RESTRICTED RESTRICTED ORDNANCE HANDBOOK ON STORAGE, MAINTENANCE, INSPECTION AND DISPOSAL OF 155 MM NORA-B52 K1 SELF-PROPELLED GUN-HOWITZER & AMMUNITION By order of the Chief of Army Staff Lieutenant General General Officer Commanding Army Training & Doctrine Command 23.01.920.092.13.191.01.30.04.14/1 March 2015 The information given in this document is not to be communicated, either directly or indirectly to the press or to any person not authorised to receive it. Code No. ATP - 008
Transcript
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DRAFT
ORDNANCE HANDBOOK
ON
STORAGE, MAINTENANCE, INSPECTION AND DISPOSAL OF
155 MM NORA-B52 K1 SELF-PROPELLED GUN-HOWITZER &
AMMUNITION
By order of the Chief of Army Staff
Lieutenant General General Officer Commanding
Army Training & Doctrine Command 23.01.920.092.13.191.01.30.04.14/1 March 2015
The information given in this document is not to be communicated, either directly or indirectly to the press or to any person not authorised to receive it.
Code No. ATP - 008
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DISTRIBUTION
All Branches & Directorates of Army Headquarters, Formation Headquarters, Brigades & Eqvt Units, Regiments, Battalions and Independent Units - Scale A All Institutions (NDC, DSCSC, BUP, MIST, BIPSOT, BMA, SI&T, SMI, NCO’s Academy, ASPTS and ASEA) - Each 25 Copies All Center & School (ACC&S, AC&S, ECSME, STC&S, EBRC, BIRC, ASCC&S, AMCC&S, OC&S, EMEC&S, CMPC&S) - Each 50 Copies Ordnance Directorate -15 Copies
All Central Depots - Each 15 Copies
All Ordnance Depots - Each 10 Copies
All Division Ordnance Companies - Each 05 Copies
All Independent Ammunition Platoons - Each 03 Copies.
BOF and BMTF - Each 05 Copies
Reserve - 200 Copies
Note: 1. All concerned will demand this ATP to AHQ, GS Branch, SD Dte, SD-4 (CAO’s Wg) as per the above mentioned scale. Any additional requirement, if demanded by any establishment may be fulfilled by the said authority on the basis of its availability. 2. Surplus copies will be returned to the above addressee. Price: Tk
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PREFACE
1. Introduction of 155mm NORA-B52 K1 Self-Propelled Gun-Howitzer and its ammunition in the inventory of Ordnance Corps of Bangladesh Army is so far the latest, modern weapon system and largest caliber. Its technology can easily be compared with any concurrent artillery system in the world. However, this major shift to the present 155 mm NORA B-52 K1 Self-Propelled Gun-Howitzer in the inventory corroborates the importance of adequate and realistic training to all ranks of Ordnance Corps in terms of storage, maintenance, inspection and disposal. 2. Without effective and well conceived knowledge, any equipment is susceptible to mishandling; which in the long run may deprive any military force to derive maximum out of it. This book is written to instill confidence to the new users in handling and maintenance of the weapon system and its associated ammunition. 3. This book is written in four parts (Part-I: NORA-B52 K1 Self-Propelled Gun-Howitzers; Part-II: 155 mm Ammunitions for Self-Propelled Gun-Howitzers; Part-III: Storage, Maintenance, Inspection and Disposal; and Part-IV: Safety) considering the requirement of Ordnance personnel. A brief idea on the NORA-B52 K1 155 mm main gun, associated armament and related assemblies is given in this book to have working knowledge on the system. Ammunition is discussed in details. However, main and associated vehicles are not included in this book. Most of the information revealed in this book is obtained from different manuals, handouts and presentations given by the manufacturer. Some of the information is attained through practical handling and consultation with the manufacturer experts during operational, induction and inventory control management training. 4. Users/maintenance personnel are to use this book as guideline while handling, storage, maintenance, inspection and disposal of weapon system and ammunition. Users are to apply those considering the ground realities and situation. Besides, the latest instruction on this weapon system including ammunition issued by Army Headquarters will take precedence over this book. 5. Notes are written in Italic and bold to draw attention of the readers. As development work is never ending process, this pamphlet also deserves to be modified in course of time. Readers are welcome to send their comment for its further improvement.
23.01.901.047.05.174.03.10.11.14 MD ABU SAYED SIDDIQUE
Brigadier General Director Ordnance Services Ordnance Directorate Army Headquarters 10 November 2014
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AMENDMENT RECORD SHEET
Amendment List By Whom Amended
Date of Insertion
Initials
Number Date
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
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INDEX
Section Subject Page
Title Page i
Preface iii
Amendment Record Sheet v-vi
Index vii-xii
PART-I
NORA-B52 K1 SELF-PROPELLED GUN-HOWITZER
CHAPTER-I
INTRODUCTION TO WEAPON SYSTEM
1 General Description
General 1
2 Performance Parameter 3
3
Basic Technical Data
NORA Weapon 5
20 mm Coaxial Gun M-55 6
12.7 mm Remotely Controlled Weapon Station (in short
RCWS) or Anti Air Machine Gun(in short AAMG) 7
82mm Smoke Grenade Launcher/ Smoke Pot Launchers
M79 (SPL) 8
CHAPTER-2 DETAILS OF NORA-B52 K1 WEAPON SYSTEM
4
Sub-Systems of NORA-B52 K1
Description 9
Main Armament Subsystem 9
Section Subject Page
4
Secondary/Protective Armaments 10
Modified Vehicle of KAMAZ 63501 11
Hydraulic Subsystem 11
Electro-Energetic Subsystem 11
Components of the Fire Control System on the Weapon 11
Weapon's Spare Tools and Accessories Kit (SPTA Kit) 12
5
Other Important Components
Automatic Loader 13
Projectile Cassette 14
Propellant Charge Cassette 20
Projectile Feeder 23
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Propellant Charge Feeder 25
Projectile and Propellant Charge Rammer 27
6
Description of Automatic Loader Operation 31
Loader Operation Control 38
Ammunition Container 39
Mechanisms of the Automatic Loader 41
Chain Rammer Drive 41
Section Subject Page
CHAPTER-3 FEW ASPECTS OF OPERATION
7
Control of the Weapon's Main Armament 43
PLC Unit Configuration 45
Selection of the Gun Operating Modes 46
Selection of the Automatic Loader Operating Modes 46
Backup Mode 47
Semi-Automatic Mode 47
Automatic Mode 47
Automatic Loader 48
Loading of the Projectiles 48
Projectile Positioning in the Cassette 49
Loading of the Propellant Charges 50
Propellant Charge Positioning in the Cassette 51
Propellant Charge Temperature 51
Chain Rammer 52
8
Loading of Ammunition Elements
Loading Ammunition Elements in AUTOMATIC MODE 53
Loading Ammunition Elements in SEMI-AUTOMATIC MODE
54
Section Subject Page
Loading Ammunition Elements in BACKUP Mode 54
9
Firing the Gun and Refilling of Ammunition
Firing 55
Refilling of Cassettes with Projectiles and Propellant
Charges
56
Refilling the Container with Projectiles and Propellant
Charges
58
Weapon Crew 63
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PART-II
155MM AMMUNITION FOR SELF-PROPELLED GUN-
HOWITZER
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION TO 155MM AMMUNITION
10
General Description
General 64
Types of Ammunition 65
CHAPTER-2 VARIOUS TYPES OF AMMUNITIONS
11
Technical Description and Data
155 mm M107 Projectile 66
155 mm HE ERFB M03 Projectile 67
Section Subject Page
155 mm HE ERFB - BB M03 Projectile 67
155 mm Smoke (WP) M03 Projectile 76
155 mm Illuminating M118A2 Projectile 78
CHAPTER-3
PROPELLANT CHARGES AND GUN PRIMER
12
Propellant Charges
Description 85
Construction 85
The Mono-Block Propellant Charge MC 10 85
Preparation 86
The Mono-Block Propellant Charge MC Zone 9 87
The Mono-Block Propellant Charge MC Zone 8 87
13 Gun Primer M82 88
CHAPTER-4 PACKING AND MARKING
14
Packing
General 90
Fuze Packing 90
Projectile Packing 91
Packing of Propellant Charges 91
Section Subject Page
Packing of Gun Primers M82 92
15
Marking
Marking of 155 mm Ammunition with HE ERFB – BB Projectile
93
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CHAPTER-5 AMMUNITION HANDLING
16
Ammunition Handling for Firing
General 95
Preparing the Ammunition for Firing 95
Ammunition Handling During Firing 97
Ammunition Handling After the Firing 98
PART-III
STORAGE, MAINTENANCE, INSPECTION AND DISPOSAL
CHAPTER-1 STORAGE, MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION OF THE WEAPON
SYSTEM
17
Basic Maintenance of Weapon System
General 99
Basic Maintenance 99
18
Cleaning and Lubricating Agents
Agents 102
19
Maintenance of Various Assemblies
Basic Maintenance of Automatic Loader 107
Section Subject Page
Basic Maintenance of Ammunition container 112
20
Storage/ Accommodation and Safeguarding of Weapons
Safeguarding of the Weapons in Standard Conditions 113
Safeguarding of the Weapon in Specific Conditions 114
Conservation of Weapons 116
Painting of Weapons 116
CHAPTER-2 STORAGE, MAINTENANCE, INSPECTION AND DISPOSAL OF
AMMUNITION
21
Storage
Storage and Safeguarding of the Ammunition 117
22
Maintenance, Inspection and Disposal
General Maintenance of Ammunition 119
Technical Maintenance of Ammunition 119
Technical Inspection of Ammunition 119
Cleaning and Protection of Ammunition 120
Completing and Repacking of Ammunition 127
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Disassembly of Ammunition 127
Disposal of Ammunition 128
Section Subject Page
Destruction by Detonation 128
Destruction by Burning 129
Destruction of Powders 129
Destruction of Unserviceable Ammunition 130
Instructions for Destruction of Unserviceable Projectiles 131
PART-IV
SAFETY
CHAPTER-1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
23 Safety Measures 135
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PART-I
NORA-B52 K1 SELF-PROPELLED GUN-HOWITZER
SECTION-1
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
General
0101. The advanced 155 mm NORA-B52 K1 SELF-PROPELLED GUN-HOWITZER was designed
as a semi-opened mounting of the Main, 155mm/52 caliber armament, onto the chassis of a wheeled
KAMAZ 63501, 8x8 vehicle type. NORA-B52 K1 is a part of an advanced 155mm Self Propelled (in
short SP) Artillery System which, at the Battery level, consists of:
a. NORA-B52 K1 Weapon (Six Weapons) shown at figure1-1.
b. Fire Command and Control System (in short FCCS), having three Main Subsystems:
three Forward Observation Post (known as FOO vehicle), two Command Post (known as
Battery Commander’s and Battery Command Post vehicle) and Components being located on
the Weapon itself. (Figure 1-2).
Figure 1-1: The NORA-B52 K1 Weapon on KAMAZ Vehicle.
c. Logistics Vehicles {three Ammunition Re-supply Vehicles (Figure 1-3) and one
Maintenance Vehicle which is to be locally modified}.
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Figure 1-2: The Command Post/Forward Observation Post Vehicle.
Figure 1-3: The Ammunition Re-Supply Vehicle.
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SECTION-2
PERFORMANCE PARAMETER
0201. Within the Battery of 155 mm SP Artillery System, the NORA-B52 K1 Weapon is intended for
performing following combat missions:
a. Neutralization of Enemy Artillery Weapons, Mortars and other Combat and Transport
Weapons and Vehicles.
b. Neutralization of Enemy’s Sheltered or Unsheltered Live Force.
c. Neutralization of Enemy Armoured Combat Vehicles and Special-Purpose Vehicles.
d. Demolition of Field Fortifications (Strongholds), Points of Resistance, Supply Bases,
Communication Centers and Command Posts, Economic Facilities of Particular Military and
Tactical Significance.
e. Opening of Passageways in Wired Obstacles and Anti-armour Land Mine Fields.
0202. Figure 2-1 shows NORA-K Weapon in Combat position -captured in the moment of firing in the Main firing sector, and Figure 2-2 the same Weapon in Marching position.
Figure 2-1: NORA-B52 K1 Weapon in Combat position (firing in Main firing sector).
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Figure 2-2: NORA-B52 K1 Weapon in Marching position.
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SECTION-3
BASIC TECHNICAL DATA
NORA Weapon
0301. Design Data.
a. Caliber (mm): 154.94
b. Weapon weight /mass/ in travelling and combat positions (kg):
28,800
c. Recoil length with MC propellant charge, Zone 10 (mm):
(1) Short recoil:
(2) Long recoil:
775 ± 40
1,250 ±70
d. Height of line of fire (mm): 3,250
e. Weapon dimensions in travelling position (mm):
(1) Length:
(2) Width:
(3) Height:
(4) Clearance:
(5) Trace of wheels:
10,645
2,665
3,720
385
2,050
f. Autonomy (km): 450
g. Field of action in elevation-Main sector (°): -5 to +65
h. Field of action in traverse-Main sector (°): 60(-30 to +30)
j. Field of action in elevation- Emergency sector (°): +20 to+65
k. Field of action in traverse-Emergency sector (°): 50(-25 to +25)
l. Max Rate of fire-first round in the barrel (rounds/min): 5
m Combat set (rounds): 36
n. Time for Weapon deployment (min): 1.5
p. Time for Weapon preparing for transportation (min): 1.5
q. Crew: 5
0302. Operational Data.
a. Maximum NORA-B52 K1 Weapon ranges (m).
(1) HE M107 projectile-------------------------------------------- 18400
(2) HE ERFB-BB M03 projectile------------------------------ 41 000
(3) HE ERFB M03 and SMOKE (WP) M03 projectiles---- 32 000
4. Digital input module (with 32 digital inputs 24V DC)
6AG1321-1BL00-2AA0 2
5. Digital output module (with 32 digital outputs 24V DC)
6AG1322-1BL00-2AA0 2
6. DC/DC converter 24V DC/24V DC, with input voltage being galvanic separated from the output voltage supplying Gun Display JLT 8404
6AG1305-1BA80-2AA0 1
Selection of the Gun Operating Modes
0706. On the right side of the Gunner's control panel there is a switch SAN2, by which the following
operating modes of the Gun may be chosen:
a. NORMAL mode, normally used in all situations when the PLC unit is operational.
b. EMERGENCY mode, which can be used in exceptional circumstances when the PLC
unit is not operational.
Selection of the Automatic Loader Operating Modes
0707. When the switch SAN2 has been set to the NORMAL position, which assumes readiness for
use of the PLC unit, the following Automatic Loader operating modes may be chosen:
a. BACKUP mode.
b. SEMI-AUTOMATIC mode.
c. AUTOMATIC mode.
d. MAINTENANCE mode.
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0708. These modes are selected in a following way:
a. BACKUP, SEMI-AUTOMATIC and AUTOMATIC modes are selected by using the
switch SAN1, fitted on the left side of the Gunner's control panel.
b. MAINTENANCE mode, can be selected when the switch SAN1 is in a BACKUP
mode, and Gunner chooses the menu Maintenance mode on his Operating panel.
Note: As it was said in Item for Hydraulic subsystem, MAINTENANCE mode should be
accessible only to the trained Technical personnel from the Maintenance service because the
blockades and limitations between the loader's operating sequences have been reduced to a
minimum. Therefore, when using this operating mode a great care must be taken, in order to
avoid possible unwanted consequences, such as: crew injuries, Weapon parts damage etc.
Backup Mode
0709. If this mode has been chosen it is possible, by successive pressing the corresponding buttons
at the Gunner's operating panel, to execute sequentially (step by step) the Loader operations
according to their preset order. As in Automatic and Semi-automatic modes, every next operational
sequence is conditioned by a successful execution of the previous one.
Semi-Automatic Mode
0710. If SEMI-AUTOMATIC mode has been chosen, by pressing the button SBN2 at the Gunner's
control panel, the barrel will be positioned in the Loading elevation, and then by pressing the button
SBN1 (Loading start), an automatic cycle of loading the projectile and propellant charge into the Gun
barrel will be executed. By pressing the button SBN8 (Firing position), the barrel will take the
commanded angles in traverse and elevation for firing. All operational sequences are automatically
executed in a preset order within one of the following sub-cycles:
a. Barrel going to loading elevation.
b. Loading of the projectile and propellant charge into the barrel.
c. Barrel positioning to the Firing position.
0711. The sub-cycles are always executed in the order: a), b), and then c) while the passing to the
next sub-cycle is conditioned by the successful execution of the previous one.
Automatic Mode
0712. If AUTOMATIC mode has been chosen, by pressing the SBN1 (LOADING START) button at
the Gunner's control, all operational sequences of the Automatic Loader are carried out automatically,
while the next sequence, defined in the SEMI-AUTOMATIC mode, is conditioned by a successful
execution of the previous one. All sequences in all three sub-cycles: a), b) and c) from the SEMI-
AUTOMATIC mode are executed automatically in a preset order, but without need for the Gunner to
press the buttons for passing to the sub-cycles b) and c). It means that the next sub-cycle is executed
automatically after the previous one has been terminated.
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0713. Each of above-mentioned three modes may be stopped or even could not start if any of the
three ALL STOP buttons is activated (or had been activated earlier).
Automatic Loader
0714. Control of the Automatic Loader functions is made via corresponding electro-hydraulic valves.
The system inductive sensors and micro switches detect input information on a position of actuating
elements as well as Loader's subassemblies (cassette pushers, feeders and a chain rammer).
Loading of the Projectiles
0715. There is a set of electro-hydraulic valves, located on the wall of the projectile cassette (below
the Gun cradle), for executing the following functions:
Valve Electro-Magnet
Designation
Function
YPGa Pusher stroke in backward direction
YPGb Pusher stroke in forward direction.
YP1b Feeder's Rotation 1 - TO CASSETTE.
Feeder's Rotation 3 - FROM GUN.
YP1a Feeder's Rotation 1 - FROM CASSETTE .
Feeder's Rotation 3 - TO GUN.
YP2b Feeder's Rotation 2 - UP.
YP2a Feeder's Rotation 2 - DOWN.
YPSb Projectile GRIPPING (Clamping).
YPSa Projectile RELEASE.
0716. The following inductive sensors detect input information on a position of projectile actuating elements:
Inductive Sensor Designation
Function
SQPGa Projectile Pusher is in BACKWARD position.
SQPGb Projectile Pusher is in FORWARD position.
SQP1b Rotation 1 - Feeder is in TO CASSETTE position. Rotation 3 - Feeder is in FROM GUN position.
SQP10 Rotation 1 - Feeder is in Middle (Waiting) position.
SQP1a Rotation 3 - Feeder is in TO GUN position.
SQP2b Rotation 2 - Feeder is UP.
SQP2a Rotation 2 - Feeder is DOWN.
SQPSb Control of projectile GRIPPING (Clamping).
SQPSa Control of projectile RELEASE.
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Projectile Positioning in the Cassette
0717. Positioning of the projectile to be seized by the feeder at the rear cassette opening (position
from 1 to 12) is detected by four inductive sensors: SQPL1, SQPL2, SQPL4 and SQPL8 binary coded
in a following way:
Projectile Position In The Cassette
Inductive Sensors
Activated Deactivated
1. SQPL1 SQPL2, SQPL4 and SQPL8
2. SQPL2 SQPL1, SQPL4 and SQPL8
3. SQPL1 and SQPL2 SQPL4 and SQPL8
4. SQPL4 SQPL1, SQPL2 and SQPL8
5. SQPL1 and SQPL4 SQPL2 and SQPL8
6. SQPL2 and SQPL4 SQPL1 and SQPL8
7. SQPL1, SQPL2 and SQPL4 SQPL8
8. SQPL8 SQPL1, SQPL2 and SQPL4
9. SQPL1 and SQPL8 SQPL2 and SQPL4
10. SQPL2 and SQPL8 SQPL1 and SQPL4
11. SQPL1, SQPL2 and SQPL8 SQPL4
12. SQPL4 and SQPL8 SQPL1 and SQPL2
Loading of the Propellant Charges
0718. There are following electro-hydraulic valves located on the wall of the propellant charge
cassette (below the Gun cradle) - their designation is different, but functions are similar to those for
the projectiles:
Valve Electro-Magnet
Designation
Function
YBGa Pusher stroke in backward direction
YBPGb Pusher stroke in forward direction.
YBP1b Feeder's Rotation 1 - TO CASSETTE. Feeder's Rotation 3 - FROM GUN.
YB1a Feeder's Rotation 1 - FROM CASSETTE. Feeder's Rotation 3 - TO GUN.
YB2b Feeder's Rotation 2 - UP.
YB2a Feeder's Rotation 2 - DOWN.
YBSb Propellant charge GRIPPING (Clamping).
YBPSa Propellant charge RELEASE.
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0719. The following inductive sensors detect input information on a position of propellant charge actuating elements:
Inductive Sensor Designation
Function
SQBGa Propellant charge Pusher is in BACKWARD position.
SQBGb Propellant charge Pusher is in FORWARD position.
SQB1b Rotation 1 - Feeder is in TO CASSETTE position. Rotation 3 - Feeder is in FROM GUN position.
SQB10 Rotation 1 - Feeder is in Middle (Waiting) position.
SQB1a Rotation 3 - Feeder is in TO GUN position.
SQB2b Rotation 2 - Feeder is UP.
SQB2a Rotation 2 - Feeder is DOWN.
SQBSb Control of propellant charge GRIPPING (Clamping).
SQBSa Control of propellant charge RELEASE.
Propellant Charge Positioning in the Cassette
0720. Like for the projectiles, a positioning of the propellant charge to be seized by the feeder at the
rear cassette opening (position from 1 to 12) is detected by four inductive sensors: SQBL1, SQBL2,
SQBL4 and SQBL8, binary coded in a following way:
Propellant Charge Position in The
Cassette
Inductive Sensors
Activated Deactivated
1. SQBL1 SQBL2, SQBL4 and SQBL8
2. SQBL2 SQBL1, SQBL4 and SQBL8
3. SQBL1 and SQBL2 SQBL4 and SQBL8
4. SQBL4 SQBL1, SQBL2 and SQBL8
5. SQBL1 and SQBL4 SQBL2 and SQBL8
6. SQBL2 and SQBL4 SQBL1 and SQBL8
7. SQBL1, SQBL2 and
SQBL4 SQBL8
8. SQBL8 SQBL1, SQBL2 and SQBL4
9. SQBL1 and SQBL8 SQBL2 and SQBL4
10. SQBL2 and SQBL8 SQBL1 and SQBL4
11. SQBL1, SQBL2 and
SQBL8 SQBL4
12. SQBL4 and SQBL8 SQBL1 and SQBL2
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Propellant Charge Temperature
0721. Within the propellant charge cassette located is a thermo probe BT1, by which is detected the
temperature of the propellant charge. This temperature can be viewed on the Gunner's Operating
panel and on the Commander's Gun Display, and is remotely transmitted to the Battery Main
Computer at the Battery Command post.
Chain Rammer
0722. Within the Chain rammer support located are electro-hydraulic valves for actuating following
chain operations:
Valve Electro-Magnet
Designation
Function
YPL1b Chain forward extension (fast and slow).
YPL1a Chain backward retraction (fast and slow).
YPL2b Chain forward extension (only fast one) .
YPL2a Chain backward retraction (only fast one).
0723. The following micro switches indicate a position of the Rammer chain:
a. SK1. chain is extended in forward position (long stroke for projectile ramming).
b. SK2. chain is extended in forward position (short stroke for propellant charge
ramming).
c. SK3. chain is retracted in backward position.
0724. A length of chain extension is controlled by the analogue transducer SQB and can be viewed
on the Gunner's Operating panel.
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SECTION-8
LOADING OF AMMUNITION ELEMENTS
0801. Loading Ammunition Elements in AUTOMATIC MODE.
a. The Gunner checks if commanded Ammunition (type of projectile and propellant
charge) have been present on the Gunner's Operating panel, and warns the Squad
Commander by voice if the status of Ammunition from any reason does not correspond to that
viewed by the Commander at his GD panel screen.
b. At his Control panel, in the field for GUN, he checks if the indicator lamp
BREECHBLOCK OPEN is lit. If the lamp is not lit, he informs the Squad Commander who
issues the command to the Loaders to climb up the Weapon and open the breechblock
manually with the operating lever.
c. After opening the breechblock the First Loader, by pulling knob of the lock, inserts the
magazine filled with primers into the magazine holder.
d. The Gunner makes the RESET of the Automatic loader cycle by subsequent release
of the ALL STOP button, then by turning the switch GUN from NORMAL into EMERGENCY
mode position, and finally by pressing the white button for TUBE UNLOCKING.
e. After that the Gunner turns the switch LOADER at his Control panel into position
AUTOMATIC MODE, and then presses the button LOADING START. the barrel is laid to the
Loading elevation, while in the same time the Automatic loader executes sequences of
automatic loading cycle: two feeders execute simultaneously the rotations 1 and 2, bringing the
projectile and propellant charge at loading elevation, but above the loading line. then, propellant
charge feeder waits in that position until feeder tray with projectile executes the rotation 3 - to the
loading line, and the Rammer chain to make forward extension for pressing the projectile into the
barrel forcing cone and after that retracting into the initial position. propellant charge feeder
then execute the rotation 3, Rammer chain pushes the propellant charge into the Gun
chamber and retracts into the initial position.
f. First and Second Loader survey the process of loading cycle and report to the
Commander eventual irregularities.
g. After the process of Ammunition loading has been successfully finished, starts the
sequence of automatic loading the primer from the magazine into the breechblock bushing.
h. When primer has been loaded, the Gunner informs the Commander and at his
approval, by pressing the button BREECHBLOCK CLOSING at his Control panel, actuates
the pneumatic cylinder for breechblock closing. after coming into closed and locked position,
the indicator lamp within the BREECHBLOCK CLOSING button is lit.
0802. Loading Ammunition Elements in SEMI-AUTOMATIC MODE. For the Squad Commander
in SEMI-AUTOMATIC mode of the Automatic loader there is no difference in comparison with
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AUTOMATIC mode. In this mode, the Gunner has first to press the button LOADING ELEVATION at
his Control panel, to move the barrel onto the Loading elevation. He checks visually whether the
barrel moves towards Loading elevation and whether it has stopped at that elevation. He also
inspects whether the indicator lamp within the button LOADING ELEVATION is lit, as soon as the
barrel has stopped. Then he presses the button LOADING START and executes automatically the
loading cycle like in AUTOMATIC mode.
0803. Loading Ammunition Elements in BACKUP Mode. When firing in BACKUP mode of the
Automatic loader, Gunner loads the Gun with Ammunition by using step-by-step procedure. Then he
enters into the screen on his Operating panel, for manual loading of the primer into the breechblock
bushing, in a following way:
a. By pressing the F1 PRIMER LOAD key, the pneumatic cylinder for primer loading into the
breechblock bushing has been actuated, going first into the backward position, enabling the
lower primer to be pressed down by the magazine's spring in front of the piston rod. then, in
the forward stroke of the piston, the primer is being inserted into the breechblock bushing,
changing at the same time the word NO to YES and again to NO on the screen.
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SECTION-9
FIRING THE GUN AND REFILLING OF AMMUNITION
Firing
0901. After the Weapon has been properly loaded with Ammunition and primer, breechblock closed,
and barrel laid to the commanded angles in traverse and elevation, two Loaders and Driver take the
cover behind the vehicle's cabin (Figure 9-1), where they are staying until the firing sequence will be
finished.
Figure 9-1: Arrangement of crew during firing sequence.
0902. Squad Commander reports to the Officer in charge of firing that the Weapon is READY-TO-
FIRE through the indicator lamp HK1, which is lit, by turning the SAK1 (FIRE PERMISSION) button
from 0 to position 1 the switch FIRE PERMISSION on his Control panel, he permits the fire. At the
same time the Fire permission is signaled to the Gunner via the green indicator lamp HN7 (FIRE
PERMITTED) on his control panel.
0903. The Gunner checks if he has received permission to open fire, by viewing that the indicator
lamp FIRE PERMITTED on his Control panel has been lit, and against the command FIRE, he
presses the button SBN7 (FIRE) and fires the projectile.
0904. After firing the Gunner checks if all logical conditions have been satisfied (barrel returned into
the battery position, breechblock opened). by pressing the LOADING START button, he reloads the
Gun with specified type of projectile and propellant charge in a described way to continue the firing. At
the same time, two Loaders and a Driver visually inspect whether all functions of the Weapon during
the firing sequence have been executed properly.
Refilling of Cassettes with Projectiles and Propellant Charges
0905. Filling of the Weapon's Automatic Loader cassettes and the Container with projectiles and
propellant charges is made usually in Battery preparatory position or in barracks, in peacetime. At the
firing position, after spending ammunition quantity contained in the cassettes, they have to be refilled
from the Ammunition container, against the following procedure:
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a. While the barrel is being turned into Main firing sector (opposite of the Driver's
cabin) two Loaders climb at the fixed platform. Second Loader takes the position in front of the
projectile cassette rear opening, while First Loader, by turning the door latches, opens the
Ammunition container. He lifts up the projectile holder against its spring, takes the projectile and
pulls it out from the container (Figure 9-2).
b. Then he carries it and hands it over to the Second Loader, who releases the holder
lock by pushing backwards its handle and puts the projectile into the cassette tray being at the
rear cassette opening (Figure 9-3).
Figure 9-3: Putting the projectile into the Automatic loader cassette.
Figure 9-2: Taking out the projectile from the Ammunition container.
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c. By turning the projectile in the tray, he reads out the data to be coded on the
projectile (projectile type, weight mark, fuze type and fuze setting) and by voice transmits
them to the Gunner, who enters them into the PLC unit through his Operating panel. then he
locks the projectile in the tray by pulling toward him the handle of the holder lock.
d. Gunner makes the cassette stroking for one step forward bringing the next tray at the
rear cassette opening, where the Second Loader puts the next projectile, being brought by
the First Loader from the container. the procedure is continued until all 12 projectiles have
been filled and data codes entered into the PLC unit.
e. After refilling the projectile cassette, a similar procedure is undertaken of taking out
the propellant charges from the container (Figure 9-4), of filling them into the cassette (Figure
9-5), and of coding the PLC unit.
Refilling the Container with Projectiles and Propellant Charges
0906. Refilling the Ammunition container with projectiles and propellant charges is done from the
Weapon's Logistic vehicle. Refilling is carried out by Logistic vehicle crew and First and Second
Loader, against the following procedure:
a. After spending a certain (or all) Ammunition quantity from the Spare combat load,
contained in the Ammunition container, and when a combat situation allows it, the Squad
Commander may decide to refill it by calling the Logistic vehicle, which approaches to the
Weapon. then two crew members of the Logistic vehicle take out the bars with a double hook
Figure 9-4: Taking out the propellant charge from the Ammunition container.
Figure 9-5: Putting the propellant charge into the Automatic loader cassette.
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(Figure 9-6) and start together to open the tarpaulin (Figure 9-7).
Layout of the opened Logistic vehicle is shown in Figure 9-8.
b. By manipulating the commands of the Logistic vehicle control panel, the vehicle crane
is lifted and its arm extended (Figure 9-9). the Second Loader climbs at the Weapon's
platform, releases the cover latches and together with the First Loader lift up the Container's
cover. then he climbs to the Container and catches the lifting cables to the crane's hook
(Figure 9-10).
Figure 9-6: Crew member taking out the bar with a double-hook from the Logistic vehicle approaching to the Weapon.
1 - Logistic vehicle.
2 - Bar with a double-hook.
Figure 9-7: Opening the tarpaulin of the Logistic vehicle.
Figure 9-8: Logistic vehicle opened.
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c. The crane operator then lifts up the empty cassette (column) from the Container and transports it to the Logistic vehicle (Figure 9-11). in a similar manner they catch the cassette filled, i.e. with propellant charges from the Logistic vehicle, transport it to the Weapon and put it down into the Container (Figure 9-12).
Figure 9-9: Lifting and extending the arm of the crane.
Figure 9-10: Connecting the catches of the crane's lifting cable to the cassette.
Figure 9-11: Lifting and transporting the empty cassette.
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d. In a similar way a cassette filled with projectiles is being lifted up from the Logistic vehicle, transported and inserted into the Container empty column (Figure 9-13).
e. This procedure is carried out until the container is properly refilled, taking care that
propellant charges should be sorted per zones and powder lots, as well as projectiles per
types, and within each type, per fuzes and weight marks.
0907. When carrying and manipulating ERFB BB projectiles during the refilling process, both
Loaders have to take care of their proper handling. Namely, they have to carry it by holding the upper
part of the projectile with one hand and a Base bleed unit with a second hand, but without putting
fingers inside the bottom central opening for not breaking-off its thin light alloy cover plate, like in
Figure 9-14.
Figure 9-12: Putting down the cassette filled with propellant charges into the Container.
Figure 9-13: Putting down the cassette filled with projectiles into the container.
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Weapon Crew
0908. Weapon crew is composed of 5 members: Squad (Weapon) Commander, Gunner, Driver,
and two Loaders. When the Weapon is in Marching position, Commander and Gunner are seated in
their own cabins that are located on the Mobile platform of the Weapon, while the Driver and two
Loaders are accommodated in the Driver’s cabin. When the Weapon is in Combat position, the
Commander, via his Control panel which includes a Gun Display, supervises Weapon's functions,
monitors a combat situation and communicates with Higher Commanding Levels. The Gunner, via his
own Control panel, Operating Panel and a Control joystick, directly controls the Automatic Loader
functions, sets up the ordered firing data and lays the barrel in traverse and elevation. Majority of
activities and procedures related to Gun operating on the firing position during the transition from
Marching into Combat position and vice-versa, as well as firing proper are automated, thus
contributing to shortening of the system response time and reducing crew fatigue to a minimum.
Figure 9-14: Example of improper handling of the ERFB BB projectile.
1 - Broken light alloy cover plate of the Base bleed.
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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION TO 155MM AMMUNITION
SECTION-10
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
General 1001. The 155 mm ammunition, used with 155mm NORA-B52 K1 Self-Propelled Gun-Howitzer, is a
separated type round (projectiles and propellant charges are formed separately and are introduced
into the gun chamber separately). The Ammunition Combat set is located on the weapon and it
consists of 36 projectiles and 36 propellant charges. Twelve projectiles and the same number of
propellant charges are located in the corresponding Automatic Loader Cassettes, while the remaining
twenty four rounds are stowed in the Ammunition Container on the vehicle. Resupply of the weapon's
combat set during the combat mission is made by the Logistic Vehicle. The combustible propellant
charges are of a modern, solid mono-block type, suited for automatic feeding into the gun chamber.
During storing periods, these are stowed in their own sealed plastic containers. When preparing
Battery weapons for combat mission, the mono-block propellant charges are taken out of these
containers and placed in the corresponding Automatic Loader Cassettes, Ammunition Container
Columns or Logistic Vehicle Columns.
1002. The basic loading of projectiles and propellant charges is executed in an automatic cycle,
where the projectile and propellant charge are being successively rammed into the gun barrel by the
Automatic Loader's Chain Rammer, although manual loading is possible. Initiating of propellant
charge is carried out by using a separate M82 Gun Primer, but only the newer versions that support
maximum pressures prescribed for 155 mm Artillery Weapons having the barrel length of 52 cal. The
early version of M82 Primer that had been used with older 155 mm Howitzers and Guns cannot
withstand the maximum pressures for 52 cal barrels, and therefore their use with NORA-B52 K1
system is strictly prohibited. Primers (12 pcs) are stowed in the primer magazine, being
inserted into the magazine holder at the right side of the gun cradle. Primers are taken from the
magazine and introduced automatically to the primer chamber in the breechblock, while the spent
primers, after firing sequence has been finished are also automatically extracted and ejected out of
breechblock to the right and rear side of the breech ring.
Types of Ammunition
1003. NORA-B52 K1 weapon is designed to fire standard and long-range 155 mm ammunition,
typically represented by:
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a. Standard 155 mm М107 Projectile, with bag-type Propellant charges М4А2 - Zone 7
(only for manual loading of the charges) and a solid, mono-block Propellant charge MC Zone
8.
b. HE ERFB (Boat-tail in short BT) projectile, which can be used with solid, mono-block
Propellant charges Zone 8, Zone 9 and Zone 10.
c. HE ERFB-BB projectile used with a solid, mono-block Propellant charge Zone 10,
which enables ballistic characteristics similar to that of a bag-type M11 Propellant charge.
d. 155 mm Smoke (White Phosphorus) projectile, which can be used with solid, mono-
block Propellant charges Zone 8, Zone 9 and Zone 10.
e. 155 mm Illuminating projectile, equivalent of M118A2 projectile, which has an
Electronic time fuze and is used with bag-type Propellant charges М4А2 Zone 7 (only for
manual loading of the charges) and a solid, mono-block Propellant charge MC Zone 8..
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CHAPTER-2
VARIOUS TYPES OF AMMUNITIONS
SECTION-11
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION AND DATA
155 mm M107 Projectile
1101. The 155 mm M107 projectile is a well known, used in a long period as a standard 155 mm
projectile for weapons having the barrel lengths of 39 and 45 cal with bag-type propellant charges
Zone 3 to Zone 7, as well as with charge M2 Zone 8. When fired from the NORA-B52 K1 weapon,
having the barrel length of 52 cal with a solid, mono-block Propellant charge MC Zone 8, which
ballistically corresponds to the M2 Zone 8 charge, it attains maximum ranges of approximately 18400
m.
Figure 11-1: HE M107 Projectile and its Charges
1102. It is strongly recommended to fire first one or two rounds from the NORA-B52 K1 weapon by
using the M107 projectile with manually loaded bag-type Propellant charge Zone 7 or automatically
loaded charge MC Zone 8 for gradual heating of the Gun barrel, thus contributing to reduce the wear
and extend the barrel life cycle.
1103. Technical Data.
a. Projectile:………………………………………………............HE M107 b. Projectile mass (kg):……………………………………..……… ~ 43.1
c. Projectile length (with nose plug) (mm):………………..……… ~ 681
Charge MC Zone 8
M107 Projectile Charge M4A2, Zone 7
Charge MC Zone 8
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d. Fuze:……………….......................Impact М02, SQ and Delay Action e. Explosive charge (kg):…………………………….…………..~ 6,6 TNT f. Max pressure (bar):…………………………………………..……~ 1700
g. Primer:……………………………………………..………………TK M82
h. Propellant Charges :
Propellant charges M4A2 Zone 7 MC Zone 8
Powder Type NCD 27 NCD 26
Powder mass (kg) ~ 6.3 ~ 8.5
Muzzle velocity (m/s) ~ 565 ~ 690
Max range (m) ~14900 ~ 18400
NOTE: Symbol “~” means tolerance ±5% for weight and length dimensions.
155 mm HE ERFB M03 Projectile
1104. The 155 mm High Explosive (HE) ERFB M03 projectile has a modern, slender external shape
and guiding studs, similar to that of an ERFB BB projectile. Instead of a Base bleed unit, the bottom
part has a cylindrical cavity - Boat-tail in short BT (shown at Figure) which together with a slender
shape, reduces the drag and increase the range in comparison to the M107 projectile.
Figure 11-2: Section of the ERFB M03 Projectile
1 - Boat - tail shape of the projectile bottom
2 - Explosive charge
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Figure 11-3: HE ERFB M03 Projectile and Propellant Charges.
1105. Technical Data.
a. Projectile: HE ERFB M03
b. Projectile mass (kg): ~ 45.5
c. Projectile length (with fuse) (mm): ~ 938
d. Fuze: Impact М02, SQ and Delay Action
e. Explosive charge (kg): ~ 8,7 TNT
f. Primer: TK M82
g. Propellant Charges:
Propellant Charges MC Zone 8 MC Zone 9 MC Zone 10
Powder Type NCD 26 NCD 191 NCD 19
Powder mass (kg) ~ 8.5 ~ 12.9 ~ 15.2
Max pressure (bar) ~ 1700 ~ 2600 ~ 3250
Muzzle velocity (m/s) ~ 680 ~ 820 ~ 920
Max range (m) ~ 20620 ~ 26630 ~ 32380
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155 mm HE ERFB - BB M03 Projectile
1106. The 155 mm HE ERFB-BB M03 projectile is a modern, slender shaped projectile with
fragmentation and blast effects on the target at extended ranges (over 40,000 m). It is intended for
destroying live force, unarmoured and lightly armoured vehicles, as well as Artillery and Missile
batteries at standstill and in travelling position, as well as fortifications, when the fuze is set to Delay
action.
1107. The assembled projectile consists of:
a. Projectile body.
b. Fuze.
c. Explosive charge.
d. Base-bleed unit.
e. Driving band with a plastic sealing ring.
Figure 11-4: 155 mm HE ERFB-BB M03 Projectile. 1 - Projectile body. 2 - M02 fuze. 3 - Guiding studs. 4 - Driving band with a plastic sealing ring. 5 - Base bleed unit.
Figure 11-5: 155 mm HE ERFB-BB M03 Projectile with a eyebolt plug.
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Figure 11-6: Propellant Charge MC Zone 10
1108. Technical Data.
a. Projectile: HE ERFB-BB M03
b. Projectile mass (kg): ~ 47.6
c. Projectile length (with fuse) (mm): ~ 938
d. Fuze: Impact М02, SQ and Delay Action
e. Explosive charge (kg): ~ 8,7 TNT
f. Primer: TK M82
g. Propellant Charge:
Propellant charges MC Zone 10
Powder Type NCD 19
Powder mass (kg) ~ 15.6
Max pressure (bar) ~ 3250
Muzzle velocity (m/s) ~ 925
Max range (m) ~ 41100
1109. The Projectile Body. The projectile body 1 has the front ogival shape, five cal long, while
there is no cylindrical part. On the front ogival part of the body, there are four profiled guiding studs 3
instead of the standard centering ring. Their external diameter of the studs corresponds to the barrel
grooves depth and the longitudinal inclination to the bore rifling angle. The bottom ogival part of the
projectile is made up of the Base-bleed unit 5, which is screwed in the body thread intended for this
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purpose. The fixed driving band ring 4, made of red brass, is fastened in the body canal. Immediately
below it there is a plastic mass ring (the white one in Figure), which has the role of sealing the interior
of the barrel, thus improving the effectiveness of propellant charge gases use during a firing
sequence.
1110. Explosive Charge. Explosive charge is made of the brisant explosive TNT (trotyl), which
is cast into the projectile body. The projectile surface designations are marked with yellow paint. On
the ogival part painted are weight marks in the form of squares, which represent Projectile weight
deviation from the rated value (see Table 11-1). Other designations are for the type of explosive,
Weapons allowed to be used, projectile type, manufacturing designation, year of manufacture and a
manufacturing lot.
1111. Base Bleed Unit. Base bleed unit is, by threaded connection, attached to the bottom
part of the projectile body. Base bleed unit consists of a metal hollow body, whose interior houses the
Base bleed propellant charge and its initiating charge in a cylindrical sleeve at the top of the Base
bleed unit. Central bottom circular opening at the Base bleed unit is covered with a sheet of light alloy
metal. A longitudinal section of the projectile body with a Base bleed unit is given in the following
Figure.
Figure 11-7: Section of the 155 mm HE ERFB-BB M03 projectile.
When firing occurs, the hot powder gases break the covering sheet and activate the initiating charge,
which burns with a certain delay, enabling that the Base bleed propellant charge is activated after the
projectile has leaved the muzzle. The Base bleed charge combustion creates an amount of gases
flowing through the central base bleed opening in a projectile rearward direction with a small
overpressure compared to surrounding atmospheric pressure. This flow under small overpressure
diminishes the turbulent flow zone behind the projectile, thus reducing its rear drag and significantly
increasing the range, without disturbing its ballistic characteristics.
1112. Impact Fuze UTIU, M02. The UTIU, M02 impact fuze is intended to be used with 155
mm M107, HE ERFB, HE ERFB-BB and SMOKE (WP) projectiles. It is an upper, impact fuze with
instantaneous (Super Quick) and Delay action. It is secured with the interrupted initiating explosive
chain, enabling a complete safety within the barrel and beyond the muzzle at a distance of min. 10 m.
Its design also ensures a dropping safety, as well as a safety at any kind of transportation.
1 - Base bleed unit. 2 - Base bleed initiating charge and its sleeve.
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Figure 11-8 : External layout of the fuze UTIU, M02.
Figure 11-9: Section view of the fuze M02
a Description. The fuze is sealed, packed separately in a box and stowed in
the cartridge packing. The basic position of the fuze action regulator is instantaneous (Super
Quick) action "SQ" ("T" in Serbian language). When firing with Delay action, the regulator
indicator should be turned with a special socket wrench from the SPTA kit by 90°, towards the
marking "D" (Delay) or "U" in Serbian language. The figure illustrates a half-section view of the
fuze assembly, which consists of:
(1) Impact action mechanism.
1 - Fuze tip.
2 - Support.
3 - Body.
4 - Firing pin.
5 - Inertial case.
6 - Striker.
7 - Percussion cap.
8 - Setting sleeve (regulator).
9 - Detonating primer.
10 - Safety mechanism.
11 - Detonator.
12 - Additional detonator.
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(2) Action selector mechanism "SQ/D" (“T/U" in Serbian language).
(3) Safety mechanism.
(4) Main and additional detonator.
b. Fuze Functioning.
(1) On firing, when the projectiles accelerates in the Gun barrel, the inertial case
retracts, due to inertial force, compressing its spring and thus releases the balls over
the rotor with detonating primer and enables its arming. After inertial force has
stopped with its effects, the inertial case, under the action of the spring, resumes the
upper position releasing the ball, which has secured the firing pin, and the fuze is
introduced into the armed state.
(2) When the projectile hits the target, due to reaction force, the firing pin moves
backward and acts upon the percussion primer of firing mechanism, whose flash is
transferred to the detonating primer and to the delay element. If non-delay action
fails, the fuze will be activated through the delay element.
(3) If the fuze is set to a Delay action, then the setting sleeve (regulator) will not
move, and the passage will not be opened for the flash between the percussion
primer of striking mechanism and the detonating primer. Upon impact against the
obstacle, due to the force of reaction, the striker with the percussion primer moves
forward and hits the firing pin, which causes the ignition of the percussion primer of
inertial (Delay) mechanism. The flash will be transferred via the Delay element to the
detonating primer and from it to the detonator and high explosive charge.
1113. Projectile Weight Mark Limit. Due to complexity of design and different production factors,
the projectiles lots are manufactured with certain weight deviations from the rated (nominal) value of
47,6 kg. These weight deviations are divided into six weight classes, designated with a number of
squares (Table 11-1), which are marked in yellow paint on the projectile body. The weight marks have
influence on ballistic characteristics of the projectile, therefore they have to be coded and entered into
the PLC unit. After that, they have to be, together with other significant data, collected by the Main
Ballistic Computer on the Command post and taken into account when calculating the firing elements
for a specified target.
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Table 11-1 - Projectile Weight Marks
Weight Class (Number of Squares)
Projectile Weight Limits For 155 mm HE ERFB-BB with a Fuze
(kg)
□ 45.85 to 46.35
□□ 46.35 to 46.85
□□□ 46.85 to 47.35
□□□□ 47.35 to 47.85
□□□□□ 47.85 to 48.35
□□□□□□ 48.35 to 48.85
1114. It can be seen from the Table 11-1 that the nominal weight of the ERFB BB projectile of 47.6
kg falls in the class with four squares which is, by convention, taken as a NORMAL or ZERO weight
class for ballistic calculations. If the projectile is marked with five squares, in the FCCS it will be taken
into calculations as a + 1 (Plus ONE) weight class, if it is marked with three squares, as a - 1 (Minus
ONE) class, and so on.
155 mm Smoke (WP) M03 Projectile
1115. The 155 mm SMOKE (WP) M03 projectile is of a bursting type, intended to protect own troops
by making a smoke screen in front of them. By its external shape the SMOKE M03 projectile is similar
to that of the ERFB projectile and uses the same impact M02 fuze with SQ or Delay action. Instead of
the explosive charge, the projectile body is filled with an 8,7 kg smoke composition based on the
White Phosphorus. In the central part of the projectile body there is a perforated steel busters tube
with a small quantity of explosive. On impact, the projectile body is being disrupted and smoke
composition ignited by the action of the small explosive charge, scattering the content and producing
the smoke screen with secondary, incendiary effects on the ground.
Figure 11-10: Smoke (WP) M03 Projectile and Propellant Charges
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1116. Technical Data.
a. Projectile: SMOKE (WP) M03
b. Projectile mass (kg): ~ 47.6
c. Projectile length (with fuse) (mm): ~ 938
d. Fuze: Impact М02, SQ and Delay Action e. Smoke charge (kg): ~ 8,7 (White Phosphorus) f. Primer: TK M82
g. Propellant Charges:
Propellant charges MC Zone 8 MC Zone 9 MC Zone 10
Powder Type NCD 26 NCD 191 NCD 19
Powder mass (kg) ~ 8.5 ~ 12.9 ~ 15.2
Max pressure (bar) ~ 1700 ~ 2600 ~ 3250
Muzzle velocity (m/s) ~ 680 ~ 820 ~ 920
Max range (m) ~ 20620 ~ 26630 ~ 32380
155 mm Illuminating M118A2 Projectile
1117. The 155 mm Illuminating M118A2 projectile is intended for illuminating the target area in night
and poor visibility conditions. The projectile, whose external shape looks like the M107 projectile, is in
fact a hollow steel shell containing an illuminant canister. A separating charge expels the illuminant
canister out of the projectile body on a falling path of a projectile trajectory, usually at heights from
600 m to 700 m. The point of activating the separating charge is determined by time delay setting on
the projectile's Electronic time fuze M03, according to the FCCS data for a specified target distance.
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Figure 11-11: Illuminating M118A2 Projectile. Figure 11-12: Section view of
Illuminating M118A2 Projectile.
1118. After the canister is expelled from the projectile body, its wings are deployed to reduce the
speed and rotation rate of the canister. When the canister starts to have stable falling speed, an
illuminating flare with its breaking parachute is expelled from the
canister, and illuminating compound being ignited. The compound of a falling flare is burning for
approximately 60 seconds, producing the luminous intensity over the target area of about 1.000.000
Cd (candelas).
Figure 11-13: Propellant Charges
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1119. Technical Data.
a. Projectile: M118A2i
b. Projectile mass (without fuze or plug) (kg): ~ 46.2
c. Projectile length (with nose plug) (mm): ~ 681
d. Fuze: Electronic Time Fuze M03
e. Luminous intensity (Cd): ~ 1.000.000 f. Flare burning time (s): ~ 60
g. Illumination filling (kg): ~ 2
h. Max pressure (bar): ~ 1700
j. Max range (m): ~ 17.000
k. Primer: TK M82
l. Propellant Charges:
M4A2 Zone 7 MC Zone 8
Powder Type NCD 27 NCD 26
Powder mass (kg) ~ 6.3 ~ 8.5
Muzzle velocity (m/s) ~ 570 ~ 700
Max range (m) - ~ 18400
1120. Electronic Time Fuze M03. The layout of the Electronic time fuze M03, based on modern
micro processor technology which enables capability of initial chain activating in a defined moment
after firing, is shown in the figure below:
Figure 11-14: Electronic time fuze.
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a. As can be seen in above Figure the main components of the fuze are: a fuze
body, battery, electronic module, centrifugal switch (CS), inflammable head, display and time
setting button. A battery, located in the upper part of the body, serves as a power supply. Electronic
module ensures that
inflammable head be power supplied in a defined moment. Required fuze security
levels are enabled by the work circuits being power supplied only after minimum projectile
acceleration od 24000 m/s2 and rotations over 2000 rpm have been attained (rotation is
controlled by the Centrifugal Switch). Inflammable head ensures flame for igniting of
bursting charge in a projectile after the set time has been expired. The time delay on the Electronic
time fuze can be set in a range from 3 s to 200 s, in increments of 0.1 s.
Figure 11-15: Case for Electronic time fuze. Figure 11-16: Electronic time fuze. b. Basic technical characteristics of the Electronic time fuze M03 are given below: (1) Setting time: 3 s to 200 s
(2) Setting time increments: 0.1 s
(3) Minimum acceleration: 24000 m/s2
(4) Maximum acceleration: 250000 m/s2
(5) Minimum rotation: 1800 rpm
(6) Maximum rotation: 25000 rpm
(7) Bore velocity (max.): 1100 m/s
(8) Operating temperature range: -40°Cto +50°C
(9) Service/Shelf life: Min. 10 years
(10) Safety: MIL-STD- 1316B
c. Until assembled to the artillery projectile, UTE M03 is kept in transport packaging.
After taking the fuze out of the transport packaging and before assembly to the artillery projectile,
function of the fuze UTE M03 must be checked.
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d. Check and adjustment time is performed using the button for time adjustement
on fuze housing, and is being observed on the display that is visible through the transparent
opening on the fuze housing.
e. Display, that shows adjustement of activation time, contains 4 digits in the form
of ХХХ.Х. The first three digits represent seconds and the fourth digit is the tenth of a second and is
separated from the third digit by a decimal point.
f. Checking the function of the fuze, after taking it out from transport packaging,
is performed as follows:
(1) One quick press on the button for time adjustement.
(2) LED display must show 000.0 for the next 3 s. (3) After 3 s display must turn off and the fuze changes to
"sleep" mode (off).
g. If display shows other video display than above described, the fuze should not
be assembled to the artillery projectile and is declared as defective.
h. If display shows proper video display, the fuze can be assembled to the artillery
projectile. Fuze is wound (clockwise) by hand, and then must be wound till the end of a screw thread
using an appropriate tool.
j. When fuze is assembled to the artillery projectile, time adjustement of the fuze
activation can be performed if the artillery projectile will be fired in the next 10 to 12 minutes.
k. Fuze Time Setting. A setting of the time is made in a following way: LED display is
activated with double click on the Setting button. Registration is executed so that
flashing digit can be changed holding pressed button. Setting digit remains after the button
sets free. Moving to next digit is executed with button pressing and then the digit is dialed as
in previous case. After all digit settings and waiting of 5 seconds, the setting time is displayed.
After 5 seconds setting time disappears and a dot appears, indicating that the fuze is set up.
In case of misfire after 10 minutes, fuze returns into its initial state and a new time setting is
necessary.Fuze time setting is performed as follows:
(1) One quick press on the button for time setting.
(2) LED display must show 000.0.
(3) While the display shows 000.0, button should be pressed again.
(4) The display should show only digits of a hundred and all other digits are
off.
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(5) In the next 0.5 s button should be pressed and held until 0 or 1 shows
on the place of a hundred, depending whether the desired time is higher or lower than
100 s.
(6) After setting the desirable digit, release the button.
(7) After period of 0.5 s the first digit turns off, the second turns on, then the
third, and the fourth one turns on.
(8) In the position of each digit,"0" blinks for period of 0.5 s, and during that
time button should be pressed if there is a need to change the previous value.
(9) While holding the button, the second, the third and the fourth digit change
their values from 0 to 9.
(10) After releasing the button, the set value of each digit remains memorized.
(11) After setting the fourth digit, the display will repeat 2 cycles of individual
display of each digit.
(12) During those 2 cycles it is possible to change any digit, in the
previously described way.
(13) After expiry of these 2 cycles, the display shows the time set for all four
digits and remains on the display for the next 3 s.
(14) If the set time is not correct (beyond the scope of the allowed time) the fuze
must be turned off and changed to "sleep" mode.
(15) If the set time is correct, in the following 12 minutes fuze changes to mode of
waiting projectile firing.
(16) During waiting time, the segment "-" blinks as follows: first 3 minutes on
the first digit, the next 3 minutes on the second digit, then 3 minutes on the third digit
and 3 minutes on the fourth digit.
(17) If during that time no projectile firing performs, the fuze erases the set time,
sets the value to 000.0 and changes to "sleep" mode (off).
l. Change of Adjusted Time of Activation. If during 12 minutes, which is the time
period how long the fuze stores adjusted time, you want to change the adjusted time, button
on the fuze housing should be pressed two times. After the first press on the button the
display will show previously adjusted time, аnd after the second press on the button you enter
the mode of repetition of 3 cycles showing "-" in the position of every digit, and the value of
each digit is changed.
m. Turning off the Fuze. Turning off the fuze is done by adjusting the activation time
to 000.0.
n. Maintenance. Considering that the fuze UTE M03 is stored in the appropriate
packaging untill use, it is not subjected to any kind of maintenance.
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CHAPTER-3
PROPELLANT CHARGES AND GUN PRIMER
SECTION-12
PROPELLANT CHARGES
Description
1201. The solid, mono-block propellant charges MC Zone 8, Zone 9 and Zone 10 are manufactured
according to the same technological procedures. To be properly held and gripped by the Propellant
charge feeder during the automatic loading process, they have the same external diameter, but differ
in the total length and a powder type being used in accordance with required ballistic characteristics
for the NORA-B52 K1 weapon system. They also have different colour of the combustible case - the
MC Zone 8 is coloured in white, the MC Zone 9 in orange and the MC 10 in pink colour to be more
easily distinguished by the Weapon's crew.
Construction
1202. The solid, mono-block MC propellant charge consists of propellants stowed in a sealed,
combustible case, made of propulsive energetic material by impregnation of nitrocellulose paper,
having a rigidity that can withstand the loads occurring during transportation and automatic loading
into the Gun chamber when firing. The combustible shroud represents the "cold" limit layer, right next
to the Gun chamber walls, which reduces barrel erosion during firing. Manufacturing technology
provides for balanced density and homogeneity of the propellant charge, thus contributing to attain
required internal-ballistic parameters of the weapon-ammunition system.
The Mono-Block Propellant Charge MC 10
1203. The mono-block Propellant MC 10 charge uses, as a basic powder charge, the 15.2 kg of the
NCD-19 cylindrical multi-perforated (19 perforations) powder grains, producing in the Gun barrel
mean maximum pressures of 3250 bars and a mean muzzle velocity of 925 m/s when firing an ERFB
BB projectile. The powder grains are filled in the combustible case around combustion intensifier
sticks made from NC-80 powder, being in the middle of the case. At the bottom, central part of the
case an ignition charge made
from NC-70 powder in the combustible bag is attached to the combustion intensifier sticks. The case
is at the bottom part closed and sealed by a combustible flat cover, at which a Chain rammer is
pressing when loading the propellant charge into the gun chamber. In the front part, a de-coppering
additive has been added, contributing to reduce copper residues in the bore during firing. For
protecting the propellant charge from environmental conditions (humidity, rain) and mechanical loads
during transportation, the mono- block propellant charge 1 is packed into the plastic container 2,
sealed with an adhesive tape.
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Figure 12-1: Set of propellant charge MC Zone 10. Preparation
1204. During the preparations in the Battery unit base for accomplishing a combat mission, the
sealing tape is cut or removed in any other way and the Propellant charge is pulled out of the plastic
container, which is kept in storage facility for further use, if needed. Then the protective white cover of
the bottom igniter is removed and the propellant charge is ready to be placed into the Automatic
Loader cassette, the Ammunition Container column on the Weapon itself or into the Logistic vehicle
column. After the combat mission has been finished and Battery returned to the Unit base, all unused
propellant charges have to be repacked into plastic containers and sealed by the tape for further
storage and later reuse.
The Mono-Block Propellant Charge MC Zone 9
1205. The mono-block propellant charge MC Zone 9 uses, as a basic powder charge, the 12.9 kg of
the NCD-191 cylindrical multi-perforated powder grains, producing in the Gun barrel mean maximum
pressures of 2600 bars and a muzzle velocity of 820m/s, when firing an ERFB projectile.
The Mono-Block Propellant Charge MC Zone 8
1206. The mono-block propellant charge MC Zone 8 uses, as a basic powder charge, the 8.5 kg of
the NCD-26 powder grains, producing in the Gun barrel mean maximum pressures of 1700 bars and
a muzzle velocity of 680 m/s, when firing an ERFB projectile.
1301. As compared to the other gun primers being inserted into the cartridge case, this type of
Primer is a separated item, placed in the primer magazine on the Weapon cradle (because the round
does not have the cartridge case). From this position, it is automatically loaded into the breechblock
primer bushing, where it is then ignited in the process of firing. On the top side of the primer body
there is a charge of black powder, and on the bottom part there is a striking plunger and initiating
primer cap. When firing occurs, the firing pin hits and moves the striking plunger of the primer
abruptly, this then activates the initiating primer cap. The initiating primer pulse causes ignition of the
Primer's black powder charge, while the flame and gases, under high pressure and temperature, flow
through the breechblock vent and ignite first the initiating charge at the bottom of the Propellant
charge, and then the propellant charge itself in the gun chamber.
Figure: Primer M82.
Figure 13-1: Primer M82.
1302. The primer is being manufactured by an extrusion process from the high quality brass
material. In difference with older types of the M82 primers being used with 155 mm Artillery weapons
like M114 Howitzers or M2 Guns, having maximum pressure in the range of 2.200 to 2.500 bars, the
interior of the M82 Primer body to be used with 52 cal NORA-K1 Weapon has been reinforced by
inserting a steel sleeve to withstand increased maximum pressures when activated in this type of
Weapon (proof pressures may going up over 4.000 bars).
Note: Older types of the M82 primers are strictly forbidden for the NORA-K1 Weapon!
1 - Primer M82.
2 - Primer M82 in a
sealed plastic envelope.
3 - Marking on the primer
bottom.
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CHAPTER-4
PACKING AND MARKING
SECTION-14
PACKING
General
1401. Since 155 mm Ammunition is without cartridge case and the fuzes are not wound on the
projectiles during the delivery transportation to the Customer, each constituent part is packed, stored
and transported separately.
Fuze Packing
1402. Fuzes UTIU, M02 for Ammunition 155 mm are packed (by 8 pcs.) in the sealed metal case
(Figure 14-1), having a gross weight of 7.7 kg.
Figure 14-1 : Packing of the fuze UTIU, M02. Projectile Packing 1403. The projectile is packed in the plastic container with the top and bottom rubber cover. Eight
projectiles are packed and secured by the metal tape on wooden pallets. The size of the packed pallet
is 360 x 765 x 955 mm, and its gross weight 423 kg.
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Figure 14-2: Projectile pallet packing.
Packing of Propellant Charges
1404. Mono-block Propellant MC charges are packed into a sealed plastic container. These
containers provide storage safety for the propellant charges, both in the open and storage/exploitation
conditions, within the temperature range of -40 to +60C.
Figure 14-3: Section of the Propellant charge MC Zone 10 packing.
1405. For transportation (out of NORA-B52 K1), 20 Propellant charges are packed on wooden
pallets in four rows (5 pcs. in 4 rows). Pallet size: 1150 mm (width) x 1020 mm (length) x 1057 mm
(height).
Packing of Gun Primers M82
1406. There are cases when Gun primers M82 are not packed together with Propellant charges, but
as separate packing items. Then they are packed in a following way:
a. 48 primers are packed in a metal, sealed box, having a diameter of 100 mm, and a
length of 100 mm.
b. 30 boxes with primers (1440 pcs.) are stowed in the wooden box, having the size of
610x360x270 mm, and a gross weight of 33.5 kg.
1 - Washer (board).
2 – Cord.
3 - Propellant charge.
4 - Primer M82 in wooden box (in case it is packed with propellant charge).
5 - Sealing tape.
6 - Cardboard lining.
1 - Plastic container. 2 - Wooden pallet.
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SECTION-15
Marking
Marking of 155 mm Ammunition with HE ERFB – BB Projectile
1501. Ammunition is marked by painting and stamping in the following way:
a. Fuze Markings. The fuze body is impressed with following cold marks:
(1) FUZE UTIU M02……………………………...Fuze type and model
(2) SČ 0501……………...................Manufacturer's designation, year
of manufacture and manufacturing lot
(3) TK-VK…………………………………………Technical and military control
designation
b. Metal Box Designations – Fuze Packing.
(1) 8 ……………………………………………...….No. of fuzes packed
(2) FUZE UTIU M02………………………..…….Fuze type and model
(3) SČ 0501…………………… Manufacturer's designation, year of manufacture
c. Projectile Markings. Ogive and cylindrical part of the body have the
following marks (in yellow):
(1) █ █ ...............................................Projectile weight class mark
(2) TNT ………………………..….….Type of explosive charge (trotyl)
(3) 155 mm SP GH NORA-K1.........Weapon caliber, type and model
(4) HE ER-BB M03 …………………..….Projectile type and model
(5) LOT SČ 0401………………...….Manufacturer's designation, year of manufacture and manufacture Lot
(6) BASE BLEED …………………………….……..Base bleed unit.
d. Markings on Propellant Charge MC Zone 10. The label has the following
data, marked in black:
(1) 155 mm……………………………………………...…………Caliber (2) CHARGE MC ZONE 10 …….…………ropellant charge model (3) LOT 01/05 ………………………Lot No. and year of manufacture (4) MBL – SERB ……Manufacturer and country of origin mark
e. Markings on Projectile Pallet Label.
(1) 8 pcs ……………………....No. of projectile per pallet
(2) DESCRIPTION...155 mm HE ERFB–B………Projectile type and model
(3) QUANTITY (1) …..
188………………………...…Total No. of pallets
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(4) CRATE (1) ……..
136/188 ……………………………………Pallet No
(5) LOT N0 …………
SČ 0105 ………………..………………Projectile lot
(6) G.WEIGHT/N.WEIGHT...423/386.4kg..Gross/net weight of pallet
Note: Data on QUANTITY and CRATE for the projectiles (1) as well as QUANTITY and CRATE
for propellant charge (2) are only given as a marking example.
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CHAPTER-5
AMMUNITION HANDLING
SECTION-16
AMMUNITION HANDLING FOR FIRING
General
1601. When properly handled and manipulated, the Ammunition is safe for use and reliable in
action. Improper handling may cause misfire and premature activating.
Note: It is strictly forbidden dismantling of the fuzes and elimination of the defects in basic
Units and warehouses!
Preparing the Ammunition for Firing
1602. The Ammunition combat load for NORA-B52 K1 Weapon is prepared in ready-to use state in
the Unit barracks, prior to marching onto the firing emplacement. According to the expected combat
engagement, the projectiles and mono-block propellant charges have to be taken out of their original
packing containers from the palettes and ranged on some textile sheet on the ground. Having in mind
that different ammunition lots may have different ballistic characteristics, which can cause increased
dispersion when firing at the target, the propellant charges have to be, whenever possible, chosen
from the same lot, and the projectiles from the same lot and even with similar weight marks. Prior to
filling into the Weapon's cassettes and Container, as well as in Logistic vehicle, the Ammunition has
to be cleaned from dust and inspected, especially taking care of the following:
a. Iif there are traces of corrosion on the projectiles bodies.
b. If there are present cracks, fissures and other defects on the projectile body, driving
band and Base bleed unit.
c. If there is eventual leaking of the explosive between the body and the eyebolt plug or
leaking of the smoke composition on the SMOKE (WP) M03 projectile, or the illuminating
compound on the Illuminating M118A2 projectile.
d. If on the projectile body exists proper weight marks and other prescribed markings.
e. If the deformations or fissures are present on the circular combustible case of the
propellant charge.
f. If the propellant charges are properly marked.
1603. It is not allowed to use the Ammunition having the following defects:
a. Projectiles having the traces of explosive, smoke composition and illuminating
compound leaking, projectiles without proper markings, as well as those having cracks,
fissures and other deformations on the body, driving band and on Base bleed unit.
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b. Propellant charges having fissures and other deformations of the combustible cases
(like in the Figure), as well as charges without proper markings.
Figure 16-1: Deformation of the propellant charge combustible case preventing its use with Automatic Loader. c. Ammunition with such defects, if not immediately destroyed, should be marked and separately stored in the warehouse.
1604. Projectiles to be filled into the Weapons and Logistic vehicles have to be classified according
to projectile type, manufacturing lots, fuze type and weight marks, and the mono-bloc Propellant
charges according to the type and manufacturing lots. The eyebolt plugs on the projectiles should be
removed and replaced with fuzes, by using the special spanner from the SPTA kit. If needed, some
fuzes may have been set on Delay action, by using the special socket wrench from the SPTA Kit. The
Ammunition Combat set is filled into the Weapon's Cassettes and Container Columns, as well as into
the Logistic Vehicles Columns. Original packing containers for the projectiles and propellant charges
have to be kept in a warehouse for later reuse with ammunition remaining after the combat mission
has been ended.
Ammunition Handling During Firing
1605. On the firing emplacement, during the preparations of the Weapon, the maintenance doors on
the cassettes have to be opened and a state of the Ammunition inspected. If noticed that some of the
Propellant charges have been damaged during the marching, they have to be replaced with new ones
from the Container. During the execution of the automatic loading cycle, two Loaders have to
supervise carefully the whole process and, if they notice any irregularity, they have to warn Squad
Commander and Gunner to stop operation immediately.
Example: If the projectile has not been properly cut into the forcing cone and falls onto the
breechblock retainer, the operation of the Automatic Loader has to be stopped and Loader's elements
reset into the initial position by using the MAINTENANCE mode. Then the barrel has to be lowered at
the small elevation (around 100 mils), the retainer lifted up and projectile taken out of the Gun
chamber by two Loaders. The projectile will be inserted and clamped into the cassette tray, and the
automatic loading cycle repeated. The similar procedure has to be undertaken if the propellant charge
did not fall properly into the recess in the Gun chamber and was kept on the breechblock retainer. In
case when misfire occurs during firing sequence, FIRE button has to be pressed once again. If again
1 - Defect on the combustible case.
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there is no shot, the firing should be stopped for at least three minutes and then the breechblock
slowly opened for finding the cause of misfire. First should be looked if exist the impression of the
firing pin onto the initiating cap of the M82 primer. If impression of at least 2 to 3 mm exists and the
primer has not been activated, then it should be taken out of the breechblock and firing continued with
the next primer from the magazine. For protecting the barrel against excessive wear during firing, it is
strongly recommended that the first one or two shots are fired with an M107 projectile and smaller
propellant charges (Zone 7 or Zone 8) for gradual heating of the barrel before using the ERFB BB
projectile with a propellant charge Zone 10.
Ammunition Handling After the Firing
1606. If, for any reason, at the end of firing, the barrel remains with a round inside, it is
recommended that it should be emptied by firing that projectile, instead of taking it out at the breech
ring opening by pressing on or hitting it from the muzzle. All cases of abnormal behaviour of the
ammunition have to be reported to the superior officers. In the report should be given a detailed
explanation on the conditions under which such action occurred, noticing necessary data on the
ammunition used (lot number, year of manufacture, insignia of manufacturer and elements markings).
Unused projectiles, Propellant charges and primers have to be returned to the warehouse, repacked
and sealed into the original containers for further use.
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CHAPTER-1
STORAGE, MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION WEAPON SYSTEM
SECTION-17
BASIC MAINTENANCE OF WEAPON SYSTEM
General 1701. The purpose of maintenance is to keep the Weapons in proper conditions. This requires well
acquaintance with the Weapon, proper operation, regular cleaning, lubrication and check-ups, proper
storage and timely repair, all through preventive maintenance. Preventive maintenance includes:
a. Basic maintenance treated in this Manual. basic maintenance is the task of the crew
(under their superior's supervision), although artillery mechanics could be engaged for
periodical inspection.
b. Technical maintenance is under the competence of the Technical Service and
is the subject of the corresponding Manual. The Weapon crew should assist the experts in
technical maintenance, except when the works are performed out of the units, and they were
not ordered by their superior officer to take part in this activity.
Note: The battery personnel have not been allowed to make any repairs or adjustments on
the Weapon, which are not specified in this Manual.
Basic Maintenance 1702. Basic maintenance is a part of preventive maintenance and it includes attendance/servicing,
daily inspection, periodical inspection and shifts from summer to winter conditions and vice versa.
Weapon inspection involves systematic activities after certain periods (and when necessary) in order
to provide for constant insight into its technical state, detection of any malfunctions and taking up of
appropriate measures for their elimination.
1703. Since the Weapon is constantly exposed to all kinds of weather/atmospheric conditions (dirt,
dust, humidity, temperature oscillations etc.), parts and assemblies need to be regularly cleaned,
lubricated and maintained in a good state, to have it ready for combat use at all times.
1704. The purpose of cleaning and lubrication is to remove all dirt, humidity and old grease from the
Weapon (its sliding and other unpainted parts), which could cause corrosion. in addition, these
operations provide for smooth operation of all mechanisms and devices and their protection by new
lubrication. Weapons, spare parts, tools and accessories are cleaned and lubricated at periodical
inspections, before and after firing, after any use or exercise or when the superior officer orders it.
Weapons are cleaned and lubricated under the supervision of unit officers, whose responsibility is to
determine the scope and method of cleaning, as well as to check the quality of cleaning and
lubrication. For this operation, the officers should go by this Manual only. In order to have faster, more
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correct and complete cleaning and lubrication, officers and attendants have to be well acquainted with
all the cleaning and lubricating agents.
1705. The Squad Commander supervises and lays out their working schedule. Weapons deployed
by units are cleaned and lubricated after each firing, marching or training, as well as after abrupt
changes in the weather conditions (rain, snow, etc.) if they were kept in the open area.
1706. Weapons kept in the storehouses are cleaned and lubricated after certain intervals, which
should not be longer than the stability life of the used lubrication and preservation agents. Should the
Weapons be kept in the open area, cleaning and lubricating the Weapon in rain or snow conditions
should be avoided.
1707. When disassembling and assembling the Weapon for cleaning, lubrication or training
purposes take care not to allow water, sand or other dirt come into seats, bearings, housings or
working surfaces.
1708. Special care should be paid to optical and other sensitive parts of Sighting devices. When
using the Weapon, if allowed by the circumstances, take up measures to protect optical instruments
(Panoramic sight, Collimator, Optical sight) against humidity
and dirt - by placing them in their storage cases or by covering them with cloth covers. Dry
mechanical sights with clean clothes and optical sights with felt clothes.
1709. Never let the instruments dry in the sun or by the fire. Clean the painted Weapon parts and
surfaces with cloth (cotton) and hemp, and if they are smudged with mud, wash them with water. Do
not allow water to penetrate into various mechanism housings. Never use gas oil, lubricants and other
crude oil derivatives to clean painted surfaces. Should such lubricant come into contact with a painted
surface, remove it immediately, use the thinner to clean the spot, then rinse it and dry with cloth.
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SECTION-18
CLEANING AND LUBRICATING AGENTS
Agents 1801. The following agents are used for cleaning and lubricating the Weapon and the Spare parts,
Tools and Accessories:
a. Cotton cloths for cleaning and polishing all metal parts.
b. Hemp for cleaning all unpainted, insensitive metal parts and removal of old lubricant.
c. Linen cloth for cleaning outer and painted surfaces and barrel interior.
d. Flannel cloth (deerskin) and cotton wool for cleaning optical surfaces and Sighting Device parts.
e. Talk powder for protection of rubber parts.
f. Small brushes made of camel, squirrel or badger hair for dusting the optical parts.
g. Wooden sticks of various shapes and widths for removing dirt and old lubricant layers from the Weapon.
h. Cleaning brush with extension rods, for barrel cleaning and lubrication.
j. Brushes for lubrication of Weapon parts.
k. Brushes for painting of Weapon parts.
l. Detergent-solvent for cleansing of barrel after firings.
m. FAMSKIN LO solvent is a Serbian brand product applied to the NORA-K1 Weapon. it is the light alkali fluid which penetrates through deposits and neutralizes finger prints and remaining acid products of propellant charges and lead and copper residues. Its basic characteristics are: (1) Density at 20°C (g/ml) - 0.880.
(2) Ignition point (°C) - > 50.
(3) Effect upon metals- None.
(4) Recommended concentration for application (%) – 100.
(5) Meets the Standards- ISO-L-RA, MIL-C372C.
Instead of FAMSKIN LO any other similar product, satisfying the above ISO and MIL
standards, and being at the Customer's disposition, could be used for this purpose.
n. General purpose ZUON protective oil (designation ZUON is in Serbian language)
serves for lubrication of inner surfaces of the barrel, breechblock and other non-painted parts
of the Gun. ZUON is an anti-corrosive oil for protection and lubrication of the parts belonging
to Weapons, armament and other military equipment. it is applied after cleansing procedure
and has the following basic characteristics:
(1) Viscosity at 40° C (mm2/s) - > 40.0.
(2) Viscosity at 100° C (mm2/s)- > 6.0.
(3) Ignition point (°C) - > 160.
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(4) Pour point (°C)- < - 35.
(5) Meets the National Military Standard- SNO 2139.
(6) Meets the Standard- ISO-L-RDD.
Like for the FAMSKIN LO product, the same notice is valid for the lubricating oil being
at the Customer's disposition.
p. SINOL-M1 is another Serbian brand name of the agent being in the same time
general purpose cleansing and lubricating mean for anti-corrosive protection. it is used with
the Weapons of serial production and serves as replacement to both FAMSKIN LO detergent
solvent and ZUON. When applied to surface, SINOL-M1 forms a thin oily, anti-corrosive and
lubricant film suitable for cleansing, lubricating and protecting of barrel parts and
subassemblies such as breech ring, breechblock and firing mechanism. SINOL-M1 has the
following basic characteristics:
(1) Density at 20° C (g/ml)- 0.890.
(2) Ford viscosity at 40° C (mm2/s)- 11.0.
(3) Ignition point (°C) - > 120.
(4) Protective film thickness (µm)- > 3.
(5) Meets the National Military Standard- SNO 8765/05.
(6) Meets the Standards ISO-REE.
q. Diesel fuel, light DII, special gasoline or petroleum for degreasing metal surfaces,
cleaning of old and solidified lubricants and for mechanical removal of corrosive products.
r. Hydraulic oil to be used in the Weapon’s hydraulic installations (except for Gun
recoil mechanism - hydraulic brake and recuperator). in the NORA-K1 Weapon used is HIDO HV
46 oil (a Serbian hydraulic oil brand), having the following basic characteristics:
(1) Viscosity at 40° C (mm2/s)- 46.
(2) Viscosity at 100°C (mm2/s)- 9.
(3) Ignition point (°C)- 205.
(4) Pour point (°C)- - 33.
(5) Parallel designations in various
Standards – ISO: L-HV. 11158HV.
DIN: 51524/3 (HVLP)
ASTM: D5168HV.
EATON VICKERS: 1-286-S
EATON VICKERS: M-2950-S US Steel: 127.
In the above given are the oil types according to different World standards, which
could be used by the Customer as a replacement of the HIDO HV 46 oil.
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s. Alcohol-based oil to be used in Weapon's recoil mechanism (hydraulic brake and
recuperator). in difference with HIDO HV 46 oil as a mineral based oil, an alcohol-based HTA
oil, being a Serbian brand name which meets the national Military Standard SNO 2127/1985,
is used for the Weapon's Recoil mechanism. the HTA oil is a green-yellowish coloured liquid,
being a compound of a glycerin, ethanol (ethyl-alcohol), water and in smaller
quantities sodium and potassium salts. as a reference it falls into the category of Russian
STEOL-M oil used for the same purpose.
VERY IMPORTANT NOTE: Under any circumstances the HTA oil used in the
Recoil mechanism should not be mixed with or replaced by HIDO HV 46 hydraulic
oil, used in the Weapon's hydraulic installation!.
t. Grease for lubricating of inner parts of Weapon mechanisms, sliding surfaces, barrel
elevation and traverse mechanisms, slide and roll bearings, for slide rails, outer non-painted
surfaces, and similar. multi-purpose lithium grease FOR 2 of below characteristics is applied
to the Weapon:
(1) Base- Li-soap, mineral oil.
(2) Consistency - NLGI 2.
(3) Melting point (°C) min- 190.
(4) Loading resistance (N) min- 1600.
(5) Meets the Standards- ISO L-XCCHA 2. DIN 51 502: K 2K-30.
u. Solvent for long-lasting Weapon protection and preservation. FAMCORTIL SZNM is a
Serbian brand type solvent that was used for preparing the Weapons for overseas
transportation. when applied to Weapon parts and assemblies like barrel interior, breech ring,
breechblock, cradle mechanisms and other parts, it forms thin film resistant to atmospheric
effects and other conditions during longer period of time throughout continental and overseas
transport. It should be noticed that, prior to reuse of the Weapons in the Customer's country
after the transportation, this solvent must be thoroughly removed by applying the hemp or
linen cloths immersed with Diesel fuel (light DII), special gasoline or petroleum. then the
cleaned parts should be dried and properly lubricated with protective oil. Basic characteristics
of the long-lasting solvent FAMCORTIL SZNM are the following ones:
(1) Dynamic viscosity at 0° C (mPa s)- < 1500.
(2) Ignition point (°C)- > 36.
(3) Protective film thickness (µm)- > 16.
(4) Protection against corrosion in salt bath (h)- > 336.
(5) Meets the National Military Standard- SNO 1490/II.
(6) Meets the Standards- ISO-L-RL MIL-C16173D/II. 1802. Beyond these special purpose cleansing, lubricating and protecting agents, in the practice of
Basic Weapon maintenance the standard liquids are also used like the following ones:
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a. Ethyl-alcohol, for degreasing and cleansing of optical parts and components.
b. Trichloroethylene, for cleansing of cable connectors.
c. Nitro thinner and other diluents as solvents for removal of old or damaged paints and
varnishes.
1803. Cleansing and lubricating agents must be kept either in original packaging. the used ones
should be separated from those that have not been handled yet, or held in containers - prearranged
quantities for one Weapon or a whole Battery. The containers must be visibly marked and used only
for applications they are intended for. Mixing of different types of lubricants is not permitted as well as
mixing fresh lubricants with ones whose service cycle has expired. Maintenance materials should be
used in compliance with the schedule of supplies. When taking a lubricant out of any container in
order to apply it to any non-painted surface, the prescribed accessories should be taken, such as
brushes, wooden shovels or pumps (nipple lubricator). The pumps should be clean. after use they
should be emptied. pump handling, during their use, should be cautious. Dirty cloths must be kept
aside from the clean ones, and greased cloths must be washed (removed) after their use.Lubricants
whose service life has expired as well as those of unknown quality cannot be applied for lubrication
and protection.
Note: It is strictly forbidden to mix different types of lubricants! 1804. Prior to application of any lubricant, each service point must be thoroughly cleaned from dirt
and old lubricant or oil. In cases that it is not possible, due to need of dismantling the mechanism, all
quantity of old lubricant should be squeezed by applying fresh lubricant via nipple lubricator.
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SECTION-19
MAINTENANCE OF VARIOUS ASSEMBLIES
Basic Maintenance of Automatic Loader
1901. When executing regular and periodic inspections observe the state of Automatic loader parts
and subassemblies: the projectile and propellant charge cassettes, projectile and propellant charges
feeders and a Chain rammer, as well as integral elements of hydraulic and electric power installations.
After coming back from firing to the Unit base, open service door and clean the cassette bottom and
pusher chains from dirt, sand and mud, then lubricate these elements with a thin layer of grease.
Movable elements of the projectile and propellant charge feeders, as well as the Chain rammer have
to be cleaned and lubricated in a similar way. Inspect whether the bolts for tightening the loader's
elements are properly fixed to the mobile platform and cabin's walls of the weapon.
1902. Adjusting the ERFB BB Projectile Clamping. The holder clamps with locking elements on
the trays in the projectile cassette are adjusted to grip the ERFB BB and ERFB projectiles (Figure 19-
1) in a manner that they are held firmly in that position during transportation and firing. If, during the
inspection of a cassette before transportation or firing, a loose position of the ERFB BB clamped
projectile is noticed (by pulling the projectile nose with a hand), the clamping has to be adjusted in a
following way:
a. If not at a rear cassette opening, move “step by step” the required tray with a
projectile into feeding position (on the cassette rear opening - Figure 19-1).
b. By using the fork spanner start to loosen counter-nut 1 and turn the screw 2
(Figure 19-2) clockwise to move the projectile clamp 3 toward the projectile. in that way when
pulled down, the lock with a handle 6 will press more on the clamp, thus enabling firm securing of
the ERFB BB projectile in its tray holder. then tighten again the counter-nut. The said procedure
has to be repeated until all ERFB BB projectiles are firmly secured in their cassette trays.
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Figure 19-1: ERFB BB projectile placed and clamped properly in the cassette tray holder: 1 - holder
clamp.
Figure 19-2: Adjusting the ERFBBB projectile clamping.
1903. Adjusting of M107 and Illuminating Projectiles Clamping. In case of using the M107 and
Illuminating projectiles, which have bigger diameter than the ERFB BB projectiles, it may happen that
they cannot be properly clamped in the tray holder. Then the semi-circular clamp plate 3 (Figure 19-2)
has to be removed from those tray holders, in a following way:
a. Use the screw drivers with a cross tip from the Weapon SPTA kit and unscrew three
screws 7 from the holder clamp and remove the clamp plate 3. Removed clamp plates and
1 - Counter-nut.
2 - Fixing screw.
3 - Projectile clamp plate.
4 - Screws for fixing the resting plate.
5 - ERFB BB projectile resting plate.
6 - Lock handle.
7 - Screws for fixing clamp plate.
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belonging screws have to be kept at known and accessible place on the Weapon for later
use, if needed.
b. Put the M107 projectile into the tray (Figure 19-3), and check its clamping by pulling
the upper part of a projectile with a hand. If a loose clamping position is noticed, make adjusting
of a holder clamped position by using the same procedure as for ERFB BB projectile.
1904. When practicing the Automatic loader's functions during training or basic maintenance works,
the Crew members must take particular care of the loader's Maintenance mode of operation. That
mode is primarily intended for maintenance purpose by the trained Technical service personnel and
not to be operated by the Weapon's crew, because execution of its sequences is not subject to the
PLC unit logical controls. By entering into the Maintenance mode on the Gunner's operating panel, by
choosing appropriate sub-menu, and pressing on the key, the chosen rotation of the feeders or chain
rammer movement will be executed no matter that it might be confused with a position of some other
loader's element, which would be harmful to its safety. For that reason execution of the Maintenance
mode operating sequences must always be done by two Crew members - the Gunner presses on the
keys only at a loud command of the First (or Second) Loader, who stands on the platform and
supervises carefully the order of sequences to be executed.
Example 1:
During automatic loading cycle both feeders (with projectile and propellant charge gripped) have been
in raised position after rotation 2 has been finished, then the projectile feeder terminated the third
rotation (going to the Loading line), and some jamming occurred, which cannot be easily eliminated.
In that case, the Gunner must enter into the MAINTENANCE mode to reset manually the Automatic
loader into initial position. If he entered into the propellant charge submenu and pressed by mistake
on the key TO GUN, the feeder with propellant charge would go down on the Loading line and hit on
the projectile feeder already being in that position, with damaging effects on both feeders.
Figure 19-3: M107 projectile placed and clamped properly in the cassette tray.
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To avoid this, the First Loader should stand on the Weapon platform and supervise the order
of sequences by issuing loudly the following commands:
Projectile feeder FROM THE GUN.
Gunner enters into the appropriate screen of the MAINTENANCE mode
and executes this command. when the rotation has been terminated,
First Loader issues the following voice command:
Projectile feeder DOWN.
Projectile Feeder comes into initial position, but with projectile gripped.
First Loader issue the command:
Projectile Feeder RELEASE.
Holding the projectile for not falling after the feeder's clamp has been released,
First Loader takes the projectile, put it into the cassette and locks the tray holder clamp.
then he issues the following command:
Propellant charge feeder DOWN.
After that sequence has been executed, he repeats the sequences of releasing the
propellant charge, putting it and clamping in its cassette. The logical order of inverse
operating sequences has been respected and the Automatic loader reset into the
initial position has been done properly.
Example 2:
Not taking care that the barrel should be first elevated onto the Loading line, the Gunner could enter
into the MAINTENANCE mode, then go into Chain rammer sub-menu and press on the key CHAIN
FORWARD.
Because in that mode there is no PLC unit logical conditions for preventing the chain extension if the
barrel was not on the Loading elevation, the Rammer chain would extend and hit hard on the rear
breech ring surface (like in Figure 19-4), causing the unacceptable bending of the chain, thus
preventing its further use.
Figure 19-4: Example of improper use of the Automatic Loader
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MAINTENANCE mode: 1 - trace of the Rammer chain hitting on the breech ring rear surface.
1905. Above examples show the importance of the Weapon's crew training for using properly the
Automatic loader's MAINTENANCE MODE, but only when some stoppage or urgent situation requires
it. As it may be noticed in Figure 59, the Rammer chain has to be regularly cleaned from mud and dirt,
and properly lubricated with protective grease.
Basic Maintenance of Ammunition Container
1906. The Ammunition container, like the automatic loader cassettes, must be inspected and
cleaned from sand and dirt, before and after firing, and during periodical inspections. particular
attention has to be paid to cleanness of the door and cover latches which, after cleaning process,
must be lubricated with thin layer of protective lubricant. Particular attention should be paid to the
state of the projectile and propellant charge spring holders 1 (Figure 19-5), as well as the state of the
projectile plastic sleeves 2 and cylindrical guides 3.
Figure 19-5: Basic maintenance of the Ammunition Container interior.
1 - Projectile spring holders.
2 - Projectile plastic sleeves.
3 - Projectile plastic cylindrical guides.
1907. For preventing corrosion, interior of the container compartments should be cleaned from the
dirt and mud after each firing and transportation, dried and then lubricated with a thin layer of
protective oil.
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SECTION-20
STORAGE/ACCOMMODATION AND SAFEGUARDING OF WEAPONS
Safeguarding of the Weapons in Standard Conditions 2001. The Weapons, stored in storehouses and kept under the canopies are safeguarded in the
position for the marching, with topped coverings, and provided with the complete SPTA kit that is
accommodated in prescribed boxes on the Weapon. The Weapons are arranged in a manner to
secure an empty space of 2 to 3 meters between them in order to provide for free access to all
Weapon’s parts during inspection. The set of Sighting devices is protected in the following manner:
the Optical sight (on the Weapons at daily use) is fixed to its mount on the Gun, while Panoramic
Telescope and Collimator are kept in their boxes placed in the Loader’s cabin. In winter times and
during the periods longer than a week without any use, all optical instruments (Panoramic telescope,
Collimator and Optical sight) are kept in their boxes placed in a separate and dry room, free of high
temperature variations – possibly at the temperature of approximately +20° C.
2002. During long-lasting storage (longer than three months), above optical instruments have to be
kept in special heated rooms with the all-year round temperature ranging from +8° to +35° C and with
relative humidity of maximum 70%. Daily temperature variations should not exceed 5°C. Prior to
managing the Weapons for long-lasting safeguarding, and without any use, it is necessary to perform
artificial recoil of the Weapon and to lubricate abundantly the outer surface of the barrel, which is
contained in the cradle. to inspect and clean the hydraulic brake and recuperator piston rods from
solidified lubricant and sealing traces. Upon completed cleaning, the piston rods must be wetted with
hydraulic oil used for filling the cylinders, and the barrel should be returned into its front (battery)
position. When the Weapon is safeguarded under the canopy covers, all optical instruments must be
taken down (Panoramic telescope, Optical sight) and kept separately in a dry and clean room.
Besides, it is necessary to conduct more frequent inspections as the Weapon is kept under the
canopy. frequent inspections must specially take place after bad weather because rain, and
eventually snow may reach the parts of the Weapon and may cause occurrence of corrosion.
Safeguarding of the Weapon in Specific Conditions 2003. At open areas, the Weapons are safeguarded when in combat operation, when camping, etc..
in emergencies, the Weapons are accommodated in such a manner when they are in barracks, and
when there are no conditions to be lodged in close-type halls, or under the canopy. After cleaning and
protecting (in compliance with the term of safeguarding), the Weapons are covered with respective
tarpaulins, and the muzzle brakes with their covering. Wheel tires are protected from direct sunrays,
and Sighting devices must be obligatory removed and kept in their original packing boxes within dry
and clean room. After rain, the coverings must be removed and dried on air. snow must be removed
from the coverings and painted parts of the Weapon. The first sunny day is dedicated to removal of
coverings, their drying, and removal of moisture from the Gun’s parts, cleaning, restoring of damaged
layer of lubricant on non-painted surfaces, and the Weapon has to be topped again with respective
coverings. Location where the Weapons are safeguarded should have slight slope, and the plateau
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where the Weapons were lodged has to be circled with small canals for draining of water after heavy
rains.
2004. In case of low temperatures (below 0°C) it is highly important to pay attention to proper
lubricating of the Weapon’s parts, to carry out more frequent inspections and to undertake measures
for eliminating of observed malfunctions. When the Weapon is at the firing position (or training takes
place) and it neither fires nor operate for a longer period of time, it is necessary to actuate, from time
to time, the trails from Marching into Combat position and vice versa, and to lay the barrel in traverse
and elevation, thus preventing the possibility of freezing of actuating mechanisms. Optical devices,
and Collimator in particular that is positioned outside the Weapon, should be preserved from abrupt
changes in temperature. Penetration of water to optical glasses cannot be tolerated, and water (snow)
must be also removed from friction-like surfaces that might freeze and hinder operation of some parts.
Breechblock should be opened and closed more frequently. ice should be scrubbed from any surface,
which should be then lubricated with thin layer of protective oil ZUON or with SINOLM1.
2005. At increased temperatures (over 25°C) the Weapon's parts have to be more frequently
lubricated with thicker layer of grease. If the Weapon is at the firing position and exposed to direct
sunrays, it has to be covered with its tarpaulin during the firing breaks. Make sure of pressure in
recuperator. if necessary, adjust it in compliance with the procedure given in item 3.5.1 hereof. Also,
the hydraulic oil temperature has to be inspected. If during the longer periods of use at high external
temperature, the corresponding indicator lamp on the Trails control panel has been lit in red, then the
operating of the system has to be stopped until the oil temperature falls into the tolerated limits.
2006. In maritime and humid areas the Weapon has to be cleaned and lubricated more frequently.
Humidity together with salt particles causes occurrence of corrosion in all steel parts of the Weapon,
thus it must be removed every day. If salty water penetrates to any closed mechanism of the Weapon,
it must be dismantled, cleaned and lubricated once again. If there is no opportunity to dismantle the
mechanism immediately, the dismantling process may be postponed for not more than 24 hours
(mechanisms to be dismantled by the crew), namely for 4 to 5 days which stand for all other
mechanisms. If salty water falls over outer surfaces, these surfaces must be immediately washed with
water and dried with dry clothes, and then lubricated. Particular attention should be paid to keeping of
Sighting devices in these conditions. optical instruments must be kept in their boxes, except in case of
urgent combat situations or combat requirements, which do not permit their keeping inside.
2007. In sandy and dirty areas the keeping and maintaining of the Weapon is characterized by the
following:
a. Cleaning of the Weapon should be done more frequently. particular attention during
frequent cleaning operations should be paid to cleanliness of the barrel and cradle guiding
surfaces, as well as the breechblock and other sliding-type surfaces.
b. If, during the marching, sand or dust have penetrated into the Automatic loader's
cassettes, particularly into their chain mechanisms and into the Ammunition container,
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contaminated lubricant must be removed, these parts have to be well cleaned, and then once
again well lubricated.
c. Dust and sand from optical glasses must be removed with soft brushes, and with
the brush, cloth and water from other parts.
d. Particular attention should be paid to lubricating of the wheel hub bearings
during the march.
Conservation of Weapons 2008. The Weapons, which shall not be in use for more than 3 months, must be subjected to
conservation by using the long lasting SZNM agent. The conservation procedure is to be carried out
in accordance with general instructions on painting and preservation of the combat Weapons.
Painting of Weapons 2009. Partial painting of Weapons with damaged paint is permitted within the Units. Preparation of
surfaces and painting procedures is to be carried out in accordance with general instructions on
painting and preservation of the combat Weapons.
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CHAPTER-2
STORAGE, MAINTENANCE, INSPECTION AND DISPOSAL OF AMMUNITION
SECTION-21 STORAGE
Storage and Safeguarding of the Ammunition
2101. Ammunition for NORA-B52 K1 weapon has to be stored and safeguarded according to the
valid Army regulations for Ammunition storage, safeguarding and maintenance. In warehouses, the
ammunition has to be ranged on the appropriate palettes, grouped by lots, year of manufacturing and
other markings.
Figure 21-1: The ERFB BB projectile arranged on palettes in a warehouse.
Figure 21-2: Storage facilities of ammunition 2102. The rooms for storing the ammunition have to be dry and well ventilated (naturally or
artificially) with a possibility of measuring and controlling the ambient temperature and relative air
humidity, which have to be kept in prescribed limits (ambient temperature 20°C and relative humidity
not higher that 30%). In the countries and regions with high rains and humidity, in the warehouses
must be installed air dryers and conditioners for enabling required storage conditions. For enabling
proper conditions for storage and safeguarding of the Ammunition responsible are the organs of the
Technical service. For inspection and proper handling of the Ammunition combat set on the Weapon
during the marching and on the firing emplacement responsible is the Squad Commander with his
crew members.
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SECTION-22
MAINTENANCE, INSPECTION AND DISPOSAL
General Maintenance of Ammunition
2201. General maintenance refers to a number of activities which are carried out with the aim of
replacing all the vital elements and assemblies (primers, powder charge, fuzes, tracers, etc.) which
have suffered deterioration of technical and operational characteristics, performing the anti-corrosion
protection and packaging into the overhauled or newly produced packaging.
Figure 22-1: General maintenance of ammunition.
Technical Maintenance of Ammunition 2202. Technical maintenance refers to a number of activities which are undertaken with the aim of
determining the technical state of ammunition, as well as for removing minor deficiencies and defects
or rendering the ammunition harmless to its surroundings through its disassemble or destruction.
Technical maintenance of ammunition includes:
a. Technical inspection of ammunition.
b. Cleaning and protection of ammunition.
c. Completing and re-packing ammunition.
d. Disassembly of ammunition.
e. Destruction of ammunition and its elements.
f. Conducting training in technical maintenance.
Technical Inspection of Ammunition 2203. Technical inspection of ammunition involves a group of activities and procedures which are
carried out and implemented on ammunition in order to gain insight into the completeness and
technical serviceability of the stored ammunition. Scheduled and unscheduled technical inspections of
ammunition are performed.
2204. Scheduled technical inspection of ammunition is performed on the stored ammunition according
to the pre-determined time schedule for the purpose of monitoring their technical condition and
discovering possible technical malfunctions and their timely removal. On the grounds of the findings
from the scheduled technical inspection of ammunition and the results obtained from the control
testing and laboratory testing of chemical stability of powder and rocket fuels, necessary measures
are taken for the removal of discovered deficiencies.
2205. Unscheduled technical inspection of ammunition is performed to confirm the following:
a. Checking the implementation of the prescribed measures for basic maintenance.
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b. Selection and taking of samples for technical inspection.
c. Execution of technical inspection.
d. Separation, packing and marking of unserviceable ammunition.
e. Backing and marking of inspected serviceable ammunition.
Cleaning and Protection of Ammunition
2206. General. If, during the technical inspection, corrosion is found on ammunition or its
elements, they are cleaned and protected. Depending on the extent and type of corrosion, cleaning
and protection may be done partially or in full. In case of a full scale cleaning and protection, the
ammunition is dismantled into its components, the old protection is removed, they are then cleaned,
new protection is applied and the ammunition is assembled again. The same process is used on the
packaging where the ammunition was stored. Partial cleaning and protection is the procedure which is
performed in case of ammunition with small amount of corrosion. In case of a partial cleaning and
protection, ammunition is not dismantled, but only cleaned and new protection is applied only to those
surfaces on the ammunition which contain corrosion.
2207. Purpose of Cleaning and Lubricating.
a. To remove dirt, mud, old lubrication and corrosion from the ammunition and
prepare it for further storage.
b. To lubricate the ammunition.
c. To properly package serviceable ammunition in the appropriate packaging material.
d. To provide the packaging with necessary labels giving information on quantity and
type of the packaged ammunition, as well as on the stability of the powder charge.
2208. Preparation of the Packaging Material. Special care should be taken when opening the
packaging material. Any forceful or improper opening is strictly prohibited. Once the ammunition is
taken out of its packaging and brought to the place where it will be cleaned, the packaging is checked
thoroughly, and if it is in proper shape, it is sent to the place where the cleaned and lubricated
ammunition is repackaged, while the unserviceable packaging is sent for reparation. Prior to
packaging the ammunition, the packaging material should be cleaned well, shaking out any dust,
mud, etc. that may be inside. Similarly, the exterior of the packaging material should also be cleaned,
removing any mud and other impurities that may be found there. For the repair of the appropriate
packaging material (replacement of broken boards or making interior projectile seat) you should
primarily use parts of the packaging material which according to its shape and size cannot be used for
the type and caliber of ammunition in service. Extra care should be taken that there are no nails
protruding either outside or inside the packaging material, both in the serviceable packaging or the
one being repaired.
2209. Choice of Work Place. When deciding where to perform cleaning and lubrication of
ammunition, it is recommendable to chose places which are close to ammunition depots from which
ammunition intended for cleaning originates. At the chosen work place you should make movable
canopies that should be big enough to cover all the work stations according to the layout. Instead of
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the canopy you can also use big tents, if you have any. If, for any reason whatsoever, you are unable
to make a canopy or set up tents, then the work stations used for ammunition cleaning should be
located under the cover of trees in a convenient place inside the depot ground. The maximum
quantity of ammunition you can have on the cleaning and lubrication benches is the following:
a. For 37mm – 50 mm calibers 10 rounds
b. For 50mm – 100 mm calibers 5 rounds
c. For 105 mm– 152 mm calibers 3 rounds
Prior to commencing any type of work, you should inform the personnel what work will be done that
day, and also check the knowledge of your personnel concerning the basic rules for handling the type
of ammunition whose cleaning is scheduled for that day.
2210. Preparation of Work Program. Work program for cleaning and lubrication of ammunition
should cover the entire quantity of ammunition found in the depot and units of the concerned HQ or
establishment, in case of general cleaning. If you are doing partial cleaning, work program should
refer only to ammunition intended for cleaning.
2211. Cleaning Program Should Define.
a. The time needed for cleaning and lubrication work, as per the ammunition
quantities and caliber, if performed by one team of pre-determined composition, and in
accordance with daily standards.
b. The number of teams needed to finish the work of cleaning and lubricating by the
determined time.
c. The type of material needed and its quantity per each individual work station (for
one or more teams).
d. The serviceable – complete ammunition which has been cleaned and lubricated
should be sent to depots which will provide the best storage and maintenance conditions.
e. Type of projectiles of the same caliber that are allowed to be stored together in
a group of depots or within a single depot, should be stowed in one place.
f. Generally speaking, you should strive, if this does not require massive transport, to
store – stockpile ammunition in the storage facilities according to their caliber.
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2212. Forming Teams for Cleaning and Lubrication of Ammunition.
Distribution of work within a team, stations where particular activities are performed and sequence of
handling ammunition and packaging material is shown in the diagram below:
The number of people in various field and other conditions can be adjusted to the local requirements.
2213. Organization of Work and Execution of Cleaning. Cleaning and lubrication of
ammunition is done in the depots and units with the help of army personnel, under the expert
supervision of an officer and Pyrotechnicians. Before commencing with the cleaning and lubrication
of ammunition, all the necessary arrangements should be made
and all the cleaning and lubricating agents should be prepared beforehand. During cleaning and
lubrication, you should be mindful of the categorization of ammunition, regardless whether you are
cleaning and lubricating the entire quantity of ammunition or only a part of it. Ammunition is
categorized in the following manner:
a. Category I. Includes ammunition that is fully serviceable, new and complete.
b. Category II. Includes artillery ammunition which comes in packaging original
or otherwise, or is with no packaging at all, which is fully serviceable and good for use, with
known powder charge lots
c. Category III. Includes artillery ammunition which is complete, in original
packaging or without packaging, with certain defective elements (excluding powder charge), but the
defects do not prevent the ammunition to be stored in depots until it is sent to the workshop for
repair.
5-10 m
15 m 30 m
3
7
6
5 4
2
1
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d. Category IV. Includes artillery ammunition which is not complete, contains
serviceable elements, but requires production of new elements (such as propellant charge, fuze,
primer, etc.) to be fully complete.
e. Category V. Includes ammunition which is unserviceable – unsafe for further
storage, and which, upon inspection, is found to have:
(1) Explosive leaking from the projectile.
(2) Damaged fuze.
(3) Deep scratches on the projectile shell body inflicted by blows or
extensive damage on the shell body due to oxidation
Category V ammunition should be recommended for disposal.
2214. Ammunition Cleaning and Lubrication Work Procedure. Work procedure for
ammunition cleaning and lubricating should be adjusted to the enclosed scheme, and it depends on
the size of the space where the cleaning and lubrication is taking place, and the position of the depot
from which ammunition is taken for cleaning. In principle, there should be a continuous work flow and
equal distribution of work load to each of the work stations.
2215. Handling and Storage of Ammunition in Depots. When the process of cleaning and
lubricating is completed, ammunition is packaged in the appropriate packaging material in the same
way and in the same position it has been packaged prior to cleaning. Under no circumstances should
the ammunition be packaged in arbitrary or inappropriate manner. The crates with the ammunition are
then closed, and a label containing all the information concerning the given crate should be attached
to it, having the format as shown below:
Figure 22-3: Packaging material label.
PACKEGING MATERIAL LABEL
Propellant Charge Lot ………………………………………………………..
Stability …………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
Cleaned and Lubricated
Work Performed by ………………………………………………………….. …………………………………….. 2014
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After packaging and labeling, ammunition is taken to depots intended for this purpose and is stacked
up to the permissible stacking heights. Apart from the labels attached to the packaging material, each
stockpile should also be furnished with a table describing the content and have the format as shown
below:
Figure 22-4: Stockpile Table.
2216. Technical Part. The procedure for ammunition lubrication and cleaning includes the
following:
a. Painted projectiles must not be lubricated, except for the part of the shell body where the paint fell off. b. Dust and moisture on the fuze should be cleaned with a dry cloth. c. If there is a slight corrosion on the unpainted projectile, it should be rubbed vigorously with a dry cloth until it comes off. If the shell body is corroded to a greater degree, it should be scrubbed off with the help of a wire brush. d. Bourrelet should not be cleaned with a wire brush, nor with any other coarse material, only clean cloth soaked in petroleum can be used. e. After removing the corrosion, the whole projectile should be slightly lubricated with a cloth soaked in lubricant, except from the fuze which must not be lubricated at all. f. If petroleum or oil were used for removal of corrosion from the shell body, they should be cleaned and wiped off with a dry cloth before lubricant is applied. This is done because the petroleum or oil residue under the lubricant may cause rust. g. In case of a painted projectile whose paint is not damaged, it should only be cleaned with a dry cloth, but is not to be lubricated. If the paint partially came off from the painted projectile due to damage during packaging, transportation, etc. then it should be cleaned and slightly lubricated just on the places where the paint is missing. h. If the rotating band is rusted (contains stains), the rust stain should be removed with a clean cloth and lubricated at the same time when whole projectile. In case of painted projectile, only copper rotating band is lubricated. The copper rotating band must not be cleaned with the wire brush or any other course material, only cloth may be used. j. Copper tarnish on the rotating band should not be considered as rust.
STOCKPILE TABLE
Serial Ammunition Description
Qty Propellant Charge
Lot
Stability Remarks
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2217. Procedure for Shell Case Cleaning and Lubrication. a. Shell case should only be cleaned with a dry cloth removing any dust, moisture, mud, old lubrication, green stains, etc., after which it is only slightly lubricated with the help of a clean cloth soaked in lubricant. b. If the shell case has not been sealed properly and the cover can be removed, then such shell case together with the propellant charge should be included in the III category of ammunition for repair. c. When cleaning the shell case, care should be taken that all the markings are
preserved which refer to the propellant charge.
2218. Lubricating Agents. For lubrication of unpainted surfaces on a projectile only the following
may be used:
a. Gun lubricant: thick, light coloured grease, transparent in thin layer. In addition, this lubricant may also be used for lubrication of shell cases. 2219. Sealing. For sealing the composition and holes in the ammunition, only non-freezing lubricant for projectile. thick grease, up to the russet colour may be used.
2220. Purpose of Lubrication. This lubricant is used to:
a. Lubricate the part of the shell below the rotating band, when sealing– assembling the fixed ammunition.
b. Lubricate the fuze threads when screwing it in the projectile.
c. Lubricate the plug which is placed in place of the fuze (when the fuze is kept separately). This lubricant cannot be applied to unpainted surfaces of the projectile nor the shell case. For taking
off and removing of the rust from the unpainted parts of the projectile and the shell case, Petroleum
may be used.
2221. Daily Workload. The approximate workload per ammunition caliber should be 600
rounds per day for 122mm to 155mm caliber.
Completing and Repacking of Ammunition 2222. Completing and re-packing of ammunition is a procedure which is applied to ammunition
which has become incomplete for any reason whatsoever, or whose packaging has become
damaged. In that case the ammunition is completed with the necessary elements that are missing
and, if necessary, packaged into the overhauled or newly made packaging.
Disassembly of Ammunition
2223. Disassembly is performed in case of the ammunition intended for review and replacement of
particular elements or parts, as well as of ammunition which was declared unserviceable, ammunition
which was withdrawn from service, ammunition from which powder is taken for analysis, etc.
2224. In the scope of this work, full or partial disassembly can be done. Partial disassembly refers to
disassembly of the projectile into its main subassemblies. Full disassembly refers to dismantling of the
projectile to the stage of basic elements.
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Disposal of Ammunition
2225 Upon the completion of disassembly, some elements may appear which cannot be
disassembled or whose disassembly is not economical. Sometimes even the entire ammunition is not
disassembled from technical or economical reasons. Such ammunition and elements are subject to
destruction.
2226. Ammunition being in a good operational state is to be destroyed only at an order of the
Superior officer for not falling into the enemy hands. If there is no condition for the Ammunition to be
destroyed in one of the ways prescribed by the Army regulations, then it has to be put on a small pile
and surrounded by the gasoline cans. Over the Ammunition pile should be stored the inflammable
material (dry tree branches, hay or straw) and flushed with a gasoline. Then the inflammable cord
should be conveyed to the covered shelter at a proper safety distance. Initiation of he flame has to be
done from the shelter only after all present personnel have been safely protected in the shelter.
2227. The process of destruction of ammunition involves specific processes (detonation,
combustion, etc.) rendering it fully and permanently safe and harmless to human lives and the
environment. Destruction of ammunition is performed through procedures of:
a. Destruction by detonation and
b. Destruction by burning.
Destruction by Detonation
2228. The procedure of destruction of ammunition by detonation is done by causing detonation of
the explosive charge in the ammunition intended for disposal, and thereby also the complete
destruction of the ammunition itself. Ammunition whose fuze has become armed or ammunition which
has been damaged beyond the extent that would allow their safe moving and transport are destroyed
on site.
Destruction by Burning
2229. It includes destruction of ammunition by exposing it to height temperature at which it converts,
through the process of combustion, into the products of combustion with solid residue. Following
items are destroyed by burning:
a. Gun primers.
b. Brisant explosives.
c. All types of smokeless powders.
d. Small caliber ammunition.
e. Safety fuzes.
f. Primary powder charges.
g. Flare and illuminating compounds.
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2230. Disposal is performed at the blasting ground that is equipped with all the necessary devices
and installations for safe work.
Destruction of Powders
2231. Destruction of black powder is done by submerging it in water, in places which are far from
ammunition depots, workshops or human settlements. If you have smaller quantities of black powder
you can also destroy it by burning it in open field far from ammunition depots, but providing that all the
precautionary measures have been undertaken.
Figurer 22-5: Destruction by burning
Destruction of Unserviceable Ammunition 2232. Unserviceable ammunition, including dud projectiles (shells), is destroyed under the direct
control of the command staff who are well familiar with the regulations dealing with destruction of
unserviceable ammunition, powders and explosives. Ammunition considered unsafe for storage must
be destroyed immediately, and written off from the records subsequently.
2233. The destruction of ammunition can be done at a permanent or temporary disposal ground, or
on site, i.e. at the place where the ammunition is found at that moment. Ammunition disposal area
must be secured with guards posted outside the danger zone. Demolition ground must be marked
with a red flag, positioned in a visible place before the commencement of demolition, and removed
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afterwards. The beginning and completion of demolition work is announced with a sound signal:
beginning of fire – completion of fire.
2234. Ammunition disposal personnel should be provided with shelter, on time, which offers
sufficient protection.
2235. Ammunition intended for destruction is placed in pits in single rows, arranged closely to each
other. The amount of projectiles in a pit should be such, that the total quantity of explosive material
inside a pit does not exceed 100 kg.
2236 Projectiles that remained unexploded after firing are only destroyed on site. It is strictly
forbidden to move or transport them.
Instructions for Destruction of Unserviceable Projectiles
2237. Destruction of unserviceable projectiles is done at a place intended for this purpose, which is
at least 1500m away from settlements, depots, railway tracks or roads. The chosen site should not be
rocky. However, The destruction of ammunition which is found after firing should be done at the place
where it was found.
2238. For the destruction of ammunition a pit should be dug whose depth will depend on the caliber
and quantity of ammunition and also on the distance from the nearest settlement (Figure 22-6).
Figure
22-6:
Layout
of
projectil
es for
destruct
ion by
detonati
on.
2239. Destruction of projectiles on site, even if they are found near settlements, depots or railway
tracks that can suffer damage because of it or which are found within a settlement or a building, can
only be done under specific approval by the military and civil authorities.
2240. To prevent the damage caused by fragments, traverses and shelters should always be built, if
possible, around and above the projectile. This should be done, as the case requires, on one or on all
sides, or even cover the projectiles on top with sufficient quantity of earth or sand.
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2241. Preparation of explosive charge is done in the following manner:
a. Check the burn rate of the fuze and the strength of the jet.
b. Cut a length of fuze which is sufficient to allow the blaster to reach the cover of
the shelter if he is walking quickly or to allow him to get out of the danger zone.
c. Before inserting the fuze into the blasting cap it is recommendable to put
several grains of black powder inside the cap which will serve to reinforce the effect of the
fuze.
d. The end of the fuze that is inserted in the blasting cap must be cut with a sharp
knife at a right angle. Fuze is not to be inserted all the way to the end, its end should be separated
from the blasting cap by 1 to 2 mm, and this space will serve to hold the black powder and to provide
better transmission of fire onto the cap.
e. When the fuze is placed in the blasting cap it is necessary to crimp the mouth
of the blasting cap around the fuze. This must be done carefully, 1 cm from the mouth of the cap, at
the most. Special type of pliers – cap crimpers is used for this purpose.
f. When the fuze has been capped this way, it should be put in the cavity of the
detonating block, which, if it does not exist already, should be made with a wooden knife. The
cap should enter the explosive block with its whole length or with at least ¾ of its length. The
cap should be tied to the explosive block to prevent it from falling out.
g. The explosive block must be placed snuggly against the projectile shell body. If you
are using several explosive blocks, then they should be tied up in a bundle, with the
explosive block fitted with the blasting cap being in the middle, if the bundle is placed
vertically or, at the top, if the bundle is placed horizontally.
2242. The amount of the explosive used for destruction of projectiles of various calibers should be:
a. For 76 mm to 107mm cal. - two smaller explosive blocks of 200g.
b. For 122mm cal. - one 200g block and one bigger 400g block.
c. For 152mm to 203mm cal. - one 200g block and two 400g blocks.
If all safety measures have been undertaken, the end of the fuze is slit 1cm and then lit.
2243. If ignition is done with the help of electric initiating machine (exploder), the procedure is as
follows:
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a. the key (handle for turning) during the whole time of the work should not be in the
machine, but in possession of the blaster in charge of the work.
b. When the electrical detonator is placed (done personally by the person in charge) in
the socket of the igniter and the exploder machine leads are connected to the leads of the
electric detonator, the blaster in charge together with other personnel moves to the shelters
and initiate the firing from there. After the performed firing he must remove the key from the
machine and keep it with himself.
2244. If the safety fuze, after being ignited, burns out, but the explosion fails to happen, in that case
the shelter may be left only after 20 minutes from the time when the explosion should have happened,
not counting the burning time of the safety fuze.
2245. Leaving the shelter is allowed only 5 minutes after the explosion is heard. If there was no
explosion, the procedure must be repeated and ignition performed again.
2246. After the explosion, all fragments must be inspected. If these fragments are found to have
explosive inside them, or if a fuze or a detonator are found, the scattered fragments of explosive
material and fuzes should be gathered together in one place and destroyed. Transport of unexploded
fuzes is also prohibited.
2247. Destruction of projectiles without fuzes can be done with the help of the blasting cap and the
safety fuze.
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CHAPTER-1
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
SECTION-23 SAFETY MEASURES
2301. Measures. While operating the Weapon during the training and in the course of firing, it
is necessary to take the following measures:
a. All operations and procedures should be conducted in a prescribed sequence
and in compliance with fire commands.
b. Before starting the automatics, make sure that reversing switches and switches are in
their initial position.
c. Only ammunition defined in the Weapon firing tables may be fired.
d. Before the firing, the Weapon must be cleaned from dust and dirt. barrel bore and
sighting devices need detailed cleaning.
e. Check the amount of fluid in the Recoil Mechanism. It should be noted that firing with
ammunition that does not comply with serviceability requirements stated in the Weapon
Operation Manual and the Firing Tables is forbidden. This particularly refers to:
(1) Ammunition without proper marking.
(2) Projectiles containing fuzes without prescribed caps.
(3) Projectiles containing fuzes with traces of corrosion on the outer
surface.
(4) Projectiles with jackets showing cracks or cavities.
(5) Projectiles with traces of explosive charge leakage.
(6) Wet (humid) propellant charges and propellant charges with torn up bags.
2302. Actions in Case of Misfire. In the event of misfire, triggering should be repeated two
more times. If firing fails again, wait for at least one minute, then replace the primer. If the barrel is
heated, it must not remain loaded for longer than three minutes. It is forbidden to carry out any works
on ammunition in the vicinity of fire, water, various acids and bases, or any such works that do not
pertain to ammunition preparations for firing.
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ANX A TO
SEC 4 TO
ATP-008
NORA K1 - LIST OF SPARE PARTS, TOOLS AND ACCESSORIES (SPTA Kit)
Item
No
Designation Nomenclature/
Number
Due
Parts
1. Case No. 1 (In the Commander's Cabin) N433-160-100 1
2. Obturating Ring A04-01-00-011 1
3. 1Set of Socket Wrenches with a Sphere,
Longer
4. Screw JUS.M.B1.120 12.9 3
5. Gunner's Quadrant KM1J 1
6. Grenade Retainer A04-02-00-007 1
7. Grenade Retainer Axle A04-02-00-009 1
8. Spring Cup A04-02-00-008 1
9. Translation Tooth A04-31-05-003 1
10. Fork Wrench 41
11. Elastic Bushing Fan A04-03-13-10 1
12. Spring Pin JUS M C2.230 1
13. Set of Copper Washers A04-02-02-01 1
14. Firing Pin A04-01-05-01 1
15. Firing Pin Spring TB-16-051 1
16. Primer Pocket Assembly A04-02-03-01 1
17. Return Spring A04-01-05-02 1
18. Brush, Brass 339-100603 1
19. Bolt, Blocking the Return Spring JUS M.B1.272 45H 1
20. Spanner, Double-sided 50x60 42 – 250 1
21. M14 Spanner for Screwing, Setting of the Fuse
and Adjusting Fuse Action
В3 –22111А 1
22. Brush 339-100604
23. Tin Box for Dense Grease А72957-9 2
24. Rectification Bushing N433-160-90 1
25. Case No. 2 (In the Commander's Cabin) N433-160-200
26. Cleaning Brush with Grip N433 – 160 – 40 2
27. Ring 0336-45-052 2
28. Brush Cleaning Lever 0336-45-041 4
29. Brush Cleaning Rod (On the Vehicle
Container) 0336-45-033
1
30. Case No. 3 (Above the Hydro Tank) N433-160-300 1
