Th
e in
au
dib
le n
ois
e
of
win
d t
urb
ines
Lars
Cera
nna, G
ern
otH
art
mann,
and M
anfr
ed H
enger
Pre
sente
d a
t th
e Infr
asound W
ork
shop
Novem
ber
28 –
Decem
ber
02,
2005,
Tahiti
Fe
de
ral In
stitu
te fo
r G
eo
scie
nces a
nd N
atu
ral R
esourc
es
(BG
R),
Se
ctio
n B
3.1
1
Stille
we
g2
, 30655 H
annover,
Germ
any
Tah
iti, N
ov/D
ec 2
005
pag
e 0
1
Reg
ion
al d
istr
ibu
tio
n o
f w
ind
tu
rbin
es in
Germ
an
y
pag
e 0
2
2605
WT
1882
MW
3782
WT
3563
MW
973
WT
818
MW
1325
WT
1442
MW
1197
WT
1404
MW
1955
WT
1589
MW 4
54
WT
320
MW
329
WT
322
MW
622
WT
575
MW
596
WT
542
MW
206
WT
162
MW
34
WT
28
MW
205
WT
182
MW
8.0
5.9
5.8
16
.6
Nie
der
sach
en
No
rdrh
ein
-Wes
tfal
en
Sac
hse
n-A
nh
alt
Sch
lesw
ig-H
ols
tein
4.5
4.1
Bra
nd
enb
urg
Mec
kle
nburg
-Vorp
om
mer
n
2.1
3.0
3.4
2.2
Hes
sen
Rh
ein
lan
d-P
falz
Sac
hse
n
Th
üri
gen
0.6
0.3
1.1
Bad
en-W
ürt
emb
erg
Bay
ern
Saa
rlan
d
# wind turbines / 100 km2
sourc
e: E
nder,
2003
Tah
iti, N
ov/D
ec 2
005
Co
nte
nt
pag
e 0
3T
ah
iti, N
ov/D
ec 2
005
T
he
In
flu
en
ce
of W
ind
tu
rbin
es o
n In
fra
so
un
d r
eco
rdin
gs: IG
AD
E
N
ois
e M
ea
su
rem
en
ts a
t a
sin
gle
Win
d T
urb
ine
T
he
ore
tica
l E
stim
atio
n o
f th
e S
ou
nd
Pre
ssu
re L
eve
l
C
on
clu
sio
ns
•C
om
pa
riso
n w
ith
Me
asu
rem
en
ts
•S
ce
na
rio
s,
larg
e W
ind
Farm
s, 5 M
W W
ind T
urb
ines
•T
he G
erm
an Infr
asound S
tation IG
AD
E
•D
ata
Exam
ple
s,
routine A
naly
sis
Th
e G
erm
an
in
fraso
un
d s
tati
on
IG
AD
E
pag
e 0
4T
ah
iti, N
ov/D
ec 2
005
Milesto
nes o
f th
e e
sta
blish
men
t o
f IG
AD
E
pag
e 0
5
Site
In
sp
ectio
n
30
Ap
ril 2
00
3
Septe
mber
2004 -
January
2005
Septe
mber
/ O
cto
ber
2003
Insta
llatio
n o
f IG
AH
1
Exte
nsio
n t
o
4 e
lem
ent
arr
ay
Ap
ril /
Ma
y 2
00
5
Gro
win
g n
um
ber
of
Win
d
turb
ines c
lose to the a
rray
IGA
DE
Tah
iti, N
ov/D
ec 2
005
!4 k
m, "!220°
Th
e s
pectr
al fi
ng
erp
rin
t o
f w
ind
tu
rbin
es:
IGA
H1
pag
e 0
6T
ah
iti, N
ov/D
ec 2
005
Th
e s
pectr
al fi
ng
erp
rin
t o
f w
ind
tu
rbin
es:
IGA
DE
pag
e 0
7
14-S
ep-2
005 1
9:4
0 –
20:0
0 (
UT
C)
07-M
ay-2
005 1
2:1
0 –
12:3
0 (
UT
C)
Tah
iti, N
ov/D
ec 2
005
3 b
lades,
f=1 H
z,
20 r
pm
3 b
lades,
f=1.3
5 H
z, 27 r
pm
Th
e f
ing
erp
rin
t o
f w
ind
tu
rbin
es in
th
e r
ou
tin
e a
naly
sis
pag
e 0
8
PM
CC
analy
sis
Febru
ary
–N
ovem
ber
2005,
[0.7
4.0
] H
z
Tah
iti, N
ov/D
ec 2
005
Co
nte
nt
pag
e 0
9T
ah
iti, N
ov/D
ec 2
005
T
he
In
flu
en
ce
of W
ind
tu
rbin
es o
n In
fra
so
un
d r
eco
rdin
gs: IG
AD
E
N
ois
e M
ea
su
rem
en
ts a
t a
sin
gle
Win
d T
urb
ine
T
he
ore
tica
l E
stim
atio
n o
f th
e S
ou
nd
Pre
ssu
re L
eve
l
C
on
clu
sio
ns
•C
om
pa
riso
n w
ith
Me
asu
rem
en
ts
•S
ce
na
rio
s,
larg
e W
ind
Farm
s, 5 M
W W
ind T
urb
ines
•T
he G
erm
an Infr
asound S
tation IG
AD
E
•D
ata
Exam
ple
s,
routine A
naly
sis
A s
ing
lew
ind
tu
rbin
e in
no
rth
ern
Germ
an
y
pag
e 1
0
VE
ST
AS
V47
200 k
W
h=
65 m
, r=
24 m
rpm
=[2
0 2
6]
Tah
iti, N
ov/D
ec 2
005
Co
nfi
gu
rati
on
of
the
Hu
fefi
eld
ex
pe
rim
en
t
pag
e 1
1T
ah
iti, N
ov/D
ec 2
005
1 2
3 4
: 07-J
ul-2004 -
19-J
ul-2004,
HU
F01, H
UF
02, H
UF
03, H
UF
04
1 5
6 7
: 19-J
ul-2004 -
29-J
ul-2004,
HU
F01, H
UF
05, H
UF
06, H
UF
07
8
:
29-J
ul-2004 -
05-A
ug-2
004,
HU
F08, H
UF
09, H
UF
10, H
UF
11
Measu
rin
g a
lon
g t
he t
rack a
nd
in
th
e w
oo
d
pag
e 1
2
Huf0
8-H
uf1
1
Huf0
7
Huf0
6
Huf0
5
Huf0
4
Huf0
3
Huf0
2
Huf0
1
Tah
iti, N
ov/D
ec 2
005
Sta
tio
n H
uf0
1
pag
e 1
3T
ah
iti, N
ov/D
ec 2
005
Measu
red
sig
nals
, H
uf0
3, d
=200 m
pag
e 1
4
frequency d
om
ain
Tah
iti, N
ov/D
ec 2
005
Measu
red
sig
nals
, H
uf0
3, d
=200 m
pag
e 1
4
tim
e d
om
ain
, 0.5
Hz h
igh p
ass filt
ere
d
Measu
red
sig
nals
, H
uf0
3, d
=200 m
pag
e 1
4
frequency d
om
ain
Tim
e-f
req
uen
cy a
naly
sis
, H
uf0
3, d
=200 m
pag
e 1
5T
ah
iti, N
ov/D
ec 2
005
Co
nte
nt
pag
e 1
6T
ah
iti, N
ov/D
ec 2
005
T
he
In
flu
en
ce
of W
ind
tu
rbin
es o
n In
fra
so
un
d r
eco
rdin
gs: IG
AD
E
N
ois
e M
ea
su
rem
en
ts a
t a
sin
gle
Win
d T
urb
ine
T
he
ore
tica
l E
stim
atio
n o
f th
e S
ou
nd
Pre
ssu
re L
eve
l
C
on
clu
sio
ns
•C
om
pa
riso
n w
ith
Me
asu
rem
en
ts
•S
ce
na
rio
s,
larg
e W
ind
Farm
s, 5 M
W W
ind T
urb
ines
•T
he G
erm
an Infr
asound S
tation IG
AD
E
•D
ata
Exam
ple
s,
routine A
naly
sis
Th
eo
reti
cal S
PL
-esti
mati
on
pag
e 1
7
!
"## $%
&& '()
)*
+)
m
Q m
en
T me
nx
imn
na
Rk
mnB
aR
kJ
ed
kP
,,
--
.co
s)
sin
(4
2)
2/(
Hubbard
& S
hepherd
(1991, JA
SA
)
Pn
–R
MS
sound p
ressure
of
the n
-th
harm
onic
n –
sound p
ressure
harm
onic
num
ber
kn
–nB!
/c
B –
num
ber
of
bla
des
!–
roto
r speed
c0
–sound s
peed
Re
–effective b
lade r
adiu
s
d –
dis
tance fro
m the r
oto
r
m –
bla
de loadin
g h
arm
onic
index (
m=
…,-
1,0
,1,.
.)
Jx
–B
essel fu
nction o
f firs
t kin
d a
nd o
f ord
er
x=
nB
-m
"–
azim
uth
to lis
tener
#–
altitude a
ngle
to lis
tener
am
Q–
com
ple
x F
ourier
coeffic
ients
of
thru
st
forc
es
am
T–
com
ple
x F
ourier
coeffic
ients
of
torq
ue f
orc
es
Tah
iti, N
ov/D
ec 2
005
Co
mp
ari
so
n b
etw
een
measu
red
an
d e
sti
mate
d S
PL
pag
e 1
8
SP
L a
s a
function o
f dis
tance
SP
L a
s a
function o
f azim
uth
Tah
iti, N
ov/D
ec 2
005account fo
r surf
ace e
ffects
(e.g
. re
flections)
by a
ddin
g 3
dB
to
the e
stim
ate
d c
urv
es
Esti
mati
ng
th
e S
PL
gen
era
ted
by w
ind
tu
rbin
es
pag
e 1
9T
ah
iti, N
ov/D
ec 2
005
Bla
de
dia
me
ter
Tower height
Po
wer
Bla
de
dia
me
ter
To
wer
he
igh
t
En
erg
y p
rod
ucti
on
pe
r year
Es
tim
ati
ng
th
e S
PL
ge
ne
rate
d b
y (
a)
larg
e w
ind
tu
rbin
e(s
)
pag
e 2
0T
ah
iti, N
ov/D
ec 2
005
Es
tim
ati
ng
th
e S
PL
ge
ne
rate
d b
y (
a)
larg
e w
ind
tu
rbin
e(s
)
pag
e 2
0
Es
tim
ati
ng
th
e S
PL
ge
ne
rate
d b
y W
ind
Tu
rbin
es
/Fa
rms
at
~2
Hz
pag
e 2
1
nois
e level
Tah
iti, N
ov/D
ec 2
005
sin
gle
win
d turb
ine
11-e
lem
ent w
ind farm
Co
nte
nt
pag
e 2
2T
ah
iti, N
ov/D
ec 2
005
T
he
In
flu
en
ce
of W
ind
tu
rbin
es o
n In
fra
so
un
d r
eco
rdin
gs: IG
AD
E
N
ois
e M
ea
su
rem
en
ts a
t a
sin
gle
Win
d T
urb
ine
T
he
ore
tica
l E
stim
atio
n o
f th
e S
ou
nd
Pre
ssu
re L
eve
l
C
on
clu
sio
ns
•C
om
pa
riso
n w
ith
Me
asu
rem
en
ts
•S
ce
na
rio
s,
larg
e W
ind
Farm
s, 5 M
W W
ind T
urb
ines
•T
he G
erm
an Infr
asound S
tation IG
AD
E
•D
ata
Exam
ple
s,
routine A
naly
sis
Co
nclu
sio
ns
pag
e 2
3T
ah
iti, N
ov/D
ec 2
005
num
ber
of
win
d t
urb
ines a
nd t
heir s
ize
is c
on
sta
ntly g
row
ing
w
ind t
urb
ines a
nd w
ind f
arm
s g
enera
te s
trong infr
asonic
nois
e w
hic
h is
ch
ara
cte
rize
d b
y t
he
ir b
lad
e p
assin
g h
arm
on
ics (
mo
no
ch
rom
atic s
ign
als
)
genera
ted n
ois
e o
f w
ind t
urb
ines c
an t
heore
tically
be e
stim
ate
d$
geom
etr
ical spre
adin
g ~
R-1
$S
PL ~
rpm
4
re
cord
ings fro
m fie
ld m
easure
ments
near
a s
ingle
win
d t
urb
ine s
how
that
the
theore
tical m
odel is
als
o v
alid
for
frequencie
s b
elo
w a
few
Hz
m
inim
um
dis
tance b
etw
een a
n infr
asound a
rray a
nd a
win
d f
arm
can b
e
estim
ate
d t
o a
void
reduction o
f th
e a
rray’s
dete
ction c
apabili
ty (
e.g
. 600M
W w
ind
turb
ine: d>
15 k
m, 11-e
lem
ent w
ind farm
: d>
30 k
m)
