The Industrial Revolutionpp. 630-655

Greatly increased output of machine-made goods

Concept Questions1. How did scientific advancements lead to the Industrial

Revolution?

2. What factors caused the Industrial Revolution?

3. How did the Industrial Revolution change the ways people lived?

4. How did the Industrial Revolution lead to the establishment of different economic systems, including free-enterprise, communism, and socialism?

Prelude: The Population Explosion

• Famine • War• Disease • Stricter

quarantine measures

• The elimination of the black rat

Further Reasons for Population Growth

• Advances in medicine, such as inoculation against smallpox• Improvements in sanitation promoted better public health • An increase in the food supply meant fewer famines and

epidemics, especially as transportation improved

The hand of a person infected with smallpox

The Beginnings of Industrialization

• Why England? – Natural Resources– Water power and coal for machine fuel– Iron ore to build machines, tools, buildings– Rivers for inlands transportation– Harbors for merchant ships

• Factors of Production– Land, labor and capital (wealth)

• Inventions Spur Technological Advances

The Enclosure Movement

English gentry (landowners) passed the Enclosure Acts, prohibiting peasants’ access to common lands, enclosed land with fences or hedges

*improved farming efficiency

Experiments with new agricultural methods

Small farmers forced to become tenant farmers or move to the cities

The enclosure division of the town of Thetford, England around 1760

Jethro Tull (1674–1741)

CROP ROTATION EXAMPLE*different plants use different nutrients, allowing the land to recover

Replaced wasteful broadcast method with well-spaced rows planted methodically

Townshend’s Four-Field System

Selective Breeding

• Select animals with the best characteristics

• Produce bigger breeds• Lambs from 18 to 50 pounds

The Importance of TextilesThe Domestic or “Putting Out”

System (Cottage Industry)

The textile industry was the most important in England

Most of the work was done in the home

John Kay invented the flying shuttle

The Spinning Jenny

Hargreaves’s machine

The Water Frame

Powering the spinning jenny:• Horses, The water wheel

The Coming of the Railroads:

The Steam Engine

• Cotton bought from America

• Seeds removed by hand replaced by cotton gin

Eli Whitney’s cotton gin

• Thomas Newcomen • The steam engine

James Watt’s Steam Engine

• Increased efficiency, reduced fuel needed

• Financed by Matthew Boulton

Steam-Powered Water Transport

In 1807, Robert Fulton attached a steam engine to a ship (“Clermont”) The steam engine propelled the ship by making its paddle wheel turn.

Trevithick’ Engine The Liverpool and Manchester Railway

• In 1801, Richard Trevithick first attached a steam engine to a wagon. Trevithick’s engine was not successful for moving people, but he had planted the idea of human train transport.

• The first widely-used steam train was the Liverpool & Manchester Railway.

• The L&M incited a boom in railway building for the next 20 years. By 1854, every moderately-sized town in England was connected by rail.

The Growth of the Railroads

Opening of the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway

Newbiggin Bridge

Stephenson’s Rocket

Industrialization• Growth of Industrial Cites

– Urbanization, city building & movement of people to cities• Living Conditions – slums/disease

– No sanitary codes, plans, or building codes– Lacked adequate housing, education, police

• Working Conditions– 14 hour days/6 days a week– Poorly lit, dirty, dangerous– No programs/protection in case of injury

• Class Tensions– Poor working class– Newly formed middle class – comfortable standard of living

• wealthy factory owners, shippers, merchants• Social class of skilled workers, professionals, business people, wealthy farmers• Govt. employees, doctors, lawyers, managers – upper middle class• Factory overseers, toolmakers, printers – lower middle class

Labor Conditions

Laborers often worked in dangerous and hazardous

conditions

The New Industrial Class Structure

The New

Working Class

The New

Middle Class

Tenements

Britain Takes the Lead

Great Britain’s advantages:• Plentiful iron and coal• A navigable river system • A strong commercial

infrastructure that provided merchants with capital to invest in new enterprises

• Colonies that supplied raw materials and bought finished goods

• A government that encouraged improvements in transportation and used its navy to protect British trade

Industrialization• Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution

– Created jobs– Contributed to the nation’s wealth– Fostered technological progress/invention– Increased production– Raised standards of living– Healthier diets– Better housing– Cheaper clothing– Educational opportunities

• Working Class Benefits– Took longer– Higher wages, shorter hours, better working conditions

Industrialization

• The Mills of Manchester (CASE STUDY)– Unplanned city growth– Pollution – Poisoned river

Women: The Labor Behind the Industry

19th-century women at work

Child Labor: Unlimited Hours

“Scavengers” and “piecers”

Children as young as 6

• Malnourishment• Beatings• Runaways sent to

prison

Child Labor: Movements to Regulate

• Factory owners argued that child labor was good for the economy and helped build children's characters

• Factory Act of 1833: limited child labor and the number of hours children could work in textile mills

Industrialization Spreads

• Industrial Development in the U.S.– War of 1812 blocked international trade, forced

U.S. to develop independent industries– Began with textile industry despite British

attempts at secrecy– New inventions– railroads– Corporations – monopolies (share profits, but not responsible for debts)

• Standard Oil (Rockefeller)• Carnegie Steel (Carnegie)

The Telegraph

Samuel F.B. Morse

Electricity

Thomas Edison

Additional Contributions• Marie Curie – scientist who studied radioactivity

– Discovered radium and polonium– Won a Nobel Pride

• Louis Pasteur – Believed disease came from germs so he promoted washing hands and medical

instruments– Used heat to kill germs in liquid (pasteurization)

• Queen Victoria – Doubled the size of Britain– Favored social reforms– Supported charitable programs to improve the lives of

the poor

Industrialization Spreads

• Industrialization Reaches Continental Europe– Belgium led with secrets from British carpenter– Germany – imported equipment & people

• Railroad, developed as a military power

– Developed in some countries, but not in all

• Worldwide Impact of Industrialization– Widened gap between industrialized/non-industrialized

countries– Rise of colonies to provide raw materials and a market for

manufactured goods

France

• Couldn’t keep up with British industrialization

• French Revolution and resulting political chaos hindered economic development

French Industrialization after 1848

Government investment• Public spending • Telegraph

A. Braun, Rue de Rivoli, 1855 or after

This illustration of a “typical apartment” appeared in a Parisian newspaper in 1845

Social Mobility

Age of Reforms• Laissez faire – free trade, no govt. regulation

• Characteristics include: ownership of property, profit, and economic freedom.

• Capitalism – invest in business to make a profit

• Adam Smith – The Wealth of Nations• Economic liberty guarantees progress• Free enterprise systems – would help everyone• Supply and demand

Rise of Socialism• Utilitarianism – ideas, institutions and actions should be judged on

usefulness– Pushed for reforms in legal, prison and education systems– Jeremy Bentham – govt. should promote the greatest good for the greatest

number of people– John Stuart Mills – questioned unregulated capitalism, more equal division of

profits

• Utopian Ideas - Robert Owen– Working conditions prompted him to build a mill with:

• Low rent houses, free schooling, no children under 10• Inspired other communities

Rise of Socialism• Socialism

• Public ownership (govt.)• Govt. planning of the economy, abolish poverty & promote equality• did not advocate for a violent revolution or uprising of the worker class• They believed capitalism created a gap between the rich and poor • Workers INITIALLY supported socialism because of the interest in

reforming poor factory conditions and low wages

• Marxism – Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels– The Communist Manifesto (1848) – extreme socialism = pure communism– Marx’s ideas became the basis for communism– Haves vs. have-nots, Working men of all countries, unite– NO class society with a shared goal– NO private property, NO social classes, NO profit, cooperation would

replace competition, no economic freedom– Inspired: Lenin, Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, Castro

Unionization and Legislative Reform• Unions – spoke for workers in a particular trade

– Collective bargaining, strike– Skilled workers, lower middle class– Threat to govt., social order and stability– Outlawed (Combination Acts of 1799, 1800)– Tolerated right to strike/picket peacefully

• Reform Laws– Factory Act of 1833 (limits on child labor)– Mines Act of 1842 (no women/children underground)– Ten Hours Act of 1847 (women/children workday hours limited)– National Child Labor Committee (U.S.) – progressive reformers with

hopes to end child labor

Women and other reforms• Higher wages than working at home• 1/3 of what men made• Jane Addams – settlement houses• International Council for Women

• Reforms spread to:– Prison – emphasize restoring prisoners to useful

lives– Education – free public school for all

Cultural Impact: Literature

Charles Dickens (1812–1870)

Depiction of a scene from Oliver Twist

- Hard Times

- Great Expectations

- A Christmas Carol