The Influence Of Coconut Shell Actived Carbon ( X = 0; 0.05; 0.10; 0.15) To Lightweight Concrete)
Hariyati LUBIS, Zikri NOER, Ridwan Yusuf LUBIS, Irpansyah SIREGAR, Edi Sharman HASIBUAN
Abstract: Lightweight Concrete (LWC) is a type of concrete has advantages over other types of concrete. The construction of technology continues to be carried out by researchers. The use of alternative materials is often used as a filler in concrete mixtures with the aim of increasing the concrete compressive strength test. The use of LWC which has a light mass but has a high compressive strength value. The addition of Coconut Shell (CS) activated carbon is an alternative material as a filler for making LWC. In this study, the effect of addition the CS active carbon to LWC has done. The method for preparation of CS active carbon with chemistry ZnCl2 with 25% solution and physical method T = 800
0C. The SEM Image of CS active carbon
showed not homogenous and high porosity and have the grain not uniform and have a porosity. The analysis of EDS of CS active carbon showed that the maximum element is Carbon and Oxigen. The maxiumum element of sample LWC filler CS active carbon x = 0% is Oxigen and Silicon, and x = 10% is Oxygen and Carbon. The maximum strength of sample is 14.325 MPa ( x = 5%), and minimum is 7.625 Mpa with x = 15 %.
HE material technology is currently developing rapidly. Not only in the strength of the structure, but civil technology aspects began to be given more attention in residential buildings and offices. Lightweight Concrete (LWC) is a type of concrete has advantages over other types of concrete. LWC has a light mass but has a high compressive strength value. According to SNI-03-2847-2002, LWC has a density of no more than 1900 kgm
-3 and containing light aggregate.
1) The
researchers continue to make efforts to increase the compressive strength of concrete by adding a mixture of ingredients as fillers as an effort to increase the value of the compressive strength of LWC. Utilization of Coconut Shell (CS) waste as filler can be done to increase the strength and characteristics of concrete. The experimental bond strength of Coconut Shell Concrete (CSC) aggregate concrete is much higher than the theoretical bond strength as determined by IS 456: 2000 and BS 8110. In general, bond strength is proportional to bond strength of normal and other aggregate concrete with flexural strength. The values of CSC aggregate concrete is approximately 17.53% and 16.42% of the compressive strength respectively (26.70 Nmm
-2 and 25.95
Nmm-2
). 2)
However, the CS brick failure zone is larger than the control concrete beam.
3) According to Dataset Records for
Central Bureau of Statistics Indonesia, 2016 states that the statistical data on Productive Crops and Production of Smallholder Plantations Coconut is 91,911 ha with a production of 94,455 tons.
4) The use of activated carbon gives
a big influence on the time needed for concrete to reach the final setting.
5) The amount of fine aggregate composition and
coarse agragate must be considered in the concrete manufacturing process. large amounts of fine aggregate can increase the strength of the flow of fresh concrete and reduce the strength value of concrete. And the use of coarse aggregate compositions in large quantities will increase the risk of segregation in concrete.
6) Efforts to increase the
strength and characteristics of light concrete with the addition of active CSN fillers are hygroscopic and at low prices. According to Indonesian National Standard 03-2834-2000, additives are materials added to concrete mixtures for specific purposes.
7) Generally, The nature of concrete can change due
to factor as the nature of cement, aggregate, and cement water factor. The application of concrete properties can be achieved optimally by selecting the right mixture. The aggregate has properties as reinforcement, occupying a total of 70-75% of the total volume of concrete so that the quality of
the aggregate is very influential on the quality of the concrete.
8) The development of The addition of CS activated
carbon for LWC has also been carried out by several researchers, as Olanipekun et al. (2006) the increasing use of agricultural waste in concrete production, CSC has high quality and abrasion resistance compared to conventional aggregates.
9) Kakade et al. (2015) and Gunasekaran et al.
(2011) in accordance with ASTM C330, CS is used as a lightweight aggregates.
10), 11) Gludovatz et al. (2017) the
strength value and anisotropy properties of CSCs will increase with age.
12). Ntenga et al. (2019) and Gunasekaran et.al
(2012) CS characterization studies have been carried out, SEM results show that tightly packed cell aggregates with cell sizes varying around 700nm to 1.6 μm. SiO2, O2 and C are the composition of the CS peaks based on the EDS characteristic test. CS is considered a coarse aggregate material which is used as an alternative construction material in the manufacture of concrete.
13), 14) Lightweight Geopolymer
Concrete based on fly ash depending on dry density, NaOH, Polypropylene Fibers and aggregate content. 0-1% Polypropylene Fibers can improve thermal conductivity and improve water absorption. 0-15% coarse aggregate can lead to reduced dry density and increased thermal conductivity and water absorption, but does not affect compressive strength.
15)
The content of the fine aggregate is not significantly affected by molarity and can significantly reduce the compressive strength.
16) Activated CS carbon can fill cavities in the
concrete, it is expected to increase the ompressive strength of the concrete produced and reduce the permeability of the concrete
17). Increased percent CS can reduce concrete
density18)
. SEM test results show that CS is a specimen that can withstand higher load, high resistance to abrasion resistance
19). The comparison results between CS, rice husk
and palm kernel are derived from showing the highest value of the CS compound is SiO
2 but still lower than rice husk.
However, CS contains high percentages of alumina, silicon oxide and iron oxide
20,21).
2. METHODS 2.1 Materials The materials are prepared from Portland Pozzolan Cement SNI 15-2049-1994, Coarse Aggregate, Fine Aggregate SNI
T
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VO`LUME 10, ISSUE 03, MARCH 2021 ISSN 2277-8616
03-1750-1990, Water PDAM Tirtanadi Medan, Coconut Shell Active Carbon. 2.2. Mix Design of Lightweight Concrete SNI 03-03-2834-2000 The compressive strength of concrete is 17 MPa for 28 days. Multiplier factors for standard deviations with a test result < 30. We can be seen in Table 1. The table 1, we can immediately take the standard deviation based on the number of the test object to be printed. The deviation value = 29 MPa. We have determined the targeted average compressive strength f'cr = 29MPa. The maximum cement ratio in this research at 0.60. The slump is set as high as 30-60 mm. Adjusted cement water factor, in this case can be ignored because the minimum cement content requirements have been met is 0.58 <0.6. The composition of the fine aggregate grains is determined that the fine aggregate tested is included in zone 2 of medium sand. The composition of coarse grains of aggregate grains is determined in the graded gravel tested including in zone 4. For fine aggregate which includes arrangement area No.2 is 38%. This relative aggregate specific gravity is the combined aggregate specific gravity, meaning that the combination of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. Because this fine aggregate is also a combination of two other types of fine aggregate, the specific gravity before calculating the aggregate specific gravity is a combination of sand and gravel. The Combined fine aggregate weight = 2.64The weight of concrete content is obtained by drawing a line that matches the combined aggregate, specific gravity value is 2.64. Correct the proportion of the mixture to get the actual mixture composition that is what we will use as a test mixture, the theoretical need to be corrected by calculating the amount of free water contained in or still needed by each aggregate to be used. The results of the above mixture planning. Obtained the final mixture for each m
3 are:
Table 1. The total final mixture for each m
3
Cement (kg) Sand (kg) Coarse
Aggregate (kg) Water (kg)
293.103 738.274 1197 168.593 1 2.518 4.086 0.575
We use cylinder molds for concrete with height 30 cm, Diameter 15 cm. Comparison of mixtures for 1 test object as Table 2. The Comparison of mixtures for 1 test object
Cement (kg) Fine Aggregate
(kg) Rough
Aggregate (kg) Water (kg)
1.553 3.912 6.348 0.893 1 2.518 4.087 0.575
2.3 Coconut shell activated carbonAggregate Concrete The preparation of Coconut shell activated carbonfrom Coconut Shell. The process with chemical methods (25% ZnCl2 activating solution) with t = 12h. And The physical process heated with T = 800
0C and t = 6h.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The first, we deal the grain size and microstructure morphology of LWC filler CS activated ( x= 0; 0.05; 0.10; 0.15). Fig. 1. shows that distribution of particles. ZnCl2 impregnation will increase density around 200
0C. The chemical activation
process with H3PO4 or ZnCl2 at a certain temperature causes
the maximum porosity of activated carbon, and this is a general behavior.
Fig. 1. SEM image of Coconut shell activated carbon (magnification ranging 500X)
Fig. 2. SEM image of Coconut shell activated carbon to
Lightweight Concrete (magnification ranging 500X) with filler x = 0%
Fig. 3. SEM image of Coconut shell activated carbon to
Lightweight Concrete (magnification ranging 500X) with filler x = 10%
Fig. 2. SEM Image of coconut shell activated carbon with filler coconut shell activated carbon x = 0% showed that the grain and porosity weren’t uniform. Fig. 3 SEM Image shows the coconut shell and cement has effect on increasing bonding.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VO`LUME 10, ISSUE 03, MARCH 2021 ISSN 2277-8616
CS is a lignocellulosic material. This material has a polar hydroxyl group on its surface. Its properties have a tendency to clot through the formation of hydrogen bonds.
22)SEM CS +
C results have a lower volume of dark space. 23)
The Analysis of Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy Coconut Shell actived nanocarbon to lightweight concrete function to determine the elements formed in the sample. The The porosity and the grain were not uniform. The increasing bonding from CS and cement is the effect of increasing both.
Fig. 4. Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy spectrum of Coconut Shell Actived Carbon
The Analysis of Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy CS activated nanocarbon to LWC function to determine the elements formed in the sample. The Fig.4. shows that element C, O, Na, Mg, Si, Cl, K, Ca, Zn. The each elements have a %mass are 77.43; 14.11; 0.52; 0.04; 1.18; 1.56; 0.53; 0.06; 5.56. and %atom are 85.91; 11.76; 0.30; 0.02; 0.09; 0.59; 0.18; 0.02; 1.13. the maximum value of %mass and %atom are the elements Carbon and Oxygen.
Fig. 5. Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy spectrum of Coconut Shell Actived Carbon to Lightweight Concrete with
filler x = 0%
Fig. 6. Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy spectrum of Coconut Shell Actived Carbon to Lightweight Concrete with
filler x = 10%
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VO`LUME 10, ISSUE 03, MARCH 2021 ISSN 2277-8616
The Fig. 5. And Fig. 6 show that energy dispersive spectroscopy coconut shell activated carbon to LWC with filler 0% and 10%. The Fig.9. consists of C, O, Mg, Si, K, Ca, Au. With %mass are 9.74; 54.06; 0.02; 33.76; 0.12; 2.30, and %atom are 14.87; 61.97; 0.02; 22.04; 0.06; 1.05. The maximum element is Oxygen and Silicon. The Fig.10. consists of C, O, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca,Ti, Fe with %mass are 7.07; 50.32; 6.74; 7.32; 13.28; 3.37; 2.31; 0.43; 9.16 and %atom are 11.61; 62.01; 5.47; 5.35; 9.33; 1.70; 1.13; 0.18; 3.23. The maximum element is Oxygen and Carbon.
Fig. 7.. The strength variation based on the percentage Coconut Shell Actived Carbon to Lightweight Concrete The strength of the samples have compressive strength value of 13.650 MPa for x = 0 %, 14.325 MPa for x = 5 %. The strength for x = 10% is 9.225 MPa, and x = 15%, the strength is 7.625 MPa.
Fig. 8. The XRD Pattern of Lightweight Concrete
The XRD pattern of LWC with filler x = 0.00 ; 0.05 ; 0.10; 0.15 shows that diffraction peaks at 20
0 . The addictive additives
can a decrease in CaO but increase in SiO2 in the sample.24,25)
The crystalline CS + C yield is Quartz at 2θ = 32,197 and 34,336 respectively [ICSD = 044271].
23)
4. CONCLUSION The research of influence coconut shell activated carbonto LWC (x= 0; 0.05; 0.10; 0.15) has done. The preparation of coconut shell activated carbonwith chemistry ZnCl2 solution and physical method T= 800
0C. The SEM Image of coconut
shell activated carbonshows not homogenous and high porosity. The samples of LWC filler coconut shell activated carbonhave the grain not uniform and have a porosity. The analysis of Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy of coconut shell activated carbonshows that the maximum element is Carbon and Oxigen. And the sample of LWC filler coconut shell activated carbonx = 0% is Oxigen and Silicon. The sample with x = 10%, the maximum element is Oxigen and Carbon. The maximum strength of sample is 14.325 MPa (x= 5%), and minimum is 7.625 MPa with x= 15%.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to take this opportunity to thank the DRPM Ristek Dikti/BRIN Hibah Dosen Pemula 2019.
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6800
10200
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List of Figure and Table Captions
1. Fig. 1. SEM Image of Coconut Shell Activated Carbon (Magnification Ranging 500X)
2. Fig. 2. SEM Image of Coconut Shell Activated Carbon to Lightweight Concrete (Magnification Ranging 500X) with Filler x = 0%
3. Fig. 3. SEM Image of Coconut Shell Activated Carbon to Lightweight Concrete (Magnification Ranging 500X) with Filler x = 10%
4. Fig. 4. Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy Spectrum of Coconut Shell Actived Carbon
5. Fig. 5. Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy Spectrum of Coconut Shell Actived Carbon to Lightweight Concrete with Filler x = 0%
6. Fig. 6. Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy Spectrum of Coconut Shell Actived Carbon to Lightweight Concrete with Filler x = 10%
7. Fig. 7.The Strength Variation Based on The Percentage Coconut Shell Actived Carbon to Lightweight Concrete
8. Fig.8 The XRD Pattern of Lightweight Concrete 9. Table 1. The Total Final Mixture for Each m
3
10. Table 2. The Comparison of Mixtures for 1 Test Object
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