The Industrial Age: From The Industrial Age: From Realism to ModernismRealism to Modernism

MaterialismMaterialism

The belief that science, technology and The belief that science, technology and industry can know all truth, solve all industry can know all truth, solve all problems and create human happinessproblems and create human happiness

The Industrial Age: 1850-1910The Industrial Age: 1850-1910

RealismRealism

Great economic boom fueled by science and Great economic boom fueled by science and technologytechnology

Railroads: symbol of progressRailroads: symbol of progress

French Revolution of 1848 (third)French Revolution of 1848 (third)

Realism – a sober detachment and practicality; Realism – a sober detachment and practicality; truthful and objective representation of the social truthful and objective representation of the social world without embellishmentsworld without embellishments

Aim of the arts to depict society as it wasAim of the arts to depict society as it was

Realism in Pictorial ArtRealism in Pictorial Art

Courbet: enraged Parisians with his Courbet: enraged Parisians with his portrayal of provincial lifeportrayal of provincial lifeOrdinary lives and routine eventsOrdinary lives and routine eventsA Burial at Ornans A Burial at Ornans (fig.17.21)(fig.17.21) caused a caused a scandalscandalRosa Bonheur’s Rosa Bonheur’s Plowing the Nivernais: Plowing the Nivernais: the Dressing of the Vines the Dressing of the Vines (fig 17.20)(fig 17.20) less less threatening and politicalthreatening and politicalPhotography and print-makingPhotography and print-making

Honore Daumier (fig. 17.19) pictured Honore Daumier (fig. 17.19) pictured sufferings of poor and caricatured the sufferings of poor and caricatured the powerfulpowerful

Matthew Brady in the US photographed Matthew Brady in the US photographed the cruelty of the Civil War (fig. 17.27)the cruelty of the Civil War (fig. 17.27)

Winslow Homer (fig. 17.23) and Winslow Homer (fig. 17.23) and Thomas Eakins (fig. 17.24) coupled Thomas Eakins (fig. 17.24) coupled American practicality with realist American practicality with realist techniquetechnique

The Realist NovelThe Realist Novel

Description of industrial society Description of industrial society

The dominant literary form of 19The dominant literary form of 19thth century century

Dickens: protest vs. cruelty to children Dickens: protest vs. cruelty to children (David Copperfield, Oliver Twist)(David Copperfield, Oliver Twist)

Gustave Flaubert’s Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary Madame Bovary tells tells of aof a naïve woman overwhelmed by naïve woman overwhelmed by modern worldmodern world

Other works deal with illusion and Other works deal with illusion and disillusionmentdisillusionment

Hegel, Marx and CommunismHegel, Marx and CommunismKarl Marx scorned romantic illusions of Karl Marx scorned romantic illusions of revolutionaries. Theory of economics and revolutionaries. Theory of economics and socialism appear in his socialism appear in his Communist Communist ManifestoManifestoInfluenced by HegelInfluenced by HegelPredicted conflict between industrialists and Predicted conflict between industrialists and masses – materialismmasses – materialismCommunism’s ideal – abolish private Communism’s ideal – abolish private ownershipownershipSocialism is the road to communismSocialism is the road to communism

The Spirit of ProgressThe Spirit of Progress

Material and scientific progressMaterial and scientific progress

Victorians were optimistic about science Victorians were optimistic about science but doubtful about the injustices brought but doubtful about the injustices brought about by their imperialismabout by their imperialism

Voices of a New AgeVoices of a New Age

Charles Darwin posited that nature obeyed Charles Darwin posited that nature obeyed laws of progress, that survival resulted laws of progress, that survival resulted from ‘natural selection’from ‘natural selection’

Social Darwinism used to justify colonial Social Darwinism used to justify colonial exploitation of Africa and Asiaexploitation of Africa and Asia

Walt Whitman celebrated the diversity of Walt Whitman celebrated the diversity of modern human life in modern human life in Leaves of GrassLeaves of Grass

Monuments of ProgressMonuments of Progress

Many architectural styles: Neoclassic, Many architectural styles: Neoclassic, Gothic, and Renaissance revivalsGothic, and Renaissance revivalsNew buildings included The Crystal New buildings included The Crystal Palace, of iron and glass, built for the Palace, of iron and glass, built for the Great Exhibition in London, 1851 (Joseph Great Exhibition in London, 1851 (Joseph Paxton)Paxton)Iron used in bridges, industryIron used in bridges, industryEiffel Tower (fig. 18.8)– tallest building in Eiffel Tower (fig. 18.8)– tallest building in world for forty yearsworld for forty years

The Modern CityThe Modern City

Cities built from scratch: Washington D.C, Cities built from scratch: Washington D.C, St. Petersburg in Russia, influenced by St. Petersburg in Russia, influenced by Versailles’ rational plan and neoclassical Versailles’ rational plan and neoclassical stylestyle

Paris’ challenge: Haussmann was Paris’ challenge: Haussmann was appointed by Napoleon to convert Paris appointed by Napoleon to convert Paris into an imperial capitalinto an imperial capital

Broad boulevards and plazas, trees, Broad boulevards and plazas, trees, spaciousnessspaciousness

Architect Louis Sullivan, after Great Architect Louis Sullivan, after Great Chicago FireChicago Fire

Designed the modern skyscraperDesigned the modern skyscraper

Made possible by the elevatorMade possible by the elevator

Steel-cage frameSteel-cage frame

Floral decoration in cast iron from Art Floral decoration in cast iron from Art NouveauNouveau

Verdi’s OperasVerdi’s Operas

Giuseppe Verdi was the national hero of Giuseppe Verdi was the national hero of Italian operaItalian operaRigoletto, Il Trovatore, La TraviataRigoletto, Il Trovatore, La TraviataAida: Aida: opening of the Suez Canalopening of the Suez CanalUsed Shakespearean characters, intense Used Shakespearean characters, intense emotions, and comic genius. emotions, and comic genius. Othello, Othello, FalstaffFalstaffEmphasized actionEmphasized action

Wagner’s Musical RevolutionWagner’s Musical Revolution

Richard Wagner – a flamboyant, arrogant Richard Wagner – a flamboyant, arrogant musical geniusmusical genius

Ludwig II: built his dream opera house in Ludwig II: built his dream opera house in BayreuthBayreuth

Had love affairs with wives and daughters Had love affairs with wives and daughters of patrons and colleaguesof patrons and colleagues

Extravagant ideas – saw opera as the Extravagant ideas – saw opera as the synthesis of myth, music, poetry, drama, synthesis of myth, music, poetry, drama, and paintingand painting

Used Germanic myths and legendsUsed Germanic myths and legends

Innovations:Innovations:

a. orchestra over singinga. orchestra over singing

b. b. LeitmotifLeitmotif (distinct melody associated with (distinct melody associated with character or object) as unifying elementcharacter or object) as unifying element

c. chromatic harmonies: used all twelve of the c. chromatic harmonies: used all twelve of the tones in a scale; dissolved traditional tonality tones in a scale; dissolved traditional tonality and made his music emotionaland made his music emotional

The Ring of the Niebelung: The Ring of the Niebelung: four operas four operas (16 hours) that tell the Nordic gods’ (16 hours) that tell the Nordic gods’ talestales

Late Romantic Music and Late Romantic Music and DanceDance

Brahms – a disciple of Beethoven, the last Brahms – a disciple of Beethoven, the last “great” composer“great” composer

Tchaikovsky wroteTchaikovsky wrote1812 Overture, Swan 1812 Overture, Swan Lake, Sleeping BeautyLake, Sleeping Beauty

ModernityModernity

The process by which the new, up-to-The process by which the new, up-to-date, and the contemporary replace the date, and the contemporary replace the outmoded and traditional.outmoded and traditional.

Artists turned against modernityArtists turned against modernity

Baudelaire (French poet)Baudelaire (French poet)

Dostoyevsky (Russian novelist)Dostoyevsky (Russian novelist)

The Last RomanticsThe Last Romantics

Anticipated the coming artistic Anticipated the coming artistic techniquestechniques

Poetry and enigmatic symbolismPoetry and enigmatic symbolism

Visual arts incorporated plants and Visual arts incorporated plants and designs of Art Nouveaudesigns of Art Nouveau

Music: DebussyMusic: Debussy

Sculpture: Rodin’s figures (figs. 18.15 Sculpture: Rodin’s figures (figs. 18.15 and 18.16)and 18.16)

Symbolism and Art for Art’s Symbolism and Art for Art’s SakeSake

Baudelaire: his poetry explored Baudelaire: his poetry explored connections between sordid and sublime; connections between sordid and sublime; eroticerotic

Rejected values of industrial societyRejected values of industrial society

L’art pour l’art L’art pour l’art art parallel to the world in a art parallel to the world in a separate universeseparate universe

Art NouveauArt Nouveau

Style of decorative art and architecture Style of decorative art and architecture that used floral motifs and stressed unity that used floral motifs and stressed unity of materials and formof materials and form

Tiffany’s colored glassTiffany’s colored glass

AntonAntoníí Gaud Gaudíí: buildings, churches and : buildings, churches and parks in Barcelona (fig. 18.20)parks in Barcelona (fig. 18.20)

Debussy’s Musical ImpressionsDebussy’s Musical Impressions

His works explored new harmoniesHis works explored new harmonies

Evoke dream-like moods and impressionsEvoke dream-like moods and impressions

Prelude to the Afternoon of a FaunPrelude to the Afternoon of a Faun

Discarded conventional harmonyDiscarded conventional harmony

RodinRodin

Broke with the commemorative public Broke with the commemorative public sculpture, such as Bartholdi’s sculpture, such as Bartholdi’s Statue of Statue of Liberty Liberty (fig. 17.13)(fig. 17.13)

The Gates of Hell The Gates of Hell from Dante’sfrom Dante’s Inferno Inferno

Tortured figuresTortured figures

The ThinkerThe Thinker (fig. 18.15) (fig. 18.15)

Balzac Balzac was rejectedwas rejected

Art was private and subjectiveArt was private and subjective

Impressionism and BeyondImpressionism and Beyond

Artists wanted to paint modern lifeArtists wanted to paint modern lifeImpressions of the momentImpressions of the momentDefined new techniques of light, color and Defined new techniques of light, color and visual formvisual formThe precursor – Manet’s The precursor – Manet’s Luncheon on the Luncheon on the Grass Grass (fig. 17.22)(fig. 17.22)Violated painterly traditionViolated painterly traditionDance at the Moulin de la Galette Dance at the Moulin de la Galette (fig. (fig. 18.3)18.3)

Monet and the ImpressionistsMonet and the Impressionists

Paintings rejected by official SalonPaintings rejected by official Salon

1874 had his own exhibition1874 had his own exhibition

Impression, Sunrise Impression, Sunrise (fig. 18.1) and(fig. 18.1) and Haystacks at Giverny Haystacks at Giverny (fig. 18.2)(fig. 18.2)

Use of light, color, spontaneous technique, Use of light, color, spontaneous technique, detachment and innovative designdetachment and innovative design

Renoir, Morisot, Degas, Pissarro, CassattRenoir, Morisot, Degas, Pissarro, Cassatt

MorisotMorisot

Summer’s Day Summer’s Day (fig. 18.4)(fig. 18.4)

Discarded conventional subjectDiscarded conventional subject

Light and motionLight and motion

Open air Open air

Did not mix paints before applying Did not mix paints before applying themthem

No didactic purposeNo didactic purpose

RenoirRenoir

More poetic/emotional than MonetMore poetic/emotional than Monet

Informal mood of city lifeInformal mood of city life

Dance at the Moulin de la Galette Dance at the Moulin de la Galette (fig. (fig. 18.3)18.3)

Accidental pattern of yellow straw hats Accidental pattern of yellow straw hats and prints of women’s dressesand prints of women’s dresses

Influenced by Michelangelo in his later Influenced by Michelangelo in his later yearsyears

Degas/CassattDegas/Cassatt

Arbitrary framing of his subjectsArbitrary framing of his subjects

Off-centerOff-center

The Dancing Class, The Dancing Class, ballet sceneballet scene

Influenced by Japanese printsInfluenced by Japanese prints

Friends with the American Mary CassattFriends with the American Mary Cassatt

Flattened perspectiveFlattened perspective

The Boating Party The Boating Party (fig. 18.6)(fig. 18.6)

Post-Impressionism: SeuratPost-Impressionism: Seurat

Extended impressionist techniques in Extended impressionist techniques in different directionsdifferent directions

Seurat was closest to Monet’s pure Seurat was closest to Monet’s pure impressionism impressionism

Urban life, unmixed colors directly appliedUrban life, unmixed colors directly applied

A Sunday Afternoon on la Grande JatteA Sunday Afternoon on la Grande Jatte (fig. 18.11) (fig. 18.11)

PointillismPointillism

CCéézannezanne

Mont Saint-VictoireMont Saint-Victoire (fig. 18.9) in the (fig. 18.9) in the MediterraneanMediterranean

Explored the essence of realityExplored the essence of reality

Reduced objects to their basic geometric Reduced objects to their basic geometric patternpattern

Precursor to modern painting, abstract and Precursor to modern painting, abstract and cubist art such as that by Picassocubist art such as that by Picasso

GauguinGauguin

Wanted to express human feeling, to enter “the Wanted to express human feeling, to enter “the mysterious center of thought.”mysterious center of thought.”

Primitives of Brittany, northwest FrancePrimitives of Brittany, northwest France

Sought unique and picturesqueSought unique and picturesque

Unnatural colors, heavy lines and flattened Unnatural colors, heavy lines and flattened shapes: precursor to surrealism, Dalishapes: precursor to surrealism, Dali

Manao Tupapau (Spirit of the Dead Watching) Manao Tupapau (Spirit of the Dead Watching) (fig. 18.14) (fig. 18.14)

van Goghvan Gogh

Early work showed sympathy for the plight of Early work showed sympathy for the plight of peasantspeasants

Influenced by ImpressionistsInfluenced by Impressionists

Uses colors to convey strong emotionsUses colors to convey strong emotions

Starry NightStarry Night (fig. 18.13) swirling lines convey (fig. 18.13) swirling lines convey violent energyviolent energy

Vivid colors, paint applied thickly, with knife. Vivid colors, paint applied thickly, with knife. Influenced by Japanese art (fig. 18.12)Influenced by Japanese art (fig. 18.12)

Precursor to abstract expressionismPrecursor to abstract expressionism