench
A c c o u n t
a K a y a s t h a F a m i l y of Mughal O f f i c i a l s i n
t h e Re ign of Aurangzeb
«.kbar
M>kbar and E l e p h a n t F i g h t s
/ ikbar and I n d i a n N a t i o n a l i s m
Akbar and I n d i a Today
Akbar and N a t i o n a l I n t e g r a t i o n
Akbar and N a t i o n a l I n t e g r a t i o n
M,kbar c a v a l r y s The J a t and Sawar Ranks
Akbar t h e G r e a t and Raj a B i r b a l
a.kb a r c on q u e s t of Raj a s t h a n
A k b a r ' s Dev ine Monothe ism
86
233
124
144
145
146-148,150
137
111
21
20 6
20 7
20 8
153
18
67
89
19
12;'i
r^kbar 's Kelififions thought . r e f l e c t e d i n 163
Mughal P a i n t i n g s .
Akbar t h e Grea t Mughal 1542-1605 225
/^kbar ' s Hindu O f f i c e r s 158
A k b a r ' s Hunt ing Excur s ions 226
rtkbar's t h e o r y of Kingship 126
^^kam-i-3hah J a h a n i 131
r^ l e t t e r of t h e Mughal Emperor Humayxin
t o h i s b r o t n e r Kararan 130
Ana rka l i 99
/ ^ a r k a l i 100
^^ncedoles of ^^urangzeb : t r . from P e r s i a n 36
A no te on t h e Mughal M i l i t a r y Term: Zat
and Sewar 85
A note on the Mughal Policy Towards the
Garos 176
n no t e on t h e O r g a n i s a t i o n of t h e l i o b i l i t y
under Babar 154
^ no te on t h e r o l e of Zamidars i n Humayun's 265
G u j a r a t Episods
rt p i c t o r i a l c a r p e t from t h e Mughal p e r i o d . 174
rtrcheological survey of I n d i a 37
rtTcnitectTxre of ^kbar and Shahjahan a
compara t ive s tudy 49
^•irt of t h e Mughal I n d i a , P a i n t i n g and
p r e c i o u s o b j e c t 168
126
f spects agrarian Kelations and Economy
in a Reign of Uttar Pradesh
during the 16th century 33
Aspects of Business in Northern India in the
seventeenth century
aspects of Indo-persian trade in the seven
teenth century
252
249
rt.spects of t h e Zamindari System in t h e Deccan
(1695-1707) 264
rt. s tudy of t h e t r a d e R e l a t i o n s between
Ra ja s than and Sind/Multan 25 3
(1650-1800 A.D.)
-^urangzeb 63
^•iurangzeb and Hindu temples
r^uranhzeb's f a v o u r i t e son 110
i^urangzeb 's r e b e l l i o n a g a i n s t Shahjahan 191
^ ve ry e a r l y farinan of ^kbar 3
oabar d i a r i s t and despo t 132
Babar f i r s t of t h e . lughals 10 5
Babars pos t -war s e t t l e m e n t s i n t h e Doad/
Halwd 2nd Bihar
Babars R e l a t i o n s with the i^ionani and forrauli
Afghans ISO
Babars . .asiyatnarna 261 B u i l d i n g s and garden of t a e r o y a l l a d i e s
du r ing t h e r^ughal p e r i o d 118
12
Cavalry Horses in Mughal army 248
Charm of Indo-Islamic architecture 88
Coloured decoration in iiughal architecture 38
Coronation of Jahanghir 92
Courtly culture under Babar and the early
i'lughals 98
Cow protection in Mughal India 96
Data on mined modes in Indian printed Textiles 170
i-*elhi, r^gra, Sikri 87
^elni and its neighbourhood 43
L»elhi under Shahjahan ixarg 50
i-iiplanacy in Medieval India 10 2
iiast India Company and the Mughal authorities 250
during uahangirs reign
Elephants in Indian History 10 4
Empire builder to the 16th century 184
Essays on Mughal /<rt 162
European art at the Mughal court 171
Expenditure on buildings under dhahjahan 40
farrukh Beg 165
Financial problems of the Mughal Govt, during
Farrukh Siyars Reign 114
First Darbar of Shanjahan 93
128
Five p e r s i a n docxaments of /^urangzebs t^eign
from Malwa 24
Fresh l i g h t on Humayun's Gu j r a t p o l i c y 17b
Furt±»er l i g h t on Zamindars under t h e Mughal 266
244
*joa based Po r tuguese Expor t t r a d e i n t h e
e a r l y I7 tn Century(1611-1626)
Golconda Ch in t z 243
Haft rtnjuinan 107
rlindu-Muslira r e l a t i o n du r ing t h e Mughal
p e r i o d 1526-1707 A.D. 122
riistoric mosques of Pacca 45
r i i s t o r y of Aurangzeb based on o r i g i n a l s o u r c e s 64
H i s t o r y of Aurangzeb 193/195,202, 194,200,199, 203,196,197, 198, 201
history of Humayun(Humayun nama) 71
246 Horse trade in medieval south its political
and economic implications
Humayun in Iran 141
dumayunnama or Kunun-i-Humayuni 27
numayun's religion 20 4
Humayun, the prince 70
Ideal Indian King 127
India at the death of Akbar 113
India in the l7th Centxiry 189
Indian /irt 166
12!1
Ind i an K i n i a t u r e s of t h e Mughal School 140
Ind i an painx^ing under the Mughals 1550.1750 161
Indo P e r s i a n p o l i t i c a l r e l a t i o n s i n t h e
t h e of t h e g r e a t Mughal 182
Inshae Madhorarr. 59
In t h e foo t s t e p s of ^urangzeb i n the Deccan 64
I n t r o d u c t i o n t o t adhkar a t a l Umara of
Kewal Ram 155
I t i m a d u a l a h ' s tomb a t Agra 52
J a h a n g i r 183
J a n a n g i r a s man 73
J a h a n g i r farmans i n J a i p u r Arch ives 55
J a h a n g i r I n d i a 15
J i z y a h i n t h e p o s t /iurangzeb p e r i o d
Jodha Bai 7b
K a l i m a - i - t a y y i b a t 22
Kashmir s c r o l l p a i n t i n g 169
Kliwaj a i:ibdus oainad 76
Lahr ibandar 26
L e t t e r s of ^^urangzeb 129
L i b r a r i e s and t h e i r mangement i n ^nughal
I n d i a 134
life of Babar 66
List of Muhammadan and aindu monuments of Snah Jahanbad 51
l.V.l
. _ 255
i ' i aas i r - i -u anang i r
i i a ' a s i r - i - J a n a n g i r i 16
i^iaintenance of war and t r a n s p o r t an imals i n
rlansab system under Akbar
i ia lda U'^est Bengal) a s a t r a d i n g c e n t r e i n ^ e 251
s e v e n t e e n t h cent \ i ry
nandu F i r a n g i 167
i^iansab and i m p e r i a l p o l i c y xander Shahjanan 156
HansaJD c3alar s c a l e s under J a h a n g i r and
iihah Janan 135
i-ianu±acturing p r o c e s s of >iugar i n I n d i a 228
du r ing t h e 17th Century
nardan .^l i Khan a g r e a t I r a n i a n noble of
Shah Jahan 62
Carriages among wughal nobles as an Index
of Status and aristocratic Integration 136
I'lirza Raja Jai Singh and Shivaji 223
inughal architecture of Fatehpur Sikri 48
Hughal garden lib
iiughal Garhwal relation 119
iiughal Governors and the Raja of Khxirda 10
I'iugnal official docxament concerning the 241
English trade in Bengal(1633-1712) Mughal silver cxorrency out put and prices in
India in the 16th and l7th centuries 224
13]
Mughaliyah Hindus tan Kaykutub-khae 44
Muizul Wulk; Governor of Su ra t 77
Mximtazabad 138
j . ' iuntaknabu-lubat)- i - lubab Mohammad 221
Shani or T a r i k h i - K a l e Knan
rmsliin Thug 99
iJa ture of u e h a t . Taa usa Zamindari v i l l a g e
and t h e e v o l u t i o n of t h e Taa luqan i 214
system d u r i n g the mughal age
iNdture of Land R i g h t s i n riughal I n d i a 262
iNiew anceedote of rturangzeb 35
New l i g h t on H i r z a Raja Oai oingh p o l i c y in 222
Bij apur
New Study of Sher Shah 81
iNiine gems of ^kbar c o u r t 95
N o r t h t - w e s t f r o n t i e r p o l i c y of t h e Akbar 177
iMOte on two H i s t o r i c a l p l a c e s i n Al lahabad
d i s t r i c t 47
iMionani rules in Bihar 157
Uld Hindu historians of Aurangzeb 121
Origin ana development of Islamic tombs in
India 54
Urnaments of Hindu women in Mughal India 160
13:
Passing ot Shah Jahan 78
Passing ot t)hah Janan 79
Pattern of Bengal Overseas 2 42
Postal communication in iMugnal India 87
prime minister or ^urangzeb 2b
Princes Jodha Bai 74
Procedures in analysing the sources tor the
life of Guru iJanak 69
production consumption and Population in
rtkbar's time 186
provincial Governors unaer ikbar (1580-160 5) 120
Provincial Governors under Shah Jahan 12
Pulls and Pressures on the Faujdar under the
Mughals 6
i<aja Man Singh F i r s t conques t of Or i s sa 90
R e l a t i o n s of Madad-i-Maash
Holders wi th ^amindars i h t h e Suba of 253
Awandhunder t h e Mughal-1658-1750
R e l i g i o u s p o l i c y of t h e Mughal Europe 210
Revenues and r o u t e s i n t h e ilughal Empire 212
Revenues docxirnents o t a pa rgana i n Guj ra t
under t h e Mughal 28
Revenue system of Sher Shah 8
S c a r c i t i e s p r i c e s and e x p l o i t a t i o n t h e
a g r a r i a n c r i s i s 1658-70 32
S c n o l a r s h i p and pa t ronage of l e a r n i n g ot 142 t h e g r e a t Mughal (15:36-1707 /^.i;,)
13;]
oliah Jai ian 's J u s t i c e and Punisnment 17
Shah Jahan Nama 29
Shah Jahans North-western po l i cy 178
ijhalimar garden 117
onawl Indust ry in Kashmir in the Mughal per iod 123
Sketcn of the l i f e and reign of the emperor
Shah aahan 151
Socio p o l i t i c a l impl ica t ions of hand guns 2 l o
i n Mughal I n d i a
Some a s p e c t s of ^ -duca t ion i n I n d i a u n d e r t h e
g r e a c Mugha l s 10 3
Some a s p e c t s of p o l i t i c a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n of
I n d i a H e r c n a n t s i n Mughal I n d i a 189
Some b i o g r a p h i c a l d e t a i l s of Ra j a B i r b a l 68
Some c o n t e m p o r a r y e v i d e n c e r e g a r d i n g t h e
ABvimedha S a c r i f i c e p e r f o r m e d by Sewi
J a i S ingh of ^raber 10 5
Some jj'anxtans of Shah J a h a n 5
Some l e g e n d s of F a t e h p u r S i k r i 39
Some l i g h t on t h e M a n s a b d a r i s y s t e m of t h e 229
Mughals
Some misconceptions about Akbar the great 20 7
Some misconceptions about rcana pratap 181
Some Wuhammadan rites as observed during 220
Mughal times
134
isorae n o t e s on Mughal Mansabs
Some s i a e l i g h t s on the c h a r a c t e r and Court
l i f e of onan Janan 14^
Jome t h o u g h t s on AJdoari Scnool of p a i n t i n g 164
Some (unpublisi^ew ntughal Farrnans of the
year 10 68 H 4
Sources fo r t h e h i s t o r y of s e v e n t e e n t h
c e n t u r y B r i t i s h I n d i a i n t n e I n d i a
o f f i c e and pxiblic r e c o r d o f f i c e 159
Sulxi- i-and t h e r e l i g i o u s i d e a s of ^kbar 211
Techniques of Mughal p a i n t i n g , Lucknow 172
The a c c e s s i o n of Shah Jahan 94
The i^dmin i s t r a t ion of Sher Shan t h e admin i s
t r a t i v e b u i l d i n g of ^ k b a r s Fa tehpur S i k r i 82
The b a t t l e f i e l d of H a l d i g h a t i and "two un
n o t i c e d monuments a t Khannor" 58
The b a t t l e of Dhubri (ruJ 1612-1613) Mughal
/^ssam I ' i i l i t a r y C o n f r o n t a t i o n 56
The b a t t l e of Dod i r i f ran Kannada Sources 57
The b iography of Mugnal o f f i c i a l I t imad Al i
Klian of Su ra t 72
The b i r t h d a t e of Sher Shah 80
The c a s t I n d i a companys War wi th Aurangzeb 260
The crown of t h e Taj 46
135
The Mughal Libraries Joxirnal of the Pakistan 133
The Mughal marriages 135
The Mughal system of escheat 233
The I'iysore/Mughal relations 152
The nxomerical strength of kbari 83
The overland route to India in the seventeenth 254
. -^ t. and eighteenth centuries
The pursuit of Mughal High ways 116
The place of Akbar of Fathepur dikri 125
The political Geo^rapny or tne Kughal j -eccan 185
The position of the r figan under tne i-iugnal 179
The position of tne Zamin ars in the i iugnal
Empire 267
The rebellion of prince khusru 190
The Sarkar Qanungo 23
The ship building and boat building Industries
of medieval Orissa 41
The silver infl;ix morcy sup ly. Prices 213
and revenue extration in mughal India
The story of Akbar's Christian wife 109
The system of Bills of Exchange 7
Thrones/Chairs and Seats used by the Indian Mugnals 216
Trade of medieval (Pre-16th century) Guj rat 245
Turks in India 1
Two forgotten Mughal svibedars of Orissa 11
130
Ihe family of Nur Jahan du r ing J a h a n g i r ' s r e i g n 108
The family of Shaikh Salim C h i s t i durigig t n e
r e i g n of J a h a n g i r 112
The format ion of t h e Mughal r u l l i n g c l a s s 143
The g e n e s i s of t h e D i n - i - I l a h i 205
The r ierarchy of C e n t r a l p l a c e s i n i^Jorth I n d i a
dur ing t h e Mughal p e r i o d of I n d i a n H i s t o r y 232
The H y d r a u l i c s of 5hal imar Garden 116
The i m p e r i a l t r e a s u r y of t h e g r e a t e r Mughals 256/257, 258-59
The important of persian horses in India 13-17th
centuries 246
The inaugural meeting of tne divine faith of "kbar 192
The Jahandoor nama of uruddin Hamdard Islamics 219
The Kingdcxn and provinces subject of the great
I'lughal 101
£ne lot of tne agriculturists in -i urangzeb' s time 114
The Mansab system 1595-1637 -30
The military system of the Bundi State _ c
Tarapada 31
The Mughal and a merchant 240
Tne Mughal iwnperors were whole time public 20
Servants, p. 189-197
The Mugnal government with special 13
reference to the reign of Jahangir
The Mughal government with special reference to 14
the reign of Jahangir
137
Under the i-iughals 53
Vindication of Aurangies 188
Wages of labourers and Artisans in some
urban centres during the 17the
century 128
'When was /ikbar' s tomb begin 42
Zat rank in the Mughal empire 84
* * * * x *
1 3 >
LIST OF PERIODICAL DQCUi' iENTED
1. Indian History of Congress
2. Indian Review
3. Journal of Economic and Social History
4. Joxirnal of Indian History
5. Historical Abstracts
6. Modern Review
*****