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The Hemodynamic Puzzle
O2ER
NIRS
SVV
SvO 2
ScvO2
Heart RateUrine Output
Mental Status
OPSI
GEDV P (cv-a)CO2
Themissing link
Lactate
SV
Ener
gy M
etab
olis
m(O
xyge
n Co
nsum
ption
)(M
l/m
in/m
2 )
Delayed Repayment of O2 Debt
Full Recovery Possible
Excessive O2 Deficit Produces Lethal Cell Injury
with Non-recovery Recovery Possible
Time
Oxygen Deficit
Oxygen Deficit
Oxygen Deficit
Oxygen Debt: To Pay or Not to Pay?
The principle task of acute care is to avoid or correct oxygen debt by optimization of the oxygen supply and consumption.
Providing the right amount of fluid is vital in a critically ill patient, as both too little and too much can result in poor outcomes
Under Resuscitation Over Resuscitation
It is just as important to recognize that DO2 and tissue perfusion has normalized, therefore any further measures to increase DO2 may do harm by unnecessary over resuscitation
HR and BP as Resuscitation Endpoint
O2ERNIRS
SVV SvO2
ScvO 2
Heart Rate
Urine OutputMental Status
OPSI
GEDV
P (cv-a)CO2
Themissing link
Lacta
te
SV
CVP
DO2 ml*m-2*min-1
100 300 500 700 900 1100
n= 123230
60
90
120
150
180
MA
P m
mH
g
Correlation Between Arterial Pressure And Oxygen
Delivery
DO2 ml*m-2*min-1
100 300 500 700 900 1100
n= 123630
60
90
120
150
180
HR
b/m
in
Correlation Between Heart Rate And Oxygen Delivery
CVP as a Resuscitation Endpoint
O2ERNIRS
SVV SvO2
ScvO 2
Heart Rate
Urine OutputMental Status
OPSI
GEDVP (cv-a)CO2
Themissing link
Lacta
te
SV
CVP
Passive leg raising (PLR)Volume of blood transferred (usually 200-300 mL) to the heart during PLR is sufficient to increase the left cardiac preload and thus challenge the Frank-Starling curve.
Maximal effect occurs at 30-90 seconds and assess for a 10% increase in stroke volume (cardiac output monitor) or using a surrogate such as pulse pressure (using an arterial line)
Diagnostic Accuracy of Passive Leg Raising for Prediction of Fluid Responsiveness in Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Clinical Studies.
• Meta-analysis 9 studies • PLR changes in CO predicts fluid
responsiveness • Regardless of ventilation mode
and cardiac rhythm • Difference in CO of 18%
distinguished responder from NR
Cavallaro, F. et al. Intensive Care Med. 2010 Sep;36(9):1475-83
The pooled sensitivity and specificity of PLR-cCO were 89.4% (84.1-93.4%) and 91.4% (85.9-95.2%) respectively
AUC= 0.96
CVP as a Resuscitation Endpoint
O2ERNIRS
SVV SvO2
ScvO 2
Heart Rate
Urine OutputMental Status
OPSI
GEDV
P (cv-a)CO2
Themissing link
Lacta
te
SVCVP
• European survey:
More the 90% of intensivist or anesthesiologists used the CVP to guide fluid management.
• Canadian survey:
90% of intensivists used the CVP to monitor fluid resuscitation in patients with septic shock.
Crit Care Med 2013; 41:1774–1781)
Does Central Venous Pressure Predict Fluid Responsiveness?: A Systematic Review of the Literature and the Tale of Seven Mares
Paul E. Marik, MD, FCCP; Michael Baram, MD, FCCP; Bobbak Vahid, MD Chest. 2008;134(1):172-178.
Cardiac Filling Pressures are Not Appropriate to Predict Hemodynamic Response to Volume Challenge
Osman D1, Ridel C, Ray P, Monnet X, Anguel N, Richard C, Teboul JL. Crit Care Med. 2007 Jan;35(1):64-8.
The study demonstrates that cardiac filling pressures are poor predictors of fluid responsiveness in septic patients. Therefore,
their use as targets for volume resuscitation must be discouraged, at least after the early phase of sepsis has
concluded
Does the Central Venous Pressure Predict Fluid Responsiveness? An Updated Meta-Analysis and a Plea for Some Common Sense
There are no data to support the widespread practice of using central
venous pressure to guide fluid therapy. This approach to fluid resuscitation
should be abandoned.
Marik PE, Cavallazzi R . Crit Care Med. 2013 Jul;41(7):1774-81..
IVC Diameter and Collapsibility as End Point
O2ERNIRS
SVV SvO2
ScvO 2
Heart Rate
Urine OutputMental Status
OPSI
P (cv-a)CO2
Themissing link
SVLactate
GEDV
CVP
Simultaneous measurements of the central venous pressure (CVP) and IVC diameter at the end of expiration in 108 mechanically ventilated patients
Collapsibility Index =
>12% = responders(PPV 93% and
NPV92%).
Collapsibility Index =
<12% = non-responders
(PPV 93% and NPV92%).
Ultrasonographic Measurement of the Respiratory Variation in the Inferior Vena Cava Diameter is Predictive of Fluid Responsiveness in Critically Ill Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Zhongheng Zhang, Xiao Xu, Sheng Ye, Lei Xu. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. Volume 40, Issue 5, Pages 845–853, May 2014
Total of 8 studies/235 Pts
ΔIVC measured is of great value in predicting fluid responsiveness,
particularly in patients on controlled mechanical ventilation
CO/SV as a Resuscitation Endpoint
O2ERNIRS
SVV SvO2
ScvO 2
Heart Rate
Urine OutputMental Status
OPSIP (cv-a)CO2
Themissing link
Lacta
te
SV/CO
CVP
GEDV
Effects of Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume Guided Hemorrhage and Fluid Resuscitation
CI-group SVI-group
Tbsl T0 tend Tbsl T0 Tend
SVI (ml/m2) 33.6 ± 6.2 14.6 ± 10.1 23.4 ± 7.9 26.8 ± 4.7 13.4 ± 2.3 26.6 ± 4.1
CI (l/min/m2) 2.88 ± 0.42 1.79 ± 0.53 2.73 ± 0.35 2.6 ± 0.4 1.8 ± 0.3 2.9 ± 0.5
MAP (mmHg) 127 ± 13.07 75 ± 25 85 ± 22 112 ± 23 74 ± 18 91 ± 19Heart rate (beats/min) 87 ± 16 140 ± 40 124 ± 37 95 ± 12 131 ± 27 107 ± 16
Central venous oxygen saturation (%)
81 ± 8 58 ± 18 64 ± 15 78 ± 7 61 ± 5 73 ± 9
Venous to arterial carbon dioxide gap (mm Hg)
3.3 ± 3.1 8.9 ± 3.3 7.8 ± 4.8 5.3 ± 2 9.6 ± 2.3 5.1 ± 2.6
GEDV (ml/m2) 317 ± 36 198 ± 57 249 ± 46 309 ± 57 231 ± 61 287 ± 49
Stroke volume variation (%) 10.8 ± 5.5 17.3 ± 5.1 16.4 ± 8.2 13.6 ± 4.3 22.6 ± 5.6 12.2 ± 4.3
Nemeth, M. et al. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand (2014). doi:10.1111/aas.12312
21 animal subjects were bled until CI (n=9) or SVI (n=12) decreased by 50% then resuscitated during 60 minutes with LR till target is achieved
SVV & PPV as End Point
O2ER
NIRS
SvO2
ScvO 2
Heart Rate
Urine OutputMental Status
OPSIP (cv-a)CO2
Themissing link
SV
GEDV
SVVCVP
Hemodynamics During Positive Pressure Ventilation: SVV and PPV
Preload
Stroke Volume
0
0
Higher PVI = More likely to respond to fluid administration
24 %
10 %Lower PVI = Less likely to respond
to fluid administration
PVI to Help Clinicians Optimize Preload / Cardiac Output
Frank-Starling Relationship
Determine success of fluid by the response in stroke volume/index and SvO2
30
Stroke Volume
End-Diastolic Volume
D < 10%
D > 10%
D 0%
Fluid Responders
Fluid Non-Responders
Dynamic parameters should be used preferentially to static parameters to predict fluid responsiveness in ICU patients
Dynamic Changes in Arterial Waveform Derived Variables and Fluid Responsiveness in Mechanically Ventilated Patients: A Systematic Review of Literature
• Dynamic changes of arterial waveform-derived variables during MV are highly accurate in predicting volume responsiveness in critically ill patients
• Limited to patients on controlled ventilation
Marik, PE et al. (2009). Citi Care Med. 37: 2642-2647
Sens. 0.89Spec. 0.88AUC= 0.94
Lactic Acid as Endpoint Resuscitation
O2ER NIRSSvO 2
ScvO 2
Heart Rate
Urine OutputMental Status
OPSI
P (cv-a)CO2
Themissing link
SV
Lactate
CVP
GEDV
SVV
A nice theory…Oxygen
consumption VO2 mls/min
Oxygen delivery DO2 mls/min300mls/
min
Lactate
Critical DO2
Oxygen Debt
DO2 independent in normal patients
DO2 dependent in septic patients
Prolonged lactate clearance is associated with increased mortality in the surgical intensive care unit
J. McNelis et al. The American Journal of Surgery 182 (2001) 481–485
Early lactate-guided therapy in intensive care unit patients: a multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial.
Jansen TC,van Bommel J, Schoonderbeek FJ,Sleeswijk Visser SJ, vander Klooster JM, Lima AP, et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med (2010) 182:752–61.doi:10.1164/rccm.200912-1918OC
Effects of Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume Guided Hemorrhage and Fluid ResuscitationCI-group SVI-group
Tbsl T0 tend Tbsl T0 Tend
Oxygen delivery (ml/min/m2)
335 ± 63 158 ± 62 284 ± 52 419 ± 62 272 ± 56 341 ± 62
VO2 (ml/min/m2) 44 ± 25 62 ± 38 76 ± 34 77 ± 26 96 ± 19 82 ± 27
Oxygen extraction (VO2/DO2)
0.13 ± 0.08 0.38 ± 0.19 0.32 ± 0.14 0.20 ± 0.07 0.36 ± 0.05 0.24 ± 0.09
Central venous oxygen saturation (%)
81 ± 8 58 ± 18 64 ± 15 78 ± 7 61 ± 5 73 ± 9
Venous to arterial carbon dioxide gap (mm Hg)
3.3 ± 3.1 8.9 ± 3.3 7.8 ± 4.8 5.3 ± 2 9.6 ± 2.3 5.1 ± 2.6
Lactate (mmol/L) 3.6 ± 1.1 5.0 ± 1.6 4.6 ± 2.0 1.62 ± 0.43 3.86 ± 1.49 3.54 ± 1.9
Hemoglobin (g/L) 9.0 ± 0.7 8.0 ± 2.7 6.9 ± 1.3 12.05 ± 1.37 11.22 ± 1.39 8.45 ± 1.1
Nemeth, M. et al. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand (2014). doi:10.1111/aas.12312
Oxygen Extraction-based Resuscitation NIRS
SVVHeart Rate
Urine OutputMental Status
OPSI P (cv-a)CO2 Themissing link
SV
GEDV
SVV
O2ER
SvO2
ScvO2
CVP
DO2= CO x [CaO2]
CaO2= [Hb X 1.34 x SaO2] + 0.003 x PaO2
VO2= CO x [CaO2-CvO2]
O2ER
Oxygen Extraction-based Resuscitation
ScVO2
Effects of Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume Guided Hemorrhage and Fluid ResuscitationCI-group SVI-group
Tbsl T0 tend Tbsl T0 Tend
Oxygen delivery (ml/min/m2)
335 ± 63 158 ± 62 284 ± 52 419 ± 62 272 ± 56 341 ± 62
VO2 (ml/min/m2) 44 ± 25 62 ± 38 76 ± 34 77 ± 26 96 ± 19 82 ± 27
Oxygen extraction (VO2/DO2)
0.13 ± 0.08 0.38 ± 0.19 0.32 ± 0.14 0.20 ± 0.07 0.36 ± 0.05 0.24 ± 0.09
Central venous oxygen saturation (%)
81 ± 8 58 ± 18 64 ± 15 78 ± 7 61 ± 5 73 ± 9
Venous to arterial carbon dioxide gap (mm Hg)
3.3 ± 3.1 8.9 ± 3.3 7.8 ± 4.8 5.3 ± 2 9.6 ± 2.3 5.1 ± 2.6
Lactate (mmol/L) 3.6 ± 1.1 5.0 ± 1.6 4.6 ± 2.0 1.62 ± 0.43 3.86 ± 1.49 3.54 ± 1.9Hemoglobin (g/L) 9.0 ± 0.7 8.0 ± 2.7 6.9 ± 1.3 12.05 ± 1.37 11.22 ± 1.39 8.45 ± 1.1
Nemeth, M. et al. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand (2014). doi:10.1111/aas.12312
Mixed Venous Saturation in Critically Ill Patient
Oxygen Supply: DO2 Oxygen Demand: VO2
SvO2/ScvO2
Low
↓DO2 ↑VO2
AnemiaBleedingHypovolemiaHypoxiaHeart faliure
PainAgitationShiveringSeizureFever
High
↑DO2 ↓VO2
HgOxygenFluidsInotropics
SedationAnalgesiaHypothermiaSepsis
SvO2 %
DO
2/
VO
2
25 705540 85 1001.0
2.8
4.6
6.4
8.2
10.0
r= 0.906y= -9.58 + 0.19*xn= 1149
Correlation of Oxygen - Supply to - Demand Ratio with Mixed Venous Oxygen Saturation
Lee J et al. (1972) Anaesthesiology 36: 472
% S
svO
2
% SvO2
100
80
60
40
20
0 20 40 60 80 100
r= 0.73
r= 0.88
Shock
Normal
ScvO2 vs SvO2
Reinhart K et al, Chest, 1989; 95:1216-1221
SvO2 closely correlates with ScvO2
Time (min)
% S
at
80
60
40
20
0300 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Normoxia Bleeding
Volume Therapy (HAES) Bleeding
Hyp
oxia
Norm
oxia
Hyp
ero
xia
Mixed venousCentral venous
Multi-Center Study of Central Venous Oxygen Saturation (ScvO2) as a Predictor of Mortality in Patients with Sepsis
Pope, J et al. Ann Emerg Med. 55:40-46
ScvO2 of > 90%, ScvO2 of < 70%,
Oxygen Parameters as EndpointNIRS
SVVHeart Rate
Urine OutputMental Status
OPSI
Themissing link
SV
GEDV
SVV
O2ER
SvO2
ScvO2
P(cv-a)CO2
CVP
P(cv-a)CO2
Normal is 2-5 mmHg.
Is not a marker of tissue hypoxia
but it is a marker of the adequacy of cardiac output
∆PCO2= K X
Persistently high venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide differences during early resuscitation are associated with poor outcomes in septic shock
Ospina-Tascón GA et al., Crit Care. 2013; 17(6)
The persistence of high Pv-aCO2 during the early resuscitation of septic shock was associated with
more severe multi-organ dysfunction and worse outcomes at day-28
H-H, mixed venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference (Pv-aCO2) high at Time 0 (T0) and 6 hours later (T6); L-H, Pv-aCO2 normal at T0 and high at T6; H-L, Pv-aCO2 high at T0 and normal at T6; and L-L, Pv-aCO2 normal at T0 and T6
Central Venous-to-Arterial Gap Is a Useful Parameter in Monitoring Hypovolemia-Caused Altered Oxygen Balance: Animal Study
ScvO2 < 73% and CO2 gap >6 mmHg can be complementary tools
in detecting hypovolemia-caused imbalance of oxygen
extraction.
Kocsi S et al, Crit Care Res Pract. 2013; 583-598.
The Hemodynamic Puzzle
SVVHeart Rate
Urine OutputMental Status
Themissing link
SV
GEDV
SVV
O2ER
SvO2
ScvO2
P(cv-a)CO2 NIRSOPSI
CVP
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
NIRSStO2 (at 20 mm, skeletal muscle) is an index of profusion that tracks DO2 during active resuscitation
Crit Care. 2009; 13(Suppl 5): S10.
Orthogonal Polarization Spectral Imaging (OPS): Sublingual capillaroscopy.
Orthogonal polarization spectral (OPS) imaging is an optical imaging technique that uses a handheld microscope and green polarized light to visualize the red blood cells in the microcirculation of organ surfaces
Orthogonal Polarization Spectral Imaging (OPS): Sublingual capillaroscopy.
Red blood cells are visualised as black-grey points flowing along the vessels. Up-right and up-left: normal findings; bottom-left: septic shock; bottom-right: after cardiac arrest under therapeutic hypothermia
The Hemodynamic Puzzle
O2ER
NIRS
SVV SvO2
ScvO2
Heart Rate
Urine OutputMental Status OPSI
GEDV
P(cv-a)CO2
Themissing link
Lactate
SV
CVP