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British
• 1763 — In the Treaty of Paris which concluded the French and Indian War, major land exchanges were made. All of Louisiana east of the Mississippi River - except the port city of New Orleans - was given to Britain.
• New Orleans and all of Louisiana west of the Mississippi River was given to Spain.
Mississippi River
New Orleans
SPANISHWEST
BRITISHEAST
LOUISIANA.
Spanish
1783 — Following the American War of Independence, Britain ceded its old Louisiana territory east of the Mississippi River to the United States and gave Florida back to Spain.
Mississippi R.
New Orleansand
Florida
U.S.
West of the Mississippi
River
East of the Mississippi River
SPANISH
Why Did Napoleon Want Louisiana?
• Around 1800, French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte had a vision of a renewed western empire for France.
• Control over the vast Louisiana Territory would halt the westward expansion of the young United States and would supply French colonies in the West Indies with the goods they needed.
Napoleon’s Scheme
• His scheme includes the recapture of Louisiana from a very weak Spain.
• Napoleon took a break from his conquests in Europe to send French troops to the West Indies.
I LOVE power!
Secretly…the Spanish king and Napoleon signed a treaty - Spain gave France back all of Louisiana, including New Orleans, on condition that it not be sold or given to any other country.
1801• When Thomas Jefferson
became president in 1801, two out of every three Americans lived within fifty miles of the Atlantic Ocean.
• Only four crude roads crossed the Allegheny Mountains.
• The U.S. western boundary ended on the eastern banks of the Mississippi River.
• Florida was owned and ruled by Spain.
Ohio River
Allegheny Mountains
Spanish Florida
Mississippi River
Western U.S. Territories
The half-million Americans (one out of 10) who already lived west of the Appalachian Mountains felt they had found their own “national” interests.
APPALACHIAN MTS.
Out West, we frontiersmen have our own
agenda.
Ha! Ha!In the
East, we have all the good
port cities
Western U.S. Territories Many people along
the Mississippi River viewed themselves as the seeds of an independent nation that would tap into the world marketplace, not by going east to the Atlantic seaboard, but by following the Ohio and Mississippi river system down to the Gulf of Mexico.
Jefferson’s Plan• Jefferson knew the
inhabitants of this region posed a risk of secession from the United States. After all, the nation, only 18 years old, was born of rebellion.
• He was determined to
obtain the vital trading port of New Orleans for the United States, in part to prevent the West from breaking away.
Port of New Orleans (1870)
The Secret is Discovered• 1801 — President Thomas
Jefferson was shocked when he learned about the secret treaty between France and Spain.
• Considering strong French
control over New Orleans to be a serious threat, he instructed his Minister to France in Paris, Robert R. Livingston, to try to buy New Orleans and Florida or at least western Florida.
Jefferson just wants
a little port.
Robert Livingston, U.S. Minister to France
Jefferson Stands Up to Napoleon• Also, Jefferson let it be
known that the U.S would ally itself with England and fight France if the French started a war on the continent.
• The French declined to sell New Orleans or western Florida.
I weel have it all!!
Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte
Toussaint L’Overture
Two years later…in 1803 the French army off the coast of Florida in the West Indies was having
some problems.
Haiti
Florida The
West
Indies
The Best-Laid Plans…• The remaining French
troops were forced to return to France, defeated, thus preventing them from reaching their ultimate destination – Louisiana –and from being able to defend it.
• As Napoleon's New World empire disintegrated, the loss of French Haiti made Louisiana unnecessary.
I hate mosquitoes!
Jefferson Persists• President Jefferson,
learning that the defeated French might be willing to consider selling some land after all, sent Monroe to Paris with instructions from Secretary of State James Madison to buy a small piece of land.
• Congress appropriated $2 million.
You can count on
me to secure
the deal, Mr.
President.
James Monroe, Minister to Spain and
France
The French Reply
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord, the French Minister of Foreign Relations, declined the offer.
$2 million?
No deal!
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord
The BIG Surprise!
Needing money to continue his military campaigns elsewhere in the world, Napoleon changed his mind and decided to offer to sell ALL of Louisiana (including New Orleans) to the United States.
You may have zee
whole territory. I’m going
home.
Let’s Make A Deal• Minister Robert
Livingston was prepared to offer only $2 million for a port such as New Orleans.
• Talleyrand says Louisiana would be worthless to France without the port city, and asks Livingston to make an offer.
Louisiana Purchase negotiations
Jefferson Acts Quickly
• Although there were no provisions in the Constitution for buying territories, Jefferson - a Democratic-Republican (formerly of the Anti-Federalists) - had Congress appropriate $10 million.
• The Federalist Party was very unhappy.
I will stretch my
presidential power ‘till it
cracks!
President Thomas Jefferson
The Final Offer
How about $15 million
for ALL of it?
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord, the
French Minister of Foreign Relations
Robert Livingston, Minister to France
Let’s see James,
Congress only
approved $10
million.
James Monroe, Minister to France
and Spain
A Waste of Money?• Amazed by the offer,
Jefferson accepted and rushed the treaty through Congress, in spite of doubts about its constitutionality.
• Federalists attacked the purchase not only as a deliberate use of executive power, but as a waste of money.
• Nevertheless, the treaty was signed.
Louisiana Purchase Treaty
What Jefferson Got• April 30, 1803 - the United
States negotiated with France for the purchase of the Louisiana Territory, including the port of New Orleans for $15 million.
• Upon taking possession of the Louisiana territory on December 31,1803, America doubled in size, making it one of the largest nations in the world.
$15,000,000
A Sweet Deal!
The sale included over 600 million acres at a cost of less than 3 cents an acre in what today is a large part of the land area of 13 states between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River.
Without Shedding A Single Drop of Blood!
• For President Thomas Jefferson it was a diplomatic and political triumph.
• The purchase of the
Louisiana Territory ended the threat of war with France and opened up the land west of the Mississippi to American settlement.
The Transfer of Louisiana in St. Louis, 1804.