THE GREAT WAR THE GREAT WAR & AMERICA& AMERICA

THE WORLD WAR I THE WORLD WAR I ERAERA

A22A22ww

9.2.139.2.13

A.A. THE ROAD TO WARTHE ROAD TO WAR

WAR IN EUROPE AND WAR IN EUROPE AND PROBLEMS OF NEUTRALITYPROBLEMS OF NEUTRALITY

GUIDING QUESTIONGUIDING QUESTION

Why did the United States enter the First World War? Assess the relative influence of the following:

German naval policy, American economic interests, Woodrow Wilson’s idealism, allied propaganda, America’s claim to world power

European Alliances & Battlefronts, European Alliances & Battlefronts, 1914-19171914-1917

THE ROAD TO WARTHE ROAD TO WAR neutrality submarine warfare Lusitania (May 1915)

Sussex Pledge (March 1916)

The Lusitania in New York City (Library of Congress)

Lusitania warning(Cobb Heritage Centre, England; photo by Larry O. Nighswander/NGS)

THE ROAD TO THE ROAD TO WARWAR

Unrestricted submarine warfare

Zimmerman telegram Russian Revolution (1917)

“The world must be made safe for democracy” (April 2, 1917)

German Foreign German Foreign Minister Alfred Minister Alfred ZimmermannZimmermann

U.S. Losses to the German U.S. Losses to the German Submarine Campaign, 1916-1918Submarine Campaign, 1916-1918

Wilson announcing the breaking off diplomatic Wilson announcing the breaking off diplomatic relations with Germany, Feb. 3, 1917relations with Germany, Feb. 3, 1917

B.B. THE US AT WARTHE US AT WAR

THE FIRST WORLD WAR THE FIRST WORLD WAR AT HOME AND ABROADAT HOME AND ABROAD

GUIDING QUESTIONGUIDING QUESTION

To what extent did the First World War bring about lasting change in American society?

Consider: the experiences of blacks, women, civil liberties.

FIGHTING THE WARFIGHTING THE WAR Selective Service Act (1917)

convoy system American Expeditionary

Force (AEF) John J. Pershing

Troops leaving Troops leaving for camp, 1917for camp, 1917

U.S Role on U.S Role on the Westernthe WesternFront, 1918Front, 1918

Economy: Economy: FINANCING FINANCING THE WARTHE WAR

“Liberty Bonds”

Economy: Economy: Production Production

“war boards” War Industries Board

Barnard Baruch

Railroad Administration Food Administration –

Herbert Hoover National War Labor Board

- W.H. Taft & Frank P. Walsh

(Ohio Historical Society)(Ohio Historical Society)

Economy & Society: WomenEconomy & Society: Women

Men’s occupations

19th Amendment Lasting Lasting

Consequences?Consequences?

Midval Steel and Midval Steel and Ordnance Co., Ordnance Co., Nicetown, PANicetown, PA

Puget Sound Puget Sound Navy Yard, Navy Yard, 1919 1919

Economy & Society: Economy & Society: African-AmericansAfrican-Americans

“Great Migration” – impact?

African American family just arrived in Chicago, 1912

(Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library)

African American African American Migration Northward, Migration Northward, 1910-19201910-1920

Results of New Organization of EconomyResults of New Organization of Economy

Unemployment virtually disappeared Expansion of “big government” Excessive government regulations in economy Some gross mismanagement – overlapping jurisdictions

Close cooperation between public and private sectors Unprecedented opportunities for women & minorities

PUBLIC OPINION & CIVIL LIBERTIESPUBLIC OPINION & CIVIL LIBERTIES

peace movement Committee on Public

Information George Creel

Committee for Committee for Public Information Public Information Poster, 1917Poster, 1917

PUBLIC OPINION PUBLIC OPINION && CIVIL LIBERTIES CIVIL LIBERTIES Espionage Act of 1917 Sedition Act 1918 Eugene V. Debs Big Bill Haywood/IWW Schenk v. U.S. (1919)

“clear and present danger”

American Protective League “one hundred percent Americanism” German-American community “Liberty cabbage”

IWW Members under arrest

C.C. TREATY OF TREATY OF VERSAILLESVERSAILLESWILSON'S FOURTEEN POINTS WILSON'S FOURTEEN POINTS AND THE RATIFICATION FIGHTAND THE RATIFICATION FIGHT

GUIDING QUESTIONSGUIDING QUESTIONS Why did the United States reject the

Treaty of Versailles ending the First World War, after President Wilson helped to negotiate the Treaty?

To what extent then did the U.S. achieve the objectives that led it to enter World War I?

TREATY OF VERSAILLESTREATY OF VERSAILLES1. 1. Wilson’s VisionWilson’s Vision

 Wilsonianism Fourteen Points

WILSON’S WILSON’S FOURTEEN FOURTEEN POINTSPOINTS

TREATY OF VERSAILLESTREATY OF VERSAILLES2.2. Paris 1919: Six Months that Changed the WorldParis 1919: Six Months that Changed the World

Bolshevik The Big Four

David Lloyd George Georges Clemenceau Vittorio Orlando

Reparations League of Nations “Trusteeship” internationalism Treaty of Versailles

Orlando, Lord George, Clemenceau, and Wilson Orlando, Lord George, Clemenceau, and Wilson in Wilson’s study in Parisin Wilson’s study in Paris

TREATY OF VERSAILLESTREATY OF VERSAILLES3.3. RejectionRejection

“irreconciliables” “reservationists” Henry Cabot Lodge

Henry Cabot Lodge, 1909Henry Cabot Lodge, 1909 Wilson after his stroke, October 1919(Library of Congress)

D.D. SOCIETY & ECONOMY SOCIETY & ECONOMY IN THE POSTWAR YEARS IN THE POSTWAR YEARS

SOCIETY & ECONOMY IN THE POSTWAR YEARSSOCIETY & ECONOMY IN THE POSTWAR YEARSRacial IssuesRacial Issues

Red summer of 1919 East St. Louis Riots Marcus Garvey

SOCIETY & ECONOMY IN THE POSTWAR YEARSSOCIETY & ECONOMY IN THE POSTWAR YEARS Post-war Labor UnrestPost-war Labor Unrest Coal Miners Strike of 1919 Steel Strike of 1919 Boston Police Strike of 1919

Labor Union Labor Union MembershipMembership1900-19201900-1920

““If capital and labor don’t pull If capital and labor don’t pull together” together” Chicago Tribune, 1919Chicago Tribune, 1919

SOCIETY & ECONOMY IN THE POSTWAR YEARSSOCIETY & ECONOMY IN THE POSTWAR YEARS

Red ScareRed Scare Communist International

3rd International Goal (1919): promote worldwide communism

Red Scare Palmer Raids (1920)

A. Mitchell Palmer’s Home bombed, 1920A. Mitchell Palmer’s Home bombed, 1920

Police arrest Police arrest “suspected “suspected Reds” in Reds” in Chicago, Chicago, 19201920

SOCIETY & ECONOMY IN THE POSTWAR YEARS SOCIETY & ECONOMY IN THE POSTWAR YEARS

“Return to Normalcy”“Return to Normalcy”

Warren G. Harding “Return to Normalcy” New Revivalism “fundamentalis” Billy Sunday “tabernacles”