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The importance of betaine and some attractive substances as fish feedadditives

Beklevik G., Polat A.

in

Brufau J. (ed.), Tacon A. (ed.).Feed manufacturing in the Mediterranean region: Recent advances in research andtechnology

Zaragoza : CIHEAMCahiers Options Mditerranennes; n. 37

1999pages 217-220

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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Beklevik G., Polat A. The importance of betaine and some attractive substances as fish feedadditives. In : Brufau J. (ed.), Tacon A. (ed.). Feed manufacturing in the Mediterranean region: Recentadvances in research and technology. Zaragoza : CIHEAM, 1999. p. 217-220 (Cahiers OptionsMditerranennes; n. 37)

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The importanceof betaine and some attractivesubstances as fish feed additivesA. Polat and Beklevikukurova University, Faculty of Fisheries,1330Balcali, Adana, Turkey

SUMMARY - Betaine, L-alanine, L-glutamic acid, L-arginine , glycine and inosine are known as dietary feedingattractants for many fish species. How ever, these ad ditives also have very important physiological functionswithin the anima l body . For exam ple, betaine given singly or mixed with other attractan ts has been found to havea positive effect on fish growth and survival rate. Betaine is also a very important substance for methyl donationand o smoregulation during the transfer of salmon and trout from freshwa ter to seawater. Similarly, L-alanine andL-glutam ic acid can readily enter the citric acid cycle and be used for ene rgy supply in fish and fish larvae .Moreover, L-arginine is an essential amino acid or fish , glycine isan impo rtant constituen t of collagen andelastin, and inosine is a nucleoside and has vitamin activity in many fish spe cies.Keywords: Attractants, am ino acids, b etaine, glutamic acid, arginine, glycine, inosine.

RESUME - "Importance de la btane et de certaines substances attractives en tant qu'additifs dans les a limentspoisson". La b fane, L-alanine, acide L-glutamique, L-arginine, glycine et inosine, sont connu s comme affractifsalimentaires pour plusieurs espces de poissons. Cependant, ces additifs ont galement des fonctionsphysiologiques trs importantes dans l'organisme animal. Par exemple, la btane distribue seule ou m langeavec d'autres attractifs s'est avre avoir un effet positif sur la croissance e t le taux de survie des poissons. Labtane est galement une substance trs importante pour rapport de mthyle et la rgulation osmotiquependant le transfert du saumon et de la ruite depuis des eaux douces des eaux sales. De la m me faon, laL-alanine et l'acide L-glutamique peuvent d'emb le entrer dans le cycle de l'acide citrique et tre utiliss commesource d'nergie chez les poissons et les larves. De plus, la L-arginine est un acide amin essentiel pour lespoissons, la glycine est un constituant important du co llagne et de I'lastine, et I'inosine est un nucloside e tapporte une activit de vitamine chez beaucoup d'espces de poissons.Mots-cls : ttractifs, acides am ins, btane, acide g lutamique, arginine, glycine, inosine.

IntroductionTheuseofdietary eedingattractantswithincompoundaquafeedshas eceivedconsiderableattention in recent years. The rationale behind their use has been to improve dietary food intake, and

at the same time by promoting quicker food intake, minimizing the time the feed remains in waterndthereby the leachingof water soluble nutrients, and at the same time providing additional nutrients forproteinandenergymetabolism. It follows herefore hat if aquafeed are ingestedwithminimumwastageand eedefficiency hereforemaximized, hat eedwastageandwaterpollutionwillbeminimized.Thispaper hereforepresentsamini-reviewconcerning heuse of dietary eedingattractants within aquafeeds.

Betaine glycinebetaine, rimethylglycine) sahighlywatersolubleand hereforediffusablecompound which has the ability to stimulate the olfactory bulb of fish. It is found in high quantitieswithinmarinenvertebratesMeyers, 1987), micro-organisms nd ome lants, nd s uchconstitutes an important part of the natural diet of marine carnivorous fish and crustacean species.However, under culture conditions farmed fish usually have little or no chance of obtaining sufficientquantities of betaine from aquafeeds composed of conventional feed ngredients unless the diet isspecifically supplemented with exogenous betaine.

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The main physiological or metabolic functions of betaine are related osmoregulation and methyldonation. For example, betaine has the ability to protect cells against dramatic changes n osmoticpressure in fish. It hasbeen ound hatwithinmarine nvertebrates,an ncrease in salinityandtemperature timulatesmitochondrial etaine ynthesis;he etesult einghat etainesaccumulated at high levels and prevents abnormal water oss from the cells. Moreover, as a result ofitsosmolarity,betainealsohelpsopreventenzymenhibition.Thiss erymportantwhentransporting fish such as salmon from a freshwater to a seawater environment, since osmotic stressmay result in a reduction in betaine synthesis within the fish iver mitochondria while the uptake ofbetaine to mitochondria increases (Virtanen and Soivio, 1985). It is perhaps not surprising thereforethat research studies have shown that feeding salmon smolts with betaine supplemented diets for a-8 week prior to seawater transfer resulted in improved showed fish adaptation and increased growthperformance.

As mentioned previously, since carnivorous marine fish species normally consume nvertebrateanimalscontaininghigh evels of betaine, hen t is reasonable tosuppose hat headdition ofsupplemental betaine to formulated aquafeeds will help to mimic the smell and tastef the diet to thatof their natural prey organisms. Bekleviknd Polat (unpublished data) investigated the effectsf usingbetaine and alanine as dietary feeding attractants (at.5% of the total diet) on the growthnd carcasscomposition of rainbow trout (O. mykiss) and found that the addition of betaine resulted n increasedfeed consumption and growth, and that betaine was superior to alanine as a feeding attractant andgrowth promoter. Similar results were also reported by Can and Sener (1992) and Murai t al. (1983)with rout ingerlings.Otherstudieswherebetainehasbeenshown to act as adietary eedingattractant include thoseof Goh and Tamura (1980) with red seabream (Chrysophyrys. m ajor), Mackieand Mitchell (1982) with dover sole Solea solea), and Mackie and Mitchell (1983) with the Europeaneel (Anguilla anguilla).

Betaine also plays an important role within tissues as a methyl donor, which in turn may be usedfor the synthesis of methionine, carnitine, phosphatidyl choline and creatine; these substances playinga key role in protein and energy metabolism. Although betaine can be synthesized from cholinen themitochondria,synthesis snotusuallysufficient omeet issuedemandswithin apidlygrowinganimals Stekol et al., 1953).Moreover,dietarybetainehasbeenshown ospare hedietaryrequirement for choline and methionine in rainbow trout (Rumsey, 1991). It follows therefore that themetabolism of choline, betaineand methionine are closely related.

L-amino acidsAlthough he use of conventional and unconventional plant protein sources as dietary ishmeal

replacerswithinaquafeeds is nutritionally easible, he esultant eedsaregenerallymuch esspalatable to the farmed species. It follows therefore that to overcome these difficulties (at least interms of palatability) that these diets be supplementedith dietary feeding attractants nd stimulants.In this respect, like betaine, free amino acids are also high water soluble and easily diffused inwater. In particular, L-alanine, L-glutamic acid, L-arginine and glycine have been reported to havedietary attractant properties; alanine, glutamic acid and glycine being non-essential amino acids, ndL-arginine being an essential dietary amino acid for fish. For example, Polat (1996) studied the early

aminoacidmetabolism of Africancatfish gariepinus) and eported hatalanine was averyimportant energy source in the ish, ogether with valine, serine, eucine and soleucine. It followstherefore that he addition of dietary free amino acids as feeding stimulants forish (and especially ishlarvae) could also act as an important dietary energy source. Moreover, glycine s also an importantconstituent of collagen and elastic tissues. However, t is important to note that individually L-alanine,L-glutamic acid, L-arginine and glycine are not very effectiven terms of attractive properties, but arevery effective attractants when mixed together with glycine betaine or inosine. For example, Mackieand Mitchell (1985) summarized the results of various studies using dietary feeding attractants, andreported the positive effect of mixtures of dietary free amino acids as feeding stimulants in rainbowtrout, O. mykiss (AdronandMackie,1978),Europeaneel, Anguilla anguilla (Mackie and Mitchell,1983), Japanese eel, A. aponicus (Takeda et al., 1983), sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (Mackie,1982), red seabream, Chrysophyrys major (glycine betaine plus L-amino acids; Goh and Tamura,

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Murai, T., Evans, R.E., Zielinski, B. and Hara, T.J. (1983). Gustatory responses of the rainbow trout(O. mykiss) palate to amino acids and derivates.. Comp. Physiol., 153: 423-433.Qshugi,T.,Hidaka, l. , Ikeda, (1978).Taste eceptorstimulationand eedingbehaviour in thepuffer, Fugu pardalis. 2. Effects produced by mixtures of constituents of clam extracts. Chemical

Senses and Flavour, (4):355-368.Polat, A. (1996). Changes in total and free amino acid composition in early stage of C. gariepinuslarvae, Tbitak, Nature, Zoology (in press).Rumsey, G.L. (1991). Choline-betaine requirements of rainbow trout.quaculture, 95: 107-1 16.Stekol, J.A., Hsu, P.T., Weiss, S. and Smith, P. (1953). Labile methyl group and its synthesis denovoin relation to growith in chicks. J. Bo l. Chem., 203: 763-773.Takeda, M., Takii, K. and Matsui, K. (1983). Identification of feeding stimulants for juvenile eel. Bull.Jap. Soc. Scient. Fisi., 59: 645-651.Virtanen, E. andSoivio, A. (1985).ThepatternsofT3, T4 cortisoland Na-K-ATP baseduringsmoltificationofhatchery-reared Salmo salar andcomparisonwithwildsmolts. Aquaculture,45: 97-109.

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