The Importance of Adequate Activity Planning Strategies for Successful Human Mars Missions S....

The Importance of Adequate Activity Planning Strategies for

Successful Human Mars Missions

S. Hettrich, A.N. Dinkelaker, E. Salteri, L. Ghasemzadeh, A. Alizade, E.S. Lupu, I. Pfeil, C.V. Felix, T. Kauerhoff, N. Sejkora

Crewed Missions to Mars

2The Importance of Adequate Activity Planning Strategies for Successful Human Mars Missions04.06.2014

Since the 1960s, successful robotic Mars exploration missions reveal the planet‘s history.

Human exploration would add intelligence, curiosity, and the ability to improvise, but: Human missions are expensive and high risk operations.



What should I do?



Take rock sample!

~ 42 Minutes

d_max = ~377 000 000 kmt_max = ~ 21 min

d_min = ~78 000 000 kmt_min = ~4.5 min



We need a better planning strategy!

Importance of Adequate PlanningAstronauts' Independence• Astronauts need to be well prepared and know what to do on Mars• Experiments, procedures and schedules are already known

Safety for the astronauts• Specialists on Earth analyze possible risks and can reschedule activities• Specialists on Earth know the equipment characteristics by heart• Contingency planning, i.e. secondary options for experiments if problems occur


Importance of Adequate PlanningAstronaut-time is precious Keep all tasks that can be done on Earth away from astronauts (i.e.

planning) Ensure the time is used efficiently for science and exploration

Financial and scientific advantages of adequate planning Resources and consumables can be distributed efficiently More scientific samples and experiment runs for the same price


Activity PlanningScheduling of surface exploration activities for the astronauts.

• Resource allocation: what is needed and how long and how many samples/experiment runs?• Experiment scheduling: who does what and when?• Traverse planning: what location and how to get there?


Planning Input


Figure taken from Hettrich, S., “Human-robotic Mars science operations: itinerary optimisation for surface operations”, Master thesis, Institute for Astro-and Particle Physics, University of Innsbruck, Austria, 2012

Planning Cycle

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Prior to Mission•Assigning appropriate planning strategy•Collecting experiment requirements & procedures•Analyzing site information•Set up of rough activity schedule

During Mission•Developing detailed activity schedule •Implementing best experiment locations & traverses•Providing activity information to Field Crew•Feedback and mission progress implementation

After Mission•Recording best practices•Analyzing schedule changes•Formulating lessons learned•Defining planning strategy adjustments

The Importance of Adequate Activity Planning Strategies for Successful Human Mars Missions04.06.2014

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3-Days-in-Advance-Planning

From : Hettrich S., Dinkelaker A.N., Alizadeh A., Lupu E.S., Pfeil I., Ghasemzadeh L., Salteri E., Felix C.V., Kauerhoff T., MacArthur J.L., Marien G., Rieser A., Sejkora N., Scornet Q., Planning strategies for Mars (analog) missions: real-time, 3-days-in-advance and 1-day-in-advance planning, 2014, 13th International Conference on Space Operations 2014, DOI: 10.2514/6.2014-1891.


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1-Day-in-Advance-Planning


From : Hettrich S., Dinkelaker A.N., Alizadeh A., Lupu E.S., Pfeil I., Ghasemzadeh L., Salteri E., Felix C.V., Kauerhoff T., MacArthur J.L., Marien G., Rieser A., Sejkora N., Scornet Q., Planning strategies for Mars (analog) missions: real-time, 3-days-in-advance and 1-day-in-advance planning, 2014, 13th International Conference on Space Operations 2014, DOI: 10.2514/6.2014-1891.

Comparison


OutlookFurther studies:

• Test different planning strategies and perform post-mission data analysis, find ways to compare and evaluate the data• Apply the different planning strategies on different mission durations• Parallel use of more than one strategy, i.e. change of planning during mission progress


Thank you very muchfor your attention!

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Contact:Sebastian HettrichE-Mail: [email protected]


Thank you very muchfor your attention!

16

Contact:Sebastian HettrichE-Mail: [email protected]


References

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Images on slides: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS

Slide 3: [1] Craddock, Robert A. & Howard, Alan D. 2002, ‘The case for rainfall on a warm, wet early Mars’, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 107, No. E11, 5111[2] Beaty, David W. et al 2005, ‘Key questions from the second conference on early Mars: geologic, hydrologic, and climatic evolution and the implications for life’, Astrobiology, Vol. 5, No. 6[3] Irwin, Louis N. & Schulze-Makuch, Dirk, 2001, ‘Assessing the plausibility of life on other worlds’, Astrobiology, Vol. 1, No. 2

Slide 8: [1] Hettrich, S., “Human-robotic Mars science operations: itinerary optimisation for surface operations”, Master thesis, Institute for Astro-and Particle Physics, University of Innsbruck, Austria, 2012

Slide 10:[5] Hettrich S., Dinkelaker, A.N., Sejkora, N., Pfeil, I., Scornet, Q., Moser, L., Boyd, A., Terlevic, R., Luger, U., “Efficiency Analysis of the MARS2013 Planning Strategy”, Astrobiology, 2014


Why sending humans to Mars?Since the 1960s, successful robotic Mars exploration missions reveal the planet‘s history:

• Evidences for higher atmospheric pressure in the past [1]• Evidences for water cycle in the past [2]• Evidences for habitable conditions in the past [3]

Human exploration would add intelligence, curiosity, and the ability to improvise, but: Human missions are expensive and high risk operations.

Need for high scientific output and efficient use of time optimized activity planning strategies


Mars Analog Missions

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Mars Analog Missions:•Provide a test bed for hardware, software, procedures and operational strategies•Simulate Mars-like conditions (e.g. geology, remoteness)


Image: OEWF (Katja Zanella-Kux)


3 different activity planning strategies applied and evaluated in 3 separate analog missions conducted by the Austrian Space Forum

Mars Analog Missions

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Dachstein Mars Simulation 2012 inside the Dachstein Giant Ice Cave, Austria

MARS2013 in the Sahara desert, Morocco

World Space Week Mission 2013 at the Mars Desert Research Station, Utah, USA

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Results from MARS2013:

75.8% of all science goals achieved45.7% of the EVA time used for science [5]

Advantages: Suitable for time delays

Leaves enough time for detailed replanning

Disadvantages: Not flexible enough

Not suitable for short term missions

Consideration of multiple schedules at the same time

3-Days-in-Advance-Planning


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1-Day-in-Advance-Planning

Tendencies:– Suitable for time delays– Suitable for short term missions

No comparable results due to lack of data Needs further validation


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