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BODY SYSTEMS
The Human Body-Levels of Structural OrganizationOrgan System Overview
Integumentary (skin)Forms the external body
coveringProtects deeper tissue from
injuryHelps regulate body temperatureLocation of cutaneous nerve receptors
Skeletal
Protects and supportsbody organs
Provides muscleattachment for movement
Site of blood cellformation
Stores minerals
Muscular
Produces movementMaintains postureProduces heat
Nervous
Fast-acting controlsystem
Responds to internal andexternal change
Activates muscles andglands
Endocrine
Secretes regulatoryhormones
GrowthReproductionMetabolism
Cardiovascular
Transports materials in bodyvia blood pumped by heart
OxygenCarbon dioxideNutrientsWastes
Lymphatic
Returns fluids to blood vesselsCleanses the bloodInvolved in immunity
Respiratory
Keeps blood supplied with oxygenRemoves carbon dioxide
Digestive
Breaks down foodAllows for nutrient absorption into bloodEliminates indigestible material
Urinary
Eliminates nitrogenous wastesMaintains acid-base balanceRegulates water and electrolytes
Reproductive
Produces offspring
Necessary Life FunctionsMaintain boundariesMovementLocomotionMovement of substancesResponsivenessAbility to sense changes and reactDigestionBreak-down and absorption of nutrients
Necessary Life FunctionsMetabolism—chemical reactions within
the bodyProduces energyMakes body structuresExcretionEliminates waste from metabolic
Necessary Life FunctionsReproductionProduces future generationGrowthIncreases cell size and number of cells
Needed for survivalNutrientsChemicals for energy and cell buildingIncludes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins, and mineralsOxygenRequired for chemical reactionsWater60–80% of body weightProvides for metabolic reactionStable body temperatureAtmospheric pressure Must be appropriate
Interrelationships Among Body SystemsHomeostasis—maintenance of a stable
internal environment A dynamic state of equilibriumHomeostasis is necessary for normal
body functioning and to sustain lifeHomeostatic imbalanceA disturbance in homeostasis resulting
in disease
HomeostasisHomeostasis—maintenance of a stable
internal environment A dynamic state of equilibriumHomeostasis is necessary for normal
body functioning and to sustain lifeHomeostatic imbalanceA disturbance in homeostasis resulting
in disease
Homeostasis cont:The body communicates through neural
and hormonal control systemsReceptorResponds to changes in the environment
(stimuli)Sends information to control center
Homeostasis cont:Control centerDetermines set pointAnalyzes informationDetermines appropriate responseEffectorProvides a means for response to the
stimulus
Feedback MechanismNegative feedbackIncludes most homeostatic control
mechanismsShuts off the original stimulus, or reduces
its intensityWorks like a household thermostatPositive feedbackIncreases the original stimulus to push the
variable fartherIn the body this only occurs in blood clotting
and during the birth of a baby