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The Huddles Masses

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    THE HUDDLED MASSES

    IMMIGRATIONProf. Michael Stafford

    Mercy College

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    IMMIGRATION AND THE AMERICAN DREAM

    Once I thought to write a history of the immigrants in America. Then

    I discovered that the immigrants wereAmerican history.

    Oscar Handlin, The Uprooted

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    The Statue of Liberty

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    Facts on Lady Liberty

    The tallest metal statue ever constructed. It stands at 151 feet

    high and weighs 225 tons.

    The statue originally symbolized American freedom and anti-

    slavery.

    The statue was a gift from French Republicans trying to

    advance their cause.

    $100,000 for construction was donated by the American poor.

    Over time the symbolic meaning has been transformed fromthe opposition to slavery to a lady of hope for immigrants

    and refugees.

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    Emma Lazarus

    Give me your tired, your poor, yourhuddled masses

    Written in 1883 to help raise money for

    the statue.

    Re-discovered in a Manhattan bookstore.

    Placed on the pedestal in 1903.

    Emma was an American Jew born inN.Y.C. in 1849.

    In 1881, anti-Semitism swept across

    Russia. Emma devoted herself to aiding

    the refugees.

    The final sum for construction came from

    the auction of literary works. The New Colossus sold for $1,500.

    Emma died of cancer in 1887 at the age

    of 38.

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    Birds of Passage

    Many of the immigrants whoarrived in the United States in the

    19th and early 20th centuries

    intended to return home.

    A good job, save money, work all

    time, go home, sleep, no spend.

    1907-1911 73/100 Italians

    returned home. For the rest of

    Southern and Eastern Europe

    44/100 returned home.

    Most Jewish immigrants intended

    to stay in America due topersecution in their home

    countries.

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    Italian immigrants traveling in steerage:

    All us poor people had to go down through a hole to the bottom of theship. There was a big dark room down there with rows of wooden

    shelves all around where we were going to sleepthe Italian, the

    German, the Polish, the Swede, the Frenchevery kindThe girls and

    women and the men had to sleep all together in the same room. The

    men and girls had to sleep even in the same bed with only those little

    half-boards up between to keep us from rolling together.

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    I CAME TO AMERICA BECAUSE I HEARD THE STREETS WERE PAVED

    WITH GOLD. WHEN I GOT HERE I FOUND OUT THREE THINGS. FIRST,

    THE STREETS WERE NOT PAVED WITH GOLD. SECOND, THEY

    WERENT PAVED AT ALL. AND THIRD, I WAS EXPECTED TO PAVE

    THEM.

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    MARY ANTIN: BEING JEWISH IN RUSSIA

    Somebody would start up that lie about murdering Christian

    children, and the stupid peasants would get mad about it, and fill

    themselves with vodka, and set out to kill the Jews. They

    attacked them with knives and clubs and scythes and axes,

    killed or tortured them, and burned their houses. This was calleda pogrom. People who saw such things never smiled any

    more, no matter how long they lived.

    It was not easy to live (in the Pale), with such bitter competitionas the congestion of population made inevitableOutside the

    Pale a Jew could only go to certain designated localities, on

    payment of prohibitive fees, augmented by a constant stream of

    bribes; and even then he lived at the mercy of the local chief of

    police.

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    MARY ANTIN: LETTERS FROM FATHERThere was an elation, a hint of triumph, such as had never

    been in my fathers letters before. I cannot tell how I knew it.

    I felt a stirring, a straining in my fathers letter. It was there,

    even though my mother stumbled over the strange words,even though she cried, as women will when somebody is

    going away. My father was inspired by a vision. He saw

    somethinghe promised us something. It was this

    America. And America became my dream.

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    Brochure distributed

    in Norway by a

    steamship company,encouraging

    Norwegians to

    emigrate to America

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    th

    century

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    TOOLS OF AMERICANIZATIONAmerican language, clothing and customs.

    The public schools.The settlement houses.

    Immigrants gathered at Jane Addams Hull House in Chicago

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    Recollections of a Settlement House

    They used to tell us that its not nice to drink beer, and we must not

    let the baby do this, and thisSo after we had about an hour, or an

    hour and a half of the preaching, they would pull up the circle and

    wed play games together. All together we played the gamestheNorwegian, the German, the English, and me. Then wed have some

    cake and coffee and the goodnight song.

    Pretty soon they started the classes to teach us poor people to talk

    and write in English. The talk of the people in the settlement house

    was different entirely than what I used to hear. I used to love those

    American people, and I was listening and listening how they talked.

    Thats how I learned to talk such good EnglishThey had the clubs

    for the children too. And after a few years when they started the

    kindergarten, my Louie was one of the first children to go in

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    PRESSURE TO AMERICANIZE

    Unkind and cruel methods sometimes used inconnection with our so-called Americanization

    program.

    Forget your native land Forget your mother tongue

    Do away with your inherited customs

    Either become an American citizen or get out

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    Chinese Exclusion Act

    First U.S. law to ban immigration byrace or nationality

    From 1882 to 1943 most Chinese

    immigrants were barred from

    entering the country

    Federal law prohibited Chinese

    residents from becoming citizens

    Human smuggling of Chinese became

    popular because of the need for labor

    on the West Coast

    The Geary Act of 1892 required

    Chinese aliens a residence certificateat all times upon penalty of

    deportation

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    Angel Island

    Ellis Island of the West

    Used as a detention center for

    Chinese and Japanese Immigrants

    Immigration officials asked

    immigrants insulting and personal

    questions to find any reason todeport families

    Under U.S. law in effect from

    1882 to 1943, the Chinese wives

    of resident alien laborers could

    not join them in this country

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    Japanese Immigrants

    Overpopulation and Poverty ledmany Japanese to leave home

    Intense racial prejudice met themin the U.S.

    California imposed limits on landownership by Japanese

    Newspaper headlines like TheYellow Peril: How Japanese Crowdout the White Race

    Japanese children facedsegregation in schools: OrientalSchools

    Japanese government protests toPres. Theodore Roosevelt led to agentlemens agreement to limitJapanese emigration

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    Contract Labor High demand for labor in the 19th century

    Indentured Servitude laborers served under a contract to pay

    the cost of passage

    credit ticket system a broker advanced the cost of passageand workers repaid the loan plus interest out of their earnings

    Beginning in the 1840s over 400,000 migrated to the U.S. under

    these systems

    Between 1885 and 1924 about the same number of Japanese

    migrated to the U.S. under these systems

    The United States passed legislation hindering the migration of

    Asian women

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    Immigration Restrictions

    During the late 19th and early 20th centuries the U.S. imposed

    additional restrictions on immigration

    Restricted laborers in 1885, illiterates in 1917, Asian immigrants in

    1917

    Other acts restricted criminals, immoral people, people suffering fromdisease and paupers

    1907 Japan and America agreed that Japanese wives can migrate but

    limited the number of overall Japanese migrants

    1917 the U.S. barred all Asians except for Filipinos

    Immigration Act of 1924 placed a numerical cap on European

    immigrants 1965 the U.S. adopted a new immigration law ending the quota

    system

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    Migration and Diseases

    Migration has been the cause of

    disease germs to spread around the

    world

    The Spanish Flu epidemic of 1918

    Along with migration comes the fearof disease

    1892 Typhus epidemic

    1881-1896 Cholera epidemic and

    quarantine

    1900 and the Bubonic Plague 1924 Pneumonia outbreak

    1980s and the risk of AIDS

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    Health Inspection on Ellis Island

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    Why Do People Migrate?

    Some scholars emphasize individual decision-making. Some

    emphasize structural forces.

    1) What advantages individuals hope to obtain by migrating?

    Increased opportunity? Higher standard of living? Escape

    from social turmoil?

    2) Focus on family needs. Many kin groups receive

    remittances.

    3) The broad social, political and economics encourage

    migration. Transportation, communication or incomedifferentials between more advanced and less advanced

    areas.

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    Why Do People Migrate?

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    Why Do People Migrate?

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    Who Migrates?

    Migrants usually share certain social

    characteristics, including sex, age,

    marital status, occupation, and ethnic

    background. Migration often takes place during a

    particular stage of life adolescence

    or early adulthood.

    They are less tradition- bound, more

    restless, or more aspiring.

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    Effects of Migration on Homeland

    Migration entails the loss of people with

    certain characteristics age, sex, social

    attitudes, education, religion, ethnicity, and

    income. Disproportionate number of young males

    migrate which tends to reduce a communitys

    population growth.

    Brain Drain a loss of societys mosteducated and highly skilled members to

    wealthier countries.

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    The Changing Face of the United States

    One in ten U.S. residents was born in another country.

    The number of Hispanics in the U.S. has triples and the number of Asians

    has increased eight-fold. 80% of immigrants are either Latin American or

    Asian.

    The U.S. has become the first truly multi-racial advanced industrial society.

    Three-quarters of all immigrants live in six states: California, Florida,

    Illinois, New Jersey, New York and Texas.

    Native-born Americans are leaving the Big Cities and are being replaced by

    immigrants.

    The South has the fewest foreign immigrants. Work is the greatest magnet for immigrants.

    Each wave of immigrants spark anti-immigrant sentiment.

    Many fear that newcomers make use of services like welfare more than

    natives.

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    Costs and Benefits of Immigration

    Critics

    Immigrants take jobs away from

    native-born Americans

    Immigrants depress wages

    Immigrants make greater use of

    public services

    Immigrants of today are less-

    educated and less-skilled than those

    that preceded them

    Restricting immigration would openup job opportunities for Americans

    Proponents

    Immigrants contribute to living

    standards

    Low-wage immigrant workers make it

    cheaper to buy goods and services

    Immigrants assume less desirable

    jobs

    Immigrants are not simply producers

    but consumers as well

    Immigrants are attracted to areas ofhigh economic growth and labor

    shortages therefore they have little

    effect on wages or unemployment

    rate

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    Pre and Post Recession

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    The End


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