The Hydrogen The Hydrogen EconomyEconomy

Jorge PlazaJorge Plaza

Scott OwensScott Owens

ChE 384ChE 384

November 21, 2006November 21, 2006

Infrastructure Creation and End Use Application

The Hydrogen Economy: It’s The Hydrogen Economy: It’s going to be a blast!!!!going to be a blast!!!!

CO2 Emissions by Source (1998)

Coal Elec

Gas Elec.

Petro. E

lec.

Ind. Coal

Ind. Gas

Ind. Petro

.

Trans.

Other

MMTCE

0

100

200

300

400

500

Why HWhy H22ICE?ICE? ICE is a mature technologyICE is a mature technology Near zero emissionsNear zero emissions High thermal efficiencyHigh thermal efficiency

LHV: HLHV: H22=120 MJ/Kg; Gasoline=43 MJ/Kg=120 MJ/Kg; Gasoline=43 MJ/Kg HH22 DI ICE is capable of 115% of the power DI ICE is capable of 115% of the power

of gas ICEof gas ICE Very tunable combustionVery tunable combustion

LEL/UEL(Vol%): HLEL/UEL(Vol%): H22=4/75; Gasoline =1/7.6=4/75; Gasoline =1/7.6 Highly integrated designs possibleHighly integrated designs possible SafeSafe

Variable Compression RatiosVariable Compression Ratios

SafetySafety

Why NOT HWhy NOT H22ICE?ICE? One word - One word -

STORAGE:STORAGE:Mass HMass H22 Temp Temp (K)(K)

Press Press (MPa)(MPa)

VolVol

(Gal (Gal [L])[L])

EE GasEE Gas

1 Kg1 Kg AtmosAtmos 25 25 16 [60]16 [60] 1 gal1 gal

3.3 Kg3.3 Kg 8080 2525 16 [60]16 [60] 3.3 gal*3.3 gal**lasts for 3 wks in tank.

Why NOT HWhy NOT H22ICE?ICE? Storage Storage

Alternatives:Alternatives: Alloy HydridesAlloy Hydrides

Sodium BorohydrideSodium Borohydride

Liquid (infrastructure)Liquid (infrastructure) High purity HHigh purity H22

Non-FlammableNon-Flammable Cost ($80/kg)Cost ($80/kg) Weight (7wt% Weight (7wt%

loading)loading) RecycleRecycle

MaterialMaterialH-Atoms per cmH-Atoms per cm33

(x 10(x 102222))

wt% wt% hydrogehydroge

nn

HH22 gas, 200 bar (2850 psi) gas, 200 bar (2850 psi) .99.99 100100

HH22 liquid, 20 K (-253 C) liquid, 20 K (-253 C) 4.24.2 100100

HH22 5.35.3 100100

MgHMgH22 6.56.5 7.67.6

MgMg22NiHNiH

44 5.95.9 3.63.6

FeTiHFeTiH22 6.06.0 1.891.89

LaNiLaNi55HH66 5.55.5 1.371.37

The Future ScenarioThe Future Scenario

The Future ScenarioThe Future Scenario

ProductionProduction Similar timelines for Europe and US.Similar timelines for Europe and US. Faster track for Europe.Faster track for Europe. DOE expects feasibility determinations by 2015DOE expects feasibility determinations by 2015 Transition period where fossil fuels play major Transition period where fossil fuels play major

role.role. 2050 Europe – “de-carbonized” economy2050 Europe – “de-carbonized” economy 2050 Centralized Production2050 Centralized Production

The Future ScenarioThe Future Scenario

StorageStorage

Solid Storage for small devices.Solid Storage for small devices.

Underground gaseous storageUnderground gaseous storage

2050: Carbon structures for storage.2050: Carbon structures for storage.

The Future ScenarioThe Future Scenario

TransportationTransportation

Partial use of the natural gas grid Partial use of the natural gas grid

reduces costs by 2010reduces costs by 2010

Better liquefaction technology allows for Better liquefaction technology allows for

trucks and ships trucks and ships

Interconnected local grids by 2030Interconnected local grids by 2030

Current StatusCurrent Status

ProductionProduction 40 million tons/ year40 million tons/ year

Mainly natural gas reforming, coal Mainly natural gas reforming, coal gasification, water electrolysis.gasification, water electrolysis.

95% SMR in the US95% SMR in the US Steam Methane ReformingSteam Methane Reforming

Water + Methane feedstockWater + Methane feedstock Readily availableReadily available Transition processTransition process

Current StatusCurrent Status

Steam Methane ReformingSteam Methane Reforming Dependent on natural gas pricesDependent on natural gas prices Connected to COConnected to CO22 Sequestration Sequestration Optimization: Optimization:

Carbon/steam ratioCarbon/steam ratio Higher steam outlet temperatureHigher steam outlet temperature CatalystsCatalysts Process configurationsProcess configurations

Current StatusCurrent Status

Partial OxidationPartial Oxidation

Uses oxygen to convert into CO and HUses oxygen to convert into CO and H22

Expensive due to oxygen costsExpensive due to oxygen costs

High operating temperaturesHigh operating temperatures

Improvements in gas separation Improvements in gas separation

membranes may lower costsmembranes may lower costs

Current StatusCurrent Status

AutoThermal ReformingAutoThermal Reforming Blend of Partial Oxidation and SMRBlend of Partial Oxidation and SMR

Very efficient process (93.9% theory)Very efficient process (93.9% theory)

Smaller plants, faster start timeSmaller plants, faster start time

Less mature technologyLess mature technology Improvement in reactor designImprovement in reactor design

More resistant catalystsMore resistant catalysts

Current StatusCurrent Status

Coal GasificationCoal Gasification Endothermic gasificationEndothermic gasification No NONo NOxx concerns – low oxygen environment concerns – low oxygen environment Integrated Gasification Combined CycleIntegrated Gasification Combined Cycle

Electricity and HydrogenElectricity and Hydrogen Efficiencies around 42% with hopes to 60%Efficiencies around 42% with hopes to 60%

US Energy independenceUS Energy independence FutureGen ProjectFutureGen Project

Site selection by 2007Site selection by 2007 Online by 2012Online by 2012

Current StatusCurrent Status

Coal GasificationCoal Gasification ChallengesChallenges

COCO22 sequestration sequestration

Price dynamicsPrice dynamics Supply structureSupply structure

Alkaline ElectrolysisAlkaline Electrolysis Alkaline solution as electrolyteAlkaline solution as electrolyte

Current StatusCurrent Status

Alkaline ElectrolysisAlkaline Electrolysis Efficiencies, lifetime and costs.Efficiencies, lifetime and costs. High Temperature and pressure High Temperature and pressure

electrolyzerselectrolyzers Polymer Electrolyte MembranePolymer Electrolyte Membrane

Recent technologyRecent technology Polymer membrane as electrolytePolymer membrane as electrolyte Operation at high pressuresOperation at high pressures High cost of membranes and electrodesHigh cost of membranes and electrodes

Current StatusCurrent Status

Biomass ProductionBiomass Production

Current StatusCurrent Status

Solar and NuclearSolar and Nuclear Low peak generationLow peak generation Sulfur – Iodine ProcessSulfur – Iodine Process

High temperature water splitting.High temperature water splitting. Depend on development of Generation IV Nuclear Depend on development of Generation IV Nuclear

reactorsreactors New materials for high temperature and corrosion New materials for high temperature and corrosion

resistance.resistance. Solar heat sourceSolar heat source

Costs are not permissiveCosts are not permissive Expected to be viable towards 2030Expected to be viable towards 2030

Current StatusCurrent Status

Method Description Challenges

Liquid hydrogen •Available technology•Use compressors and Heat exchangers

•High compression costs•Prevention of boil-off

Compressed Gas

•Available Technology•Use of caverns for large scale long timeframe

•Compression costs for vessel storage•Inefficient unloading

Metal Hydride •Chemically bonded hydrogen•High pressure release

•Infant technology•Hydride storage capacity•Hydride stability

StorageStorage

Current StatusCurrent Status

Method Description Challenges

Liquid hydrogen •Double wall insulated tanks•Trucks and barges or ships

•Cost•Boil-off rates

Compressed Gas

•Mainly pipelines•May use part of the natural gas infrastructure

•Operational and capital costs•Hydrogen embrittlement

Metal Hydride •Containers with the hydride are switched or unloaded at site.

•Cost of the containers for hydride transportation

TransportationTransportation

ConclusionsConclusions

Strong need for a clear public policyStrong need for a clear public policy Further optimization of available Further optimization of available

technologies is requiredtechnologies is required Work is needed in the whole hydrogen Work is needed in the whole hydrogen

supply infrastructuresupply infrastructure ““No silver bullet” . Hydrogen is an No silver bullet” . Hydrogen is an

optionoption First sight around 2020.First sight around 2020.

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International Energy Agency – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development International Energy Agency – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development “Prospects for “Prospects for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells”.Hydrogen and Fuel Cells”. 2005 2005

Mawdsley J., Ferrandon M. Rossignol C., Ralph J., Miller L., Kopasz J., Krause T. Mawdsley J., Ferrandon M. Rossignol C., Ralph J., Miller L., Kopasz J., Krause T. “Catalyst for Autothermal “Catalyst for Autothermal Reforming”Reforming” FY 2003 Progress Report. Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technologies. Argonne National Laboratory. FY 2003 Progress Report. Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technologies. Argonne National Laboratory.

References Cont’dReferences Cont’d Powers, Laurie.Powers, Laurie. “Flexibly Fueled Storage Tank Brings hydrogen Powered Cars Closer to Reality.” Lawrence Livermore “Flexibly Fueled Storage Tank Brings hydrogen Powered Cars Closer to Reality.” Lawrence Livermore

National Lab (LLNL), Department of Energy 2003. National Lab (LLNL), Department of Energy 2003. http://www.llnl.gov/str/June03/Aceves.htmlhttp://www.llnl.gov/str/June03/Aceves.html

Roberts, Paul.Roberts, Paul. The End of Oil.The End of Oil. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston, MA. 2004. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston, MA. 2004.

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References Cont’dReferences Cont’d

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