Prepared by :Prepared by : Mohmmad MallahMohmmad Mallah

Supervised By :Supervised By :

• Dr. Mahmoud Dr. Mahmoud LababnehLababneh

Jordan university of science and technology

Faculty of Science and ArtsDepartment of English for Applied StudiesDepartment of English for Applied Studies

In all truthIn all truth

This is not a presentationThis is not a presentation

It is moreIt is more

It is the voice of emotions and feelingsIt is the voice of emotions and feelings

It is a venting of passions and an analytical, It is a venting of passions and an analytical,

objective statement of factsobjective statement of facts

When we chose this topic as our When we chose this topic as our presentation , we did so with a degree of presentation , we did so with a degree of hesitation, owing to its volatile nature. hesitation, owing to its volatile nature. However, as this presentation progressed, However, as this presentation progressed, we found ourselves learning more and we found ourselves learning more and more about topics, which we thought that more about topics, which we thought that we was well aware of.we was well aware of.

Rather than offer any wisdom we might Rather than offer any wisdom we might have pretended to possess, we have thus have pretended to possess, we have thus gained from this presentation, in a gained from this presentation, in a personal capacity. At the end of this personal capacity. At the end of this presentation, we believe we emerge as a presentation, we believe we emerge as a more enlightened people.more enlightened people.

The Arabs were ruled for almost 400 The Arabs were ruled for almost 400 years by the Ottoman Empire , during years by the Ottoman Empire , during their first decades , they ruled by the their first decades , they ruled by the name of Allah , and as a guards of the name of Allah , and as a guards of the Muslim nations ,but then by the year of Muslim nations ,but then by the year of 1908 , the  rise of nationalism under 1908 , the  rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire , caused the the Ottoman Empire , caused the oppression for non-Turks citizens of the oppression for non-Turks citizens of the Ottoman Empire , that when Arabs get Ottoman Empire , that when Arabs get together , in order to get rid of the together , in order to get rid of the Turks oppression under the leadership Turks oppression under the leadership of Ash-Sharif Hussein bin Ali … of Ash-Sharif Hussein bin Ali …

When the Ottomans entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers in 1914, they upheld the ban on the official use of the Arabic language and its teaching in schools, while arresting many Arab nationalist figures in Damascus and Beirut.

Consequently, in June 1916, as head of the Arab nationalists and in alliance with Britain and France, Sharif Hussein initiated the Great Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule. His forces liberating Damascus from Ottoman rule in 1918. At the end of the war, Arab forces controlled all of modern Jordan, most of the Arabian peninsula and much of southern Syria.

The Clash of Promises and InterestsThe Clash of Promises and Interests The political aspirations of the Arabs were not to

be realized, however, due to the conflicting promises made by the British to their wartime allies. The first of these came during 1915 in an exchange of ten letters between Sir Henry McMahon, Britain’s high commissioner in Egypt, and Sharif Hussein. Essentially, Britain pledged, in what became known as the Hussein-McMahon Correspondence, to support Arab independence if Hussein’s forces revolted against the Turks.

But the agreement excluded Palestine . The British later claimed that Palestine was meant to be excluded from the area of Arab rule, as it is technically located west of Damascus. The Arabs interpreted the letter as it reads: Lebanon, not Palestine, is to the west of Damascus .

The Cheese Cake Being Divided The Cheese Cake Being Divided the interests of the colonial powers

took precedence over promises made to the Arabs. While accepting the principle of Arab independence laid down in the Hussein-McMahon Correspondence, the Sykes-Picot Agreement, signed by Britain, France and Russia in 1916, divided the area into zones of permanent colonial influence .

The Tragedy of Palestine The Tragedy of Palestine

To further complicate matters, in a totally deceitful move British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour in 1917 issued a letter to a prominent British Jew, Lord Rothschild, promising Britain’s commitment and support for a Jewish home in Palestine. Known as the Balfour Declaration, the letter calls for the  ”establishment in Palestine of a ”establishment in Palestine of a National Home for the Jewish people . . . National Home for the Jewish people . . . it being clearly understood that nothing it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine...”Jewish communities in Palestine...”

The crisis of Palestine reached a boiling point in the years immediately after the war. Washing its hands of the whole imbroglio, Britain declared in February 1947 that its mandate over Palestine would end on May 14, 1948. The matter was then addressed by the United Nations, which, The plan called for the partition of Palestine into an Arab state and a Jewish state, with al-Quds (Jerusalem) to be placed under UN trusteeship. More than half the territory, including the valuable coastal strip, had been allotted to the Jews, who only owned about 6% of the land. The Arabs were shocked, and conflict was inevitable. On May 14, 1948, the British terminated their mandate over Palestine, and the Jews immediately proclaimed the independence of the state of Israel. The Soviet Union was the first country to recognize Israel, followed promptly by the United States. The tragedy of Palestine was born.

  The 1948 Arab-Israeli WarThe 1948 Arab-Israeli War Immediately after the proclamation of the state of Israel,

Lebanon, Syria, Egypt and Iraq sent troops to join with

Jordanian forces in order to defend their brethren , , of all the

Arab armies engaged in the defense of Palestine, the one

which defended Arab land most successfully was Jordan’s

Arab Legion, the Legion succeeded in preserving for the Arabs

a major part of their land—the territory subsequently known

as the West Bank—along with the Old City of Jerusalem, which

the Jews were unable to seize. The relative success by the

Jordanian forces in the face of overwhelming odds is a tribute

to the heroism, discipline and leadership of the Arab Legion.

The Disaster of 1967 The Disaster of 1967

In early 1963, Israel announced its intention to divert part of the Jordan River waters to irrigate the Naqab Desert (also known as the. Israel launched a surprise attack on June 5, 1967, eliminating the Egyptian air force in a single blow .At that point, the outcome of the war was decided. In response to the Israeli attack, Jordanian forces launched an offensive into Israel, but were soon driven back as the Israeli forces counterattacked into the West Bank and Arab East Jerusalem. After destroying the Egyptian air force, Israel had complete control of the skies, After a spirited defense of Arab East Jerusalem, the outnumbered and outgunned Jordanian army was forced to retreat to preserve the East Bank heartland against the Zionist expansion. When the final UN cease-fire was imposed on June 11 .

1973 Arab-Israeli War1973 Arab-Israeli War

This war was part of the Arab-Israeli conflict, an This war was part of the Arab-Israeli conflict, an ongoing dispute which included many battles ongoing dispute which included many battles and wars since 1948. During the Six-Day War of and wars since 1948. During the Six-Day War of 1967 Egypt and Syria both desired a return of 1967 Egypt and Syria both desired a return of the land lost in the Six-Day War.the land lost in the Six-Day War.

This war began with a massive and successful This war began with a massive and successful Egyptian crossing of the Suez Canal during the Egyptian crossing of the Suez Canal during the first three days, after which they dug in, first three days, after which they dug in, settling into a stalemate. The Syrians settling into a stalemate. The Syrians coordinated their attack on the Golan coordinated their attack on the Golan Heights to coincide with the Egyptian offensive Heights to coincide with the Egyptian offensive and initially made threatening gains against the and initially made threatening gains against the

greatly outnumbered Israelis.greatly outnumbered Israelis.

This swift attack was able to get  Sinai This swift attack was able to get  Sinai Peninsula back to the Egyptian custody Peninsula back to the Egyptian custody and to part of the Syrian Golan height's and to part of the Syrian Golan height's back also to the Syrian custody ….. back also to the Syrian custody …..

And it cussed an issue for Jordan by the And it cussed an issue for Jordan by the existenceexistence of the of the PalestiniansPalestinians militia in militia in Jordan , and what was known later by the Jordan , and what was known later by the black September … black September …

This war was ended by the U.N. resolutionThis war was ended by the U.N. resolution

to cease-fire after UNSCR 338 , to cease-fire after UNSCR 338 , 339 and 340, leading to the Geneva 339 and 340, leading to the Geneva Conference and the Sinai Interim Conference and the Sinai Interim Agreement.Agreement.

1982 Lebanon War1982 Lebanon WarLebanon became home to more than Lebanon became home to more than

110,000 Palestinian refugees after 110,000 Palestinian refugees after fleeing their homes in Palestine, the fleeing their homes in Palestine, the large influx of Palestinians then , large influx of Palestinians then , caused an additional demographic caused an additional demographic imbalance within Lebanese society and imbalance within Lebanese society and its democratic institutions. By 1975, its democratic institutions. By 1975, the refugees numbered more than the refugees numbered more than 300,000 and an unofficial state-within-300,000 and an unofficial state-within-a-state was noticed in Lebanon, a-state was noticed in Lebanon, particularly in Southern Lebanon, particularly in Southern Lebanon, which then played an important role in which then played an important role in the Lebanese Civil War. That imposed the Lebanese Civil War. That imposed a great threat for Israel , and the idea a great threat for Israel , and the idea that Lebanon was a safe haven for that Lebanon was a safe haven for Palestinians Palestinians

In this war Israel , first tried to but In this war Israel , first tried to but an end for the Palestinians an end for the Palestinians existence in Lebanon , by making existence in Lebanon , by making a safe zone in the southern a safe zone in the southern territory of Lebanon under it’s territory of Lebanon under it’s control, but the Israelis stressed to control, but the Israelis stressed to lunch an attack on a larger scale lunch an attack on a larger scale to but an end for the Syrian to but an end for the Syrian increasing influence in Lebanon , increasing influence in Lebanon , and kick the Palestinians militia and kick the Palestinians militia out of Lebanon . out of Lebanon .

The First IntifadaThe First Intifada In December 1987, the First Intifada was a mass In December 1987, the First Intifada was a mass

Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule in Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule in the Palestinian Territories. The rebellion began in the Palestinian Territories. The rebellion began in the Jabalia refugee camp and quickly spread the Jabalia refugee camp and quickly spread throughout Gaza, the West Bank and East throughout Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Palestinian actions ranged from civil Jerusalem. Palestinian actions ranged from civil disobedience to violence. In addition to general disobedience to violence. In addition to general strikes, boycotts on Israeli products, graffiti and strikes, boycotts on Israeli products, graffiti and barricades, Palestinian demonstrations that included barricades, Palestinian demonstrations that included stone-throwing by youths against the Israel Forces stone-throwing by youths against the Israel Forces brought the Intifada international attention. The brought the Intifada international attention. The Israeli army's heavy handed response to the Israeli army's heavy handed response to the demonstrations, with live ammunition, beatings and demonstrations, with live ammunition, beatings and mass arrests, brought international condemnation. mass arrests, brought international condemnation.

Jordan-Israel Peace TreatyJordan-Israel Peace TreatyThe Jordan-Israel Peace Treaty was The Jordan-Israel Peace Treaty was

signed on October 26, 1994, at the signed on October 26, 1994, at the southern border crossing of Wadi southern border crossing of Wadi ‘Araba. The treaty guaranteed Jordan ‘Araba. The treaty guaranteed Jordan the restoration of its occupied land the restoration of its occupied land (approximately 380 square (approximately 380 square kilometerskilometers

The Second IntifadaThe Second Intifada

The Second Intifada started at September The Second Intifada started at September 2000 , for to many reasons , from a general 2000 , for to many reasons , from a general impression that no progress was done by impression that no progress was done by the peaceful ways to make peace , and the the peaceful ways to make peace , and the visit of Ariel Sharon to the holy Al-Aqsa visit of Ariel Sharon to the holy Al-Aqsa Mosque On September 28, a number of Mosque On September 28, a number of clashes between the two part’s happened , clashes between the two part’s happened , from April 2 to 11, a siege and fierce from April 2 to 11, a siege and fierce fighting took place in Jenin, a Palestinian fighting took place in Jenin, a Palestinian refugee camp. The Jenin battle became a refugee camp. The Jenin battle became a flashpoint for both sides. During the Israeli flashpoint for both sides. During the Israeli Army's operations in the camp, Palestinian Army's operations in the camp, Palestinian sources alleged that a massacre of sources alleged that a massacre of hundreds of people had taken place. hundreds of people had taken place.

However, based on investigations, Amnesty However, based on investigations, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch International and Human Rights Watch charged that Israeli Army personnel in Jenin charged that Israeli Army personnel in Jenin had committed war crimes. Both human had committed war crimes. Both human rights organizations called for official rights organizations called for official inquiries; the Israeli Army disputed the inquiries; the Israeli Army disputed the charges. After the battle ,a senior charges. After the battle ,a senior Palestinian Authority official alleged in mid-Palestinian Authority official alleged in mid-April that some 500 were killed.April that some 500 were killed.

In June 2006, Hamas militants In June 2006, Hamas militants infiltrated an army post near the infiltrated an army post near the Israeli side of the Gaza Strip and Israeli side of the Gaza Strip and abducted Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit. abducted Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit. Two IDF soldiers were killed in the Two IDF soldiers were killed in the attack, while Shalit was wounded after attack, while Shalit was wounded after his tank was hit with an RPG. 3 days his tank was hit with an RPG. 3 days later Israel launched Operation later Israel launched Operation Summer Rains to secure the release of Summer Rains to secure the release of Shalit, he's been held hostage Shalit, he's been held hostage by Hamas, who barred by Hamas, who barred the International Red Cross from the International Red Cross from seeing him, and demands the release seeing him, and demands the release of 450 Palestinian prisoners. of 450 Palestinian prisoners.

In July 2006, Hezbollah fighters crossed the In July 2006, Hezbollah fighters crossed the border from Lebanon into Israel, attacked border from Lebanon into Israel, attacked and killed eight Israeli soldiers, and and killed eight Israeli soldiers, and abducted two others as hostages, setting off abducted two others as hostages, setting off the 2006 Lebanon War which caused much the 2006 Lebanon War which caused much destruction in Lebanon. A UN-sponsored destruction in Lebanon. A UN-sponsored ceasefire went into effect on August 14, ceasefire went into effect on August 14, 2006, officially ending the conflict. The 2006, officially ending the conflict. The conflict killed over a thousand people, conflict killed over a thousand people, mostly Lebanese civilians, severely damaged mostly Lebanese civilians, severely damaged Lebanese civil infrastructure, and displaced Lebanese civil infrastructure, and displaced approximately one million Lebanese and approximately one million Lebanese and 300,000–500,000 Israelis, although most 300,000–500,000 Israelis, although most were able to return to their homes. After the were able to return to their homes. After the ceasefire, some parts of Southern ceasefire, some parts of Southern Lebanon remained uninhabitable due Lebanon remained uninhabitable due to Israeli unexploded cluster bombes .to Israeli unexploded cluster bombes .

Cost of conflictCost of conflictWhatever the cost is financially …. Whatever the cost is financially ….

It could not be as bad as the cost in It could not be as bad as the cost in human lives wasted in both sides of human lives wasted in both sides of the the conflictconflict , The Cost of conflict for , The Cost of conflict for the Middle East from 1991-2010 - the Middle East from 1991-2010 - $12 trillion !!!! Not from 1948 !!$12 trillion !!!! Not from 1948 !!

In terms of the human lives wasted In terms of the human lives wasted , estimates range from 51,000 , estimates range from 51,000 fatalities , from 1950 to 2007 … !!!fatalities , from 1950 to 2007 … !!!

““Behind us here, you see Eilat and Behind us here, you see Eilat and Aqaba, the way we have lived over the Aqaba, the way we have lived over the years in such close proximity, unable to years in such close proximity, unable to meet, to visit each other, to develop this meet, to visit each other, to develop this beautiful part of the world. No more—as beautiful part of the world. No more—as we look into the future beyond this point we look into the future beyond this point with determination, with hope, with with determination, with hope, with commitment. We survived the hard times commitment. We survived the hard times that our people beyond this point in time that our people beyond this point in time enjoy the good times.”enjoy the good times.”

Address by king Hussein at the Signing of the Jordan-Israel Treaty of Peace Wadi Address by king Hussein at the Signing of the Jordan-Israel Treaty of Peace Wadi Araba, Jordan October 26, 1994Araba, Jordan October 26, 1994

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