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THE IMPACT OF THE SOCIAL WEB ON EMOTIONAL AND FUNCTIONAL SUPPORT
IN PROFESSIONAL NETWORKS OF FREELANCE TRANSLATORS
Marie-Luise Groß, Center for Translation Studies, University of ViennaXXXIII Sunbelt Social Networks Conference, May 23rd, 2013, Hamburg, Germany
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TRANSLATION STUDIES• interdiscipline
• drawing from linguistics, literature, sociology, computer science, terminology etc.
• systematic study and description of theory and application of translating written text
• new subfield Translator Studies*:
* Coined by Andrew Chesterman, 2009Marie-Luise Groß: “The Impact of the Social Web on Networks of Freelance Translators”
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TRANSLATORS
• hidden industry, but constantly growing
• majority of translators are freelancers
• majority of translators are women
• members of the “Freie Berufe”: highly-qualified, creative individuals with strong professional ethics and social norms
picture credits: http://www.zm-online.de/Marie-Luise Groß: “The Impact of the Social Web on Networks of Freelance Translators”
other members of the “Freie
Berufe” are e.g. physicians,
engineers or lawyers who are
self-employed
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RESEARCH QUESTION
Which impact does the Social Web have on the social networks of freelance translators?
picture credits: inesmergel.wordpress.com
•user-generated content
•social network(ing) sites
•architecture of participation
(O’Reilly 2005)
•the long tail (Anderson, 2008)
•Enterprise 2.0 (McAfee, 2006)
Marie-Luise Groß: “The Impact of the Social Web on Networks of Freelance Translators”
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PREVIOUS RESEARCH AND ASSUMPTIONS
• translation is a solitary profession
• translators are a hidden population
• freelancers rely heavily on their formal and informal networks for...
• emotional and functional support
• acquisition of new projects and customers
• production networks
• personal and professional advice
• translators use online-communities to connect with colleagues and agencies (Dickinson, 2002)
• translators turn to online-communities for emotional and functional support (Risku/Dickinson, 2009)
credits: http://www.zm-online.de/Marie-Luise Groß: “The Impact of the Social Web on Networks of Freelance Translators”
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RESEARCH DESIGN
credits: inesmergel.wordpress.com
• explorative, qualitative study
• cluster sample:
• 234 freelance translators (members of the largest German Translators’ Association BDÜ) contacted with personalized e-mails
• response rate: 23%; only 6% of the responses were positive
• 4% (10 individuals) of overall sample participated in study
• 8 female, 2 male; between 5 and 35 years working experience
• observation and think-aloud-protocols at work places
• unstructured, narrative interviews
• structured interview + survey of first-order-zones (ego-networks)
Marie-Luise Groß: “The Impact of the Social Web on Networks of Freelance Translators”
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NAME GENERATORAdapted Fischer-Network (Fischer, 1982) and Global Social Survey (Bailey/Marsden, 1999; Burt, 1984) name generator for surveying emotional and functional support:
• Cooperation: Looking back over the past six months, who are the people with whom you have worked together on a translation project?
• Knowledge exchange: With whom do you talk about your work on a regular basis?
• Information resources: Who do you contact if you need background information or help with terminology when you are translating?
• Help: If you are facing difficulties with a translation or in a situation with a customer, who do you ask for help?
• Functional support: If you are not well or prevented for any reason, is there someone who takes on a translation project for you?
• Advice: If you need to make a professional decision, who do you ask for their opinion or for advice?
• Feedback & four-eyes-principle: Who gives you feedback on your work?
Marie-Luise Groß: “The Impact of the Social Web on Networks of Freelance Translators”
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Marie-Luise Groß: “The Impact of the Social Web on Networks of Freelance Translators”
NAME INTERPRETER• Density: Please also draw a line between people who have some kind of
relationship with each other.
• Multiplicity: Please highlight the people who you also have a relationship with beyond the translation business.
•Map of first order zone
(ego-network + alters’
relationships with each other)
•I (= Ego) + 3 concentric circles
(very important, important, less
important) + periphery
•Multiplexity (blue curls)
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RESULTSImpact of the Social Web on freelance translators’ networks:
• Weak ties to information resources disappear: WWW is main information resource.
• Agencies’ participation in online-communities leads to dumping rates and market erosion: Agencies suggest/generate competition which does not exist as such in traditional translator networks.
• The majority of the participants in my study are not participating in online-communities:• not used to it (digital divide?)
• lack of confidence in qualifications and professionality of other users
• annoyed by questions and bored by discussions
• fear of free riders
• WWW is no marketing channel; projects and customers come through word of mouthcredits: http://www.zm-online.de/Marie-Luise Groß: “The Impact of the Social Web on Networks of Freelance Translators”
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SURPRISE, SURPRISE! (1/2)
• Business ethics and norms serve as market regulation techniques and are passed on from experienced translators to novices through cooperations both in online-communities and traditional, local networks. However, their impact is much stronger in local, personal networks.
• Strong ties with regular customers are vital to satisfaction and perceived success. Professional attitude and behavior is key to sense-making (cf. Gold/Fraser 2001): Translators want to demonstrate their professionality directly to the customer (deliver high-quality and on time, being reliable, doing extra services, high availability to regular customers, be a trusted advisor in language, culture and communications issues, understand customer needs).
• Negative impact: Agencies act as buffers between translators and their clients: Translators become anonymous services providers, their sense-making efforts come to nothing.
Marie-Luise Groß: “The Impact of the Social Web on Networks of Freelance Translators”
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SURPRISE, SURPRISE! (2/2)
• Participants of my study receive support (emotional and practical) through their personal networks and their membership in Translators’ Associations.
• Participants of other studies (e.g. Risku/Dickinson, 2009) receive the same kind of support through participation in online-communities.
➡ There are two ways of organizing / organization for freelance translators:
★ online-communities + personal networks
✴ translators’ associations + personal networks
➡ Ambivalent development of the profession
➡ Digital Divide?
Dickinson, 2002
Marie-Luise Groß: “The Impact of the Social Web on Networks of Freelance Translators”
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• Why do translators choose one way of organizing over the other?
• Are there differences in sense-making, self-perception and professional success (income, satisfaction) as a result?
• What impact does this ambivalent development have on the profession?
• Is there a digital divide between generations of freelance translators?
FUTURE RESEARCH
Marie-Luise Groß: “The Impact of the Social Web on Networks of Freelance Translators”
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION :-).
VISIT: TRANSLATOR-STUDIES.COM...OR FOLLOW ME ON TWITTER: @MARIELUISEGROSS
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“Anything the theories say should be tested on some kind of non-theory, quantitatively or qualitatively.”
(Pym 2010)
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