The Greek City-Statesc.2000 B.C.- 404 B.C.

Sea and Land

Geography of Greece Short mountain

ranges cut up the mainland

Mountains kept villages apart and allowed invaders from the North

Rivers are short No large kingdoms led

to formation of city-states

Early Greek Peoples

Minoans Earliest Greek

civilization Palace and Homes of

nobles had running water

Artists covered walls with frescoes

Minoans were sailors/traders

Crete King Minos

Early Greek Peoples The Mycenaean

Controlled Greece form 1600 BC to 1200 BC Warring people that formed clans Built fort like cities Adopted the Minoan form of writing called Linear B

City States of Greece

Covered a small area of land Most were slaves/non citizens

Only free adult males had citizenship rights

Built forts on an acropolis Each city state had an agora Each polis form its own government and laws Common Things

Spoke same language Religious ideas, characteristics, and social patterns

Governmentand Society

Objectives: Explain Importance of Homer’s Work Identify major religious beliefs and practices of

the ancient Greeks Describe changes that occurred in the

governments of the Greek city states

Greek Culture

Traveling poets sang or recited folk songs,

ballads, or epics

Homer- blind poet who wrote the epics Iliad

and the Odyssey

Iliad tells of the Legend of the Trojan

War

The Odyssey tells what happened after

the Trojan war

Religious Beliefs

3 things for Religion

To explain nature, emotions that causes

people to lose self-control, and certain

benefits

Believed spirits went to gray, gloomy

underworld ruled by Hades Created Myths about gods, goddesses, and

heroes Oracles- where gods spoke through priests

Zeus

King of gods

God of the Sky

and Rain

Weapon of

choice is his

coveted

Thunderbolt

Athena

Protector of Wisdom and Womanly Goodness

Apollo God of light,

music, and

poetry

Dionysus

God of

Fertility and

Wine

Olympics

Greeks showed strength and bravery to the gods in athletic events

Olympic Games Held every 4 years to honor Zeus Only men competed Foot races, javelin and disc throw, and wrestling First games held in 776 B.C.

Greek Government

City-state originated as small kingdoms

Aristocrats would eventually represent each noble

city state

Greek city states that were controlled by nobles

were known as Aristocracies

Acted as judges, determined the laws &

punishment

Controlled religion

Greek Government

Hoplite

Heavy infantry who carried

long spears fought in close

formations

Chariots and Calvary

was no match for the Hoplites

Became important to the

defense of the city-state

Greek Government

Tyrants Illegally took power but with people’s support Ruled well, at first, then became unjust

Popular Government People can and should rule themselves

Democracy Government in which citizens take part Full political rights to small part of population Women and slaves lacked political rights

Sparta and Athens

Objectives: Analyze the

society of Sparta

Explain the development of democracy in Athens

Sparta: The Military Ideal

Helots- Conquered people of the Peloponnesus

Spartan Society

Equals- descendants of the invaders, controlled the

city-state, and equal land among citizens.

Half-citizens- free, paid taxes, and served in the army

but had no political power

Helots- slaves of the Spartans

Sparta Government

Two Kings head of Government One King led army Other king took care of the home matters

Council of Elders 28 male citizens over the age of 60

Assembly of all males over 30 years old Elected 5 ephors to make sure the King

stayed within the law

Sparta Military Society

Every adult male was part of the military Age 7

Lived in military barracks Age 18-20

Trained for war Age 20

Began military service Remained available for military service until

60 years of age

Athens Society

Citizens formed the top group Only Athenian born men had political rights

Metics Non citizens, free, paid taxes Could not take part in government

Slaves People captured during war Athenians considered slavery natural and

necessary

Athens Government

Only citizens who owned land held office All adult males meet in assemblies

Elect 9 archons Draco- created Athens 1st written law code around

621 B.C.

Athens Government

Solon Settled disputes between creditors and debtors

Outlawed slavery for debt

Solon divided all citizens into four groups

based on wealth

Peisistratus Ruled Athens as a tyrant from 546-527 B.C.

Athens Democracy

Cleisthenes Turned Athens into a democracy Cleisthenes form of government is known as direct

democracy

Athens 10 tribes Each tribe chose 50 men to form Council of 500 Members served for 1 year and could not serve twice Council proposed laws to assembly Assembly had final authority

Daily Life in Athens

Athenian Economy Terracing helped farmers

plant on hillsides Colonies were

established by Athenian farmers/workers

Spent money on public buildings

Set up colonies and traded goods in the Mediterranean Sea

Home and Family

Lived in simple homes Marriages were

arranged Purpose of marriage

was to have children

Women considered inferior Could not own or

inherit property

Boys cared for by a Pedagogue

Education and Military

Young Athenian boys studied reading, writing, grammar, poetry, music, and gymnastics

Sophists taught older boys government, math, ethics and rhetoric

At 18, Athenian males received 1 year of military training

The Expansion of Greece

Objectives: Explain how the Persian Wars began and

what the results of those wars were Analyze the effects of Pericles's

leadership in Athens Explain how the Peloponnesian War

began and its result

The Persian Wars

Series of conflicts betweens Greece and Persia that lasted from 500 B.C. to 479 B.C.

Battle of Marathon Athenians defeated the Persians, ending the

Persian Wars Battle of Thermopylae

300 Spartans fought bravely against the Persians

Give other Greek city-states time to prepare to fight

The Persian Wars

Themistocles Athenian leader who helped

to defeat the Persian navy by tricking Xerxes at the Salamis Straight

Persian Navy was larger than the Greek

Greek ships were more maneuverable

This ended the Persian Wars

Results of the Persian War

Persian War unified the Greek city-states to protect themselves

Athenians rebuilt and created it own empire in the Aegean Sea

Delian League Alliance of city-states with Athens as it leader Included 140 city-states, each contributed money and

ships Sparta feared Helot rebellion and kept troops close to

home

Age of Pericles 461 B.C.- 429 B.C.

Leader of Athens

Great statesman and General

Built Parthenon and Acropolis

Athens reached its peak

power and wealth

Made Athens the cultural and

political capital of Greece

Athens Democracy

All male citizens, except the lower class, could hold public office

Office holders were paid a salary Chosen by lot so that no one had an advantage

Strengthening of Athens

Established colonies in important or rebellious area Used the Navy to keep the Persians out of the

Aegean Sea Used power of Athens to ensure prosperity and

stability Strengthen the Delian League

Forced city-states to join the league Athens made all decision for the league

Peloponnesian War

Between Sparta and Athens

Reasons for War

Old rivalries

Athenian control of Delian League

Quarrels over trade

Young men eager to fight

Sparta vs Athens

Sparta Has the stronger Army Began the fighting by invading the Attic

Peninsula in 431 B.C. Forced the Athens to retreat behind the walls of

Athens Athens

Has the stronger Navy Brought food into the city by ships in the Aegean

Sea Athens plague killed Pericles

Sparta vs.

Athens

War lasted 27 years Punctuated by periods of truce and armed

peace Sparta joined forces with Persia to cut off the

Athenian Starving Athens surrendered in 404 B.C.

After War Sparta attempted to control all of Greece City-states continued to fight each other for

years

Essay Question

Compare the social classes in Spartan society with those in the Athenian society. Citizens in Athens and equals in Sparta were

males who could vote and own property. Metics in Athens and half citizens in Sparta were

free and paid taxes but could not take part in government or own land.

Athens’s slaves and Sparta’s helots had no political rights