THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION “When machines replaced manual labor”
Transcript
Slide 1
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION When machines replaced manual
labor
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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Greatly increased output of machine-made
goods that began in England in mid-1700s. IR spread from
Continental Europe to North America. Surprisingly enoughthe IR
started with the English Agricultural Revolution
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ENGLANDS AGRICULTURAL ROOTS Between 1700-1750 agriculture in
England changed significantly. * Wealthy bought up the common land
* To safeguard their purchase they began to enclose their property
with fences or hedges. * The rich used technology to improve
farming.
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AGRICULTURAL INNOVATIONS Crop Rotation
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ALSO. Selective breeding of livestock New farming implements
and harvesting methods Better seedlings, crop choices
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THE EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGY Each agricultural worker produced
more food, so the proportion of the workforce in agriculture fell.
To find work farmers went to the cities to work in the new area of
industries which were housed in FACTORIES. In other words improved
agricultural production made the industrial revolution
possible
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CONTINUED.. Many would regard the industrial revolution as the
beginning of the modern world. By 1850 only 22 per cent of the
British workforce was in agriculture; the smallest proportion for
any country in the world.
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WHY BRITAIN? Large population of workers Extensive natural
resources * Water power and coal to fuel machines * Iron ore to
make machines, tools, buildings * Rivers for inland transportation
* Harbors from which merchant ships could sail
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WHY ELSE? Britain had an expanding economy. Investors put money
into new inventions Britain had a highly developed banking system
so people were encouraged to take out loans to invest & expand.
Growing overseas trade and economic prosperity
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AND, FINALLY Britain was politically stable Domestic peace
Parliament was business friendly and passed laws that protected and
favored business Britain had all of the FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
needed to be successful (land, labor, capital, entrepreneurs)
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IMPORTANT INVENTIONS OF I.R. Textile industry: Flying shuttle-
replaced weavers Spinning jenny-replaced hand spinning Water-frame-
replaced man power with hydropower Spinning mule-stronger, finer
thread maker
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TEXTILE FACTORY
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TEXTILES, CONTINUED FACTORIES- large buildings that held all of
this large equipment. Cotton Gin- made by American, Eli Whitney to
speed up the job of removing seeds from raw cotton, which caused
cotton production to go from 1.5 million pounds in 1790 to 85
million pounds in 1810.
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TRANSPORTATION STEAM ENGINE- first used for cheap power in
MINING. WATER TRANSPORTATION-Next, used to power boats up and down
newly made canals in England. ROAD TRANSPORATION-Turnpikes (toll
roads) were built.
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CONTINUED.. STEAM ENGINE LOCOMOTIVE- * The Rocket was the first
and best locomotive to be used for commercial trans- portation. It
ran on track laid between London on the coast and Manchester in
Central England and could haul 13 ton loads at 24 mph.
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RAILROADS REVOLUTIONIZE Spurred on industrial growth Provided
cheap transportation Created jobs Boosted England's agricultural
and fishing industries Encouraged people to travel: work and
leisure
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THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRY The industrial revolution eventually
led to a better quality of life for most but it also caused immense
human suffering that lasted for decades.
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A LIFE CHANGER Urbanization took place- city building and
people moving to cities. Factories built in clusters near source of
energy Populations exponentially increased. London, Manchester,
Birmingham and Sheffield became centers of industry, growth,
population and pollution
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LIVING CONDITIONS No building plans No sanitary codes No
building codes Inadequate housing No education possibilities
Inadequate police, fire, sanitation workers Unpaved streets w/o
drains and heaps of garbage
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HEALTH ISSUES Tenement housing w/o light Whole families crowded
into one bedroom Cholera epidemics swept through Britain's slums In
1842 average life span for working class people was 17years
old.
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A VOICE FROM THE PAST You went down one step even from the foul
area into the cellar in which a family of human beings lived. It
was dark. The windows were broken and filled with rags. The smell
was so fetid as almost to knock the two men down.. The continued
into the thick darkness to see three or four little children
rolling on the damp, wet brick floor through which the stagnant
filthy moisture of the street oozed up
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BOYS IN THE MILL
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BOYS HEADED FOR THE MINES
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WORKING CONDITIONS Average worker spent 14 hrs/day on job
Average work week 6 days Factories dirty and dark Machines unsafe
and caused injuries Mining was unregulated and highly dangerous No
workmens compensation
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CLASS SYSTEM IN ENGLAND Working class- lived in poverty and
misery Lower middle class-factory supervisors, printers,
toolmakers, drafters Middle class-neither rich nor poor; doctors,
lawyers, managers of factories and shops Upper class-
landowners
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AGE OF REFORM The Industrial Revolution created huge gaps
between the rich and the poor. The wealthy business owners were
convinced that if the government stayed out of business capitalism
would sort things out and eventually the poor would be better off,
too.
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RICH VS. POOR REFORMERS were PROGRESSIVES who believed that the
government had a responsibility to improve the conditions of the
poor.