The History of the Early Engineering Disciplines

The History of Civil Engineering

Boundaries and Surveys Need for boundaries and surveys

precipitated civil engineering as we know Surveyors

Noted and marked foundations of monuments Dividing land into parcels

Egyptians used surveying to predict Nile River flood waters

Romans learned from Egyptians and Greeks the importance of surveying Aqueducts and roads designed from surveying

methods

Arabic people & the astrolabe Astrolabe - Fixed surveying method

linked to the stars Arabic people developed proficiency

with the astrolabe after the fall of the Roman Empire

Arabic culture also responsible for: Development of Trigonometry Practice of triangulation to achieve

accuracy

Recognition Civil engineering named to distinguish

between military and other engineers Europe and U.S. recognized those

who completed large-scale projects as “civil engineers” (18th Century)

1782 - John Smeaton of England molded himself as a Civil Engineer

1793 - Society of Civil Engineers created in England 1818 - Named changed to Institution of

Civil Engineers

United States Societies of Civil Engineering Franklin Institute in

Philadelphia (1824) Informal society of

engineers American Society

of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Formed November

5, 1852 Present and active

today

Annual meeting, ASCE Deer Park Hotel, Deer Park, MD, 1885

www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/SciRefGuides/engineersociety.html

BridgesManhattan Bridge - New York, NY

http://www.pierluigisurace.it/imagerie/aatw0058.htm

Three Classes of Bridges Beam Bridge Suspension Bridge Arched Bridge

Beam Bridge

http://education.sdsc.edu/enrich/brid.html

Arched Bridge

http://www.walkingbritain.co.uk/walks/walks1/w001d.shtml

Suspension Bridge

http://www.photo.net/photo/pcd3448/golden-gate-bridge-94

History of Bridges 2000 B.C.

Wooden timber beams built on stone pillars Spanned over the Euphrates River Commissioned by Queen Semiramis for Babylon,

suggesting practice was common 300 B.C.

Golden Era Roman stone-arch bridges 250 B.C. saw Greek “invention” of wood truss

610 A.D. Zhaozhou (Ali) Bridge constructed World’s oldest known open-spandrel stone-arch

bridge

Frankford Avenue Bridge

Spans Pennypack Creek in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Constructed in 1697

First known stone arch bridge in U.S.

Still being used today

Frankford Avenue BridgePhiladelphia, PA

http://www.asce-philly.org/achievements05.asp

Sewall’s Bridge First known pile

supported highway bridge

Built over the York River in York, Maine

Piles driven into river bottom by dropping oak logs while standing them in place

Replaced in 1934

Sewall’s BridgeYork, Maine

http://www.maine.gov/mdot-stage/covered-bridges/sewalls.php

Iron Bridge World’s first all-

metal bridge built of cast iron

Designed by Abraham Darby III

Spans Severn River near Coalbrookdale, England

Main span - 30.5 m Total length - 60 m Weight - 378.5 tons

Iron BridgeCoalbrookdale, England

http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Iron_Bridge_at_Coalbrookdale.html

Jacob’s Creek Bridge World’s first modern suspension

bridge Located on the road between

Uniontown, Pennsylvania and Greensburg, Pennsylvania

Designed and built by James Finley for $600 in 1801

Bridge demolished 1833, five years after Finley had passed away in Uniontown

DamsHoover Dam

http://www.intermind.net/im/boulder.html

Factors to take into account Strong enough to

resist reservoir water backed behind dam

Impervious to water Resists leaks and

erosion Water cannot find

way into dam Accommodates

overflow

Failure of Teton DamRexburg, Idaho

$1 billion in damages

http://web.umr.edu/~rogersda/dams/

RoadsRoute 66 - Arizona

http://www.bekkoame.ne.jp/~toisa/wp/wp.html

Evolution of Roads Markings used to designate paths to

desired destinations

Invention of wheel brought on roadways

Evolved from dirt roads into paved surfaces with drainage systems to divert water off of them

Paved Roads History 3000 B.C. - the Herappa and Mohenjo-

Daro civilizations in the Indus valley developed paved roads with drainage systems underneath pavement

2500 B.C. - Lake Moeris Quarry Road World’s oldest paved road Was eight miles long (only 4 miles remain)

Those Romans… 312 B.C. - Road from

Rome to Capula 130 miles

144 B.C. - First high-level aqueduct Hydraulic cement

introduced in design Over 372 roads

constructed with a combined distance of 53,000 miles

Roadways suffered with retreat from Britain

Roman road cut into Italian Mountain

http://www.unc.edu/courses/rometech/public/content/transport/Adam_Pawluk/

Contruction_and_Makeup_of_.htm

Roads considered a value?? 600 years after Britain invasion

retreat, Norman invasion showed roads are considerable value

The church maintained roadways and constructed inns and places of rest

Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries with his self-appointed Supreme Head of Church of England in 1534

El Camino Real 1500’s Spaniards

and Colonials developed first inland transportation route into U.S.

Original use for political and military use only

Beginning of interstate highway system

Marker on El Camino Real

http://www.rootsweb.com/~txrober2/GhostlyHauntsCollection.htm

TunnelsChannel Tunnel Boring Machine

http://www.lemleyandassociates.com/

History of Tunnels 600 B.C. - Samos Aqueduct Tunnel

Water supply routed through a hill on Greek island

Persian and Armenian tunnels in Iran brought water to towns in the 8th century

By 17th century, tunnels widely used to route canals through hills rather than around

Tunnel History cont. Marc Isambard

Brunel developed a shield for boring under the Thames River in 1820

Dual tunnels run 1200 yards

Completed in 1841 First time tunnel

cut under a body of water

Marc Isambard Brunel(1769 - 1849)

http://web.ukonline.co.uk/b.gardner/brunel/marcbrun.html

Alfred Nobel’s Dynamite Most significant advancement in tunneling Alfred Nobel born in 1833 in Stockholm,

Sweden to a family of engineers Father sent him abroad to learn about

chemical engineering to expand horizons Alfred returned and concentrated on

nitroglycerine as explosive Brother and several others killed in an

explosion

Alfred Nobel cont. Nitroglycerine banned

from Stockholm city limits

1864 found way to handle explosive safe

Nobel built labs and companies in more than 20 countries

Holds more than 350 patents

Immense fortune amassed

Nobel Prize founder in will

Alfred Nobel

http://www.britannica.com/nobel/alfrednobel.html

Water Supply and Control

Panama Canal under maintenance

http://www.photoatlas.com/pics02/pictures_of_panama_73.html

Definitions Dams - barriers constructed across a

waterway to control the flow or raise the level of water

Aqueducts - pipes or channels designed to transport water from a remote source Usually takes advantage of gravity Bridge-like structures support a conduit or

canal passing over a river or low ground Canals - artificial waterways or artificially

improved rivers used for travel, shipping, or irrigation

The History of Industrial Engineers

Industrial Engineering International commerce increases

brought about an increase of competition amongst suppliers

Main role is to combine workers, machines, and materials in order to increase productivity and reduce waste

Philosophy traced back to tribal cultures Created more efficient tools and made best

of everyone’s specific skills

First Mechanically-Assisted Cutting Device Rocking drill that was cord driven

Assistant needed to manipulate cord in order to give alternating rotary movement

Earliest illustration of lathe found in Egyptian tomb of Petosiris

Pole Lathe Developed in 12th century Size and complexity of work to be done

increased, bringing the invention about Designed with heavier wooden

construction to be more rigid and powerful than previous designs

Continuous drive machine with a large wheel cranked by an assistant created to turn metal

Pole Lathe Examples 1500 - Leonardo da

Vinci’s treadle and crankshaft

Spaichel’s development in 1561 using human power

Alternate power supplies developed Horse gins Water wheels Steam engines Electric motors

Great Wheel Lathe

http://www.turners.org/Articles/lathehistory.html

1700 - mid 1800s Machines John Wilkinson’s cylinder boring mill

of 1776 Father of the industrial revolution

Henry Maudslay’s workshops Produced machine tools, lathes, and

special purpose machines Trained other great engineers

1700 - mid 1800s Machines Richard Roberts planing lathe and

large lathe with a back gear that allowed for spindle speed changes (1817)

Automatic spinning mule and differential gear from 1825

History of Mechanical Engineering

Brief Overview Coke replacing charcoal in England in

early 1700s brought upon the beginning of modern mechanical engineering

Industrial Revolution began due to advancements in producing wrought iron

Machines developed to make use of mass produced steel

Mechanical Engineering recognized as profession in England in 1847 and U.S. after 1850

BoatsThe New Orleans arriving at namesake (1812)

http://www.tulsaweb.com/port/history2.htm

Steam Engines James Watt

developed new model steam engine in 1778 Engine cooled

steam in a condenser separate from the main cylinder

Spurred the application of steam to water, land, and air

Watt’s Engine

http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/thurston/1878/Chapter3.html

Steam Powered Ships Easiest to

implement the steam engines

Robert Fulton developed combination of Watt Steam engine to improved hull design

Clermont steamboat financial success from first Hudson river run in 1807

1907 Clermont replica

http://www.ulster.net/~hrmm/quad/1909hudsonfulton/chapter08.html

Trains

http://www.watercressline.co.uk/

First to use steam on land Weight and size of boilers overcome

by use of high pressure boilers and iron rails

Initial designs used in mines and ironworks

First steam-powered locomotive ran in South Wales in 1804

First passenger train built from Stockton to Darlington opened in 1825

1829 Competition

Rail line between Liverpool and Manchester

Each locomotive must consume own smoke, haul a load equal to 3 times its own weight and travel at an average speed of not less than 10 mph

“The Perseverance” Timothy Burstall

design Vertical boiler with

furnace beside it Fuel fed to fire by

hopper on top Attained maximum

speed of 6 mph

The Perseverance, The Mechanics Magazine (1829)

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RArainhill.htm

“Sans Pareil” Design and built by

Timothy Hackworth Two-cylinder engine Ran for 27 miles Average speed of

14 mph Maximum speed of

17 mph 14.3 tons hauled Boiler feed pump

failed often

Sans Pareil

http://hex.oucs.ox.ac.uk/~rejs/photos/A40/York/nrm/

“Rocket” George Stephenson

design and built Traveled 70 miles Avg. speed - 15 mph Max. speed - 29 mph Set bar for all future

locomotive designs Won $500 prize for

competition

1979 Rocket replica

http://hex.oucs.ox.ac.uk/~rejs/photos/A40/York/nrm/

Early Road Transportation

www.blueskyranches.com/

Chariots Used in warfare by

Middle Eastern nations

Handed down to Romans and Greeks Chariots had either

two or four wheel Used primarily for

transportation of goods

770 B.C. saw advent of chariot races

Modern Day Chariot Race

http://www.gt40.co.uk/gt40lm03.html

Romans and Britain Romans invaded Britain two times

before succeeding in 43 A.D. Many transportation techniques

introduced and groundwork laid for roadways

Collapse of Roman Empire control in Britain saw end of roadways as main source of travel

Horseback way to travel after 410 A.D.

Carriages and Coaches

British imports between 1550 and 1600 A.D.

Confined as baggage travel between towns for the rich

Carriage ride in Central Park

http://www.galenfrysinger.com/horse_carriages_new_york_city.htm

Post Office Act of 1765 Mail had to be transported at a rate of

at least 6 mph Mail coaches began to be regularly

used starting in 1784 Mode of transportation did not change

much in years to come Problem solving and re-engineering

lead to overall improvement in speed, punctuality and service to customers

Early Automobile

http://photos.nondot.org/2001-10-03-Ohio-Trip/2001-10-12%20-%20Indianapolis%20Race%20Museum/index2.html

Nicolas Joseph Cugnot 1769, invented a military gun-carriage

tractor used to haul artillery for the French army

Three wheeled steam-powered tractor traveled at 2.5 mph

Frequent stops for boiler to build up pressure to power drive wheels

French unimpressed from slow vehicle and frequent stops made

Successful tricycle that carried four passengers developed in 1770

James Watt Developed

reputation as high-quality engineer

In 1763, he was sent a Newcome steam engine for repairs

Rebuilt and made engine more efficient

Sold these improved engines for 11 years

James Watt’s Workshop

http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/thurston/1878/Chapter3.html

William Murdock James Watt’s staff

engineer Developed a three-

wheeled steam-driven vehicle that was much lighter than Cugnot’s in 1785

Watt fired Murdock because of too much time spent on project

www.birmingham-photos.co.uk

Murdock’s innovation

The Bicycle

http://leapfrog-entertainment.com/Artists/Big/JustinCase/JustinCase.htm

“Dandy Horse” 1817 was first

prototype of bicycle

Developed by Baron Karl Drais von Sauerbronn of Manheim

“Father of Bicycle” Gained popularity

due to novelty purposes, not practical uses

Dandy Horse

http://www.cycle-info.bpaj.or.jp/english/learn/bcc02.html

First Pedal-Powered Bicycle

Kirkpatirck MacMillian, a blacksmith invented

Pedals powered back wheel and steering done on front

Wheels mounted on brass bearings, saddle seats, ran on iron tyred wooden wheels

MacMillan Velocipede

http://www.cycle-info.bpaj.or.jp/english/learn/bcc02.html

“Boneshaker” Pierre Michaux of

Paris’ variance of a velocipede in 1860

Frame made of wrought iron, pedals mounted in line with front wheel and axle, and friction shoe on rear tire to slow

Sold for $13 First two-wheeled

bicycle actually caught on for practical use

Boneshaker

http://www.museumsnett.no/ntm/no/samlingene/sykler/forside.htm