The Height of Imperialism

Chapter 21

Agenda

Social ContractComplete Study GuidesComplete Map Activity : Imperialism Around the WorldReview last 30 minutes of block

Warm Up

For what reason(s) would a nation want a colonial empire?

The New ImperialismUnprecedented period of Western expansion into Asia and Africa.Imperialism - The extension of a nation’s power over other lands.Why?– Economic Gain

• Direct control over raw materials for industrial growth– National Prestige– Social Darwinism and Racism

• Cultural superiority - “The White Man’s Burden”Colonial Administration was either direct or indirect– Indirect Rule

• Local rulers maintained positions with guidance.• Used local elites as administrators• Convenient, cost effective

– Direct Rule• Local power base removed and replace with Europeans• Protectorate/Annexation

Colonial Take Over in South East Asia Seen as stepping point for trade with China

Great Britain– First Western power to take over SE Asia– Singapore, 1819 – major port– Burma – complete monarchy collapse

France– Initially a small missionary presence– Vietnam, Saigon – 1857/Hanoi - 1884– By 1887, Vietnam, Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin,

Laos – merged into Union of French IndochinaUnited States– Com. George Dewey defeated Spanish in 1898 in

Manila Bay and occupied the Philippines– Filipinos helped the US, thinking they were

fighting for independence – US establishes colony instead, “protect” them from Japan

– Emilio Aguinaldo – lead revolts, first against Spanish, then US, unsuccessful

– Philippines remained in US hands until 1947

Siam (Thailand) – The ExceptionOnly remaining free state in South East AsiaKings Mongkut and Chulalongkorn implemented westernization policies to prevent European intervention1896 - Buffer state between British & French

Colonial EconomicsColonial powers did not want colonial possessions to develop home industriesColony policy only stressed raw material collectionTeak, rubber, tin, spices, tea, coffee, sugarPlantation economy developed– Workers paid very little, if anything

Did modernize economy – Introduced money systems, banking, specialized labor

Very little money used to improve conditions in colonies – most money went back to Europe/investor

WARM UP: The cartoon below was printed in Harpers Weekly, after England annexed India in 1876.What does the tiger represent?What is the overall message of the cartoon?

India – the Jewel In the CrownIndia had never been a unified nation – susceptible to frequent invasionBritish power in India increased over the 18th century– Won exclusive trade rights in the 7YW– Crown granted a royal charter to the British East India Company– Could print own money, maintain their own army/fleet

Major cash products– Opium– Tea– Coffee– Cotton

Huge labor supply– Very little resistance – caste system– Moved to other parts of the empire – “coolies”

1857 – The Great Sepoy Mutiny “First War of Independence” Sepoys – locally hired Indian BEIC soldiersCause – Rumor that bullets greased with cow & pig fatsSepoys in Delhi refused to load their weapons, arrested –riots broke out in protest, 50 Europeans killedBrutal fighting for about a year, but Indians unsuccessful– Even though Indians outnumber British, unorganized– Hindus and Muslims would not work together

British fear BEIC is losing control – its powers transferred to Parliament, 1876

British Rule in IndiaViceroy– Head of Indian government– Appointed by Queen

British Civil Service – 3,500 ruled about 300 million.Pros– Political Stability– Honest government– Education for upper caste Indians – high cultural revival– Infrastructure (railroads, telegraph lines, postal service)

Cons– Economic: Industry removed, reduced to large plantation– Increasing rural poverty; tax codes abused by (zamindars) local

officials– Frequent food shortages (encouraged to grow cotton)– Cultural disrespect and ethnic degradation; no assimilation

British Family with Servants

WARM UP

Analyze this cartoon. What is it trying to say?

The Indian Nationalist Movement BeginsStarted by urban, upper class, English educated Indians– Trained in law and civil service

At first, reform instead of revolution1885 - Indian National Congress– Wanted share in government– Religious division caused problems, each

group looking out for themselves 1915 - Mohandas Gandhi joins INC– Educated in England, lawyer– Advocated “Non-violence”

Africa: An OverviewBefore 1880 Europeans controlled little of AfricaBy 1900, almost all of Africa was under European controlSlave trade extinguished by abolishment of slavery.

Trends

Heavy handed, militaristic ruleBritish still favor indirect rule– Sowed hatred among social classes and tribes –

turned them against each other– Maintained separate cultures

French, Belgians, etc favored direct rule– Wanted to assimilate Africans, not preserve

their culture

Western AfricaOldest European settlements – former slave trade posts, but slavery declined by 1800Europeans traded goods with Africans for salt, peanuts, timber, hides, and palm oil.Great Britain, France, Germany and Spain competed for colonial possession of the region.Great Britain annexed “Gold Coast” (present day Ghana) in 1874. French would eventually control half of the Sahara

British North AfricaEgypt– Muhammad Ali’s Revolt, independence from the

Ottoman Empire, 1805– Developed industry, caught attention of British

The Suez Canal– Connected Mediterranean and Red Sea, 1869– Initially a joint venture between Britain and

Egypt – provided a quick and direct route to India

– 1875, Britain buys Egypt’s share, declares Egypt a protectorate in 1914.

The Sudan– Seized by the British 1898 after 17 years of

conflict with Sudanese nationalists– Control entire Nile River Valley

What can we see in this photo that represents imperialism economically, socially, or politically? Is there only one perspective?``

Ethiopia

Independent nation dating back to 2nd Century AD.Christian kingdom – strong monarchy, wealthy trade connections to Middle EastItaly attempts to invade in 1896, but they are defeated by the Ethiopians.Ethiopia will be one of the only two states to remain independent in the 19th century.

“Belgians in the Congo…”Adventurer Henry Stanley was sent to locate missing doctor David Livingstone – discovers wealth of the Congo (rubber)King Leopold II of Belgium– Colonized the Congo– Paid Stanley to set up colony– Belgium occupation hands down

worst of the Europeans • Horrific treatment of Africans• “Heart of Darkness”, Joseph Conrad

The East Coast

British continued to push down Nile Valley, seizing Uganda and KenyaItalians take over SomaliaFrench settle MadagascarPortuguese maintain control of Mozambique despite pressures from British and Germans

South AfricaLargest concentrated presence of white EuropeansBritish enter, upsets the Boers– Original settlers of Cape Town; Dutch

decent– Both in constant conflict with the Zulu

Cecil Rhodes– Industrialist, pushed British expansion

into Zimbabwe, BotswanaBoer War, 1899-1902

British victoryUnion of South Africa created, 1910– Only whites could vote - Apartheid

Zulu Warriors

African NationalismOnly two African nations remained independent of European control– Ethiopia– Liberia

Assimilation versus appreciation– Most European nations wanted to assimilate Africans

into their cultures, encouraging them to abandon their tradition African ones.

Growing unrest among rural poorEmerging middle class– Educated– Championing causes of the poor and oppressed

ResistanceColonialism very unpopular, indigenous frequently revoltedRuling Class – angered at loss of powerRural Revolts – worked by Europeans, suffered mostNew Middle Classes – using Liberalism against the whites– Foundations for Nationalism Movements

Positive Aspects of Imperialism

Political Stability in unstable areasWestern learning and society shared Modern economic systemsBuild infrastructure to assist in collection of resources – but public could benefit also– Bridges– Roads– Railroads

Warm Up – Nov 7

Is imperialism bad or good? Explain.

Nation Building In Latin America

Section 4

Climate for Revolt in Latin AmericaRevolutionary ideas from the United States moved SouthDeveloping Social Classes– Peninsulares – Spanish and Portuguese

nationals who lived temporarily in Latin America for political or economic gain

– Creoles – Permanent residents– Mestizo

Spain and Portugal weakened by Napoleon’s conquests

Haiti

First independence movement in Latin AmericaSaint Domingue– French Colony– Hispaniola– Slave revolt

Francois-Dominque Toussaint Louverture1804, Republic of Haiti

Mexico

Miguel Hidalgo– Priest– Rallied Native Americans

and Mestizos– September 16, 1810: Mob

attacks Spanish

Agustin Iturbide– Independence, 1821– Declared himself emperor

“The Liberators of South America”

Simon Bolivar– 1810, Venezuela,

Colombia, Ecuador

Jose de San Martin– 1810, Argentina– 1817, Chile– 1824, Peru

Independence and RecognitionBrazil independence established in 1822By 1824 all of South America independent.1838 – All of Central America independentEuropean Response– Concert of Europe wanted to intervene, but

Britain disagreedAmerican Response– Monroe Doctrine of 1823

• Guarantee American support of new Latin American Republics and forbade European intervention or re-colonization attempts

Troubles Facing the New RepublicsLosses during independence warsBorder disputesPoor infrastructureCaudillosEconomy based on exports– Imperialism: United States and Great Britain

Social InequalitySpanish-American War, 1898– Cuba, protectorate; Puerto Rico annexed