BY ISAAC, DANIEL , COLBY 2 , HARISH AND SHAWN

The Immune system

Koch’s postulates

1) The pathogen should always be found un the body if a sick organism and should not be found in a healthy one.

2)The pathogen must be isolated and grown in the laboratory in pure culture.

3)When the cultured pathogens are placed in a new host, they should cause the same disease that infected the original host.

4)The injected pathogen should be isolated from the second host. It should be identical to the original pathogen.

How Diseases Are Spread

Physical Contact:

Such as sneezing, coughing, interacting, and sexual contact.

Contaminated Food & Water:

There could be food poisoning, bacteria in uncooked meat, untreated water/sewage, lack of sanitation.

Infected Animals:

Animals can be used as vectors for diseases , bacteria, and parasites.

Agents of Disease

Viruses: Tiny particles that invade and replicate within living cells.

Bacteria: Most bacteria are harmless to humans. They breakdown tissue and release toxins.

Protists: Protists cause diseases and are living organisms in other organisms.

Worm: Small worm-like organisms that live inside of bodies and live off of the organism.

Fighting Infectious Diseases

Antibiotics: Compounds that kill bacteria without harming the cells of the human or animal host.

Discover of Antibiotics: One antibiotic, penicillin, was discovered by accidently in 1928 by the Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming.

Over-the-Counter Drugs: Medicines that you can have without a persciption.

Nonspecific Defense

Skin: The bodies most important nonspecific defense is the skin.

Inflammatory Response: The inflammatory response is anon specific defense reaction to tissues damage caused by injury or infection.

Interferon: It interferes with the growth of viruses.

Fever: Caused by chemicals that the immune system releases to raise the core body temperature.

Specific Defense

Antigens: A substance that triggers an immune response.

Antibodies: Protiesn that recognize and bind to antigens.

Immune Response: The immune response is a specific defense that attacks a particular disease causing agent.

Pathogen: A pathogen is a disease causing agent.

Acquired Immunity

Vaccination: The injection of a weakened form of a pathogen to produce immunity.

Active Immunity: The type of immunity produced by the body’s reaction to a vaccine. It appears after exposure to an antigen.

Passive Immuntity: When you get antibodies from other organisms and are injected into the bloodstream.

Allergies

Allergies: An overreaction of the immune system to an antigen.

Common Allergies: Common allergies are pollen, dust, mold, ad bee stings.

Histamine: The chemical that is released to increase blood flow to a specific area.

Asthma: Allergies cause this condition. A chronic respiratory disease in which the air passages become narrower than normal.

AIDS, An Immunodeficiency Disease

What is AIDS: It is another type of immunodeficiency disease. It is a result from a viral infection that destroys helper t-cells.

HIV: The HIV virus deteriorates the immune system while multiplying itself.

Prevention: The only no risk behavior with respect to HIV and AIDS in abstinence.

Safety

Air Quality: The air that you breath comes into very close contact with the tissue in your lungs and blood making it easy for antigens to enter the body.

Carbon Monoxide: It is an odorless gas that can kill humans. It is found when certain compounds are found.

Ozone: A highly reactive form of oxygen, is another gas found in the air that s a potential risk factor when it occurs at ground level.

Questions

1. What is a pathogen?a. Agents that cause diseasesb. Compounds that that kill bacteria without harming the cells of the humanc. Protect the skin from penetrationd. Increase body temperature to help white blood cells

2. When does an immune response happen?a. When tissue is damaged by injury to or infectionb. When neurons in the brain damagedc. When white cells are destroyedd. When b-cells and t-cells are destroyed by incoming disease agents

3. What is the reason for a Fever?a. To kill pathogens with increased body temperatureb. Create a better environment for white cells to navigatec. To trigger an immune responsed. a and b

4. What produces antibodies?a. B-cellsb. T-cellsc. antigensd. pathogen

5. What is the immune systems first layer of defense?

a. Skinb. Non-Specific immune defensec. Anti-body markersd. B-cells

6. What do the B-cells do for the immune system?

a. Produce antibodiesb. Engulf and destroy infected cellsc. Both a and bd. Mark infected cell for destruction

7. What does the immune system do for the body

a. Protect body from foreign invadersb. Digest and remove wastec. Circulate the blood through the bodyd. None of the above

8. Vaccines prevent illness by…a. Virusb. Bacteriac. Both a and bd. None of the above

9. How does the body build up immunity?a. B-Cells store the memory of how to make

the specific antibody neededb. T-Cells will automatically kill pathogens that

enter the bodyc. The body will not allow pathogens to enter a

second time

10. What is the body’s primary defense against its own cells when they have become cancerous or infected by viruses?

a. cell-Mediated Immunityb. Provide defense against abnormal cells and pathogens inside its own cellsc. Humoral immunityd. Non-specific defense

Answer Key

1. A2. A3. D4. A5. A6. C7. A8. A9. A10. A