The Impacts of International Aid on the Energy Security of Small Island Developing States (SIDS): A...

7/31/2019 The Impacts of International Aid on the Energy Security of Small Island Developing States (SIDS): A case Study of

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the imPACts of internAtionAlAid on the energy seCurityof smAll islAnd develoPingstAtes (sids): A CAse study oftuvAlu

S H R S

Arac: Tuvalu is a small island developing state (SIDS) with least

developed country (LDC) status. The island has gained internationalattention due to the threat to its land territory as a result of climate

change and subsequent sea-level rises. At the United Nations ClimateChange Conference, held in Copenhagen in December 2009, Tuvaluwas described as being at serious risk of becoming the rst state to be-

come uninhabitable due to the impacts of climate change. The maorityof climate change scientists agree that a key driver of climate change

is the burning of fossil fuels, predominantly for energy production. En-ergy security is multifaceted and connections can be drawn between

the energy demands of the wealthier, industrialised states and the less

developed states that are experiencing the detrimental impacts of themeeting of these demands. For Tuvalu, the lack of access to adequate,

aordable, reliable, safe and environmentally benign energy is a severedevelopment constraint. Currently, Tuvalu is close to being a totally oil

dependent economy (83% of primary energy), whose energy security isdependent upon foreign aid to ensure its ability to pay international

oil companies. Costs of all imported goods are exacerbated by its geo-graphical isolation. This paper analyses the impact of international aid

on energy security in Tuvalu and comments on the Tuvaluan Govern-ments commitment to 100% renewable energy being carbon neutral by 2020. Although this is a commendable aspiration it is clear that

even if Tuvalu were to end reliance on fossil fuels it would still be at riskof disastrous inundation unless the industrialised states radically reduce

their own dependency on such fuels and dramatically reduce the globallevels of greenhouse gas emissions.

Kor: id, bienegy, ite hnge, devepent, enegy

set, enegy seity, nt ese, enewbe enegy, Tv


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Irouco a Bacrou Iormao oTualu

Lted 1100k nth Fiji, Tv nsists nine ts with

tt ndss 25 k2 sped ve n exsive eni zne(EEZ) nd 750,000k2. The physi hteistis SIDS

hve ens nseqenes thei eny. F expe,thee is n eny se nd-bsed pdtin nd de

t tnspttin sts by the tie ny gds expt eh theintentin ket they e vey expensive. In dditin, gin

de t high sts tnspttin, ny gds tht e iptede s expensive nd sbjet t disptins in sppy.1 In Tv,

tw inte-isnd bts sevie the eight te-isnd setteents.Tvs tt pptin is nd 11,000 nd pptin densityis high nd 423 pepe pe k2 ss Tv s whe nd

1,610 pe k2 in Fnti.2 The p ket psed in 2002, ssbsistene-ing hsehds e inesingy eint n eit-

tnes iy ebes wking veses.3 The ft w-yingisnds Tv ke this tiny ntin highy vnebe t ite

hnge ipts. Mny NGOs nd intentin gnistins hven weness pigns in Fnti, nd Tvn pepe ppe

t be et ite hnge isses.4

!


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F n intentin pespetive, the pti envinent

nd devepent henges ed by SIDS hve been egnised.In 1994 the UN nvened the st Gb Cneene n Sstin-

be Devepent SIDS. This ested in the Bbds Atin

Pn with teen piity es, inding enegy eses. Theephsis n the enegy set ws designed t bth ede the -

nni bden n e ipttin, nd shit the ens enegypdtin twds e enewbe ses. The text the A-

tin Pn is stng n spitin bt sewht weke with egdt the speis nd ptiities ipeenttin. The enegy e-

ses spet the pn is divided int Basis for Action; NationalAction, Policies and Measures; Regional Action nd International Ac-

tion. The ephsis the Pn ppes t be geed twds et-ing se-seving instittin ewk. This itiis hs beeneveed t ny spets the UNs Eth Sit pess. Thee

e Cneenes the Pties the nventins n bth itehnge nd nseving bidivesity, whih hve eted thei wn

ent nd etin eeent thei tgets, e et by sipyhving eetings. F expe, the Bbds Atin Pn Stteentn Enegy sks ntin gvenents t Ipeent pppite

pbi edtin nd weness pges, inding nse

inentives t pte enegy nsevtin.5 Mst Pi Isnd-es e v ey we the ise in se-eve ssited with itehnge diven by the se ssi es. They e s we the

need t nseve enegy sppies, espeiy s enegy pies hveisen dtiy. Hweve, ising weness is nt the isse. The

ntin tin setin the Pn sys nthing bt the ptiipeenttin enewbe enegy shees ny tivity tht

wd ede enegy pvety inese ess t see nd ss-

tinbe enegy se.


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Dlom A Iraoal

Fur 1. Dlom a r raoall rom alloor oal mllo US$ rom 1970 o 2010.

Sourc: OECD intentin devepent sttisti dtbse(http://stts.ed.g/qwids)

Thee hs been ked inese in tt devepent id sine2002 (Fige 1). In Septebe 2000, the UN dpted the Mien-ni Detin whih set nge devepent gs. These

gs (MDGs) inded

1 . End pvety nd hnge;2. nives edtin;3 . gende eqity;

4. hid heth;5 . ten heth;

6. bt HIV/AIDS;7. envinent sstinbiity nd8. gb ptneship.

Eh these hs tget t be ehed by 2015. Enegy seity

is ntieby bsent this ist, thgh thee is n gent


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tht it is sething eqied t ndepin the bve gs ndtgets.

Fwing the Mienni Sit 2000, the UN nvened the Wd Sit in 2005 nd High Leve Event n the

MDGs in 2008 t ssess wht pgess hd been de twdseeting the vis tgets. Athgh thee hs been se pgessde in eh the designted es, st e ing sht the

desied te despite the ked inese in devepent idshwn in Fige 1.

Vis dns wi hve thei wn piity es. Thee e sse vey v itis the whe devepent id gend, shs Dbis My.6 The in itiiss tend t s n depend-

eny te deveping, n inesed isk ptin nd is-ngeent nds de t k tnspeny nd nt-

biity nd the gene k ehniss t iitte peneeedbk nd evisin id eetiveness. O se these itiiss

with egds t tnspeny nd isngeent nds d ntny ppy t devepent ssistne. Thee is gwing pign

t ense tht nds geneted by nt eses nd ine ex-ttin e e pen t pbi stiny. The NGO Revene Wthis t the ent ing egistin t ipve tnspeny

stk exhnge tnstins.7 I hieved, this hs the ptentit ete gete sense the tw-wy pess weth etin

nd tnse. The itis devepent id bdgets tend t ve-k the ve pttens tde nd sh fws between the e

nd ess deveped enies. The vst jity weth tves the deveping t the deveped enies.8 In this bde

ntext the debte snding the nt id given t thedeveping wd etes n tentive pespetive. Additiny, in

indstiised nties ti ptetin git pdts ishighe thn nted pdts nd nine ties highewhen id dispesed begn t inese, s pe Fige 1.9 Ti p-

tetin bvisy pts ny deveping ntins t disdvntgewhee they ey n expting git pdts s sbstnti

ntibt t thei GDP. Indsti nties s sbsidise theigit sets. This hs the eet depessing wd piesnd pe-epting kets, ptting deveping nties t sevee

disdvntge. F expe, in the 1990s the Epen Cissin

ws spending nd 2.7 biin pe ye king sg ptbe


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Epen es nd shtting t w-st ipts tpisg.10 This hd deeteis eets n the sg expts SIDS

sh s Fiji nd Mitis. Mitis tned this sittin ndby sing bgsse nd exess sg t pde eetiity (vi gen-

etin) nd biethn se s pet sbstitte. Fiji, hweve,did nt w the expe Mitis nd thei expt ket sg hs yet t eve. Athgh bth e ACP nties nd hd

dened expt qts the EU nde the Sg Pt theL Cnventin, pies pid the qts wee nt pteted.

This pint eines the stt disdvntges nd ibnesing ny deveping enies.

The expe Tv is vey s entity in the ve g-

b piti eny intentin tde. Thee e etiveys nbe expted gds in pisn t ipts nd de-

vepent ssistne. Se sb-Shn sttes hve we pe p-it tes devepent ssistne thn the Pi egin, nd s

expt signinty highe-ve expts bth nt esesnd expt ps. A h highe peentge Tvs GDP is inthe devepent ssistne in pisn t the jity

sb-Shn sttes. This ises qestins egding the eetive-ness id pges in the Pi egin i highe pptin

id is being dieted hee, yet thee ppe t be etivey peves ipveent in the tgeted es. In dditin t the dis-

pities in the nt id given t sb-Shn nd Pi Is-nd sttes thee is s qittive dieene. F the sb-Shnsttes the ephsis tends t be n bsi needs sh s d seity

nd heth. Whees in Tv nd the Pi Isnd sttes theephsis is e n deveping instte nd sppting the

bey nd deivey gvenent sevies.

The wing setin exines the psitin enegy s dnpiity in etin t devepent ssistne bde eniinstte.


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Fur 2. Dlom a comm or coomc ra-rucur a rc

Sourc: OECD intentin devepent sttisti dtbse

(http://stts.ed.g/qwids)

The Ognistin Eni Cpetin nd Devepent

set tegy Economic Infrastructure and Services indes e-ni instte, tnspt nd stge, nitins,

enegy, bnking nd nne, bsiness nd the sevies. F1990 t 2009, id itted Economic Infrastructure and Serv-

ices nted between 29% (in 1991) nd 12% (in 2005) tt

intentin id. F 19902009, id itted Energyhs

nted between 11% (in 1991) nd 4% (in 2005) tt in-tentin id.11 In eent yes, h the id vibe en-egy sevies hs been piy devepent. S in e tes the

pptin id pti sstinbe enegy pjets, whihdeive enegy sevies t the p, hs deined kedy. As

the Tv se stdy shws h the tite id neyvibe enegy pjets in the dede 19952005 ws spentn enegy piy. Y nd Tpin hve ged tht enegy seity

isses hve nt been piitised with esting negtive ipt n

si nd eni devepent nd envinent ptetin.12


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The ent ephsis tite veses devepent s-sistne (ODA) n enegy piy devepent wes h t the

t tht in the 1990s devepent id eted eseh nd n-ysis highighted the k nsenss nd ineetiveness pst

id pges nd espsed the vites piy devepent.F expe, Wd Bnk ssessent ndes: piy-bsed idshd be pvided t nte piy e in edibe ees.13

This is wee devepent bt eins eningess ness itests in ked ipveent in the ipeenttin deve-

pent id pjets. Whee id is spent in dne with piy,pgess is sy de. Hweve, s the wing nysis shws,id is nt wys spent in dne with piy.

A pehensive Ntin Enegy Piy Fewk (indingSttegies nd Ativities) ws deveped by the Ministy Wks

nd Enegy, Gvenent Tv nd Ntin Wkgp,s pt the Pi Isnds Enegy Piies nd Sttegi Atin

Pjet.14 This pjet ws iitted eginy by SOPAC (2003 t 2006), nd st ve $1,800,000 (USD). Fnding genies

inded UNDP-GEF nd the Gvenent Denk vi pt-neship between the Pi Isnds F Seetit nd the E-pen Unin Enegy Inititive Pvety Editin Sstin-

be Devepent (EUEI).Pi t this, t the Wd Sit n Sstinbe Devepent in

2002, Pi Isnd Cnties (PICs) nhed egin enegy se-t be inititive: Pi Isnds Enegy Sstinbe Deve-

pent (PIESD). The bjetives this inititive wee igned withthe bjetives the Pi Isnds Enegy Piy nd Pn (PIEPP)ney: i) Inesed vibiity deqte, dbe nd envin-

enty snd enegy the sstinbe devepent Pi

isndes; nd ii) Aeeted tnse nd dptin en nd e-newbe enegy tehngies in the Pi.15 These egin initi-tives pvided bd enegy piy ewk, whih PIEPSAP de-

veped int ntin enegy piy, sttegies & tivities. The PiIsnds Geenhse Gs Abteent thgh the Renewbe Enegy

Pjet (PIGGAREP), whih is enty being ipeented, ws de-signed s pti w-p t the PIEPP & PIEPSAP inititives. 16

Hweve, ny Pi SIDS the ets t devise pppite en-egy piies, sttegies nd tivities hve yieded ew ests s

s PIEPP bjetives e nened e: dptin enewbe enegy


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ses nd enegy eieny inititives, nd ve wy ine-ient diese genetin tehngy.

The expe Tv (setin 3) highights the dispities be-tween the intentins enegy piy devepent nd the t

ipeenttin enegy pvisin n the gnd. The esns this e bintin intentin nd exten ts. Atthe eve pitiins nd st the gene pptin in the

Pi Isnd sttes e we the eets ite hnge ndthe need sstinbe devepent. Hweve, dns e nt

neessiy nding pjets tht e in ine with ntin devep-ent piities. This sittin is ptiy te Tvs ene-gy piy nd eent enegy set instte devepent. F

expe, in 2004/5 Jpn Intentin Cpetin Ageny (JICA)ipeented thee 180 diese eetiity genets. Ding the

pjet pnning phse disssins wee hed with NGOs, Gven-ent Tv (GT) nd enginees Mitsbishi nd DiNipn,

wh wee the ipeenting genies.17 NGOs nd GT epesent-tives bbied the genets t be be t n n nt i, bt

wee td tht the eqipent eqied t d this ws t expensive.As est this, in 2011 JICA wee sti pying the ssi et n the genets t st ne iin (USD) pe ye.18 This

is ntentis isse s nt i bidiese is n eniy,ty nd envinenty sstinbe e se Tv.19

Tal 1. Ecoomc or o Tualu

Year 2000 2003 2005 2008

GDP: Gross Domestic Product (million current US$) 12 - 25 32

Development aid contribution to GDP (million US$) 4 6 9 16

Development aid as a % of GDP 33 - 36 50GNI: Gross National Income per capita (current US$) 1204 - 2383 3213

Available average income per capita (US$) 806 - 1525 1607

Exports (million US$) - 0.15 0.1 0.1

Imports (million US$) - 24 18.5 26

Sourc: http://dt.n.g/CntyPe.spx?ne=TvOECD intentin devepent sttisti dtbse (http://stts.

ed.g/qwids) nd Gvenent Tv20


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Tvs eny is s, disjinted nd exteey sseptibet exten eni infenes sh s hnges in i pies. These

ts hve ed t dependene n tside devepent ssistnend disegd nni ngeent. Sine the eny

is the Astin D (AUS$), the Gvenent Tv nnteetivey se nety piy s t s ngeent. Indditin, hnges in exhnge tes et exteny geneted ev-

ene sh s eittnes Tvn sees wking ve-ses. The sbsistene eni set hs been deining stediy,

by nd 0.8% pe nn nd enty epesents nd 5% GDP.21 Deining sbsistene pdtin is pt bde tendssh s the gwing iptne sh in eeting diy needs; de-

ining te isnd pptins (exding Fnti nd Vitp)nd shiting degphis. This is bese the eniy tive

pptin (ged 1554) e eving the te isnds t nd pidjbs t sppt n inesing dependent pptin yng nd

d.22Centy dsts epesent nd 25% Tvs ipts

nd ssi es nd 19%. Ipts ssi es e j dinn eign exhnge eses nd sppy eins vnebe tdisptins, espeiy in te-isnds de t tnspttin di-

ties.23

Ass Tv, de nd vege ine pe dy nges

$1.6 t $4.0 (USD) (Tbe 1), s the vst jity pepe e ivingin enegy pvety; 76% thse in the west ine deies ive

n the te isnds. 23% the tt pptin the te is-nds ive n ess thn $1 (USD) pe dy. Hsehd expendite n

desti enegy sevies enty epesents 21% tt enthsehd ine n te isnds, nd thse in the west ine

deies n Fnti in they wd need t spend 61% thei ttine t by vege eve enegy sevies. On the te isnds,diese eetiity genetin is iited t between 12 nd 18 hs

dy. Eetiity se in Fnti is 6 t 7 ties highe thn n thete isnds bined. Thee is sevee dispity in enegy sevie

pvisin between Fnti nd te-isnds.24 In dditin, nypepe in Fnti nnt d t se eetiity, despite the in-

tdtin ie-ine ti in 2008.25


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Fur 3. Dlom a r o Tualu rom all o-or oal mllo US$ rom 1990 o 2009

Sourc: OECD intentin devepent sttisti dtbse(http://stts.ed.g/qwids)

Tv eeived $16.2 iin (USD) in devepent id py-ents in 2008, whih nts h its GDP (Tbe 1 ndFige 3). F 2003-2007 JICA pvided $9 iin (AUS$) the

insttin thee 600kW diese eetiity genets, new gidnd nnetins t hses in Fnti. Sine 2006 JICA hve

pvided between ne nd tw iin (AUS$) t py diese the genets.

Bite dns, sh s RC-Tiwn, JICA, New Zend Aid,AsAid nd Cnd Aid hve tended t nd GT nityeqested nete pjets nd instte. In ntst t

this, ve the pst dede, egin nd intentin gnis-tins (sh s United Ntins Devepent Pg (UNDP) nd

Gb Envinent Fiity (GEF), Sth Pi Appied Ge-sienes Cissin (SOPAC), Pi Isnds F Seetit

(PIFS), Sth Pi Regin Envinent Pge (SPREP),(et) whih ey n tite id), ppe t hve sed theidevepent ssistne n the tin piy ewks


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nd enegy piy devepent. Sine 1999, enegy piy etshve hd se degee dintin vi the egin gnistin

CROP Cni Regin Ognistins the Pi EnegyWking Gp.

Aal o Tualu Er Scor

Fige 4 shws tht in 2004, the tt enegy nsptin ws4.6 kte, with i nting 3.8 kte (82%) nd biss

0.8 kte (18% the tt piy enegy nsptin.26 This in-des diese hged by the tw inte-isnd vesses (Nivg II ndMn F) in Sv, Fiji. Ann enegy nsptin in 2004 ws

ppxitey 0.4 kte pe pit.By 2007, the tt enegy nsptin hd inesed t 5.8 kte,

with i nting 4.8 kte (83%), biss 0.8 kte (14%)nd s 0.1 kte (2%) (Fige 1). Ann enegy nsptin in

2007 ws ppxitey 0.5 te pe pit.27 The kesene se 1045 te in 2007 nts eeing the Ai Pi pne in

Fnti. F 2004 t 2007, pet se deesed by 13% (Fige1). This is iny de t the ipt inesed eti e pies.This hs ested in n inesed se tditin shing nes,

the thn ge edtin in d vehie se. The se tddyethn t e s shing bts d pvide vibe e

tddy pdtin.28

In 2004, tt 1170 te (36% tt ntin enegy n-

sptin) ws sed desti ppses, 91% it (1070 te) wssed king & biing wte. Biss pvided 64% (746 te)

tt desti enegy se, kesene 23% (263 te), eetiity 10%(118 te), nd LPG 4% (43 te). S enegy pvided 0.6 te iny

ighting nd eeti ppines. These ves hve been esti-ted in-nty svey.29 By 2007, tt 1383 te (25% tt ntin enegy nsptin) ws sed desti pps-

es, 88% it (1213 te) ws king nd biing wte. Bisspvided 54% (746 te) tt desti enegy se, kesene 29%

(401 te), eetiity 14% (193 te), nd LPG 3% (41 te). S en-egy pvided 0.6 te iny ighting nd eeti ppines(n Nikit the ny eetiity se is s pv). These ves

hve been estited in-nty svey.30 Hweve, despite

these ineses in piy enegy, thee is etivey itte ipt


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thse iving n te-isnds, wh ein p t 80% bissenegy dependent.

Fur 4. A comaro o rmar r ul Tualu or

2004 a 2007

Sourc: In-nty svey (20042009)31

Tv is enty ipting the vst jity its enegy

(83%) in the ssi e, whih is j din n eignexhnge eses. Witht the nn AUS$2 iin sbsidy

JICA, eetiity pdtin n Fnti wd be eni-y nsstinbe. Tvs s size, eteness, disenies

se nd the nne in whih eetiity tis e stted ntibte t n ve-eine n exten id pges.32 Obvi-

sy, in de Tv t ipve its enegy seity sittin, itst se its indigens enegy eses sh s biss, s ndwind.33 Hweve, s with ssi e tehngies, enewbe enegy

tehngies (RETs) wi eqie the pit sts eqipent tbe veed by dn genies.


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Ral Er Tcolo ImlmaoTualu

Tv hs hd expeiene with enewbe enegy tehngies (ex-

ding tditin ses biss enegy) sine the ey 1980s when12v stnd-ne s phtvti (pv) systes wee insted

desti se. These systes n we initiy, bt e int disepiwhen epeent pnents wee needed. A py-t-hie eh-

nis ws ipeented t the se tie s the pv systes, with seiies pviding 100 nts pe nth se thei syste.Hweve, these pyents did nt pde the evene eqied t

by epeent pnents. In dditin, se disps spent bt-

teies s systes pved pbeti nd essns hve beenent this. F expe, the NGO A Tv is enty i-peenting w-teh desti enegy systes, sh s bigs, ng

with extensive tining ses s tht epi nd intenne systes n be ied t n site sing vibe teis. In ddi-tin, new s insttins e gid nneted nd n by Tv

Eetiity Cptin.34 Tvs pity wind genetin is

enty being ssessed. F these eent enewbe enegy inst-tins vis pphes hve been tken t ense ng-te ss-

tinbiity sh s: pity biding vi tining nd stengthen-ing sevie pvisin; ti setting; nity invveent thetset; pppite tehngy whih des nt eqie the ntining

inteventin eign geny Tehni Assistne; the bid-p iti ss sii ppts thght Tv, s systes

intenne is st eetive; n integted ti-disipiny ndti-set pph whih bids n Tvs existing inst-te nd instittins sevie pvisin; nd igs ssessent

the nt ese bse whih n be sstinby essed ndhvested se in the se biss enegy pjets.

Biss is e tht pepe e ii with nd enty p-vides 64% enegy t the desti set.35 Hweve, thgh

ntined se tditin biss wi pvide bsi needs, itwi nt sve the pbe pviding the den enegy sevies

eqied eni gwth nd ipved iving stndds. It isppent tht the denistin biss enegy se, vi bigs,bidiese nd gsitin, wi invve se si nd t hng-

es. In dditin the piti nd tehn-eni hnges wi be


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eqied sess ipeenttin the biss enegy initi-tives disssed. The sess ipeenttin sstinbe den

biss enegy shees is etiny j, bt hievbe, henge Tv. The wing tbe ists identied nstining ts

sh shees, ps sttegies t vee these nstints.

Bo 1. Cora o ral r colo ao-

o a ra o orcom cora

Constraints Strategy

Lack of appropriatetechnology selection mainly due to a reliance

on outside aid whichhas dictated technologyoptions.

Technology selection must follow energy policy strategiesand activities. Aid for energy applications must take intoaccount PIGGAREP, PICCAP, PIREP & PIEPSAP recommen-

dations and GoT Energy Policy/Strategy. Only appropriateand established RETs should be implemented.An international agreement signed by all UN members andbilateral funders, such as RoC Taiwan, which states thatall funded projects will be in accordance with national andregional policy.

Lack of technicalexpertise and instituti-onal structure to plan,manage and maintain REprograms.

Training is the key to this barrier. Any RE intervention musthave an associated training program. In addition, Tuvalusexisting facilities (TMTI, Amatuku) should be strengthenedto provide ongoing training & back-up. All interventionsshould have an agreed management & economic plan,

possibly with the set-up of a dedicated or strengthening ofan existing (Tuvalu Electricity Corporation) service provider,as part of any project exit strategy.

Ineective long-termmanagement.

To be eective training must be given in organisationalstructure & accountability. A service provider needs to beset-up for any energy services. Dedicated specialist unitswith technical & nancial expertise would be most bene-cial. Regional accountability & provision of expertise mayalso be a useful role for existing regional institutions.

Misguided institutional

mechanisms includingbadly targeted subsidiesand legislation whichlimits consumer choice(e.g. JICA fossil fuel sub-sidy; Funafuti electricityregulation all electricityuse has to be via con-nection to TEC; dieselfuel is duty and tax freefor power generation;

subsidised TEC taris.

Any legislation should at least provide a level playing eld for

all sources of energy. RETs reduce pollution & GHG emissionsrstly by replacing polluting fossil fuels & secondly as they arezero net carbon emitters when used sustainably. Using bioe-nergy would revitalise Tuvalus copra industry and help reachGHG commitments. It therefore makes sense for Tuvalu tointroduce institutional mechanisms which favour renewables.

Assisting with subsidy targeting and energy related legislationis a clear role for existing regional institutions. Although a Na-tional Energy Strategic Plan has been developed via PIEPSAP/PIREP, no help with existing legislation or targeting incentiveshas been given in order to alleviate RET implementation di-

culties related to existing legislation and subsidies.


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Requirement for com-plex project proposalsby nancing institutionsand lack of awareness ofavailable funding.

Reduce complexity. Additional training and support forTANGO (Tuvalu Association of NGOs), TEC and GoT.Engage the skills of international funding institutions andNGOs to help prepare funding requests. An internet basednetwork/forum to provide further information on available

funding. A business co-ordinator/ business developmentcentre to appropriate funds for projects.These are all roles for existing regional institutions.

Focus of funding organi-sations on market deve-lopment and policy.

Re-focus on practical installation of RETs. The market willnever be self-sustaining in a SIDS such as Tuvalu as thereis no economy of scale, no export products and US$2 modeand US$4 median income per day. Tuvalus energy sector isaid dependent and will remain so for the foreseeable future.Development of energy policy which supports RET imple-mentation is pointless unless funders agree to follow it.

Dcuo a Cocluo

T ssess the n tes this piy-bsed tite p-ph t devepent id enegy, te nysis SIDS en-egy sets wi be eqied. Hweve, it is ppent t this stge

tht thee hs been n sess in inesing the enewbe enegyntibtin t the ntin enegy bdget Tv, n hve

thee been ny eetive ves twds e eient genetin end-se tehngies. In dditin, in ntst t the heti s-

nding the piy-bsed pph, Wds (et ) shwed thtsess RET ipeenttin in SIDS ws ten de t the skind enthsis ew individs, sed NGOs nd entepe-

nes, the thn egin sttegies, epts, esibiity stdiesnd piy ipeenttin.36

Tvs deisin-kes e we the ve nd ptenti Tvs indigens enegy eses. Untntey, they d nt

nt the pit hve the pity t pitise n indigenseses s ens sstinbe enegy pvisin.37 At the UN-

FCC Cp16/CMP6 (Bngkk, Jy 2009), the then Ministe Pb-i Utiities nd Indsty, the Hn. Kse Ntn, deed: Wek wd t the dy when ntin es n expe t

pweed entiey by nt eses sh s the sn nd thewind, nd set g hving Tvs enegy enewbe

eses by 2020. Cey, thee is piti bking enewbe

enegy tehngies, t est inteety. In ptie hweve, the


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107

pite is vey dieent s pe Fige 4. Tvs bne py-ents, nd esting dependeny n veses id pges,

kes it vey dit t tnste the we-intentined spitins ssi e-ee te int eity. Fies e nt de t

k piti wi, nd sesses (thgh iited) e nt de tpiy tin. Tvs enegy seity is id dependent thejity eent enegy set instte hs been pid

by exten devepent id. Sbsidies whih enge the se ssi es e s enty in pe, sh s the JICA dntin t

ve e sts diese eetiity genetin. T ipve en-egy seity, id hs t be spent in ine with needs, nd with viewtwds sstinbiity. In dditin, titey nded egin

ets t enge enewbes hve pevisy ped h thei ephsis n piy nd ket devepent the thn

pti hep nd t RET insttins, sh s the e8 (whihpises ten eding eetiity pnies the G8 nties)

40 kW gid-nneted s syste in Fnti.38A p-tive e existing egin instittins wd be t s-

sist with sbsidy tgeting nd enegy eted egistin. Athgh Ntin Enegy Sttegi Pn hs edy been deveped T-v vi PIEPSAP, n hep with existing egistin tgeting in-

entives hs been given in de t evite piy ipeenttindities eted t existing egistin. This vesight ppes

t indite tht thee e inheent dities in ppying eevntne-size ts piy/sttegi tins by egin gnistins t

egin eve. Athgh the Ntin Sttegi Enegy Pn wstgeted speiy t Tvs needs, it did nt nt T-vs spei existing egistive nd piy ewks.

Despite the tivity the phbet-sp gnistins nd

tite pges tive in the egin, thee is itte evi-dene sess pti gssts inititives, whih tyipve ess t enewbe, even jst pin dbe, enegy

sevie pvisin the p Tv nd the Pi e-gin SIDs. Centy, n egin bsis, it y be se tny ks spi the bth, the thn ny hnds ke ight

wk. Vey itte nding ppes t te dwn t t ptiinititives. F expe, PIGGAREP (the pti egin w-

p t the PIEPP nd PIEPSAP), hs ny itted $16.2 iin

(USD) t pjets tht wi diety inese RET genetin pity


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j1/2012

108

nd enegy seity t tt bdget $33.3 iin (USD).39

Cnvesey, h tie nd et ges int peping ntin ndegin epts, sttegies nd esibiity stdies, nd stdy te

stdy ppes t be geneted with n ppent intentin w-

ing thgh n the ndings. The steining egin gnis-tins nd tite pges ppes t be neessy t w

iited devepent nds t be spent n pti stins t en-egy seity nd the evitin enegy pvety, the thn n

wing gnistins t eed theseves by geneting eptsnd esibiity stdies. In dditin, nties sh s Tv,

with iited pity, the ppitin pesses whih need t bepeted in de t ess nds e s ttsy pited

tht the nding gnistins need t send sty tehni s-sistnt t hep with the ppitin.Hweve, the devepent egin nd intentinstream-

lined sppt wi be neessy t estbish tehni sppt ndpity t ndepin the sess devepent practical bi-

ss enegy pjets nd pges i Tv is ging t hieveits bn net tget by 2020. This wi be neessy in de t:

1. Pte the devepent stes pjets bsed

nd sii pdtin, sppy nd nvesin pthwys

with the i deveping entepenei pity t yt intenne, epi nd devepent systes.

2. Estbish dei eseh nd devepent pges

in Univesities (peeby t eve tiising in-ntypses) nd inkges with intentin gps nd thepivte set edy invved in bi-enegy eseh nd

devepent in de t vid e-inventing the whee.3 . Ense tht tite nd bite id the enegy se-

t is in ine with ntin enegy piy nd egistin.The bve disssin hs highighted key eeent the pwe

dynis tht ndepin intentin id pges. Mh the heti snding sh pges is bt ising we-ness nd nity edtin gends, yet in ny instnes

nities e y we the pbes they e ingnd hve gd sense the eses eqied t ddess these

pbes. Tv gined intentin ttentin when GT epe-senttives highighted the extent nd iediy the thet t

w-ying t sttes t the UNFCC COP15 eeting in Cpenhgen


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109

in 2009.40 GT is nd the wide Tvn nity e ntin need the set wkshps t ise weness eting t

the isse ite hnge. They need diet pti ssistnet ede thei eine n ipted ssi e. Hweve, even i

sh pns wee ipeented this in itse wd nt signintyede the thet se-eve ise. Tvs ntibtin t gbgeenhse gs eissins is inise when ped t the -

j indstiised enies. Witht j, ening -itent nd esting tin t ede sh eissins, whteve

piies Tv ttepts t ent wi hve itte pti ipt.I pst RET expeiene in the egin is ging t be bit pn, nd

essns ened, it is evident tht steined pge (with

sipe nding ppitin eqieents) deveping ptiegin nd ntin RET inititives is eqied t ssist the p-

ess sess pjet devepent nd ipeenttin. Thiswi s eqie signint nity, piti nd sed

pti sppt. As thee is n sive bet stin t ipeent-ing RET sttegies, eh pjet shd be deveped nd ssessedn se-by-se bsis.41

Sara Hmoc is ited t the Deptent En-

vinent Siene t Nttingh Tent Univesity nd y beehed t: [email protected].

Ro Sm is ited t the Deptent IntentinRetins t Nttingh Tent Univesity nd y be ehed t:[email protected].

The ths wd ike t knwedge the wing instit-

tins nd pepe:Alofa Tuvalu: Giine Le Gi; Eti Ese; RisssiFiiks; Jhn Hensd; Fnny Hes; Chistphe Hne; NIeei; Te Mne; Piee Rdnne; Gies Vitiing. SOPAC:

P Fibn; Ane Mtkiviti; Sikei Risqe. Fnk Rsi-Cend Jeey Wds (Ipei Cege Lndn); Mtt Edwds, J-

i Dvis, Ji Lbdz (Nttingh Tent Univesity). The FenhMinisty Feign Ais (Pi Fnd); ADEME Agene deEnvinneent et de Mtise de Enegie; UNDP. In Tuvalu:

Apisi Ieei, Dvid Mne; Ki T; Kse Ntn; Mti

T; Pnpsi Neesne; Psiv Mni; St Spg; Sek


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110

Sek; Tt nd Tv Red Css; Wiy nd Senti Tevi. A-ph Pi Nvigtin; Gv. Tv; Ms Pet Sttin; K-

pe; TANGO; TMTI; Tv Ntin Wens Cni; TvEetiity Cptin.

No o Pa 91-109

1 Sh L. Hestk (2008), The Ptenti Re Biss Enegy in

the Sstinbe Devepent S Isnd Enies: The Cse

Tv, in J. R. Piisetti, Te Siew Yen, R Lwey, S. Siddiqi, nd

A. Ahd (eds), Small Economies and Global Economics, Nv Siene

Pbishes.

2 Tv Sttistis Oe (2002), Census Data 2002, Gvenent T-

v, Fnti.3 Jeey Wds, Sh L. Hestk nd Wii Bnyet (2006),

Bi-Enegy Systes t the Cnity Leve in the Sth Pi:

Ipts nd Mniting: Geenhse Gs Eissins nd Abpt

Cite Chnge: Psitive Optins nd Rbst Piy, Journal of

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,Atie ID

AP_11027_2005_9009.

4 Niki Wightn (2010), Participation, Power and Practice in Develop-

ment: A Case Study of Theoretical Doctrines and International Agency

Practice in Tuvalu, Mste Devepent Stdies Thesis, Sh Gegphy, Envinent nd Eth Sienes, Viti Univesity

Weingtn, New Zend.

5 United Ntins Gb Cneene n the Sstinbe Devepent

S Isnd Deveping Sttes (1994), The Barbados Programme of

Action Statement on Energy and Review, A/CONF.167/9 Otbe 1994.

6 Dbis My (2009), Dead Aid: Why Aid is Not Working and How

There is a Better Way for Africa. Lndn, Pengin.

7 Revene Wth Institte (2011), Harnessing, Oil, Gas and Minerals for

Local Development, New Yk, RWI.8 Wd Bnk (2006), Where is the Wealth of Nations? Measuring Capital

for the 21st Century, Wshingtn, DC: Wd Bnk.

9 Intentin Mnety Fnd (2001), Gb Tde Libeiztin nd

the Deveping Cnties, IMF, vibe t: (essed 01 Feby 2012).

10 Ibid.

11 Ognistin Eni C-petin nd Devepent, Interna-

tional Development Statistical Database

(essed 01 Feby 2012).


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111

12 Xijing Y nd Rs Tpin (1997), A Svey: Intentin Aid

Renewbe Enegy in the Pi Isnds Sine the 1970s, Energy Policy,

25:5, pp. 501-516.

13 Dvid D nd Lnt Pithett (1998), Assessing Aid: What Works,

What Doesnt and Why: A World Bank Policy Research Report, OxdUnivesity Pess, UK.

14 Pi Isnds Enegy Piy nd Sttegi Pnning Pjet (2003),

PIEPSAP Pjet Dent, Gvenents the Ck Isnds, Fede-

ted Sttes Minesi, Fiji, Kiibti, Msh Isnds, N, Nie,

P, Pp New Gine, S, Sn Isnds, Tng, Tv,

nd Vnt. Sth Pi Appied Gesiene Cissin; United

Ntins Devepent Pg; Gvenent Denk; Cni

Regin Ognistins the Pi Enegy Wking Gp.

15 Ibid.

16 PIGGAREP (2006), CC/OP-6 Pacic Islands Greenhouse Gas Abatement

through Renewable Energy Proect, PIMS 3462; BU: WSM10, Pjet ID:

00052573, GEF/UNDP vibe t: (essed 01

Feby 2012).

17 Jpn Intentin Cpetin Ageny (2005), JICA Annual Report

2005, vibe t: (essed 01 Feb-

y 2012).

18 Sh L. Hestk (2010), Toddy Survey: An Alofa Tuvalu Report for the

Government of Tuvalu; The Fenh Ministy Feign Ais (P-

i Fnd); ADEME Agene de Envinneent et de Mtise de

Enegie.

19 Fnk Rsi-Ce, Jeey Wds nd Sh L. Hestk, (2003),

Consultancy for South Pacic Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC)

on:Biomass Resource Assessment, Utilisation and Management for Six Pa-cic Island Countries: Fii, Kiribati, Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu .

ICEPT/EPMG, Deptent Envinent Siene nd Tehn-

gy, Ipei Cege Lndn.

20 Gvenent Tv (2008), Biannual Statistical Report, Ministy

Finne nd Eni Pnning, Fnti.21 United Ntins Devepent Pge (2006), National Millennium

Development Goals Report: Tuvalu 2006,UNDP, New Yk.

22 Hestk (2010).

23 Hestk (2008).

24 Mget Chng (2006),Asian Development Bank Poverty Assessment:

Tuvalu, ADB, Mni.

25 Ridgewy Cpit Pjets Liited (2007), Review of Tuvalu Electric-

ity Corporation Base Tari. Peped Pi Isnds Appied Ge-

siene Cissin (SOPAC). RCPL, Chisthh.


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j1/2012

112

26 Sh L. Hestk nd Piee Rdnne (2006), Tuvalu Renewable Energy

Study: Current Energy Use and Potential for Renewable Energies: An Alofa

Tuvalu Report for the Government of Tuvalu. The Fenh Ministy

Feign Ais (Pi Fnd); ADEME Agene de Envinneent

et de Mtise de Enegie.27 Hestk (2010).

28 Ibid.

29 Hestk nd Rdnne (2006).

30 Hestk (2006) nd (2010), Kpe Lik (2009), Enegy Tehni

Oe, Deptent Enegy, Gvenent Tv (pesn -

nitin), M Lt (2009), Gene Mnge. Tv Ee-

tiity Cptin, (pesn nitin).

31 Ibid.

32 Dnie Weisse (2004), On the Enis Eetiity Cnsptin

in S Isnd Deveping Sttes: A Re Renewbe Enegy Teh-

ngies? Energy Policy, 32, pp 127-140.

33 Rsi-Ce (et ) (2003), Wds (et ) (2006), Hestk (2005, 2008

nd 2010), Hestk nd Rdnne (2010). E8 (2009), Decreasing Reli-

ance on Fuel and Enhancing Renewable Energy-Based Electrication in the

Small Island State of Tuvalu: The Tuvalu Solar Power Proect, E8 Gene

Seetit, Mnte, Cnd. Re: Q2 2009.

34 E8 (2009).

35 Wds (et ) (2006).

36 Ibid.

37 Hestk (2008).

38 E8 (2009).

39 PIGGAREP (2006).

40 C Fbtk nd Heen V. MGeg (2010), Cpenhgen, Cite

Siene nd the Etin Gegphies Cite Chnge,Australian

Geographer, 41:2, pp. 159-166.

41 Red (et ) (2001), nd Wds (et ) (2006).

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