The Interactive Cell Tutorial

Created by Samantha Ketover

Kentridge High School

October 2004

You have explored cell structures:

• You have looked at 2 varieties of cells– Review questions to think about…

1. What are the two types?

2. What were the differences in organelles in each type?

3. What are the three parts of the Cell Theory?

One or Many Cells

• All organisms are made of one or many cells.

• Organisms like the paramecium and amoeba are single celled. So are bacteria!

• Organisms like humans, baboons, and plants are multi-celled.

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

• Cells can also be either prokaryote or eukaryote.

• Prokaryotes are very simple organisms and have only one cell.

• Eukaryotes are typically multi-celled and are more complex.

Plant vs. Animal

• Finally, cells can be either plant or animal in nature.

• Plant cell

• Animal cell

Cells and Organelles

• Cells are the basic units of form and function in living things.

• Cells have forms (structures) inside them that do different jobs. These structures are called organelles.

• Plant and animal cells have many organelles in common.

Organelles in Common• Plant and animal cells

both have:– Cell membrane– Cytoplasm– Nucleus– Ribosome– Endoplasmic reticulum – Golgi body– Cytoskeleton– Nucleolus– Mitochondrion– Lysosome– Vacuole– Centrosomes

Each of these Each of these structures structures does a specific does a specific job for the cell!job for the cell!

Organelles that are not in common:

• Animal cells, but not plant cells have:– Centrosomes with Centrioles

• Plant cells, but not animal cells have:– Chloroplasts– Cell walls

Animal Cell Exploration

http://www.allaboutsharks.com/subjects/animals/cell/

Cytoskeleton

With Centrioles

Plant Cell Exploration

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/cell/anatomy.GIF

Cytoskeleton

Lysosome

One Celled Organisms

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html

http://ebiomedia.com/gall/classics/Paramecium/paramecium1.html

Paramecium

BACK

Many Celled Organisms

http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Wildlife_GIFS/Anemo1_15513.gif

http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Wildlife_GIFS/Safari_13280.gif

Sea anemone

Lions and various plants

BACK

Prokaryotes• Only have one cell

• Only have cell membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes and DNA. More on DNA later!

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html

BACK

Eukaryotes• Complex cells

• Organism could be unicellular or multi-cellular

• Eukaryotic cells have many cell parts!

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryote_examples.html

BACKRed blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

Plant Cell

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html

BACK

Animal Cell

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html

BACK

Cell Membrane• Forms the outer boundary of animal cells.

• Found inside the cell wall in plant cells.

• Determines what can enter and leave a cell.

• Made of protein and fat.

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html#The%20Cell%20Membrane

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

Cytoplasm

• The watery environment of the cell.

Animal Cell

Plant Cellwww.ndsu.nodak.edu/.../ 135/images/CELLCYTO.GIF

Nucleus

• The command center of the cell.

• Contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) the command molecule of the cell.

• Surrounded by a membrane.

http://ntri.tamuk.edu/cell/nucleus.html

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

Ribosomes

• Ribosomes are found attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

• Ribosomes are also found floating in the cytoplasm.

• Their job is to make proteins that are molecules that help to build and repair cells.

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html#Endoplasmic%20reticulum

Animal Cell

Plant Cellhttp://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animals/images/ribosome.jpg

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

• The RER is responsible for modifying proteins that have been made by the cell.

• It is rough because the RER membrane is studded with ribosomes.

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html#Endoplasmic%20reticulum

RER portion Animal Cell

Plant Cell

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

• The SER has membranes that are not covered in ribosomes.

• The SER synthesizes or makes lipids for the cell.

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html#Endoplasmic%20reticulum

SER portionAnimal Cell

Plant Cell

Golgi Body, Apparatus, or Complex• The Golgi Body is responsible for doing the

final modifications of proteins in the cell which are to be secreted. They molecularly tag the proteins for secretion.

• The Golgi Bodies also produce lysosomes for the cell.

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

Cytoskeleton

• Forms the cell’s skeleton.

• Made of microfilaments and microtubules which are protein-based structures.

• Provides for the cell’s internal structure and also for cellular movement.

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html#Cell%20Movement

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

Nucleolus

• The nucleolus is found inside a cell’s nucleus.

• The nucleolus makes ribosomes for the cell.

http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/s2s/latest/cell1/src/tutorial/nucleolus.html

NUCLEUS

NUCLEOLUS

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

Mitochondrion

• Found in both plant and animal cells.• Performs the process of cellular respiration in

which glucose sugar is broken down to provide energy for the cell.

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html#Mitochondria

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

Lysosome• Lysosomes are digestive structures in the

cell.• They contain enzymes which are

molecules that can break other molecules down.

http://library.thinkquest.org/~C004535/lysosomes.html

Animal Cell

Plant Cellhttp://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animals/images/lysosome.jpg

Vacuole• Vacuoles serve different functions in plant and

animal cells.• In plant cells they store water.• In animal cells they may contain food, water or

waste.

http://library.thinkquest.org/~C004535/vacuole.html

Water vacuole in a plant cell Animal Cell

Plant Cellhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/paramecvacs.gif

Chloroplast

• Only found in plant cells

• Perform photosynthesis a process where glucose sugar and oxygen are made from carbon dioxide and water.

http://ntri.tamuk.edu/cell/nucleus.html

http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Plant_Cell/Elodea/Cyto_strand_nucleus_MC.html

Elodea cells with chloroplasts

Plant Cell

Cell Wall

• Only found in plant cells.

• Made of a carbohydrate called cellulose

• Provides structure and support for plant cells

http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Plant_Cell/Elodea/Cyto_strand_nucleus_MC.html

http://library.thinkquest.org/~C004535/cell_wall.html

Plant Cell

Centrosome with Centrioles• Only found in animal cells.• Help to organize the movement of DNA packages

in structures called chromosomes during cell division.

http://www.molecularexpressions.com/cells/animals/centrioles.html Animal Cellhttp://www.cellsalive.com/cells/centriol.htm

Centrosome without Centrioles

• Found only in plant cells.

• Help to organize the movement of DNA during plant cell division.

http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/centriol.htm

http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/plntcell.htm

Plant Cell

Cell Theory

• All living things are made of cells.

• Cells are the basic units of form and function in living things.

• All cells come from pre-existing cells.

BACK

Nuclear Membrane• A double membrane that encloses genetic

material in Eukaryotic cells

• Separates contents of nucleus from cytosol

• Many nuclear pores are present so that protein and genetic material may pass

The End!The End!Learn more at Cells Alive

Try out an online quiz!

Quia Cell Games

The next question to explore…

What are cells and their organelles made of?