The Industrial Revolution
1750-1900
WHAP Reminders● Read Ch. 17:
○ Should be through p. 835 by now○ Tonight: 835-846○ Tomorrow: 846-853○ Wednesday: 853-860
● Ch. 17 Activity is on the website- due Thursday● World History Valentine assignment due
TOMORROW- instructions are on the website
WHAP Agenda● Today: Industrial Rev. overview● Tomorrow: Urban Game● Wednesday: Industrial Rev. primary source
document activity● Thursday: Responses to the Industrial Revolution● Friday: QUIZ over Industrial Revolution
CONTEXT: Leading up to Industrialization
What were Europeans doing from 1450-1750?
(The Early Modern Era)
CONTEXT: Leading up to IndustrializationDuring the Early Modern Era (1450-1750), Europeans were:
● Exploring ● Colonizing (engaging in imperialism)● Expanding their economies (Commercial Revolution)- increased focus on
manufacturing● Seeking to establish trade connections with the East● Seeking to control profitable trades (silver, fur, spice, sugar)● Creating joint-stock corporations (British, Dutch, French)● Establishing banking centers and practices● Practicing mercantilism, which led to Triangular Trade● Exploiting sources of coerced labor
How did these things affect Western European nations?
CONTEXT: Leading up to Industrialization
Prior to 1750 in Europe:
-How were goods made?
-Where did people live?
-What did most people do for work?
CONTEXT: Leading up to IndustrializationPrior to 1750:
● Goods were made by hand (by artisans), often at home (cottage industries)
● Most people were still farmers and lived in rural areas (even though manufacturing had picked up and cities had grown into trade centers)
● Guilds set standards for craftsmanship
The Industrial Revolution began around 1750 in Britain.
Why Britain?
CAUSES OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN BRITAIN1. Improvements in agriculture (British agricultural revolution):● Larger farms (enclosures)- wealthy landowners bought smaller farms,
consolidated them into larger farms= more land to cultivate● Jethro Tull’s seed drill- sowed seeds automatically= more seeds take root● Crop rotation- replaced the medieval Three-Field system- 4 crops rotated in
different fields= more efficient use of fields, increased productivity● Selective breeding- animals bred for their desirable traits= bigger animals
with more meat
What effects did these changes have on Europe?
CAUSES OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN BRITAIN1. Effects of improvements in agriculture:● These changes led to more food being produced. ● More food= more people can be supported= population growth● More efficient farming= fewer people needed to farm- many go to cities● Poor farmers who lost their land to enclosures moved to cities● Higher population= increased demand for consumer goods
Seed Drill
Crop Rotation
Selective Breeding
CAUSES OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN BRITAIN2. Britain possessed natural resources required for industrialization:
● Abundant coal● Water power● Iron ore
3. Britain’s favorable geography:
● Navigable rivers● Proximity to coastline● Natural harbors
CAUSES OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN BRITAINIn addition, Britain also had:
4. An expanding economy
5. An established banking system= loans readily available for investment
6. Political stability in the 1700s
7. Growing overseas trade= more wealth (capital)
8. Culture of innovation (going back to the Scientific Revolution)
9. Raw materials from colonies
10. Political support for the merchant class
11. Strong military (esp. navy)
So… Why Britain? Britain had the right mix of ingredients for industrialization- it had all the factors of production:
-Land
-Labor
-Capital
Early Industrial Revolution (1750-1800)
● First Industry to industrialize- Britain’s textile industry (wool, linen, cotton)○ First weaving machines: Flying Shuttle- replaced by the Spinning
Jenny○ Water power led to the improved Spinning Mule and Power Loom○ These machines were set up in factories, first built near rivers/streams○ Eli Whitney’s cotton gin removed seeds from cotton= more raw cotton
available
Spinning Jenny Power Loom
Early textile factory in Britain
Early Industrial Revolution (1750-1850)● James Watt (Scottish) invented an improved steam engine in 1774● Robert Fulton (American) built a successful steamboat● Improved transportation: Canals, improved roads, turnpike roads (for-profit
roads), railroads
What were the EFFECTS of the Industrial Revolution?