The history of psychiatry Sandor Fekete M.D. PhD klinika -Pécs Dept.of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Univ.of Pecs, http://psychiatry.pote.hu The history of psychiatry I. Pre-scientific era - before the XIX.th.century prehistoric data - 2000 B.C. – Scandinavian burial place findings - trepanation shamanism - demonism Old Testament (Saul and David..) classical greek culture Hippokrates (459 - 377 B.C.) temperaments The oldest medical document in existence, the Eber Papyrus (probably composed in 1900 B.C.), contains references to specific syndromes such as depression. Biblical writings also contain descriptions of individuals with major mental illnesses; for example, in I Samuel, Saul is portrayed as falling into a serious depression, for which he is treated with soothing music. Hippocrates argued that mental illnesses, as well as all other cognitive and emotional functions, derived principally from the brain. Galen and his followers believed that mental illnesses were due to imbalances in quantities of body fluids. Melancholia, for example, was due to an excess of black bile. The history of psychiatry classical roman culture Galen, Celsus middle age connection with religion – philosophy
Transcript
The history of psychiatry
Sandor Fekete M.D. PhD
klinika -Pécs
Dept.of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniv.of Pecs, http://psychiatry.pote.hu
The history of psychiatryI. Pre-scientific era - before the
XIX.th.centuryprehistoric data - 2000 B.C. –Scandinavian burial place findings -
trepanation shamanism - demonism Old Testament (Saul and David..)classical greek culture
Hippokrates (459 - 377 B.C.)temperaments
The oldest medical document inexistence, the Eber Papyrus (probablycomposed in 1900 B.C.), containsreferences to specific syndromes such asdepression.
Biblical writings also containdescriptions of individuals with major mental illnesses; for example, in I Samuel, Saul is portrayed as falling intoa serious depression, for which he is treated with soothing music.
Hippocrates argued that mentalillnesses, as well as all other cognitive andemotional functions, derived principallyfrom the brain. Galen and his followersbelieved that mental illnesses were due toimbalances in quantities of body fluids. Melancholia, for example, was due to anexcess of black bile.
The history of psychiatry
classical roman cultureGalen, Celsus
middle ageconnection with religion – philosophy
Salem Witchcraft Trials1692 The history of psychiatry
Pinel 1793
Esquirol
Griesinger Kraepelin E. Bleuler(1855-1926)
The history of psychiatry
Ph. Pinel 1793 - scientific era EsquirolGriesingerKraepelin (1855-1926) E. Bleuler
P. Pinel, a one of the leader of the FrenchRevolution, is usually considered to be thefounding father of modern psychiatry. In 1793, he was named director of the Bicêtre, thehospital in Paris for insane men.
Soon afterward he instituted a grand, symbolic change by removing the chains thatbound the patients to the walls at the Becêtreand instituted a new type of treatment that he referred to as „moral treatment.”
The French Revolution and Pinel's Moral Treatment of the Mentally Ill
In addition to introducing psychotherapy, inthe form of moral treatment, and stressing theimportance of empirical observation, Pinelalso applied the scientific method to the studyof psychiatry.
Mesmer 1720-1815 „animalmagnetism”
Dynamic psychiatry-psychotherapyXIX. - XX.th century
Charcot P. - Janet – hypnosis
Freud - Adler, Jung psychoanalysis
Ferenczi, Balint, Mahler, Klein, Erikson, Rogers
social psychiatry - and - biological psychiatry
social psychiatry bio - psycho - social unit
The history of psychiatryPsychotherapy XIX. - XX.th century
Charcot P. Janet
Freud Adler JungFerenczi
Balint, Mahler, Klein, Erikson, RogersEdward Munch: A sikoly, 1893.
Within psychiatry as a specializeddiscipline, the major sources of impact fromneuroscience have been neuro-pharmacology and neurochemistry.
Coupled with the overall developmentin neuroscience, the discovery of relativelypotent pharmacological treatments for major mental illnesses has also served toreawaken interest in clinical neurobiology
•• The The purposepurpose ofof diagnosisdiagnosis andand classificationclassification is is totoisolateisolate a a groupgroup ofof discretediscrete diseasedisease entitiesentities,, eacheach ofofwhichwhich is is characterizedcharacterized byby a a distinctdistinct pathophysiologypathophysiologyandand//oror etiologyetiology..
bio - psycho - social approach
stress – vulnerability modell
These developments have placedpsychiatry in the 1990s squarely withinthe traditions of medicine andneuroscience.
To an interest in neuropharmacologyhave been added interests inneuroimaging and molecularbiology/genetics
Modern students of psyhiatry must simultaneously view their patients onmultiple planes:
as human beings who have particularsymptoms (psychological),
as individuals living within a socialand cultural context (social),
as products of the geneticendowments given them by their parentsand coded in their chromosomes (genetic-molecular),
