The Impact of Free Trade Agreements on Business Activity: A Survey of Firms in the People's Republic...

8/8/2019 The Impact of Free Trade Agreements on Business Activity: A Survey of Firms in the People's Republic of China

1/33

GNEF Rkuhflb Tgtmu Ymufmy

^am Fctgi~ k` @umm ^ugnmGbummcml~y kl E}yflmyy Gi~fpf~v?G Y}upmv k` @fucy fl ~amTmktjm"y Umt}ejfi k` Iaflg

V}ljflb _aglb

Lk, 5=7Ki~kemu 5474

Gyfgl Nmpmjktcml~ Eglh Fly~f~}~m


2/33

_aglb V}ljflb fy tuk`myyku k` fl~mulg~fklgj miklkcfiy g~ ~am Iaflmym Gignmcv k` YkifgjYifmlimy, _agk Ofglbjfl* Yaml Cflba}f* gln Jf} Nmrmf }lnmu~kkh ~am ng~g glgjvyfy k` ~amy}upmv umytklymy, Cg Vflb !Yaglbagf* Bklb _aglh}f !^fglofl* Wf} Yagl !B}glbnklb*Vglb J}a}f !Yaglnklb* J} Ofgluml !_amofglb* Jf Vftflb !@}ofgl* B}k Jfgliamlb!Jfgklflb* Jf} Iaglbjf !Jfgklflb* _aglb V}gltmlb !Ofglby}* Jf Iamlvglb !V}llgl*

Jf} Ofglrml !B}glbqf* Vglb Aklbml !Amlgl* _ak} Qfgltflb !A}emf* Rglb _fjf!A}lgl* Yagl Rmla}g !Yaglqf* gln Rml @}nm !Yfia}gl jmn ~mgcy ~k ikln}i~ ~amfl~mupfmry `ku ~am y}upmv, âmfu ikl~ufe}~fkly ~k ~afy tgtmu gum bumg~jv gttumifg~mn,

âm pfmry mqtumyymn fl ~afy tgtmu gum ~am pfmry k` ~am g}~akuy gln nk lk~ lmimyygufjvum`jmi~ ~am pfmry ku tkjfifmy k` GNEF* ~am Gyfgl Nmpmjktcml~ Eglh !GNE* f~y Ekgun k`Nfumi~kuy* ku ~am bkpmulcml~y ~amv umtumyml~, GNEF nkmy lk~ b}gugl~mm ~am gii}ugiv k`~am ng~g flij}nmn fl ~afy tgtmu gln giimt~y lk umytklyfefjf~v `ku glv iklymw}mlimy k`~amfu }ym, ^mucflkjkbv }ymn cgv lk~ lmimyygufjv em iklyfy~ml~ rf~a GNE k``fifgj ~mucy,

âm Rkuhflb Tgtmu ymufmy fy g ikl~fl}g~fkl k` ~am `kucmujv lgcmn Nfyi}yyfkl Tgtmu ymufmy8~am l}cemuflb k` ~am tgtmuy ikl~fl}mn rf~ak}~ fl~muu}t~fkl ku iaglbm, GNEFy rkuhflbtgtmuy um`jmi~ flf~fgj fnmgy kl g ~ktfi gln gum tky~mn kljflm `ku nfyi}yyfkl, GNEF mlik}ugbmyumgnmuy ~k tky~ ~amfu ikccml~y kl ~am cgfl tgbm `ku mgia rkuhflb tgtmu !bfpml fl ~amif~g~fkl emjkr, Ykcm rkuhflb tgtmuy cgv nmpmjkt fl~k k~amu `kucy k` t}ejfig~fkl,

Y}bbmy~mn if~g~fkl?

_aglb* V, 5474, âm Fctgi~ k` @umm ûgnm Gbummcml~y kl E}yflmyy Gi~fpf~v? G Y}upmv k`@fucy fl ~am Tmktjm"y Umt}ejfi k` Iaflg, GNEF Rkuhflb Tgtmu 5=7, ^khvk? GyfglNmpmjktcml~ Eglh Fly~f~}~m, Gpgfjgejm? a~~t?++rrr,gnef,kub+rkuhflb#tgtmu+5474+74+75+>411,fctgi~,`~g,e}yflmyy,gi~fpf~v,tui+

Tjmgym ikl~gi~ ~am g}~aku!y `ku fl`kucg~fkl gek}~ ~afy tgtmu,

V}ljflb _aglb? vjzaglbDigyy,kub,il

Gyfgl Nmpmjktcml~ Eglh Fly~f~}~mHgy}cfbgymhf E}fjnflb 1@9#5#= Hgy}cfbgymhf* Iafvkng#h}^khvk 744#0441* Ogtgl

^mj? (17#9#9=69#==44@gq? (17#9#9=69#==27]UJ? rrr,gnef,kubM#cgfj? fl`kDgnef,kub

5474 Gyfgl Nmpmjktcml~ Eglh Fly~f~}~m
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


3/33

GNEF Rkuhflb Tgtmu 5=7 _aglb

Gey~ugi~

âm Tmktjmy Umt}ejfi k` Iaflg !TUI agy mcmubmn gy g cgoku tjgvmu fl ~am bjkegjmiklkcv gln iklyfnmuy ùmm ~ugnm gbummcml~y !@^Gy gl fctku~gl~ tgu~ k` f~y bjkegj ~ugnflby~ug~mbv, âm TUIy mqtku~ fln}y~ufmy gum mcemnnmn fl mqfy~flb umbfklgj gln bjkegjtukn}i~fkl lm~rkuhy gln gum umjfgl~ kl `kumfbl nfumi~ flpmy~cml~ `jkry gln mq~mulgj y}ttjfmyk` cg~mufgj gln fl~mucmnfg~m bkkny, Fccmnfg~mjv g`~mu f~y giimyyfkl ~k ~am Rkujn ûgnmKubglfzg~fkl fl Nmimcemu 5447* ~am TUI gnkt~mn g umbfklgj gttukgia ~k ~ugnm gln embgllmbk~fg~flb gln fctjmcml~flb @^Gy, âfy tgtmu glgjvzmy ~am umy}j~y k` g y}upmv }lnmu~ghmlgiukyy 595 Iaflmym `fucy rf~a umbgun ~k @^G#umjg~mn fyy}my y}ia gy }~fjfzg~fkl* tmuimfpmniky~y gln emlm`f~y* tmuimt~fkly k` c}j~ftjm u}jmy k` kufbfl* gln tkjfiv gln fly~f~}~fklgj y}ttku~cmiaglfycy, F~ rgy `k}ln ~ag~* k` ~am `fucy y}upmvmn* >=- rmum }yflb @^Gy ~k ykcm mq~ml~,Rafjm ~afy }~fjfzg~fkl ug~m gttmguy umjg~fpmjv afba* gln um`jmi~y ~am gyymu~fpm y~glim k` Iaflmym`fucy raml f~ ikcmy ~k mqtjkuflb cguhm~ kttku~}lf~fmy* ~am gi~}gj ikpmugbm k` mqtku~ pgj}mev @^Gy fy pgufgejm, Fl bmlmugj* Iaflmym `fucy pfmr @^Gy gy g rgv ~k fliumgym ~amfu giimyy~k tgu~lmu cguhm~y, Lmpmu~amjmyy* ~amum umcgfly gl kufml~g~fkl ~krgun ~am ]lf~mn Y~g~my glnk~amu ~ugnf~fklgj cguhm~y, Akrmpmu* kpmu ~fcm* gy umegjgliflb k` bukr~a ~ghmy tjgim* ~amum

cgv em g yaf`~ fl cguhm~ kufml~g~fkl ~krgun ~am Gyykifg~fkl k` Yk}~amgy~ Gyfgl Lg~fkly!GYMGL gln umbfklgj cguhm~y gln ~am }ym k` @^Gy cgv fl~mlyf`v, âfy y~}nv k``muy ympmugjtuktkygjy ~k fliumgym @^G }ym* flij}nflb ~am mqtglyfkl k` y}ttku~ ymupfimy `ku `fucy* ~amtukck~fkl k` jgubmu umbfklgj @^Gy* gln ~am iumg~fkl k` ckum kttku~}lf~fmy `ku ikjjgekug~fklem~rmml ~am bkpmulcml~ gln ~am tufpg~m ymi~ku,

OMJ Ijgyyf`fig~fkl? @7* @7=* K5>


4/33


Ikl~ml~y

7, âm Tmktjmy Umt}ejfi k` Iaflgy @umm ûgnm Gbummcml~ Y~ug~mbv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 77,7 Fl~ukn}i~fkl,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 77,5 âm GYMGL#TUI IMIG ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 97,9 @}~}um @^G ûmlny,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >7,> âm Fctgi~ k` @^Gy kl ûgnm ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =

5, Glgjvyfy k` Y}upmv Ng~g ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 25,7 Gek}~ ~am Y}upmv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 25,5 Ygctjm Tuk`fjm ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 15,9 @^G ]ym ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7>5,> Fctmnfcml~y ~k ]ym ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 705,= Iky~y gln Emlm`f~y k` Ymjmi~mn @^Gy,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 725,0 E}yflmyy Umytklymy ~k @^Gy ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 765,2 U}jmy k` Kufbfl,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 545,1 @^G Tkjfiv Fyy}my gln Fly~f~}~fklgj Y}ttku~,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 59

9, Iklij}yfkl,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 509,7 Iklij}nflb Tkfl~y ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 509,5 Tkjfiv Umikccmlng~fkly,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 52

Um`mumlimy,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 56


5/33


7, ÂM TMKTJMY UMT]EJFI K@ IAFLGY @UMM ÛGNMGBUMMCML^ YÛG^MBV

7,7 Fl~ukn}i~fkl

Fccmnfg~mjv g`~mu f~y giimyyfkl ~k ~am Rkujn ûgnm Kubglfzg~fkl !R^K fl Nmimcemu 5447*~am Tmktjmy Umt}ejfi k` Iaflg !TUI gnkt~mn g umbfklgj ~ugnm y~ug~mbv, âm TUI agyiklij}nmn yfq ùmm ~ugnm gbummcml~y !@^Gy gln ~rk ijkymu miklkcfi tgu~lmuyaftguuglbmcml~y !IMTGy gy k` ~am embfllflb k` 5474* lgcmjv* ~am GYMGL#TUI IjkymuMiklkcfi Ikktmug~fkl Gbummcml~ !IMIG !bkkny gln ymupfimy8 ~am TUI#Tghfy~gl @^G8~am TUI#Iafjm @^G !bkkny gln ymupfimy8 ~am TUI#Lmr _mgjgln @^G8 ~am TUI#Yflbgtkum@^G8 ~am TUI#Tmu} @^G8 ~am TUI#Aklb Hklb* Iaflg IMTG8 gln ~am TUI#Cgigk IMTG!ymm ^gejm 7 `ku g y}ccguv k` ~am y~g~}y k` TUI ~ugnm gbummcml~y, @}u~amu* ~am TUI agy

ikln}i~mn lmbk~fg~fkly rf~a ~am B}j` Ikktmug~fkl Ik}lifj7

!BII* G}y~ugjfg* Fimjgln* glnLkurgv8 g ûgih 7 y~}nv kl TUI#Iky~g Ufig8 gln ûgih 5 y~}nfmy kl TUI#Yk}~a Gùfigl

I}y~kcy ]lfkl5* TUI#Flnfg* gln TUI#Umt}ejfi k` Hkumg !amumg`~mu Hkumg, Rf~a umbgun ~k

~amym efjg~mugj @^Gy* ek~a nmpmjktflb gln nmpmjktmn miklkcv tgu~lmuy ikcm ~kbm~amu rf~a~am TUI kl ~am egyfy k` c}~}gj fl~mumy~, âm TUI flyfy~y ~ag~ lmbk~fg~fkly flikutkug~mk``fifgj umikblf~fkl k` f~y y~g~}y gy g cguhm~ miklkcv,

Fl ~mucy k` umbfklgj gbummcml~y* ~am TUI fy g yfblg~kuv ~k ~am Gyfg#Tgif`fi ûgnm Gbummcml~!~guf`` umn}i~fkl kljv* flikutkug~flb Flnfg* Hkumg* Eglbjgnmya* Yuf Jglhg* ~am Jgk TmktjmyNmckiug~fi Umt}ejfi XJgk TNUS* gln ~am TUI gln ~am Bumg~mu Cmhklb Y}e#Umbfkl Iukyy#Ekunmu ûglytku~ Gbummcml~ !BCY Gbummcml~* gln f~ agy tgu~fiftg~mn fl ûgih 5 y~}nfmy kl

~am TUI#Ogtgl#Hkumg !IOH @^G* ~am GYMGL(99

@^G !Mgy~ Gyfgl @umm ûgnm Gbummcml~

XMG@^GS* gln ~am Ikctumamlyfpm Miklkcfi Tgu~lmuyaft fl Mgy~ Gyfg !IMTMG>,

Fl bmlmugj* ~am TUI agy gnkt~mn g bugn}gj gttukgia raml lmbk~fg~flb gbummcml~y rf~a

~ugnflb tgu~lmuy? `fuy~ bkkny* ~aml ymupfimy gln flpmy~cml~* `kjjkrmn }t ev g ikctumamlyfpm@^G tgihgbm y}eomi~ ~k ~am gbummcml~ k` ek~a tgu~fmy, âm GYMGL#TUI IMIG gln ~amTUI#Iafjm @^G rmum ek~a gnkt~mn pfg ~afy bugn}gj gttukgia, âm TUI#Tghfy~gl @^G rgytumimnmn ev gl mgujv agupmy~ tukbugc !MAT egymn kl ~guf`` umn}i~fkly* g`~mu rafia `}u~amulmbk~fg~fkly guk}ln bkkny gln flpmy~cml~ ~kkh tjgim !_aglb 5446g, Fl ikl~ugy~* ~am TUI#Lmr _mgjgln* TUI#Yflbgtkum* gln TUI#Tmu} @^Gy rmum gjj ikctumamlyfpm gln yflbjmtgihgbmn gbummcml~y !_aglb 5446e,

7Egaugfl* H}rgf~* Kcgl* Wg~gu* Yg}nf Gugefg* gln ~am ]lf~mn Guge Mcfug~my,

5Ek~yrglg* Jmyk~ak* Lgcfefg* Yk}~a Gùfig* gln Yrgzfjgln,

9

Eu}lmf Ngu}yygjgc* Igceknfg* Flnklmyfg* Jgk TNU* Cgjgvyfg* Cvglcgu* ~am Tafjfttflmy* Yflbgtkum* âgfjgln*Pfm~ Lgc ( ~am TUI* Ogtgl* gln Hkumg,

>Gcklby~ GYMGL(0* iklyfy~flb k` GYMGL(9 !ymm `kk~lk~m > ( G}y~ugjfg* Lmr _mgjgln* gln Flnfg,

7


6/33


^gejm 7? âm Y~g~}y k` TUI Flpkjpmcml~ fl @^Gy

Y~g~}y Gbummcml~ Umcguhy

Gyfg#Tgif`fi ugnm Gbummcml~!7620

Fl m``mi~ yflim 76208 TUI giimnmn fl 5447

TUI#âgfjgln T^G !5449 Mgujv Agupmy~ Tukbugc k` GYMGLTUI IMIG

TUI#Aklb Hklb* Iaflg IMTG!544>

TUI#Cgig}* Iaflg IMTG !544>

GYMGL#TUI IMIG !544= @ugcmrkuh gbummcml~ yfblmn fl 54458 ^FBgbummcml~ fl m``mi~ yflim 544=8 ^FY gbummcml~ flm``mi~ yflim 5442

TUI#Iafjm @^G !5440

TUI#Tghfy~gl @^G !5442

TUI#Lmr _mgjgln @^G !5441

TUI#Yflbgtkum @^G !5446

Yfblmn ku FlM``mi~

TUI#Tmu} @^G Yfblmn fl 54468 mqtmi~mn ~k ~ghm m``mi~ ykkl

TUI#BII @^G !544= @ugcmrkuh gbummcml~ yfblmn fl 544>8 }lnmulmbk~fg~fkl

TUI#G}y~ugjfg @^G !544=

TUI#Fimjgln @^G !5440

TUI#Lkurgv @^G !5442

]lnmuLmbk~fg~fkl

TUI#Iky~g Ufig @^G !5446

TUI#Flnfg @^G !5449

TUI#Ogtgl#Hkumg @^G !5449 Flpmy~cml~ gbummcml~ flf~fg~mn fl 5442

MG@^G !GYMGL(9 !544> Flf~fg~mn y~}nv fl 544>8 umtku~ ikctjm~mn fl 5440

TUI#YGI] @^G !544>

TUI#Hkumg @^G !544=

@^GGT !5440

IMTMG !GYMGL(0 !5442

Tuktkymn

TUI#Yrf~zmujgln @^G !5446

GYMGL 3 Gyykifg~fkl k` Yk}~amgy~ Gyfgl Lg~fkly8 IMIG 3 ikctumamlyfpm miklkcfi ikktmug~fkl gbummcml~8 IMTG3 ikctumamlyfpm miklkcfi tgu~lmuyaft gbummcml~8 IMTMG 3 Ikctumamlyfpm Miklkcfi Tgu~lmuyaft `ku Mgy~ Gyfg8MG@^G 3 Mgy~ Gyfgl @umm ugnm Gbummcml~8 M@^G 3 M}uktmgl @umm ugnm Gyykifg~fkl8 MAT 3 Mgujv Agupmy~Tukbugc8 MTG 3 miklkcfi tgu~lmuyaft gbummcml~8 @^G 3 umm ~ugnm gbummcml~8 @^GGT 3 @umm ûgnm Gumg k` ~amGyfg#Tgif`fi8 BII 3 B}j` Ikktmug~fkl Ik}lifj8 Hkumg 3 Umt}ejfi k` Hkumg8 TUI 3 Tmktjmy Umt}ejfi k` Iaflg8 T^G 3tum`muml~fgj ~ugnm gbummcml~8 YGI] 3 Yk}~amul Gùfigl I}y~kcy ]lfkl8 ^FB 3 ~ugnm fl bkkny8 ^FY 3 ~ugnm fl ymupfimy

Lk~m? âm TUI#Yflbgtkum gln TUI#Tmu} @^Gy nk lk~ `kuc tgu~ k` ~afy y~}nv gy ek~a gbummcml~y rmum iklij}nmng`~mu ~am fl~mupfmry ~kkh tjgim, Vmguy fl eugihm~y `kjjkrflb ~am gbummcml~ lgcm flnfig~m mf~amu ~am vmgu k` yfblflb* ~amvmgu fl rafia lmbk~fg~fkly ikccmlimn* ku ~am vmgu ~am gbummcml~ rgy tuktkymn nmtmlnflb kl ~am i}uuml~ y~g~}y k`~am gbummcml~,

Yk}uim? Cflfy~uv k` Ikccmuim k` ~am Tmktjmy Umt}ejfi k` Iaflg !5446 gln Gyfgl Nmpmjktcml~ Eglh !5474* ng~ggy k` @meu}guv 5474,

N}m ~k ~amfu `ki}y kl cguhm~ jfemugjfzg~fkl gln ~am `gifjf~g~fkl k` ~ugnm* @^Gy em~rmml ~amTUI gln nmpmjktflb miklkcfmy ~mln ~k iml~mu }tkl ~am umn}i~fkl k` ~guf``y gln lkl#~guf`èguufmuy ~k ~ugnm, Akrmpmu* gbummcml~y rf~a nmpmjktmn miklkcv tgu~lmuy* y}ia gy ~am TUI#Lmr _mgjgln gln TUI#Yflbgtkum @^Gy* mq~mln ~k flikutkug~m k~amu tkjfiv gln fly~f~}~fklgjfyy}my* `ku mqgctjm* fl~mjjmi~}gj tuktmu~v ufba~y* ~uglytgumliv cmgy}umy* w}gjf~v gyy}uglim

y~glnguny* gln ikctm~f~fkl tkjfiv m~i,

5


7/33


7,5 âm GYMGL#TUI IMIG

âm TUI jg}liamn f~y umbfklgj ~ugnm y~ug~mbv rf~a ~am GYMGL#TUI IMIG, âfy y~gu~flbtkfl~ rgy iakyml tufcgufjv `ku tugbcg~fi umgykly gln um`jmi~y gl mgyfmu `fuy~ gttukgia, Flcglv rgvy ~am GYMGL#TUI IMIG rgy g lg~}ugj mq~mlyfkl k` ~am fliumgyflb fl~mumy~ fl

~ugnm gln miklkcfi umjg~fkly yagumn ev ~am tgu~fmy, @ukc ~am TUIy tmuytmi~fpm* gl @^Grk}jn cghm f~ mgyfmu `ku Iaflmym ikctglfmy ~k ml~mu GYMGL cguhm~y, @}u~amu* gl @^Grk}jn gjyk ymupm gy g tumjfcflguv mqtmufcml~ fl ~am tukck~fkl k` umbfklgj fl~mbug~fkl glnikktmug~fkl, Tkjf~figjjv ytmghflb* ~am TUI rgy ckum ikl`fnml~ ml~muflb fl~k gl @^G rf~a

GYMGL tgu~lmuy ~agl f~ rgy rf~a* ygv* Ogtgl ku Hkumg,=

Fl iklyfnmug~fkl k` ~am fl~mulgj nf``mumlimy gcklb GYMGL cmcemu y~g~my* jfemugjfzg~fkl agyemml }lnmu~ghml ~auk}ba ~rk ymtgug~m ~ugihy rf~a nf``muml~ ~fcm~gejmy `ku ~ugnm fl bkkny gln~ugnm fl ymupfimy !^gejmy 9 gln >,

^gejm 9? GYMGL#TUI IMIG `ku ûgnm fl Bkkny !ml~mumn fl~k `kuim O}jv 544=

F, Tufliftjmy ~k em flikutkug~mn fl~k gbummcml~?!7 MAT

!5 ^guf`` umn}i~fkl? bugn}gj* rf~a ~fcm~gejm* ~rk ymtgug~m ~ugihy `ku kjn gln lmrGYMGL cmcemuy

!9 UKK gii}c}jg~fkl* PI >4-g

!> ûgnm nfyt}~m ym~~jmcml~

FF, Jfemugjfzg~fkl cmgy}umy?!7 MAT? 044 gbufi}j~}ugj tukn}i~y ~k agpm zmuk ~guf``y !y~gbmn fl~ukn}i~fkly fl 5440

gln 5446!5 Lkucgj ~ugih? 69- k` tukn}i~y ~k agpm zmuk ~guf``y !y~gbmn fl~ukn}i~fkly fl 5474

Xlmr cmcemuy 547=S gln 5475 Xlmr cmcemuy 5471S!9 Ymlyf~fpm ~ugih? ~guf``y umn}imn ~k 4=- ev 5471 `ku GYMGL#0 gln TUI gln ev

5454 `ku ICJP8 Afbajv ymlyf~fpm ~ugih? ~guf`` ug~m umn}imn ~k emjkr =4- ev 547=`ku GYMGL#0 gln TUI gln ev 5471 ku ICJP,

GYMGL 3 Gyykifg~fkl k` Yk}~amgy~ Gyfgl Lg~fkly8 GYMGL#0 3 Eu}lmf Ngu}yygjgc* Flnklmyfg* Cgjgvyfg* ~amTafjfttflmy* Yflbgtkum* gln âgfjgln8IMIG 3 ijkymu miklkcfi ikktmug~fkl gbummcml~8 ICJP 3 Igceknfg*Cvglcgu* Jgk TNU* gln Pfm~ Lgc8 MAT 3 mgujv agupmy~ tukbugc8 MTG 3 miklkcfi tgu~lmuyaft gbummcml~8 UKK3 u}jmy k` kufbfl8 PI 3 pgj}m ikl~ml~8 TUI 3 Tmktjmy Umt}ejfi k` Iaflgg

U}jmy k` Kufbfl !UKKy um`mu ~k ~am ym~ k` iuf~mufg }ymn ~k nm~mucflm ~am ik}l~uv ku i}y~kcy ~muuf~kuv k` kufbfl k`g tukn}i~, Pgj}m ikl~ml~ !PI um`muy ~k ~am yagum k` g tukn}i~ ~ag~ c}y~ kufbflg~m ùkc gl @^G cmcemu ik}l~uv kumiklkcv fl kunmu `ku ~ag~ tukn}i~ ~k w}gjf`v gy kufbflg~flb ùkc ~ag~ cmcemu ik}l~uv ku miklkcvYk}uim? Cflfy~uv k` Ikccmuim k` ~am Tmktjmy Umt}ejfi k` Iaflg !5446,

Rf~a umbgun ~k ~am jfemugjfzg~fkl k` ymupfimy* ~am ikccf~cml~y k` yfblg~kufmy ~k ~amGYMGL#TUI IMIG rmum `gu ckum mq~mlyfpm ~agl ~akym cgnm fl ~am R^K !akrmpmu*`ku lmr GYMGL cmcemuy ~amym nfn lk~ mqimmn R^K ikccf~cml~y, âm ymupfimyjfemugjfzg~fkl gbmlng rgy lmbk~fg~mn klm vmgu g`~mu ~am fctjmcml~g~fkl k` ~amgbummcml~ `ku ~ugnm fl bkkny, Akrmpmu* ~amum rmum ympmugj ymi~kuy mqij}nmn ùkc

~afy gbmlng gln mpml rf~afl ~am jfemugjfzmn ymi~kuy cglv gumgy umcgfl k}~yfnm k` ~amgbummcml~,

=Tkjf~figj bgfly gum gjyk fctku~gl~ `ku ~am TUI, Yflim g ijkymu miklkcfi umjg~fklyaft amjty ~k yckk~a ~amikctumamlyfpm umjg~fkly em~rmml tgu~lmuy* ~afy igl agpm g yfblf`figl~ m``mi~ fl iumg~flb g y}uuk}lnflb tmgim`}jmlpfuklcml~,

9


8/33


^gejm >? GYMGL#TUI IMIG `ku ûgnm fl Ymupfimy!ml~mumn fl~k `kuim O}jv 5442

F, Tufliftjmy+`mg~}umy ~k em flikutkug~mn fl~k gbummcml~?!7 âm TUI cghmy g yflbjm yiamn}jm k` ytmif`fi ikccf~cml~y* rafjm mgia GYMGL

cmcemu ik}l~uv cghmy gl flnfpfn}gj yiamn}jm k` ytmif`fi ikccf~cml~y!5 Iklyfy~mliv rf~a R^K u}jmy

!9 Lg~fklgj ~umg~cml~ `ku yfblg~kufmy tukn}i~y+`fucy fl tgu~lmu cguhm~y!> Tukbumyyfpm jfemugjfzg~fkl8 umpfmr k` mqfy~flb gbummcml~y gln flf~fg~fkl k` lmr

lmbk~fg~fkly8 jmqfefjf~v gln igtgif~v e}fjnflb ku ICJP!= Nfyt}~m ym~~jmcml~ cmiaglfyc!0 Mcmubmliv yg`mb}gun cmgy}umy

FF, TUIy jfemugjfzg~fkl ikccf~cml~ gumgy !rf~a mqimt~fkly gln jfcf~g~fkly?!7 Ikct}~mu gln umjg~mn ymupfimy!5 Umgj my~g~m ymupfimy!9 E}yflmyy ymupfimy? cguhm~ umymguia ymupfimy* cglgbmcml~ ikly}j~flb ymupfimy*

ymupfimy umjg~mn ~k cglgbmcml~!> Ikly~u}i~fkl gln umjg~mn mlbflmmuflb ymupfimy!= Mlpfuklcml~gj ymupfimy !mqij}nflb mlpfuklcml~gj w}gjf~v cklf~kuflb gln tkjj}~fkl

yk}uim flytmi~fkl!0 Umiumg~fklgj* i}j~}ugj* gln ytku~flb ymupfimy !mqij}nflb g}nfkpfy}gj ymupfimy* bkj`!2 ûglytku~ ymupfimy? gfuiug`~ umtgfu gln cgfl~mlglim ymupfimy !okfl~ pml~}umy*

ikct}~mu umymupg~fkl yvy~mc ymupfimy !ikktmug~fkl rf~a TUI ymupfimy!1 Ukgn ~uglytku~ ymupfimy !flij}nflb cgfl~mlglim gln umtgfu ymupfimy `ku ck~ku

pmafijmyFFF, Mqij}yfkly?

!7 @flglifgj ymupfimy!5 Bkpmulcml~ tuki}umcml~!9 Gfu ymupfimy

GYMGL 3 Gyykifg~fkl k` Yk}~amgy~ Gyfgl Lg~fkly8 IMIG 3 ijkymu miklkcfi ikktmug~fkl gbummcml~8 ICJP 3Igceknfg* Cvglcgu* Jgk TNU* gln Pfm~ Lgc8 TUI 3 Tmktjmy Umt}ejfi k` Iaflg

Yk}uim? Cflfy~uv k` Ikccmuim k` ~am Tmktjmy Umt}ejfi k` Iaflg !5446,

âm GYMGL#TUI IMIG fy o}y~ klm ikum ikctklml~ k` g ckum ikctumamlyfpm ùgcmrkuhgbummcml~ ~ag~ jfy~y k~amu gumgy `ku eukgn ikktmug~fkl, âm `fpm gumgy mctagyfzmn gy tufkuf~vymi~kuy `ku ikktmug~fkl gum gbufi}j~}um* fl`kucg~fkl gln ikcc}lfig~fkly ~mialkjkbv* a}cglumyk}uimy nmpmjktcml~* flpmy~cml~* gln ~am Bumg~mu Cmhklb Y}e#Umbfkl !BCY, Rf~aflgln emvkln ~amym gumgy* ikktmug~fkl agy ~ghml tjgim fl umjg~fkl ~k eglhflb* `flglim*~k}ufyc* fln}y~uv* ~uglytku~* ~mjmikcc}lfig~fkly* fl~mjjmi~}gj tuktmu~v ufba~y* ycgjj glncmnf}c ml~mutufymy !YCMy* ~am mlpfuklcml~* efk#~mialkjkbv* `fyamufmy* `kumy~y gln `kumy~uvtukn}i~y* cflflb* mlmubv* gln y}e#umbfklgj nmpmjktcml~, Igtgif~v e}fjnflb tukbugcy agpmemml fctjmcml~mn gln ~mialfigj gyyfy~glim tukpfnmn* tgu~fi}jgujv `ku ~am lmrmu GYMGLcmcemu y~g~my* ~k `gifjf~g~m miklkcfi y~u}i~}ugj gno}y~cml~ gln mqtgln ~ugnm glnflpmy~cml~ rf~a ~am TUI, G tuk`k}lnjv yfblf`figl~ gytmi~ k` ~am miklkcfi fl~mbug~fklem~rmml ~am TUI gln GYMGL agy emml ~am my~gejfyacml~ k` jmbgjjv#egymn yvy~mcy `ku

~ugnm* flpmy~cml~* gln cglgbmcml~ ~ag~ `kjjkr R^K u}jmy gln fl~mulg~fklgj y~glnguny!Eglng gln Ragjjmv 544=,

7,9 @}~}um @^G ûmlny

âm TUI rfjj ikl~fl}m f~y m``ku~y ~k iklij}nm ckum @^Gy fl~k ~am `}~}um, âm cky~ jfhmjv@^Gy ~k em iklij}nmn fl ~am lmgu `}~}um gum ~am TUI#BII* TUI#Lkurgv* TUI#Iky~g Ufig*gln TUI#G}y~ugjfg @^Gy, âm umbfkl ~ag~ agy ~am bumg~my~ yfblf`figlim `ku ~am TUI*akrmpmu* fy Mgy~ Gyfg, âm TUI agy mqtmlnmn bumg~ m``ku~ fl tukck~flb Mgy~ Gyfgl umbfklgjikktmug~fkl gln fl~mbug~fkl, Miklkcfigjjv* ~am TUI fy g hmv tjgvmu fl ~am Mgy~ Gyfglumbfklgj tukn}i~fkl lm~rkuh gln f~ agy emlm`f~mn umcguhgejv ùkc fliumgymn fl~mbug~fkl gln

ikktmug~fkl, @ku ~afy umgykl* ~am TUI rfjj ikl~fl}m ~k flf~fg~m gln tgu~fiftg~m fl `}u~amuumbfklgj guuglbmcml~y, Gtgu~ ùkc ~am GYMGL#TUI IMIG* ~am TUI gjyk agy g y~uklb

>


9/33


fl~mumy~ fl tukck~flb ~am MG@^G, âm tufcguv umgykl `ku ~afy fy ~ag~ g y}ey~gl~fgj gck}l~ k`miklkcfi fl~mbug~fkl !fl ~am `kuc k` g umbfklgj tukn}i~fkl lm~rkuh gjumgnv mqfy~y gcklbMgy~ Gyfgl miklkcfmy, âm TUI fy gjyk tukck~flb g TUI#Ogtgl#Hkumg @^G !gjyk hlkrl gy~am IOH @^G fl lku~amgy~ Gyfg !Hkumg Fly~f~}~m `ku Fl~mulg~fklgj Miklkcfi Tkjfiv 5441,âmym ~aumm miklkcfmy gum gcklb ~am cky~ fl~mbug~mn fl Mgy~ Gyfg gln agpm* ~auk}ba`kumfbl nfumi~ flpmy~cml~ !@NF* iumg~mn g afba#jmpmj miklkcfi lm~rkuh ~ag~ `gifjf~g~mymiklkcfi mqiaglbm fl ~ugnm* ymupfimy* gln k~amu gi~fpf~fmy, âm TUI fy ~am jgubmy~ mqtku~cguhm~ `ku ek~a Ogtgl gln Hkumg gln ~am jgubmy~ gln ymikln jgubmy~ cguhm~ `ku @NF `kuHkumg gln Ogtgl umytmi~fpmjv, @ku f~y tgu~* ~am TUI emjfmpmy ~ag~ g IOH @^G rk}jn mqtglnf~y cguhm~ giimyy ~k ek~a tgu~lmu miklkcfmy, ûgih 5 y~}nfmy `ku ~am IOH @^G agpm emml}lnmurgv `ku ympmugj vmguy gln flnfig~m ~ag~ mgia k` ~am ~aumm miklkcfmy rk}jn emlm`f~yfblf`figl~jv ùkc f~y fctjmcml~g~fkl, Rafjm f~ agy emml nf``fi}j~ `ku ~am ~aumm tgu~fmy ~k umgiag tkjf~figj iklymly}y* mgia gbummy ~ag~ gl flpmy~cml~ gbummcml~ yak}jn em lmbk~fg~mn `fuy~*rf~a g pfmr ~k my~gejfyaflb g ykjfn `k}lng~fkl `ku `}~}um lmbk~fg~fkly guk}ln ~am ~ugnm k`

bkkny gln ymupfimy gy rmjj gy `}u~amu miklkcfi ikktmug~fkl,0

âm @umm ûgnm Gumg k` ~am Gyfg#Tgif`fi !@^GGT flf~fg~fpm rgy tuktkymn ev ~am ]lf~mnY~g~my n}uflb ~am Gyfg#Tgif`fi Miklkcfi Ikktmug~fkl !GTMI jmgnmuy cmm~flb fl 5440,

Gj~ak}ba ~am TUI iklyfnmuy ~am lmbk~fg~fkl k` gl @^G fl y}ia g jgubm umbfkl gy ~am Gyfg#Tgif`fi ~k em tumcg~}um* f~ agy gi~fpmjv tgu~fiftg~mn fl GTMI gi~fpf~fmy,

âmum gum k~amu `gi~kuy emvkln ~am fl~mumy~y k` ~am TUI ~ag~ gjyk agpm gl fctgi~ kl ~amytmmn g~ rafia lmbk~fg~fkly `ku lmr @^Gy cgv tukimmn, Lmbk~fg~fkly cgv em umy~ugflmn evtukytmi~fpm tgu~lmuy tjgiflb jmyy tufkuf~v kl @^Gy gy gl miklkcfi nmpmjktcml~ y~ug~mbv* ev~am ikly~ugfl~y k` tgu~lmuy nkcmy~fi ykifgj tumyy}umy !tgu~fi}jgujv rf~a umbgun ~k ~amjfemugjfzg~fkl k` ~amfu gbufi}j~}ugj ymi~kuy* gln+ku ev tk~ml~fgj tgu~lmuy bmlmugj iklimulygek}~ ~am m``mi~y k` fliumgymn ikctm~f~fkl,

7,> âm Fctgi~ k` @^Gy kl ûgnm

@^Gy }y}gjjv tukck~m ~ugnm fl bkkny gln ymupfimy gln flpmy~cml~ ev iumg~flb gl fctukpmnmlpfuklcml~ `ku e}yflmyy em~rmml ~am tgu~lmuy !Hgrgf gln Rfblgogug 5441, @ku mqgctjm*~am MAT em~rmml ~am TUI gln GYMGL amjtmn ~k fliumgym ~am pkj}cm k` gbufi}j~}ugj ~ugnmem~rmml yfblg~kufmy, Fl ~am igym k` ~am TUI#âgfjgln MAT* ~am TUI yagum fl âgfgbufi}j~}ugj mqtku~y ukym ùkc 1,1- fl 5449 ~k 79,>- fl 5440, ûgnm fl bkkny em~rmml TUIgln GYMGL agy fliumgymn yfblf`figl~jv kpmu ~am tgy~ nmignm* rf~a gl gpmugbm gll}gjbukr~a ug~m k` kpmu 54- yflim 5444 !Cflfy~uv k` Ikccmuim k` ~am TUI 5446, Akrmpmu* f~ fynmeg~gejm ram~amu ~am bukr~a yflim 544= fy ml~fumjv g~~ufe}~gejm ~k ~am @^G* bfpml ~ammq~uflyfi `gi~ k` ~am TUIy miklkcfi ekkc gln ~am fliumgyflbjv fl~mbug~mn umbfklgjtukn}i~fkl lm~rkuh lg~}ugjjv nmufpflb ùkc fliumgymn `jkry k` @NF em~rmml ~am TUI glnGYMGL n}uflb ~ag~ tmufkn !Aklb 5441, âm TUIy fctku~y ùkc GYMGL agpm fliumgymn g~g `gy~mu ug~m ~agl f~y mqtku~y ~k ~am umbfkl, Fl 5446* GYMGL rgy ~am ~afun jgubmy~ fctku~cguhm~ `ku ~am TUI, Y~ufhflbjv* afba ~mia bkkny !cgfljv mjmi~uklfiy tgu~y gln g}~kckefjmygiik}l~mn `ku =9- k` ~am TUIy fctku~y ùkc GYMGL fl 5446,

Mpml ~ak}ba ~am fctjmcml~g~fkl k` ~am @^G cgv agpm gyyfy~mn fl ~am nmpmjktcml~ k` ~amumbfkly tukn}i~fkl lm~rkuh !tuktmjjmn ev @NF em~rmml ~am TUI gln GYMGL* ~afygyy}ct~fkl yak}jn em cgnm rf~a ig}~fkl f` ~am kljv mpfnmlim }ymn ~k y}ttku~ f~ gum tky~#@^Gbukr~a ug~my k` ~ugnm fl bkkny em~rmml ~am TUI gln GYMGL, @ku mqgctjm* ~am bukr~a ug~mk` ~ugnm fl bkkny* gj~ak}ba afba kpmugjj* rgy jkrmu fl 544=5440 !g`~mu fctjmcml~g~fkl k` ~am@^G ~agl fl 5449544> !em`kum fctjmcml~g~fkl,

@^Gy cgv* ~amkum~figjjv* gjyk tukct~ nfpmuyfkl k` ~ugnm gln flpmy~cml~ grgv ùkc ik}l~ufmyrf~a jmyy `gpkugejm e}yflmyy iklnf~fkly, Akrmpmu* ~amym m``mi~y gum lk~ kepfk}y fl ~am igym

0Ogtgl ymmcy fl lk a}uuv ~k t}uy}m ~am IOH @^G gln agy tjgimn f~ kl f~y jklb ~muc gbmlng, Ymm _aglb gln Q}!5441 `ku ckum fl`kucg~fkl,

=


10/33


k` ~am GYMGL#TUI* GYMGL#Ogtgl* gln GYMGL#Hkumg gbummcml~y* fl rafia ~aummflnmtmlnml~ GYMGL#tj}y @^Gy myyml~fgjjv ikctm~m rf~a klm glk~amu, @}u~amu* ~ugnm glnflpmy~cml~ gi~fpf~fmy gcklb ~am TUI* Ogtgl* gln Hkumg gjyk ymmc ~k agpm emml }lg``mi~mnev ~am ~aumm GYMGL#tj}y @^Gy, âm tufcguv mjmcml~ g``mi~flb ~ugnm gln flpmy~cml~ gcklbGYMGL(9 ik}l~ufmy fy ~amfu nf``muml~jv y~u}i~}umn nkcmy~fi cguhm~y gln miklkcfmy,Iklyfnmuflb ~am jgubm flpmy~cml~y ikcflb ùkc Ogtgl gln Hkumg ~k ek~a GYMGL gln ~amTUI* Ogtgl gln Hkumg cgv gi~}gjjv emlm`f~ ùkc ~am GYMGL#TUI IMIG emig}ym f~ iumg~myg ckum ktml cguhm~ `ku ~am mqfy~flb tukn}i~fkl lm~rkuh,

ûgnm rf~afl Mgy~ Gyfg fy bmlmugjjv nkcflg~mn ev pmu~figjjv#fl~mbug~mn tukn}i~fkl, Jgubmpkj}cmy k` ~ugnm gln flpmy~cml~ fl Mgy~ Gyfg yfctjv `kjjkr ~am ~aumm GYMGL#tj}y uk}~my*f,m,* GYMGL#TUI IMIG* GYMGL#Ogtgl IMTG* gln GYMGL#Hkumg IMIG, @jkry ~ag~ iukyy~amym GYMGL(7 uk}~my gum jfcf~mn !mqimt~ fl ~am igym k` TUI#Ogtgl#Hkumg, Fl tugi~fim*~am cgoku `gi~kuy g``mi~flb `jkry k` bkkny* ymupfimy* gln flpmy~cml~ rf~afl Mgy~ Gyfg gumbkpmulcml~ tkjfifmy !g``mi~flb ~am e}yflmyy tkjfiv mlpfuklcml~* ~uglytku~g~fkl flùgy~u}i~}um!g``mi~flb ktmug~fkl iky~y* gln cguhm~ yfzmy !g``mi~flb `flgj ygjmy pkj}cmy, âm jgubm ~ugnm`jkry em~rmml GYMGL#TUI* GYMGL#Ogtgl* gln GYMGL#Hkumg agpm lk~ emml bumg~jvg``mi~mn ev ~am umn}i~fkl fl ~guf``y euk}ba~ kl ev ~am @^Gy* bfpml ~ag~ ~guf`` ug~my rmum

gjumgnv pmuv jkr~am rmfba~mn gpmugbm ~guf`` ug~m rgy jmyy ~agl =- gln ~amum rmum lk~guf``y `ku cgl}`gi~}uflb tgu~y, Lk~gejv* fl`kucg~fkl ~mialkjkbv tukn}i~y rmum gjyk gjumgnv~guf`` ùmm gy g umy}j~ k` ~am R^K Fl`kucg~fkl ^mialkjkbv Gbummcml~,

^gejm =? Bukr~a Ug~my k` TUI ûgnm rf~a Cgoku Tgu~lmuy !-* vmgu#kl#vmgu

ûgnm Tgu~lmu 5445 5449 544> 544= 5440 5442

GYMGL ^k~gj 97,7 >5,1 9=,9 59,7 59,> 5=,6

Mqtku~y 55,9 97,7 91,2 56,7 51,1 95,4

Fctku~y 9>,> =7,2 99,7 76,4 76,> 57,4

Ogtgl ^k~gj 70,5 97,7 5=,2 6,6 75,= 79,1

Mqtku~y 2,1 55,2 59,2 7>,9 6,7 77,>

Fctku~y 5=,4 91,2 52,9 0,= 7=,5 7=,1

Hkumg ^k~gj 55,1 >9,9 >5,= 5>,9 54,4 76,7

Mqtku~y 59,1 56,> 91,> 50,5 50,1 50,7

Fctku~y 55,5 =7,4 >>,9 59,> 70,6 7=,0

]Y ^k~gj 54,1 94,4 9>,9 5>,1 59,6 7=,4

Mqtku~y 51,6 95,5 9=,7 94,> 5=,= 7>,>

Fctku~y 9,6 5>,9 97,6 6,7 76,5 72,5

M] ^k~gj 7=,> >>,7 99,6 55,0 50,4 52,4

Mqtku~y 54,9 >6,2 91,1 9>,7 94,4 56,7

Fctku~y 74,> 92,2 52,1 =,4 76,7 55,>

GYMGL 3 Gyykifg~fkl k` Yk}~amgy~ Gyfgl Lg~fkly8 M] 3 M}uktmgl ]lfkl8 Hkumg 3 Umt}ejfi k` Hkumg8 TUI 3Tmktjmy Umt}ejfi k` Iaflg8 ]Y 3 ]lf~mn Y~g~my,

Yk}uim? Fl~mulg~fklgj Cklm~guv @}ln !5446* ng~g gy k` @meu}guv 5446,

Lmpmu~amjmyy* ~am m``mi~y k` ~am u}jmy k` kufbfl !UKKy g~~giamn ~k @^Gy yak}jn emiklyfnmumn, ]lnmu ~am GYMGL#TUI IMIG* g >4- pgj}m ikl~ml~ !PI gii}c}jg~mn UKKagy emml gnkt~mn `ku cky~ bkkny, Akrmpmu* rf~a ~am mcmubmlim k` k~amu @^Gy* ~amikctjmqf~v gln gnnmn iky~y gyykifg~mn rf~a UKK nki}cml~g~fkl ik}jn emikcm g tukejmc,

@ku nf``muml~ @^Gy* nf``muml~ UKK yvy~mcy gln umw}fumcml~y mqfy~, G yflbjm tukn}i~ ik}jn emumw}fumn ~k yg~fy`v ~am nf``muml~ UKK umw}fumcml~y ikl~gflmn fl c}j~ftjm @^Gy* nmtmlnflb kl

0


11/33


~am jkig~fkly k` nf``muml~ tukn}i~fkl tukimyymy, Fl `gi~* fl ~am GYMGL#TUI IMIG gjklm*~aumm yvy~mcy k` UKK !f,m,* PI* iaglbm k` ~guf`` ijgyyf`fig~fkl* gln tukn}i~ ytmif`fi tukimyygum gnkt~mn !~ak}ba `ku cky~ bkkny ~am >4- PI yvy~mc fy }ymn, Rafjm f~ fy lk~ nf``fi}j~ `kutukn}i~y ~k cmm~ ~am umw}fumcml~y k` ~am PI yvy~mc* ~am gyykifg~mn nki}cml~g~fkl fy pmuvikctjmq !Iamklb gln Iak 5440,

5, GLGJVYFY K@ Y]UPMV NG^G

5,7 Gek}~ ~am Y}upmv

Fl Ki~kemuNmimcemu 5441* g y}upmv k` ~am e}yflmyy ikcc}lf~v k` ~am Tmktjmy Umt}ejfi kÌaflg !TUI rgy }lnmu~ghml fl kunmu ~k flpmy~fbg~m ~am gi~}gj gln tmuimfpmn m``mi~y k` @^Gykl mqtku~ e}yflmyymy, Ug~amu ~agl ymln w}my~fkllgfumy ~k `fucy* ~afy y}upmv rgy ikln}i~mn~auk}ba `gim#~k#`gim fl~mupfmry, Egymn kl g tum#fl~mupfmr y~}nv k` Iaflmym mqtku~ `fucy* 595ikctglfmy rmum `flgjjv ymjmi~mn `ku ~afy y}upmv, âm ymjmi~mn ikctglfmy uglbm giukyy ~amTUIy 7= tukpflimy gln cgoku if~fmy !ymm ^gejm 0,

^gejm 0? Jkig~fkly k` @fucy Y}upmvmn

Jkig~fkl L}cemuYaglbagf 54^fglofl 52B}glbnklb 94Yaglnklb 51

_amofglb 7=@}ofgl !Qfgcml 54Jfgklflb !Ngjfgl 74Ofglby} !Lgloflb 74V}llgl !H}lcflb 74B}glbqf !Lgllflb 74Amlgl 75A}emf !R}agl 74A}lgl !Iaglbyag 74Yaglqf !Qfgl 74Yfia}gl 74^k~gj 595

âm ymjmi~fkl k` ikctglfmy rgy egymn }tkl ~aumm `gi~kuy? !f yfzmflij}nflb ycgjj* cmnf}c*gln jgubm yfzmn `fucy* !ff ~vtm k` krlmuyaftflij}nflb tufpg~mjv#krlmn* okfl~ pml~}um* rakjjv`kumfbl#krlmn* gln y~g~m#krlmn `fucy* gln !fff ~vtm k` mqtku~y~am cgfl tukn}i~y tukn}imnev ~am `fucy `ku mqtku~ ~k @^G tgu~lmuy, âm y}upmv w}my~fkly rmum `kuc}jg~mn ~k ikpmu `fpmcgoku gumgy? !f bmlmugj `fuc egihbuk}ln* !ff tum`mumlimy `ku ~am }ym k` @^Gy* !fff

tmuimt~fkly k` ~am fctgi~y k` @^Gy* !fp m``mi~y k` u}jmy k` kufbfl fl @^Gy* gln !p @^G tkjfivfyy}my gln fly~f~}~fklgj y}ttku~* gy rmjj gy g `}u~amu 72 y}e#f~mcy,

âm umcgflnmu k` ~afy tgtmu fy egymn }tkl gl glgjvyfy k` ~am ng~g bg~amumn pfg ~amfl~mupfmry, F~ fy nfpfnmn fl~k yfq ymi~fkly* klm `ku mgia k` ~am `fpm cgoku w}my~fkl gumgyk}~jflmn fl ~am tumpfk}y tgugbugta gln g `flgj ymi~fkl flikutkug~flb iklij}nflb y~g~mcml~ygln tkjfiv umikccmlng~fkly, N}m ~k ~am ikctumamlyfpm ikpmugbm k` ~am y}upmv* fl ~mucy k``fuc yfzmy* jkig~fkly* gln e}yflmyy `mg~}umy* ~am umtku~ tukpfnmy g ufia yk}uim k` }ym`}jfl`kucg~fkl kl ~am umgj m``mi~y k` @^Gy gln ~am iklimuly gln lmmny k` ~am TUIy e}yflmyyikcc}lf~v rf~a umbgun ~k @^Gy,

2


12/33


5,5 Ygctjm Tuk`fjm

5,5,7 Ymi~ku* Krlmuyaft* @fuc Yfzm* gln Gbm

^am 595 `fucy ~ag~ ikctufymn ~am y}upmv ygctjm rmum ktmug~flb fl `fpm cgfl ymi~kuy*lgcmjv* mjmi~uklfi bkkny gln ikctklml~y* ~mq~fjmy gln bgucml~y* g}~kckefjmy gln g}~k

tgu~y* cgiaflmuv* gln k~amu ymi~kuy !ymm ^gejm 2 `ku ~am ymi~ku ikctkyf~fkl gln nfy~ufe}~fklk` ~am y}upmv ygctjm ev `fuc yfzm gln krlmuyaft,

^gejm 2? Ygctjm Tuk`fjm

Ymi~ku Yfzmg

Krlmuyaft

Mjmi~uklfiy G}~k ^mq~fjmy+Bgucml~y

Cgiaflmuv K~amu YCM Jgubm Bfgl~ @kumfbl

L}cemuk` `fucy

!l3

595

>= 56 96 == 0> >7 64 65 67

Yagumk` ^k~gj

!-76,0 75,2 70,6 59,= 52,9 71,> >4,> >7,9 96,5

YCM 3 ycgjj gln cmnf}c ml~mutufym,

Lk~my? @kumfbl `fucy gum nm`flmn gy `fucy rf~a g~ jmgy~ 74- `kumfbl mw}f~v yagum,Yfzm fy ev l}cemu k` mctjkvmmy? YCM 3 744 ku `mrmu8 jgubm 3 7477*4448 gln bfgl~ 3 ckum ~agl 7*444,g Lflm Iaflmym `fucy nfn lk~ agpm ng~g kl l}cemu k` mctjkvmmy,

Yk}uim? G}~akuy ikct}~g~fkly egymn kl ~am y}upmv ng~g,

Rf~a umbgun ~k ~vtm k` krlmuyaft* `kumfbl#krlmn ml~mutufymy giik}l~mn `ku 96,5- k` ~amy}upmv ygctjm !67 `fucy rafjm nkcmy~fi#krlmn ml~mutufymy giik}l~mn `ku 04,1- !7>7

`fucy* gcklby~ rafia 76,6- rmum y~g~m#krlmn gln 56,4- tufpg~mjv#krlmn,

Igji}jg~mn giikunflb ~k ~am l}cemu k` tmucglml~ mctjkvmmy* jgubm ml~mutufymy !7477444tmucglml~ mctjkvmmy giik}l~mn `ku >4,>- k` ~am y}upmv ygctjm* ycgjj gln cmnf}cml~mutufymy !744 ku `mrmu tmucglml~ mctjkvmmy `ku 71,>-* gln bfgl~ ml~mutufymy !ckum~agl 7444 tmucglml~ mctjkvmmy `ku >7,9-, Bmlmugjjv ytmghflb* g jgubmu `fuc rfjj agpm ek~ag afbamu igtgif~v gln ckum kttku~}lf~fmy ~k mqtku~ ~agl g ycgjjmu `fuc gln* ~amum`kum* gafbamu tum`mumlim `ku @^Gy, Akrmpmu* fl cglv igymy* ycgjj gln cmnf}c `fucy cgv agpm gafbamu tuktku~fkl k` ~amfu tukn}i~y tukn}imn `ku mqtku~ gln mlokv em~~mu cguhm~ giimyy n}m~k ~amfu ytmifgjfzmn e}yflmyy umjg~fkly rf~a ~ugnm tgu~lmuy, Lmpmu~amjmyy* fl bmlmugj* ycgjjgln cmnf}c yfzm `fucy agpm g ycgjjmu ikctgug~fpm gnpgl~gbm fl }yflb @^Gy,

@fb}um 7 flnfig~my ~am eumghnkrl k` `fuc yfzm gcklby~ ~am y}upmv ygctjm gy g `}li~fkl k`

~am l}cemu k` mlbflmmuy gln ~mialfifgly mctjkvmn, K` ~am y}upmv ygctjm* >0,7- k` `fucymctjkvmn ckum ~agl 14 mlbflmmuy gln ~mialfifgly* 76,>- mctjkvmn 9414 mlbflmmuy gln~mialfifgly* rafjm 76,>- agn `mrmu ~agl 94 mlbflmmuy gln ~mialfifgly, ^afy ng~g fy umjmpgl~emig}ym* bmlmugjjv ytmghflb* ~am afbamu ~am l}cemu k` mlbflmmuy gln ~mialfifgly mctjkvmnev g `fuc* ~am afbamu ~am `fucy igtgif~v `ku fllkpg~fkl gln ikctm~f~fpmlmyy,

1


13/33


@fb}um 7? L}cemu k` Mlbflmmuy gln ^mialfifgly !- k` ygctjm `fucy

94# 14

76, >

Lk glyrmu

7=, 7- 14

>0, 7

94

76, >


@fb}um 5 uk}bajv flnfig~my ~am cg~}uf~v k` ~am `fucy y}upmvmn gy g `}li~fkl k` ~amfu vmgu k`

my~gejfyacml~, K` ~am y}upmv ygctjm* 0=,6- k` `fucy rmum my~gejfyamn em`kum ~am vmgu 5444*rafjm 97,6- rmum my~gejfyamn g`~mu ~am vmgu 5444,

@fb}um 5? @fuc Vmgu k` My~gejfyacml~ !- k` ygctjm `fucy

Lk glyrmu

5, 5-

G ~ mu 5444

97, 6-

Em` ku m 5444

0=, 6-


5,5,5 Mqtku~ @mg~}umy

Gy yakrl fl @fb}um 9* =4,4- k` ~am `fucy y}upmvmn y~gu~flb mqtku~flb g`~mu ~am vmgu 5444*rafjm >>,>- y~gu~mn mqtku~flb em`kum ~am vmgu 5444,

@fb}um 9? Vmgu k` Ikccmlimcml~ k` Mqtku~ Ktmug~fkly !- k` ygctjm `fucy

Lk mqtku ~ f lb

4, >-

Lk glyrmu

=, 5-

G ~ mu 5444

=4, 4-Em` kum 5444

>>, >-


6


14/33

GNEF Rkuhfl

b Tgtmu 5=7 _aglb

74

Fl kunmu ~k g~~ugi~ @NF gln fliumgym mqtku~y* ~am TUI agy my~gejfyamn cglv mqtku~

tukimyyflb zklmy !MT_y gjklb ikgy~gj gumgy,2

Gcklb ~am `fucy y}upmvmn* >5,2- rmumjkig~mn fl ~am MT_y, Giikunflbjv* ckum ~agl agj` k` ~am `fucy rmum jkig~mn k}~yfnm ~am MT_gumgy !@fb}um >,

@fb}um >? @fucy fl Mqtku~ Tukimyyflb _klmy !- k` ygctjm `fucy

K}~ yf nm

==, 5-

Lk glyrmu

5, 5- F lyf nm >5, 2


@fb}um = yakry ~ag~* gcklb ~am ygctjm `fucy* >1,9- umytklnmn ~ag~ ~amv agn Fl~mulg~fklgjKubglfzg~fkl `ku Y~glngunfzg~fkl !FYK imu~f`fig~fkl ku glk~amu `kuc k` fl~mulg~fklgjjv#gbummnimu~f`fig~fkl `ku 744- k` ~amfu tukn}i~y* rafjm glk~amu 77,0- umytklnmn ~ag~ 766- k` ~amfutukn}i~y agn g~~ugi~mn imu~f`fig~fkl, Kljv >,2- k` `fucy umytklnmn ~ag~ lklm k` ~amfu tukn}i~yagn ke~gflmn glv `kuc k` imu~f`fig~fkl,

2 Mqtku~ tukimyyflb zklmy gum nmyfblg~mn gumgy fl g ik}l~uv ramum tgu~fi}jgu ~ugnm eguufmuy y}ia

gy ~guf``y gln w}k~gy gum mjfcflg~mn gln e}umg}iug~fi umw}fumcml~y gum jkrmumn* fl ~am aktm k`g~~ugi~flb lmr e}yflmyy gln kumfbl flpmy~cml~y, am fuy~ MT_ rgy flg}b}ug~mn fl H}lyagl* TUIfl Gtufj 5444, Gy k` Ogl}guv 5474* ~amum rmum =1 MT_y fl ~am TUI,


15/33

b Tgtmu 5=7 _aglb

77

@fb}um =? L}cemu k` Tukn}i~y ku Yvy~mcy g~~ugi~flb FYK Imu~f`fig~fkl ku K~amu @kuc k` Fl~mulg~fklygctjm fuc umytklymy

Lk glyrmu71, =- 744-cmm~

ku k~ am

>1, 9-

2 hf lny k`

tukn}i~ cmm~

F YK ku k~ amu y

2, 1-

2 hf lny k`

tukn}i~ cmm~

F YK ku k~ amu y

1, 0-

4# 66 cmm~ F YK

ku k~ amu y

77, 0-

Lk y~ glngu n

4, >-Lklm cmm~ y F YK

ku k~ amu y

>, 2-


GNEF Rkuhfl


16/33

GNEF Rkuhfl

b Tgtmu 5=7 _aglb

75

@fb}um 2 yakry ~am nfumi~fkl k` `fucy mqtku~y, Gyfgl cguhm~y gum ~am l}cemu klm mqtku~nmy~flg~fkl `ku >5,2- k` ~am ygctjm `fucy* rf~a GYMGL ikcflb fl gy ~am ~kt mqtku~ cguhm~`ku 70,1- k` ygctjm `fucy, @kjjkrflb Gyfg gum Lku~a Gcmufig gln ~am M]* rf~a 55,>- gln72,5- k` `fucy umytmi~fpmjv jfy~flb ~amc gy ~amfu l}cemu klm mqtku~ cguhm~, Gyfg gjykikl~fl}mn ~k uglh afbajv gy ~am ymikln cky~ fctku~gl~ mqtku~ nmy~flg~fkl `ku ygctjm `fucy*rf~a GYMGL emflb ymjmi~mn ev 77,0- k` ~am ygctjm, Fl ~afy ig~mbkuv* ~am M] rgy umbgunmnckum afbajv ~agl Lku~a Gcmufig* rf~a 57,7- gln 79,1- k` `fucy umytmi~fpmjv iklyfnmuflb~amym cguhm~y ~amfu ymikln cky~ fctku~gl~ `ku mqtku~y, F~ fy fl~mumy~flb ~ag~ GYMGL fyiklyfnmumn ~k em klm k` ~am ~kt ~aumm mqtku~ cguhm~y `ku g yfblf`figl~ l}cemu k` `fucy~afytmuagty um`jmi~y ~am m``mi~ k` ~am GYMGL#TUI IMIG* gy f~ rgy fctjmcml~mn mgujfmu ~agl ~amk~amuy* y~gu~flb rf~a ~am jfemugjfzg~fkl k` ~ugnm fl bkkny,


Ev f~y lg~}um* ~am jmpmj k` umymguia gln nmpmjktcml~ !U&N mqtmlnf~}um }lnmu~ghmlev glv `fuc ~mlny ~k em umtumyml~g~fpm k` ek~a ~am w}gjf~v k` ~am `fucy tukn}i~y gln~am `fucy ikctm~f~fpmlmyy, Tumyml~jv* ~am U&N mqtmlnf~}um k` cglv `fucy fy jfcf~mn,Lmpmu~amjmyy* ~am `fucy fl~mupfmrmn `ku ~afy y}upmv flnfig~mn ~amfu y~uklb fl~mumy~ flytmlnflb kl U&N, Gy yakrl fl @fb}um 0* 59,9- k` `fucy ytml~ ckum ~agl >- k` ~amfu

ygjmy flikcm kl U&N* rafjm kljv 9,>- cgnm lk mqtmlnf~}um kl U&N g~ gjj, ^amyagum k` `fucy ~ag~ bgpm lk glyrmu ~k ~afy w}my~fkl rgy }l`ku~}lg~mjv afba !51,4- k``fucy,

@fb}um 0? Yagum k` U&N Mqtmlnf~}um ~k ^k~gj Ygjmy Flikcm

Yagu m k U&N

mqtmlnf ~ }u m ~ k

~ k~ gj ygj my

>->=, 9-

Lk glyrmu

51, 4-

Lk U&N9, >-

Yagu m k U&N

mqtmlnf ~ }u m ~ k

~ k~ gj ygj my

>-59, 9-

!- k` ygctjm `fucy


17/33

b Tgtmu 5=7 _aglb

79

@fb}um 2? @fucy ^kt ^aumm Cguhm~ Nmy~flg~fkly `ku Mqtku~y !- k` ygctjm

Lk~m? Lku~a Gcmufig um`muy ~k ~am ]Y* Iglgng* gln Cmqfik,


GNEF Rkuhfl


18/33


@fb}um 1 flnfig~my ~am tmuiml~gbm yagum k` mqtku~y fl `fucy ~k~gj ygjmy, Gjcky~ 94,4- k` ~am`fucy y}upmvmn tukn}imn ckum ~agl agj` k` ~amfu tukn}i~y `ku mqtku~* rafjm 5>,0- tukn}imnem~rmml 54 gln =4- k` ~amfu tukn}i~y `ku mqtku~, âm gi~}gj nmtmlnmliv }tkl mqtku~e}yflmyy cgv em afbamu fl umgjf~v* vm~ afnnml ev ~am afba tuktku~fkl k` umytklnml~y !52,5-rak bgpm lk glyrmu,

@fb}um 1? @fucy Yagum k` Mqtku~y fl ^k~gj Ygjmy !5442 !- k` ygctjm `fucy

Lk glyrmu

5=, >-

Lk mqtku ~ f lb

7, 2-

54

76, >

54#=4

5>, 0-

=4

51, 6


5,9 @^G ]ym

Bkpmulcml~y lmbk~fg~m gln yfbl @^Gy fl kunmu ~k tukpfnm g em~~mu mlpfuklcml~ `ku e}yflmyygln ~am bumg~mu ~am ug~m g~ rafia `fucy }~fjfzm @^Gy* ~am bumg~mu ~am emlm`f~y ~ag~ igl em

umgjfzmn, âfy ymi~fkl glgjvzmy ~am }ym k` @^Gy ev TUI `fucy fl ~rk rgvy, @fuy~* f~ mqgcflmy}~fjfzg~fkl ug~my fl g nfumi~ ymlym* ev igji}jg~flb ~am yagum k` `fucy ~ag~ }ym ku fl~mln ~k }ym@^Gy, Ymikln* f~ mqgcflmy ~am nmbumm k` @^G ikpmugbm k` `fucy mqtku~y* ev igji}jg~flb ~amyagum k` ~amfu ~k~gj mqtku~y ~ag~ gum gejm ~k emlm`f~ ùkc @^G tukpfyfkly,

K` ~am umytklnflb `fucy* >=- !745 `fucy y~g~mn ~ag~ ~amv }ymn g~ jmgy~ klm @^G gln 21-!720 `fucy ygfn ~ag~ ~amv }ymn ku tjgllmn ~k }ym @^Gy fl ~am `}~}um, Y}ia afba tukytmi~fpm}ym `fb}umy y}bbmy~ ~ag~ Iaflmym mqtku~muy gum gbbumyyfpmjv iklyfnmuflb @^Gy gy g ~ugnmtkjfiv y~ug~mbv, ^gejm 1 y}ccgufzmy ~am }~fjfzg~fkl ug~my !gi~}gj gln tukytmi~fpm k` ytmif`fi@^Gy fl m``mi~* }lnmu lmbk~fg~fkl* gln tuktkymn,

7>


19/33


^gejm 1? ]~fjfzg~fkl Ug~my ev @^G

]ym Tjgl ~k ]ym

Yagum k`@^G

}ymuy* -

Yagum kùmytklnml~y*

-

Gbummcml~ L}cemuk` fucy

!l 3 745

L}cemuk` fucy

!l 3 550

Yfblmn ku Fl M``mi~

GYMGL#TUI IMIG 02 0=,2 =4 55,7TUI#Aklb Hklb* IaflgIMTG >2 >0,7 95 7>,5

TUI#Iafjm @^G 99 95,> 51 75,>

TUI#Tghfy~gl @^G 55 57,0 97 79,2

TUI#Lmr _mgjgln @^G 7= 7>,2 92 70,>

TUI#Cgig}* Iaflg IMTG 7= 7>,2 5= 77,7

]lnmu Lmbk~fg~fkl

TUI#G}y~ugjfg @^G >7 71,7

TUI#Yflbgtkum @^G 5= 77,7

TUI#BII @^G 72 2,=

TUI#Iky~g Ufig @^G 77 >,6

TUI#Fimjgln @^G 75 =,9

Tuktkymn

TUI#Ogtgl#Hkumg @^G 96 72,9

TUI#YGI] @^G 9= 7=,=TUI#Flnfg @^G 99 7>,0

IMTMG !GYMGL(0 97 79,2

MG@^G !GYMGL(9 56 75,1

TUI#Hkumg @^G 5> 74,0

TUI#Tmu} @^G 54 1,1

TUI#Lkurgv @^G 72 2,=

GYMGL 3 Gyykifg~fkl k` Yk}~amgy~ Gyfgl Lg~fkly8 IMIG 3 ikctumamlyfpm miklkcfi ikktmug~fkl gbummcml~8 IMTG3 ikctumamlyfpm miklkcfi tgu~lmuyaft gbummcml~8 IMTMG 3 Ikctumamlyfpm Miklkcfi Tgu~lmuyaft `ku Mgy~ Gyfg8MG@^G 3 Mgy~ Gyfgl @umm ûgnm Gbummcml~8 M@^G 3 M}uktmgl @umm ûgnm Gyykifg~fkl8 MTG 3 miklkcfi tgu~lmuyaft

gbummcml~8 @^G 3 ùmm ~ugnm gbummcml~8 @^GGT 3 @umm ûgnm Gumg k` ~am Gyfg#Tgif`fi8 BII 3 B}j` Ikktmug~fklIk}lifj8 Hkumg 3 Umt}ejfi k` Hkumg8 TUI 3 Tmktjmy Umt}ejfi k` Iaflg8 T^G 3 tum`muml~fgj ~ugnm gbummcml~8 YGI] 3Yk}~amul Gùfigl I}y~kcy ]lfkl

Lk~m? Tjgl ~k }ym nkmy lk~ flij}nm `fucy i}uuml~jv }yflb ~ag~ @^G, @fucy cgv }ym ku tjgl ~k }ym ckum ~agl klm @^G,


Gcklb ~am `fucy ~ag~ cgnm }ym k` @^Gy* ~am GYMGL#TUI IMIG rgy ev `gu ~am cky~tkt}jgu gbummcml~ !0=,2-, âm TUI#Aklb Hklb* Iaflg IMTG agn ~am ymikln afbamy~}ygbm ug~m g~ >0,7- !>2 `fucy* `kjjkrmn ev ~am TUI#Iafjm @^G !95,>-, Gcklb tukytmi~fpm}ymuy* 55,7- k` umytklnflb `fucy gl~fiftg~mn }yflb ~am GYMGL#TUI IMIG fl ~am `}~}um870,>- tjgllmn ~k }ym ~am TUI#Lmr _mgjgln @^G8 7>,5- tjgllmn ~k }ym ~am TUI#AklbHklb* Iaflg IMTG8 gln 79,2- tjgllmn ~k }ym ~am TUI#Tghfy~gl @^G, âm fctku~glim k`~am GYMGL#TUI @^G um`jmi~y ~am bukrflb fctku~glim k` umbfklgj cguhm~y ~k TUI mqtku~muy

!Aklb 5441, Fl `gi~* Aklb Hklb* Iaflgy fctku~glim gy g ~ugnm iml~mu `ku ~am TUI cgvykkl em kpmuyagnkrmn ev GYMGL* gj~ak}ba `ku ycgjj gln cmnf}c `fucy Aklb Hklb* Iaflg

7=


20/33


fy y~fjj g yfblf`figl~ cguhm~ `ku mqtku~y, âm jkrmu l}cemuy k` `fucy ~ag~ }ymn ku tjgllmn ~k}ym mf~amu ~am TUI#Iafjm ku TUI#Tghfy~gl @^Gy cgv um`jmi~ ~am `gi~ Iafjm gln Tghfy~gl nklk~ ikly~f~}~m yfblf`figl~ cguhm~y `ku `fucy mqtku~y g~ ~afy ~fcm,

^gejm 1 gjyk yakry ~ag~ gcklb ~am `k}u @^Gy }lnmu lmbk~fg~fkl* 71,7- k` umytklnflb `fucy!>7 `fucy tjgllmn ~k }ym ~am TUI#G}y~ugjfg @^G gln 77,7- !5= `fucy tjgllmn ~k }ym ~am

TUI#Yflbgtkum @^G,1

âm afbamu tuktku~fkl k` `fucy tjgllflb ~k }ym ~amym ~rk tgu~fi}jgu@^Gy cgv um`jmi~ ~am mqtmi~g~fkl kl ~am tgu~ k` Iaflmym `fucy ~ag~ ~amv rfjj fliumgym ~amfumqtku~y ~k ~amym cguhm~y fl ~am `}~}um, Fl ikl~ugy~* ~am mqtmi~mn }ygbm ug~my `ku ~am TUI#BII @^G* TUI#Iky~g Ufig @^G* gln TUI#Fimjgln @^G gum yfblf`figl~jv jkrmu,

âmum gum gjyk cglv tuktkymn @^Gy ~ag~ gum }lnmu gignmcfi ku k``fifgj `mgyfefjf~v y~}nv ev~am TUI gln f~y tgu~lmuy, K` ~am tuktkymn @^Gy* 72,9- k` umytklnflb `fucy !96 `fucytjgllmn ~k }ym ~am TUI#Ogtgl#Hkumg @^G* 7=,=- !9= `fucy tjgllmn ~k }ym ~am TUI#YGI]@^G* 7>,0- !99 `fucy tjgllmn ~k }ym ~am TUI#Flnfg @^G* gln gttukqfcg~mjv 79,4- !guk}ln94 `fucy tjgllmn ~k }ym ~am ~rk Mgy~ Gyfgl @^Gy, âm tukytmi~fpm y}ttku~ `ku ~amymtuktkymn @^Gy amugjny g bukrflb fl~mumy~ gcklb Iaflmym `fucy fl ~am tk~ml~fgj k` ~am Mgy~Gyfgl* Flnfgl* gln Yk}~a Gùfigl cguhm~y `ku ~amfu tukn}i~y* rafia cgv fliumgym `}u~amu gy

~am y~}nfmy tukbumyy,Rafjm }~fjfzg~fkl ug~my* gy nm`flmn ev flifnmlim k` }ym* gum umjg~fpmjv afba gcklb TUI `fucy*~am yagum k` mqtku~y ikpmumn ev @^Gy fy jkrmu !@fb}um 6, K` umytklnflb `fucy* 1,1- !75`fucy agpm @^G ikpmugbm `ku =4- ku ckum k` ~amfu mqtku~y* 77,4- !7= `fucy agpm ikpmugbmem~rmml 54- gln =4-* 99,7- !>= `fucy agpm ikpmugbm `ku jmyy ~agl 54- k` mqtku~y* glngjcky~ agj` !0> `fucy agpm lk @^G ikpmugbm `ku mqtku~y, âfy pgufgejm ikpmugbm k` mqtku~pgj}m ev @^Gy um`jmi~y ~am tumyml~ cguhm~ kufml~g~fkl k` TUI `fucy ~krgun ~ugnf~fklgjcguhm~y y}ia gy ~am ]lf~mn Y~g~my, Gy umegjgliflb k` bukr~a ~ghmy tjgim* ~amum cgv em gyaf`~ fl cguhm~ kufml~g~fkl ~krgun GYMGL gln umbfklgj cguhm~y gln ~am }ym k` @^Gy cgvfl~mlyf`v giikunflbjv,

@fb}um 6? @^G Ikpmugbm k` Mqtku~y !- k` umytklnml~y

4

74

54

94

>4

=4

04

24

14

64

744

Gjj fucy ûglytku~ @kkn Mjmi~uklfiy Ycgjj Jgubm Bfgl~

Lk~m? âm l}cemu k` umytklnflb `fucy rgy 790,


5,> Fctmnfcml~y ~k ]ym

F` @^Gy igl amjt `fucy mqtku~* rav gum }~fjfzg~fkl ug~my lk~ afbamu; @fucy `gim cglv eguufmuy~k }yflb @^Gy !^gejm 6, âm y}upmv `k}ln ~ag~ ~am cky~ yfblf`figl~ fctmnfcml~ ~k @^G }ym*gy flnfig~mn ev >=,7- k` gjj `fucy gln 05,6- k` lkl#}ymu `fucy* rgy jgih k` fl`kucg~fkl,Rafjm jgih k` fl`kucg~fkl gttmguy ~k em g bmlmugj tukejmc gcklb `fucy* f~ fy tgu~fi}jgujvtukejmcg~fi gcklb `fucy ~ag~ nk lk~ }ym @^Gy* nmckly~ug~flb ~ag~ ~afy fl`kucg~fkl bgt

1âm TUI#Yflbgtkum @^G rgy yfblmn fl Ki~kemu 5441,

70


21/33


gcklb Iaflmym mqtku~muy agy g yfblf`figl~ lmbg~fpm m``mi~ kl }ygbm ug~my, âm k~amu ~ktumgykly bfpml `ku lkl#}ygbm rmum ~fcm nmjgvy fl gln gncflfy~ug~fpm iky~y k` gttjvflb `kuimu~f`fig~my k` kufbfl !IKy* ycgjj cgubfly em~rmml ~am cky~#`gpkumn lg~fkl !C@L glntum`muml~fgj ug~my* gln ~am }ym k` gj~mulg~fpm fliml~fpm yiamcmy ~ag~ bfpm n}~v#ùmm ~umg~cml~,Akrmpmu* ~am nf``mumlim fl ~am l}cemu k` lkl#}ymu `fucy pmuy}y ~k~gj `fucy ~ag~ iklyfnmunmjgvy gln gncflfy~ug~fpm iky~y gl fctmnfcml~ ~k @^G }ym !7>,=- k` lkl#}ymuy pmuy}y74,0- k` ~k~gj }ymuy fy lk~gejm fl ~ag~ f~ flnfig~my ~ag~ ~am tukimyy k` tumtguflb gttjfig~fkly`ku IKy cgv lk~ em gy i}cemuykcm gy mqtmi~mn,

^gejm 6? Fctmnfcml~y ~k @^G ]ym !l}cemu k` umytklnflb `fucy X- k` umytklnml~yS

Fctmnfcml~y Lkl#}ymuy kljv ^k~gj

Jgih k` fl`kucg~fkl 21 !05,6 745 !>=,7

Nmjgvy gln gncflfy~ug~fpm iky~y `ku IKy 71 !7>,= 5> !74,0

Ycgjj cgubfl k` tum`mumlim 72 !79,2 95 !7>,5

]ym k` MT_ yiamcmy gln+ku F^G 7= !75,7 54 !1,1

Ikl`fnml~fgjf~v k` fl`kucg~fkl umw}fumn fl IK `kucy 79 !74,= 5> !74,0

Guef~uguv ijgyyf`fig~fkl k` kufbfl 1 !0,= 75 !=,9

^kk cglv mqij}yfkly 1 !0,= 74 !>,>Lkl#~guf`` cmgy}umy }ymn ev @^G tgu~lmuy 0 !>,1 7> !0,5

L}cemu k` umytklnflb `fucy 75> 550IK 3 Imu~f`fig~m k` Kufbfl8 MT_ 3 mqtku~ tukimyyflb zklm8 @^G 3 umm ~ugnm gbummcml~8 F^G 3 Rkujn ûgnmKubglfzg~fkl Fl`kucg~fkl mialkjkbv Gbummcml~

Lk~m? C}j~ftjm glyrmuy gjjkrmn

Yk}uim? G}~akuy ikct}~g~fkly egymn kl ~am y}upmv ng~g

5,= Iky~y gln Emlm`f~y k` Ymjmi~mn @^Gy

Tkyf~fpm fctgi~y, Kpmugjj* `fucy mqtmufmlim lm~ emlm`f~y ùkc @^Gy, Ckum ~agl agj` k` ~amumytklnflb `fucy fnml~f`fmn gl fliumgym fl mqtku~ ygjmy gy klm k` ~am cky~ yfblf`figl~ emlm`f~yk` ~am GYMGL#TUI IMIG !^gejm 74, âfy nmckly~ug~my ~ag~ Iaflmym `fucy gum fl~mumy~mnfl cguhm~ giimyy* f,m,* fl fliumgyflb mqtku~y ~k tgu~lmu cguhm~y, âm TUIy mqtku~y gummcemnnmn fl ~am umbfklgj tukn}i~fkl lm~rkuh* gln afbajv umjfgl~ kl @NF `jkry gln ~ammq~mulgj y}ttjv k` ugr cg~mufgjy gln fl~mucmnfg~m bkkny, Giikunflbjv* 16 `fucy !96,5- kùmytklnflb `fucy gjyk umtku~mn bumg~mu iklpmlfmlim* 20 `fucy !99,=- umtku~mn tukck~fkl k`@NF gln lmr e}yflmyy kttku~}lf~fmy* gln 09 `fucy !52,1- if~mn jkrmu ~guf``y gy fctku~gl~tkyf~fpm m``mi~y k` ~am GYMGL#TUI IMIG kl ~amfu e}yflmyymy, âm nmmtmlflb k` ~amtukn}i~fkl lm~rkuh gln y}ttjv iagfl rgy if~mn gy g tkyf~fpm m``mi~ ev 96 `fucy !72,5-,Rafjm Iaflmym mqtku~muy gum fliumgyflbjv ikllmi~mn ~k umbfklgj gln bjkegj tukn}i~fkllm~rkuhy* ~am cgokuf~v k` Iaflmym `fucy gum y~fjj lg~fpm tukn}imuy* cgl}`gi~}uflb g~ ~am jkrmu

mln k` ~am iagfl fl tukn}i~fkl lm~rkuhy nkcflg~mn ev pmuv jgubm c}j~flg~fklgj ikutkug~fkly!CLIy,

72


22/33


^gejm 74? Emlm`f~y gln Iky~y k` Ymjmi~mn @^Gy !l}cemu k` `fucy Xyagum k` umytklnflb`fucy -S

GYMGL#TUI

IMIG

TUI#Iafjm@^G

TUI#Tghfy~gl

@^G

TUI#Lmr_mgjgln

@^GEmlm`f~yIamgtmu fl~mucmnfg~m bkkny n}m ~kjkrmu ~guf``y

09 !52,1 5= !77,4 72 !2,= 54 !1,1

Fliumgym fl mqtku~ ygjmy 75> !=>,0 >9 !71,6 99 !7>,= =4 !55,4Tukck~fkl k` @NF gln lmr e}yflmyykttku~}lf~fmy

20 !99,= 5> !74,0 5> !74,0 56 !75,1

Bumg~mu iklpmlfmlim n}m ~k mgyfmu`gifjf~g~fkl

16 !96,5 90 !7=,6 90 !7=,6 92 !70,9

Nmmtmlflb k` tukn}i~fkl lm~rkuhgln y}ttjv iagfl

96 !72,5 6 !>,4 6 !>,4 7> !0,5

Iky~yFliumgymn ikctm~f~fkl 06 !94,> 71 !2,6 70 !2,4 54 !1,1Nki}cml~g~fkl iky~y gln ~fcmnmjgvy => !59,1 52 !77,6 70 !2,4 76 !1,>

Nfygnpgl~gbm rf~a tumimnml~ @^Gy 71 !2,6 9 !7,9 0 !5,0 0 !5,0Umjkig~fkl k` tukn}i~fkl 7> !0,5 = !5,5 > !7,1 > !7,1

IMIG 3 ijkymu miklkcfi ikktmug~fkl gbummcml~8 @^G 3 ùmm ~ugnm gbummcml~

Lk~m? C}j~ftjm umytklymy gjjkrmn, am l}cemu k` umytklnflb fucy rgy 552,


@ku lmr cguhm~y jfhm Iafjm gln Lmr _mgjgln* ~am cky~ yfblf`figl~ emlm`f~y rmum gl fliumgymfl mqtku~ ygjmy n}m ~k rfnmlflb cguhm~ giimyy* if~mn ev >9 `fucy `ku ~am TUI#Iafjm @^G!71,6- gln =4 `fucy `ku ~am TUI#Lmr _mgjgln @^G !55,4* gln bumg~mu iklpmlfmlim flmqtku~flb* if~mn ev 90 `fucy !7=,6- gln 92 `fucy !70,9- `ku mgia @^G umytmi~fpmjv, âfyum`jmi~y ~am `gi~ ~ag~ Iaflmym `fucy* gjklb rf~a tukck~flb g umbfklgj `ki}y* y~fjj tugi~fim g bk

k}~yfnm tkjfiv gy g rgv ~k ~ghm gnpgl~gbm k` k}~yfnm cguhm~y* tgu~fi}jgujv `ku ugr cg~mufgjygln tufcguv tukn}i~y, @ku ~am TUI#Tghfy~gl @^G* 90 `fucy !7=,6- if~mn bumg~muiklpmlfmlim n}m ~k mgyfmu `gifjf~g~fkl gy ~am cky~ yfblf`figl~ emlm`f~* gln 99 `fucy !7>,=-if~mn fliumgym fl mqtku~y ygjmy n}m ~k rfnmlflb cguhm~ giimyy, Iaflmym `fucy cgv pfmrTghfy~gl gy gl g~~ugi~fpm flpmy~cml~ jkig~fkl `ku ~am t}utkym k` jkrmuflb tukn}i~fkl iky~y,

Lmbg~fpm fctgi~y, âm cky~ lmbg~fpm fctgi~y k` ~am GYMGL#TUI IMIG rmum fliumgymnikctm~f~fkl ùkc fctku~mn tukn}i~y if~mn ev 06 `fucy !94,>- gln nki}cml~g~fkl gln ~fcmnmjgvy umjg~mn ~k @^G }ym if~mn ev => `fucy !59,1-, @fucy iklimuly gek}~ fliumgymnikctm~f~fkl ùkc GYMGL fctku~y um`jmi~ ~am jfhmjfakkn ~ag~ cglv GYMGL cgl}`gi~}umuyrk}jn tukn}im yfcfjgu tukn}i~y ~k TUI `fucy rf~afl ~am c}j~flg~fklgj ikutkug~fkl#iumg~mnumbfklgj tukn}i~fkl lm~rkuh, TUI mqtku~muy gum gjyk iklimulmn gek}~ ~am ikctjmq gln

~fcm#ikly}cflb tukimn}umy lmimyyguv ~k ke~gfl tuktmu nki}cml~g~fkl `ku ~amfu mqtku~tukn}i~y, TUI `fucy gum jmyy iklimulmn gek}~ emflb lmbg~fpmjv fctgi~mn ev umjkig~fkl k`tukn}i~fkl gln ikctm~f~fpm nfygnpgl~gbm rf~a tumimnml~ @^Gy* bfpml ~am y~uklb jgekucguhm~ gln ge}lnglim k` gpgfjgejm igtf~gj ~ag~ ikl~fl}my ~k mly}um ~amfu ikctm~f~fpmlmyy,

Rf~a ~am TUI#Iafjm @^G* nki}cml~g~fkl iky~y gln ~fcm nmjgvy gln fliumgymn ikctm~f~fklùkc fctku~mn tukn}i~y rmum gbgfl ~am ~kt ~rk tmuimfpmn lmbg~fpm fctgi~y* rf~a ~am `kucmuif~mn ev 52 `fucy !77,6- gln ~am jg~~mu if~mn ev 71 `fucy !2,6-, âfy afbamu tmuimt~fkl k`~am lmbg~fpm fctgi~y k` nki}cml~g~fkl cgv um`jmi~ ~am `gi~ ~ag~ Iafjm fy g bmkbugtafigjjvnfy~gl~ cguhm~ gln `fucy cgv em iklimulmn gek}~ ~fcm nmjgvy g``mi~flb mqtku~ yiamn}jmy,Rf~a ~am TUI#Lmr _mgjgln @^G* 54 `fucy !1,1- ug~mn fliumgymn ikctm~f~fkl ùkc fctku~mntukn}i~y gy g lmbg~fpm fctgi~ gln 76 `fucy !1,>- rmum iklimulmn gek}~ ~am lmbg~fpm

fctgi~ k` nki}cml~g~fkl iky~y, Rf~a umbgun ~k ~am TUI#Tghfy~gl @^G* kljv 70 `fucy !2,4-uglhmn fliumgymn ikctm~f~fkl ùkc fctku~mn tukn}i~y gln nki}cml~g~fkl iky~y gy lmbg~fpm

71


23/33


fctgi~y* rafia cgv gjjgv ykcm iklimul gek}~ ikctm~f~fkl bmlmug~mn ev jkr#tufimn tukn}i~ycgl}`gi~}umn fl Tghfy~gl,

5,0 E}yflmyy Umytklymy ~k @^Gy

Bmlmugjjv ytmghflb* f~ fy ~k em mqtmi~mn ~ag~ klim `fucy agpm bg}bmn ~am fctgi~y k` @^Gy~amv rfjj gno}y~ ~amfu e}yflmyy tjgly ~k cgqfcfzm ~am emlm`f~y k` ~amym gbummcml~y ~k ~amfue}yflmyy gln cflfcfzm ~am iky~y, âm y}upmv umy}j~y nmckly~ug~m* akrmpmu* ~ag~ TUI `fucyagpm lk~ umytklnmn yk gi~fpmjv, Kljv 5,0- k` umytklnml~y !0 `fucy y~g~mn ~ag~ ~amv agniaglbmn ku tjgllmn ~k iaglbm ~amfu e}yflmyy tjgly fl umytklym ~k @^Gy !@fb}um 74, âmycgjj yagum k` nm`flf~m g``fucg~fpm umytklymy cgv fctjv ~ag~ @^Gy agpm agn jfcf~mn fctgi~kl `fucy nmifyfkly, Y~fjj* 97,9- k` umytklnml~y !27 `fucy y~g~mn ~ag~ ~amv cgv iaglbm ~amfue}yflmyy tjgly* um`jmi~flb ~am tk~ml~fgj `ku `fucy ~k emikcm ckum umytklyfpm ~k @^Gy fl ~am`}~}um,

K` ~am 745 `fucy ~ag~ }ymn @^Gy* kljv 9 glyrmumn ~ag~ ~amv agpm iaglbmn ku rfjj iaglbm~amfu e}yflmyy tjgly* ramumgy 96 `fucy umytklnmn ~ag~ ~amv cgv iaglbm ~amfu e}yflmyytjgly, Fl ikl~ugy~* >0 @^G }ymuy flnfig~mn ~ag~ ~amv agpm lk~ gln rk}jn lk~ iaglbm ~amfue}yflmyy tjgly* rafjm 7> `fucy umytklnmn nkl~ hlkr, Klm k` ~am umgykly rav ~am `fucyy}upmvmn cgv em umj}i~gl~ ~k iaglbm ~amfu e}yflmyy tjgly fy ~ag~ ~amv gum y~fjj fl g~uglyf~fklgj tmufkn k` emikcflb gii}y~kcmn ~k @^Gy* ~am nm~gfjy k` rafia umcgfl k}~ k` ~amfuikl~ukj,

@fb}um 74? @fucy E}yflmyy Y~ug~mbv Umytklymy ~k @^Gy !- k` umytklnml~y



Fl kunmu ~k }lnmuy~gln ~am umgykly emafln ~afy bmlmugj jgih k` e}yflmyy umytklym ~k @^Gy*~am y}upmv flpmy~fbg~mn ~am mq~ml~ ~k rafia ~am `fucy tkyymyymn nm~gfjmn hlkrjmnbm k` ~amumjmpgl~ @^Gy, Kljv 74 `fucy !>,>- k` ~am 556 umytklnflb `fucy ijgfcmn ~k agpm g ~akuk}ba

gln nm~gfjmn }lnmuy~glnflb k` @^G tukpfyfkly !@fb}um 77, Cky~ k` ~am `fucy umytklnmn ~ag~~amv agn lk~ y~}nfmn ~am ~mq~y g~ gjj !5>,4- k` umytklnml~y* ~ag~ ~amv agn jfcf~mn hlkrjmnbmk` @^Gy !>4,5- k` umytklnml~y* ku ~ag~ ~amv agn hlkrjmnbm k` ykcm gytmi~y k` @^Gtukpfyfkly !97,>-, âfy jkr jmpmj k` hlkrjmnbm k` @^G tukpfyfkly ik}jn em ~am umy}j~ k`~aumm tkyyfejm iklnf~fkly? g bmlmugj jgih k` fl~mumy~ fl @^Gy* flgnmw}g~m @^G ~ugflflb glnk}~umgia* ku ~am tgu~fi}jgu ikutkug~m k``fimuy rak umytklnmn ~k ~am y}upmv jgihmn hlkrjmnbmk` @^Gy, âm jfcf~mn hlkrjmnbm k` @^G tukpfyfkly tuk`myymn ev ~akym y}upmvmn flnfig~my~ag~ ~amum fy bumg~ lmmn `ku ~am bkpmulcml~ ~k tukpfnm gnnf~fklgj tuk`myyfklgj ~ugflflb `ku ~ame}yflmyy ikcc}lf~v,

YCMy* fl tgu~fi}jgu* cgv agpm nf``fi}j~v cghflb `}jj }ym k` @^Gy n}m ~k ~amfu jfcf~mn a}cglumyk}uimy gln jmpmj k` cglgbmcml~ ~ugflflb* gln yk rk}jn jfhmjv rmjikcm tuk`myyfklgj

~ugflflb ytklykumn ev ~am bkpmulcml~ ku ikccmuifgj ml~mutufymy, Kpmu 04- k` umytklnflbYCMy tuk`myymn ~k agpm mf~amu lk hlkrjmnbm ku jfcf~mn hlkrjmnbm k` @^Gy, Ykcm

76


24/33


hlkrjmnbm k` @^G tukpfyfkly rgy tuk`myymn ev 99,2- k` umytklnflb YCMy gln g yigl~9,7- ijgfcmn ~k agpm nm~gfjmn hlkrjmnbm k` @^Gy,

@fb}um 77? @fucy Hlkrjmnbm k` @^G Tukpfyfkly !- k` umytklnml~y



5,2 U}jmy k` Kufbfl

U}jmy k` kufbfl !UKKy tjgv gl fctku~gl~ ukjm fl @^G }ym emig}ym gjj tukn}i~y ~ag~ ik}jntk~ml~fgjjv emlm`f~ ùkc jfemugjfzg~fkl cmgy}umy c}y~ em gejm ~k ikctjv rf~a ~amym u}jmy,UKKy cgv iumg~m ~aumm hflny k` tukejmcy `ku e}yflmyymy? guuglbflb imu~f`fig~fkl k` tukn}i~ycgv em ~fcm ikly}cflb gln iky~jv* nf``mumlimy em~rmml UKKy cgv cghm ~uglygi~fkly ckumikctjmq* gln nf``muml~ @^Gy cgv umy}j~ fl kpmujgttflb UKKy* ~am yk#igjjmn lkknjm ekrjm``mi~ !ymm Hgrgf gln Rfblgugog 5446 `ku g nm~gfjmn nfyi}yyfkl k` ~am Gyfgl lkknjm ekrjtamlkcmlkl,

5,2,7 âm Gyfgl Lkknjm Ekrj k` Kpmujgttflb UKKyNmytf~m ~amkum~figj iklimuly kpmu ~am lkknjm ekrj m``mi~* kljv 0,9- !7> `fucy kùmytklnflb `fucy y~g~mn ~ag~ c}j~ftjm UKKy yfblf`figl~jv gnnmn ~k e}yflmyy iky~y !@fb}um 75,âfy cgv um`jmi~ ~am mq~ml~ ~k rafia tukn}i~fkl tukimyymy umw}fuflb ùmw}ml~ ekunmuiukyyflby gum k}~yk}uimn gln* rf~a ~amc* ~am rkuh k` ikctjvflb rf~a imu~f`fig~m k` kufbflumw}fumcml~y gln w}gjf`vflb `ku ~guf`` iklimyyfkly, Y}ia k}~yk}uiflb cgv umn}im ~amtmuimfpmn lmbg~fpm fctgi~y k` nmgjflb rf~a c}j~ftjm UKKy, Rafjm f~ cgv lk~ em nf``fi}j~ `kutukn}i~y ~k cmm~ ~am umw}fumcml~y k` ~am UKK yvy~mc* ~am gyykifg~mn nki}cml~g~fkl cgvy~fjj em pmuv ikctjmq !Iamklb gln Iak 5440, Gjyk* ~am gcefb}f~v mpfnml~ fl ~am afbal}cemu k` cgvem gln nk lk~ hlkr umytklymy ~k w}my~fkly umbgunflb ~am m``mi~y k` UKKykl e}yflmyy iky~y cgv gjyk flnfig~m ~ag~ cglv TUI `fucy agpm lk~ vm~ }lnmuy~kkn akr

kpmujgttflb UKKy ik}jn em g yfblf`figl~ tukejmc `ku ~amfu e}yflmyymy,

54


25/33


@fb}um 75? @fucy Tmuimt~fkly k` Fctgi~y k` UKKy !- k` umytklnml~y



Rafjm c}j~ftjm UKKy gum lk~ tmuimfpmn ~k em iky~jv ev ~am y}upmvmn `fucy kpmugjj* ~amumtku~mn iky~ fliumgymy gcklb `fucy ~ag~ }ym @^Gy, ^rmjpm `fucy k}~ k` ~am 745 @^G }ymuy!77,1- y~g~mn ~ag~ c}j~ftjm UKKy yfblf`figl~jv gnnmn ~k ~amfu e}yflmyy iky~y, Raml rmikceflm ~am 77,1- k` @^G }ymuy ~ag~ tmuimfpm g yfblf`figl~ gnnf~fkl ~k e}yflmyy iky~y ùkc@^Gy rf~a ~am 99,9- rak umytklnmn ~ag~ @^Gy cgv fctkym yfblf`figl~ e}unmly* rm ymmlmgujv agj` k` @^G }ymuy tmuimfpflb gi~}gj ku tk~ml~fgjjv yfblf`figl~ iky~y ùkc ~am lmbg~fpmm``mi~y k` c}j~ftjm UKKy* um`jmi~flb ~ag~ ~amum cgv em bumg~mu iky~y fl tugi~fim ~aglmqtmi~mn,

@fb}um 79 k``muy g eumghnkrl umbgunflb tmuimt~fkly k` ~am mqfy~mlim k` tukejmcy rf~a UKKyfl umjg~fkl ~k ytmif`fi @^Gy, K` ~am ~k~gj `fmjn k` umytklnml~y* 55 `fucy flnfig~mn ~ag~ UKKikctjfglim rgy tukejmcg~fi rf~a ~am GYMGL#TUI IMIG8 1 `fucy flnfig~mn ~am TUI#Lmr_mgjgln @^G8 77 `fucy tmuimfpmn tukejmcy rf~a ~am TUI#Aklb Hklb* Iaflg IMTG gln ~amGYMGL @umm ûgnm Gumg !G@^G8 gln 74 rf~a ~am TUI#Iafjm @^G, @k}u `fucy flnfig~mn UKK

tukejmcy rf~a ~am TUI#Tghfy~gl @^G gln ~rk rf~a ~am TUI#Cgigk IMTG, Tmuagty g jgubmul}cemu k` `fucy fnml~f`fmn UKK tukejmcy rf~a ~am GYMGL#TUI IMIG emig}ym ckum `fucygi~}gjjv }ym f~* gy cgv em ~am igym rf~a ~am TUI#Aklb Hklb* Iaflg IMTG, âm cgubflgjtmuimt~fkl k` tukejmcy rf~a ~am TUI#Tghfy~gl @^G gln ~am TUI#Cgigk IMTG cgv em ~amumy}j~ k` ~amfu jkrmu }~fjfzg~fkl ug~my, âm tuktku~fklgj umy}j~y giukyy @^Gy rmum pmuv yfcfjgu`ku @^G }ymuy* gj~ak}ba ~am geykj}~m l}cemuy k` @^G }ymuy flnfig~flb tukejmcy rf~a mgia@^G !bfpml ~ag~ @^G }ymuy ikly~f~}~m kljv >>- k` ~am y}upmv ygctjm cghmy f~ ijmgu ~ag~ ~amcgokuf~v k` UKK tukejmcy gum tmuimfpmn ev ~akym rak gi~}gjjv nmgj rf~a UKKy fl tugi~fim,

57


26/33


@fb}um 79? UKK Tukejmcy `ku Ymjmi~mn @^Gy !l}cemu k` `fucy

77

5

77

55

74

>

1

>

7

2

70

6

>

0

4 = 74 7= 54 5=

Iaf lg# Aklb Hklb IMTG

Iaf lg# Cgigk IMTG

G@ G

GYMGL# Iaf lg @^G

Iaf lg# Iaf j m @ G

Iaf lg# Tghf y~ gl @ G

Lmr _mgj gln#Iaf lg @ G

k~ gj @ G }ymuy Lk~m? @fucy rmum gejm ~k tukpfnm c}j~ftjm glyrmuy, G@^G 3 GYMGL @umm ûgnm Gumg, IMIG3 ijkymu miklkcfiikktmug~fkl gbummcml~8 IMTG 3 ikctumamlyfpm miklkcfi tgu~lmuyaft gbummcml~8 @^G 3 umm ~ugnm gbummcml~

Yk}uim? G}~akuy ikct}~g~fkly egymn kl y}upmv ng~g,

Klm rgv ~k tumpml~ tukejmcy gufyflb ùkc kpmujgttflb UKKy rk}jn em ~k agucklfzm ~amUKKy em~rmml @^Gy, Gyhmn ram~amu ~amv rk}jn emlm`f~ ùkc agucklfzmn UKKy* 1> `fucy!91,6- k` ~am 570 umytklnflb `fucy umtjfmn ~ag~ ~amv rk}jn gln 26 `fucy !90,0- umtjfmn ~ag~~amv tukegejv rk}jn, Rf~a kpmu 24- k` `fucy umytklnflb tkyf~fpmjv ~k ~am y}bbmy~fkl kàgucklfzg~fkl k` UKKy* f~ ymmcy ~ag~ g yflbjm* umbfkl#rfnm* tj}ufjg~mugj UKK umbfcm ik}jnem gl m``mi~fpm cmiaglfyc ~auk}ba rafia ~k gpkfn ~am iky~y iumg~mn ev ~am lkknjm ekrj,6

@fb}um 7=? Emlm`f~y ùkc Agucklfzg~fkl k` UKKy; !- k` umytklnml~y



Gyhmn gek}~ ~amfu tum`mumlimy `ku UKK agucklfzg~fkl* 97 `fucy umtjfmn ~ag~ ~amv rk}jntum`mu g pgj}m#gnnmn !PG egymn cmgy}umcml~* rafjm 5> `fucy tum`muumn g iaglbm fl ~guf`ìjgyyf`fig~fkl !IÎ u}jm, G `}u~amu >7 `fucy umtjfmn ~ag~ ~amv rk}jn tum`mu ~am kt~fkl ~kiakkym em~rmml g pgj}m ikl~ml~ !PI u}jm gln g IÎ u}jm,

âm tum`mumlimy k` ~am `fucy y}upmvmn rmum nfy~ufe}~mn umjg~fpmjv mw}gjjv giukyy ~am ~aummtkyyfejm u}jmy k` PG* IÎ* ku ~am kt~fkl ~k iakkym em~rmml PI gln IÎ, âfy eukgn

6 @mgyfefjf~v y~}nfmy kl ~am MG@^G !GYMGL(9 gln ~am IMTMG !GYMGL(0 agpm umikccmlnmn ~am iumg~fkl k` gumbfklgj UKK umbfcm, @ku ~am umbfklgj tukn}i~fkl lm~rkuh* g yflbjm UKK umbfcm `ku GYMGL(9 rk}jn ymmcckum }ubml~ !Hgrgf gln Rfblgugog 5441,

55


27/33


nfy~ufe}~fkl y}bbmy~y ~ag~ TUI `fucy gum y~fjj fl ~am tukimyy k` nmpmjktflb fl~k ~uglylg~fklgjikctglfmy, âfy fy fjj}y~ug~mn raml TUI `fucy gum ikl~ugy~mn rf~a Ogtglmym ~uglylg~fklgj`fucy* `mr k` rafia mqtumyymn g tum`mumlim `ku g PI u}jm, âm geymlim k` g ijmgu tum`mumlimgcklb `fucy ik}jn cghm ~am tukomi~ k` agucklfzflb UKKy ckum nf``fi}j~, Fl umikblf~fkl k` ~am`gi~ ~ag~ cglv TUI `fucy nk lk~ ~akuk}bajv }lnmuy~gln UKKy* f~ rk}jn em emlm`fifgj `ku ~ambkpmulcml~ ~k ytklyku ~am iumg~fkl k` gl fly~f~}~fkl ~ag~ ik}jn mn}ig~m `fucy gek}~ UKKy flbmlmugj* ~am nf``mumlimy em~rmml PG* PI* gln IÎ* gln ~amfu umytmi~fpm gnpgl~gbmy glnnfygnpgl~gbmy,

Akrmpmu* 756 `fucy k}~ k` ~am ~k~gj y}upmv ygctjm flnfig~mn ~ag~ ~amv rk}jn tum`mu ~k em gejm~k ymj`#imu~f`v ~amfu krl imu~f`fig~my k` kufbfl, âfy afba tum`mumlim `ku ymj`#imu~f`fig~fklflnfig~my ~ag~ ~am mqfy~flb imu~f`fig~m#fyy}flb g}~akuf~v* rf~a f~y nmcglnflb umw}fumcml~y `kunki}cml~g~fkl* nkmy lk~ `f~ rf~a ~am ~ugnm mlpfuklcml~ gln fy tgu~fi}jgujv fl ikl`jfi~ rf~a o}y~#fl#~fcm tukn}i~fkl yvy~mcy, G ymj`#imu~f`fig~fkl yvy~mc fl rafia mqtku~muy gum umytklyfejm `kutumtguflb ~amfu krl nki}cml~y rk}jn bumg~jv yfctjf`v ~am imu~f`fig~fkl tukimyy* mlgejflb`fucy ~k ygpm ~fcm gln cklmv, âm bkpmulcml~ yak}jn mqgcflm ~afy kt~fkl fl jfba~ k` ~amafba l}cemu k` `fucy ~ag~ tmuimfpm nki}cml~g~fkl iky~y gy g lmbg~fpm gytmi~ k` @^Gy,

Raml i}uuml~ @^G }ymuy umytklnmn ~k ~am w}my~fkl k` ymj`#imu~f`fig~fkl* =6 `fucy bgpmg``fucg~fpm umytklymy gln ~am l}cemu k` tk~ml~fgjjv tkyf~fpm g~~f~}nmy ijfcey ~k 14 `fucyraml ~am cgvem umytklymy gum flij}nmn, Kljv 70 `fucy umtjfmn ~ag~ ~amv rmum gbgfly~ ~afyyiamcm gln kljv = @^G#}yflb `fucy umytklnmn nkl"~ hlkr, F~ fy nf``fi}j~ ~k }lnmuy~gln rav~am cgokuf~v k` umytklnml~y* ram~amu i}uuml~ @^G }ymuy ku lk~* rmum yk }lmw}fpkigjjv fl`gpku k` ymj`#imu~f`fig~fkl raml kljv >,9- k` `fucy tuk`myymn g nmmt }lnmuy~glnflb k` @^Gy, F~cgv yfctjv em ~ag~* umbgunjmyy k` glv @^Gy u}jm yvy~mc ytmif`fiy* ymj`#imu~f`fig~fkl fy ymmlgy g ~fcm gln iky~ ygpflb cmgy}um ~ag~ ik}jn tukpfnm rmjikcm umjfm` ùkc i}cemuykcm umn~gtm gln jklb nmjgvyrafia rmum pfmrmn ev `fucy gy g lmbg~fpm fctgi~ k` @^Gy !ymmYmi~fkl 5,=,

5,1 @^G Tkjfiv Fyy}my gln Fly~f~}~fklgj Y}ttku~

Fly~f~}~fklgj y}ttku~ `ku `fucy }yflb @^Gy fy fctku~gl~, ^rk cgfl yk}uimy k` fly~f~}~fklgjy}ttku~ gum gpgfjgejm ~k `fucy raml ~amv mlik}l~mu gl @^G#umjg~mn tukejmc? bkpmulcml~gbmlifmy gln lkl#bkpmulcml~gj yk}uimy y}ia gy e}yflmyy gyykifg~fkly,

âm cgfl bkpmulcml~ gbmlifmy flpkjpmn fl gyyfy~flb `fucy rf~a fyy}my umbgunflb @^G }ygbmgln imu~f`fig~m k` kufbfl gttjfig~fkly fl ~am TUI gum? ~am Cflfy~uv k` Ikccmuim !flij}nflbjkigj nmtgu~cml~y k` ikccmuim* Iaflg I}y~kcy* ~am Cflfy~uv k` @kumfbl G``gfuy* gln k~amugbmlifmy y}ia gy ~am Y~g~m Bmlmugj Gncflfy~ug~fkl `ku W}gjf~v Y}tmupfyfkl* Flytmi~fkl* glnW}gugl~flm, âm Cflfy~uv k` Ikccmuim fy nfumi~jv umytklyfejm `ku lmbk~fg~flb* fctjmcml~flb*gln cklf~kuflb ~am pgufk}y umbfklgj gln efjg~mugj @^Gy, F~y rme yf~m ikl~gfly fctku~gl~ @^Gfl`kucg~fkl flij}nflb jmbgj ~mq~y gln fly~u}i~fkly `ku ke~gflflb `}u~amu gyyfy~glim, @}u~amu* ~am

Cflfy~uv k` Ikccmuim gln ~am jkigj nmtgu~cml~y k` ikccmuim gum umytklyfejm `kufl~ukn}iflb @^Gy ev nfy~ufe}~flb fl`kucg~fkl gln kubglfzflb @^G ymcflguy gln ~ugflflbtukbugcy, Iaflg I}y~kcy fy ~am gbmliv g}~akufzmn ~k fyy}m imu~f`fig~my k` kufbfl }lnmumqfy~flb @^Gy gln ~k fctjmcml~ tkjfifmy kl ~guf`` umn}i~fkly gln k~amu lkl#~guf`` eguufmuumn}i~fkl cmgy}umy, âm Cflfy~uv k` @kumfbl G``gfuy nkmy lk~ nmgj nfumi~jv rf~a @^G fyy}my8f~y tufcguv ukjm rf~a umbgun ~k @^Gy fy ~k tukpfnm egyfi fl`kucg~fkl kl lmbk~fg~fkly, K~amubkpmulcml~gj gbmlifmy tukpfnm iklium~m fl`kucg~fkl ~k amjt `fucy ikctjv rf~a @^Gtukpfyfkly gln cghm `}jj }ym k` iklij}nmn @^Gy,

Kpmugjj* TUI `fucy ymmh y}ttku~ ckum ùkc bkpmulcml~gj gln t}ejfi yk}uimy ~agl ùkctufpg~m ymi~ku yk}uimy y}ia gy e}yflmyy gyykifg~fkly, Raml ymmhflb @^G#umjg~mn gyyfy~glimùkc bkpmulcml~ gbmlifmy* 79= `fucy rk}jn bk ~k ~am Cflfy~uv k` Ikccmuim rafjm 77> `fucy

flnfig~mn Iaflg I}y~kcy gy g yk}uim k` y}ttku~, K~amu bkpmulcml~ gbmlifmy* flij}nflb ~amCflfy~uv k` @kumfbl G``gfuy* ymmc ~k tjgv kljv g cgubflgj ukjm !}ymn ev kljv 55 `fucy, âmym`fb}umy flnfig~m ~ag~ ~am Cflfy~uv k` Ikccmuim gln Iaflg I}y~kcy agpm fctku~gl~ ukjmy ~k

59


28/33


tjgv fl amjtflb `fucy ~k }ym @^Gy `ku mqtku~y gln ~amum`kum yak}jn y~umlb~aml ~amfu igtgif~fmy~k y}ttku~ ~am e}yflmyy ikcc}lf~vy }ym k` @^Gy `ku mqtku~y gln ~am mqtglyfkl k` ymupfimygln @NF `jkry,

Lkl#bkpmulcml~ gbmlifmy gum glk~amu yk}uim k` gyyfy~glim `ku `fucy gln flij}nm ~amIagcemu k` Ikccmuim* k~amu ycgjjmu e}yflmyy gyykifg~fkly* jgr `fucy* gln tufpg~m

ikly}j~gl~y, Gjcky~ agj` k` ~am umytklnml~y !749 `fucy agn yk}ba~ gyyfy~glim ùkc ~amIagcemu k` Ikccmuim gln 55 `fucy gjyk flnfig~mn e}yflmyy gyykifg~fkly gy g yk}uim kàmjt fl nmgjflb rf~a @^G fyy}my* `kjjkrmn ev jgr `fucy gln tufpg~m ikly}j~gl~y !flnfig~mn ev g~k~gj k` 04 `fucy,

Raml `fucy rmum gyhmn gek}~ ~amfu hlkrjmnbm k` ~am ytmif`fi @^G ymupfimy tukpfnmn evnf``muml~ bkpmulcml~ gbmlifmy* ~amfu grgumlmyy k` cky~ ymupfimy yakrmn ukkc `kufctukpmcml~ !@fb}um 70, Kljv =5 `fucy !91,1- k` umytklnflb `fucy rmum grgum k` ~am @^G~ugflflb ymupfimy tukpfnmn ev bkpmulcml~ gbmlifmy gln o}y~ 99 `fucy !5>,0- rmum grgum~ag~ bkpmulcml~ gbmlifmy k``mumn @^G#umjg~mn e}yflmyy ikly}j~flb ymupfimy, G afbamul}cemu k` umytklnml~y !62 `fucy ku 25,>- y~g~mn ~ag~ ~amv rmum grgum k` bkpmulcml~#ytklykumn rme yf~my kl @^Gy, âfy afba grgumlmyy ug~m k` ~am tukpfyfkl k` kljflm

fl`kucg~fkl umbgunflb @^Gy fy tukegejv g~~ufe}~gejm ~k ~am iklpmlfmlim ~ag~ rme yf~my k``mugy yk}uimy k` fl`kucg~fkl,

@fb}um 70? Grgumlmyy gln ]ym k` Bkpmulcml~ @^G Ymupfimy !- k` umytklnml~y

Lk~m? C}j~ftjm glyrmuy gjjkrmn, am l}cemu k` umytklnflb fucy rgy 79>,


Rafjm kljflm @^G fl`kucg~fkl gln umyk}uimy rmum ~am cky~ hlkrl gcklb ~am `fucy* ~amtuktku~fkl k` `fucy ~ag~ umtku~mn }yflb ~amym ymupfimy rgy c}ia jkrmu !=>,=- kùmytklnml~y, âfy y}bbmy~y ~ag~ `fucy cgv nmyfum ckum fl~mugi~fpm fl`kucg~fkl yk}uimy ùkc~am bkpmulcml~ ku ~ag~ ~am fl`kucg~fkl kl rme yf~my fy lk~ cmm~flb gjj k` `fucy fl`kucg~fkllmmny, âm umytklymy umbgunflb e}yflmyy ikly}j~flb ymupfimy y}bbmy~ ~ag~ `fucy cgnmgrgum k` ~amym ymupfimy gum gt~ ~k }ym ~amc? rafjm grgumlmyy k` e}yflmyy ikly}j~flbymupfimy rgy ~am jkrmy~ gcklb ~am ymupfimy !5>,0- k` umytklnml~y* gl mw}gj tmuiml~gbm kùmytklnml~y umtku~mn }yflb ~amym ymupfimy,

Grgumlmyy k` lkl#bkpmulcml~ ymupfimy uglbmn ùkc 56,7- !96 `fucy `ku ikly}j~flb ymupfimy~k >7,1- !=0 `fucy `ku y}ttku~ kl ~am fyy}glim k` imu~f`fig~my k` kufbfl !@fb}um 72, ]ygbmug~my rmum bmlmugjjv yfcfjgu ~k grgumlmyy ug~my* y}bbmy~flb ~ag~ raml `fucy gum cgnm grgumk` ymupfimy ùkc lkl#bkpmulcml~gj yk}uimy* ~amv gum jfhmjv ~k }ym ~amc,

5>


29/33


@fb}um 72? Grgumlmyy gln ]ym k` Lkl#Bkpmulcml~gj @^G Ymupfimy !- k` umytklnml~y

Lk~m? C}j~ftjm glyrmuy gjjkrmn, am l}cemu k` umytklnflb fucy rgy 79>,


^gejm 77 yakry `fucy fctumyyfkly k` ~am w}gjf~v k` pgufk}y ~vtmy k` y}ttku~ k``mumn ev ~ambkpmulcml~ gln ~am tufpg~m ymi~kuflij}nflb bkpmulcml~ ~ugflflby kl @^Gy* bkpmulcml~gln tufpg~m ikly}j~flb ymupfimy `ku `fucy* kljflm fl`kucg~fkl gln umyk}uimy* gln y}ttku~ `kuimu~f`fig~m k` kufbfl fyy}glim, @fucy ~ag~ umtku~mn gi~}gjjv }yflb @^Gy iklyfy~ml~jv bgpmafbamu ug~flby `ku @^G y}ttku~ ymupfimy ~agl ~am ~k~gj y}upmv ygctjm* rafia flij}nmy lkl#}ymuy, âm ng~g flnfig~my ~ag~ ~amum fy yiktm `ku fctukpmcml~ fl ~am bmlmugj w}gjf~v k`ymupfimy tukpfnmn ev bkpmulcml~ gln ~am tufpg~m ymi~ku,

^gejm 77? W}gjf~v Gyymyycml~ k` Bkpmulcml~ gln Lkl#Bkpmulcml~gj Ymupfimy

@^G Y}ttku~ Ymupfimy W}gjf~v Jmpmj !7#=

Gjj umytklnml~y @^G#}ymuy kljv

Bkpmulcml~ Ymupfimy?

ûgflflb 5,> 5,2Kljflm fl`kucg~fkl 5,1 9,4

E}yflmyy ikly}j~flb ymupfimy 5,= 5,=Lkl#Bkpmulcml~gj Ymupfimy?

Y}ttku~ ku fyy}flb imu~f`fig~my k` kufbfl 9,9 9,=E}yflmyy ikly}j~flb ymupfimy 5,1 5,6

Lk~m? Ug~mn ev `fucy kl g yigjm k` 7 ~k = ramum = fy ~am afbamy~ w}gjf~v,


Iklyfnmuflb ~ag~ jgih k` fl`kucg~fkl rgy ~am cky~ yfblf`figl~ eguufmu ~k @^G }ym gcklbIaflmym `fucy* f~ lk y}utufym ~ag~ ~am cgokuf~v k` `fucy nmcglnmn gnnf~fklgj ymupfimy umjg~mn

~k ~am tukpfyfkl k` fl`kucg~fkl, âmym flij}nmn grgumlmyy ~ugflflb kl @^G tukpfyfkly!26,7-* y~}nfmy kl ~am fctgi~y k` @^Gy kl e}yflmyymy !19,7-* cklf~kuflb gln y}upmfjjglimk` lkl#~guf`` eguufmuy !>5,2-* gln mlaglimn ikly}j~g~fkly n}uflb @^G lmbk~fg~fkly !96,0-!ymm @fb}um 71 `ku g y}ccguv k` ymupfimy nmyfumn, âmum`kum* ~am bkpmulcml~ gln ~amtufpg~m ymi~ku yak}jn nmpk~m ckum umyk}uimy ~k tukpfnflb ~amym ymupfimy, âmum rgy gjyknmcgln `ku ~mialkjkbv#egymn ymupfimy? =2,1- k` `fucy mqtumyymn g nmyfum `ku }tbugnmy ~kmjmi~uklfi ng~g fl~muiaglbm yvy~mcy* rafjm 52,7- nmcglnmn }tbugnmy k` ~mialfigjy~glnguny gln ~ugflflb ~k }tbugnm yhfjjy, Ymupfimy `ku YCMy rmum gjyk fl nmcgln? gek}~>4,6- k` `fucy yk}ba~ YCM mq~mlyfkl ymupfimy gln 9>,2- yk}ba~ `flglifgj y}ttku~ ku k~amuymupfimy,

5=


30/33


@fb}um 71? @^G Y}ttku~ Ymupfimy Nmyfumn ev @fucy !- k` umytklnml~y

26,7 19,7

96,0>5,2

=2,1

52,7>4,6 9>,2

4,4

54,4

>4,4

04,4

14,4

744,4

Grgumlmyy

~ugflflb

Fctgi~ kl

e}yflmyy

y~}nfmy

Mlaglimn

ikly}j~g~fkly

LÊ

y}upmfjjglim

]ym k` MNF fl

UKK yvy~mc

^mialfigj

y~glnguny gln

yhfjjy }tbugnm

YCM

mq~mlyfkl

ymupfimy

@flglifgj

y}ttku~+k~amu

ymupfimy

Fl`kucg~fkl#Egymn Ymupfimy ^mialkjkbv#Egymn Ymupfimy @flglifgj+K~amu fliml~fpmy

Lk~m? C}j~ftjm glyrmuy gjjkrmn, âm l}cemu k` umytklnflb `fucy rgy 55=,

MNF 3 mjmi~uklfi ng~g fl~muiaglbm8 @^G 3 umm ~ugnm gbummcml~8 LÊ 3 lkl#~guf`` eguufmu8 UKK 3 u}jm k` kufbfl8 YCM 3ycgjj ku cmnf}c ml~mutufym,


9, IKLIJ]YFKL

9,7 Iklij}nflb Tkfl~y

@umm ~ugnm gbummcml~y !@^Gy agpm emikcm gl fctku~gl~ tgu~ k` ~am Tmktjmy Umt}ejfi kÌaflg !TUIy ~ugnm gln miklkcfi tkjfifmy gln ~am TUI tjgly ~k ~ghm tgu~ fl ckum @^Gy fl~am `}~}um, âfy y~}nv agy glgjvzmn ng~g ùkc fl~mupfmry }lnmu~ghml rf~a 595 `fucy ~ag~ rmumuglnkcjv ymjmi~mn ~k ikpmu g uglbm k` e}yflmyymy* umtumyml~g~fpm fl ~mucy k` yfzm* krlmuyaft*gbm* fln}y~uv* gln jkig~fkl, âm ymjmi~mn `fucy rmum gjj iagugi~mufzmn ev afba ku umjg~fpmjvafba nmtmlnmlim kl mqtku~ cguhm~y `ku ~amfu tukn}i~y,

âm `kjjkrflb fy g y}ccguv k` ~am hmv `flnflby?

Flifnmlim k` @^G }ym fy afba gln fy ym~ ~k ufym, âm fl~mupfmry umpmgjmn ~ag~gcklb ~am `fucy y}upmvmn* >=- rmum gjumgnv }yflb @^Gy ~k ykcm mq~ml~* rafjm21- rmum }yflb ku tjgllmn ~k }ym @^Gy, Rafjm ~afy }~fjfzg~fkl ug~m fy umjg~fpmjv afba*~am ikpmugbm k` mqtku~ pgj}m ev @^Gy fy lk~ mq~mlyfpm, ]ym k` @^Gy* gy rmjj gyfl~mlyf~v k` }ym !nm~mucflmn ev mqtku~ ikpmugbm* igl em fctukpmn ev cf~fbg~flb~am eguufmuy ~k @^G }ym, âm cgfl fctmnfcml~y ~k }ym umtku~mn ev ~am `fucyy}upmvmn* fl kunmu k` fctgi~ ùkc afbamy~ ~k jkrmy~* rmum jgih k` fl`kucg~fkl kl@^Gy* ycgjj cgubfl k` tum`mumlimy* ikl`fnml~fgjf~v k` fl`kucg~fkl umw}fumn fl

imu~f`fig~m k` kufbfl `kucy* gln ~fcm nmjgvy fl gln gncflfy~ug~fpm iky~y k` tumtguflbgttjfig~fkly ku imu~f`fig~my k` kufbfl,

@fucy tmuimt~fkly k` @^Gy fctgi~ kl e}yflmyy rmum lm~ tkyf~fpm, âmemlm`f~ umtku~mn ev ~am jgubmy~ l}cemu k` `fucy rgy gl fliumgym fl mqtku~ ygjmy n}m~k rfnmlflb cguhm~ giimyy `kjjkrmn ev bumg~mu iklpmlfmlim n}m ~k mgyfmu`gifjf~g~fkl, âm lmbg~fpm fctgi~y cky~ if~mn rmum fliumgymn ikctm~f~fkl ùkcfctku~y gln nki}cml~g~fkl gln ~fcm nmjgvy umjg~mn ~k @^G }ym, âm lmbg~fpmtmuimt~fkly umbgunflb @^G#umjg~mn nki}cml~g~fkl flnfig~m ~ag~ `fucy umcgfliklimulmn gek}~ umn ~gtm fyy}my mpml g`~mu cguhm~ jfemugjfzg~fkl,

@fucy gum iklyfnmuflb gno}y~flb e}yflmyy y~ug~mbfmy fl umytklym ~k @^Gy e}~umcgfl }lfl`kucmn k` ~am nm~gfjy k` tukpfyfkly, K` ~am `fucy y}upmvmn* 22

flnfig~mn ~ag~ ~amv agn ku cfba~ iaglbm ~amfu e}yflmyy tjgly fl umytklym ~k @^Gy,Rafjm `fucy gum iklyfnmuflb ~ghflb gl gi~fpm y~glim fl umytklnflb ~k @^Gy* ~amv y~fjj

50


31/33


agpm jfcf~mn hlkrjmnbm k` ~am nm~gfjy k` @^G tukpfyfkly, Kljv 74 `fucy ijgfcmn ~kagpm ~akuk}ba gln nm~gfjmn hlkrjmnbm k` @^Gy, G `}u~amu 25 `fucy tuk`myymn ~kagpm ykcm hlkrjmnbm k` @^G tukpfyfkly, âmym `fb}umy um`jmi~ g yfblf`figl~ jgih k`fl`kucg~fkl gpgfjgejm ~k fucy,

Kljv gek}~ 0- k` `fucy nm`flf~mjv iklyfnmu c}j~ftjm UKKy ~k em iky~jv ~k

e}yflmyy, U}jmy k` kufbfl !UKKy agpm g yfblf`figl~ fctgi~ kl @^G }ym emig}ymgjj tukn}i~y ~ag~ ik}jn emlm`f~ ùkc jfemugjfzg~fkl gum umw}fumn ~k ikctjv rf~a UKKy,Fl bmlmugj* g umjg~fpmjv jkr l}cemu k` mqtku~flb `fucy iklyfnmumn c}j~ftjm UKKy ~kem tukejmcg~fi* ~ak}ba fl tugi~fim c}j~ftjm UKKy cgv em iky~jfmu ~agl mqtmi~mnrf~a lmgujv 75- k` @^G }ymuy flnfig~flb ~ag~ ~amv fctkymn iky~y gln klm ~afun k``fucy umytklnflb ~ag~ UKKy cfba~ tk~ml~fgjjv gnn ~k iky~y, âfy tmuimfpmn tk~ml~fgjiky~ cgv em g~~ufe}~mn ~k ~am `gi~ ~ag~ `fucy gum y~fjj }l`gcfjfgu rf~a UKKy fltugi~fim* mytmifgjjv iklyfnmuflb ~ag~ mqtku~ ikpmugbm ev @^Gy fy umjg~fpmjv jkr,Rf~a umbgun ~k tuktkygjy `ku UKK agucklfzg~fkl* ~amum rgy g `gfujv mpml ytumgn k``fuc tum`mumlimy gcklb ~am kt~fkly !pgj}m#gnnmn XPGS* iaglbm k` ~guf`ìjgyyf`fig~fkl XIÎS* ku g iakfim em~rmml pgj}m ikl~ml~ XPIS gln IÎ, Akrmpmu* gafba tuktku~fkl k` umytklnml~y flnfig~mn ~amfu tum`mumlim `ku g UKK yiamcm ~ag~

gjjkrmn `ku ymj`#imu~f`fig~fkl* rafia ik}jn yfblf`figl~jv yfctjf`v UKK tukimn}umy,@fucy gjyk mqtumyymn ~am aktm ~ag~ bkpmulcml~ gbmlifmy rk}jn fctukpm ~amfufl`kucg~fkl ymupfimy gln UKK imu~f`fig~fkl tukimyymy,

@fucy rgl~ ckum @^G#umjg~mn ymupfimy, Cglv `fucy umcgflmn }lgrgum k` ~amymupfimy tukpfnmn ev bkpmulcml~ gbmlifmy gln+ku lkl#bkpmulcml~ gbmlifmy y}iagy e}yflmyy gyykifg~fkly, âfy flnfig~my ~ag~ k}~umgia tukbugcy ik}jn em ckumm``mi~fpm fl fl`kucflb ~am e}yflmyy ymi~ku k` ~am uglbm k` ymupfimy gpgfjgejm, âm`flnflby y}bbmy~ ~ag~ raml `fucy gum grgum k` ~amym ymupfimy* ~amv gum jfhmjv ~k }ym~amc, Gcklb ~am ymupfimy nmyfumn ev TUI `fucy* @^G#umjg~mn fl`kucg~fkl ymupfimyrmum ~am cky~ if~mn, âmym yak}jn em iklyfnmumn k` bumg~ fctku~glim ~k ~akymgbmlifmy rfyaflb ~k tukck~m ~am }ym k` @^Gy,

9,5 Tkjfiv Umikccmlng~fkly

âm TUI fy g cgoku tjgvmu fl ~am bjkegj ~ugnflb yvy~mc, âm @^Gy iklij}nmnem~rmml ~am TUI gln f~y ~ugnflb tgu~lmuy ~a}y agpm g yfblf`figl~ fctgi~ kl ek~a~am TUI gln ~am bjkegj ~ugnflb yvy~mc, Gy g umy}j~* iklij}nmn @^Gy yak}jn emiklyfy~ml~ rf~a ~afy yvy~mc* f,m,* rf~a Rkujn ûgnm Kubglfzg~fkl u}jmy, âm bugn}gjgttukgia ~ghml ev ~am TUI ~krgun @^Gy ~a}y `gu agy emml gttuktufg~m ~k f~yigtgif~fmy gy g nmpmjktflb ik}l~uv, Akrmpmu* gy nkcmy~fi `fucy ikl~fl}m ~k bukrfl umbfklgj gln bjkegj igtgif~v gln ckpm ~krgun emikcflb c}j~flg~fklgjikutkug~fkly* ~am TUI yak}jn iklyfnmu my~gejfyaflb ckum ikctumamlyfpm tgihgbmgbummcml~y ~ag~ flikutkug~m ~am jfemugjfzg~fkl k` ymupfimy gln flpmy~cml~,

^k gnnumyy ~am iklimuly k` `fucy* ckum m``ku~ yak}jn em cgnm ~k fctukpm ~amgyyfy~glim gpgfjgejm `ku cghflb ~am emy~ }ym k` ~am @^Gy yfblmn, Ytmifgj tukbugcygln fly~f~}~fkly yak}jn em nmpmjktmn ~k tukpfnm @^G#umjg~mn fl`kucg~fkl* ~ugflflb*gln ikly}j~flb ymupfimy `ku ~am TUIy e}yflmyy ikcc}lf~v, âm Cflfy~uv kÌkccmuim* ~am Iaflg Ik}lifj `ku ~am Tukck~fkl k` Fl~mulg~fklgj ûgnm* gln ~amIaflg Iagcemu k` Fl~mulg~fklgj Ikccmuim yak}jn ikln}i~ ckum ~akuk}ba y}upmvykl ~am fctgi~y k` @^Gy rf~a g ytmifgj `ki}y kl e}yflmyy umytklymy, âmfly~f~}~fkly cky~ yk}ba~ k}~ ev `fucy fl lmmn k` @^G#umjg~mn gyyfy~glim rmum ~amCflfy~uv k` Ikccmuim !gcklb bkpmulcml~ gbmlifmy gln ~am Iagcemu kÌkccmuim !gcklb lkl#bkpmulcml~ gbmlifmy, Gl mjmi~uklfi fl`kucg~fklmqiaglbm gln yaguflb cmiaglfyc yak}jn em e}fj~ ev ~amym ~rk eknfmy fl kunmu ~k

cgqfcfzm ~am }~fjfzg~fkl k` ymupfimy tukpfnmn ev ek~a ~am t}ejfi gln tufpg~m ymi~kuy,@flgjjv* cguhm~#egymn ymupfim fucy yak}jn gjyk em mlik}ugbmn,

52


32/33


^am c}j~f#jgvmumn @^Gy ~ag~ iufyyiukyy Mgy~ Gyfgl cguhm~y ymmc ~k u}l ik}l~mu ~k~am nvlgcfiy k` ~am mqfy~flb tukn}i~fkl lm~rkuh fl rafia ~am umbfkly miklkcfmygum mcemnnmn, ^am fnmgj ykj}~fkl rk}jn em ~k tukck~m g umbfkl#rfnm @^G fl Mgy~Gyfg, Akrmpmu* bfpml ~am nf``fi}j~v fl umgiaflb g iklymly}y gcklb Mgy~ Gyfglik}l~ufmy* f~ rk}jn em ckum tugi~figj ~k tukck~m g `gifjf~g~fkl gbummcml~ ~ag~ y~gu~yrf~a g yflbjm flf~fg~fpm y}ia gy ~am c}~}gj umikblf~fkl k` y~glnguny* ~amagucklfzg~fkl k` UKKy* ku ~am gnkt~fkl k` UKK b}fnmjflmy fl @^G lmbk~fg~fkly flMgy~ Gyfg ku GTMI,

51


33/33


UM@MUMLIMY

Gyfgl Nmpmjktcml~ Eglh, 5474, Gyfg Umbfklgj Fl~mbug~fkl Iml~mu @^G ng~gegym,a~~t?++rrr,gufi,gne,kub !giimyymn 7 @meu}guv 5474,

Eglng* N, gln O, Ragjjmv, 544=, Emvkln Bkkny gln Ymupfimy? Ikctm~f~fkl Tkjfiv*Flpmy~cml~* C}~}gj Umikblf~fkl* Ckpmcml~ k` Tmuykly* gln Eukgnmu Ikktmug~fklTukpfyfkly k` Umiml~ @^Gy Flpkjpflb GYMGL Ik}l~ufmy, Lg~fklgj E}umg} k` MiklkcfiUmymguia !LEMU Rkuhflb Tgtmu 77595, Igceufnbm* CG? LEMU,

Iamklb* F, gln O, Iak, 5440, Cguhm~ Giimyy fl @^Gy? Gyymyycml~ Egymn kl U}jmy k` Kufbflgln Gbufi}j~}ugj ugnm Jfemugjfzg~fkl, Umymguia Fly~f~}~m k` Miklkcv ugnm glnFln}y~uv !UFM^F Nfyi}yyfkl Tgtmu Ymufmy 42#M#470, ^khvk? UFM^F,

Aklb* J, 5441, Glgjvyfy gln Tmuytmi~fpm k` Iaflg#GYMGL ûgnm fl Bkkny* 5442#5441,Guk}ln Yk}~amgy~ Gyfg, 5? 5,

Fl~mulg~fklgj Cklm~guv @}ln, 5446, Nfumi~fkl k` ûgnm Y~g~fy~fiy, Rgyaflb~kl* NI?

Fl~mulg~fklgj Cklm~guv @}ln,

Hgrgf* C, gln B, Rfblgugog, 5441, Umbfklgjfyc gy gl Mlbflm k` C}j~fjg~mugjfyc? G Igym `kug Yflbjm Mgy~ Gyfgl @^G, Gyfgl Nmpmjktcml~ Eglh !GNE Rkuhflb Tgtmu Ymufmy klUmbfklgj Miklkcfi Fl~mbug~fkl 7>, Cglfjg? GNE,

Hkumg Fly~f~}~m `ku Fl~mulg~fklgj Miklkcfi Tkjfiv !HFMT, 5441, Tgtmu tumyml~mn `ku ~amFl~mulg~fklgj Yvctkyf}c kl Tkyyfejm Ukgncgt ~k g IOH @^G? Key~gijmy glnMqtmi~g~fkly, 7 G}b}y~ 5441, Hkumg? HFMT,

Cflfy~uv k` Ikccmuim k` ~am Tmktjmy Umt}ejfi k` Iaflg, 5446, Y~g~fy~fiy,a~~t?++rrr,ckìkc,bkp,il !giimyymn 7 @meu}guv 5446,

_aglb* E, gln V, Q}, 5441, Iaflg#Ogtgl Miklkcfi Umjg~fkly gln f~y @}~}um, Lku~amgy~

Y~}nv5? 95,

_aglb* V,* mn, 5446g, Miklkcfi gln Ykifgj Fctgi~ k` Jfemugjfzg~fkl? G y~}nv kl MgujvAgupmy~ Tukbugc }lnmu Iaflg#GYMGL @^G, Emfoflb? Ykifgj Yifmlim Gignmcfi Tumyy,

5446e, Iaflg gln Gyfgl Umbfklgjfyc, Yflbgtkum? Rkujn Yifml~f`fi T}ejfyaflbIkctglv,
http://www.aric.adb.org/http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/http://www.aric.adb.org/

Date post:	10-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	adbi-publications
View:	213 times
Download:	0 times

The Impact of Free Trade Agreements on Business Activity: A Survey of Firms in the People's Republic...

Documents