The International Journal of Thermal Processing OCTOBER ...sholehsanat.ir/magazine/October 2016 -...

$Page 1: The International Journal of Thermal Processing OCTOBER ...sholehsanat.ir/magazine/October 2016 - · used as an efficient monolithic refractory back-up. It can also be gunned directly$
A Publicatio Vol. LXXXIV No. www.industrialheating.com

The International Journal of Thermal Processing OCTOBER 2016

INSIDE

10 IH Connect 30 Vacuum Furnace Control36 Case-Depth Simulation48 Insulating Wools

Rolled, Heat-TreatedRing Distortion 42

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IndustrialHeating.com OCTOBER 2016 5

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CONTENTS OCTOBER 2016

FEATURESProcess Control & Instrumentation

Automated Control of Vacuum Heat-Treat EquipmentSteven Christopher –

Super Systems, Inc.; Cincinnati, Ohio

Vacuum heat treatment’s requirements are rapidly changing,

with several accreditations influencing how heat treaters

ensure product integrity. As requirements inevitably become

more demanding, equipment must be evaluated

for compliance.

Read it online at www.industrialheating.com/autovac

Industrial Gases/Combustion

CarbTool© – Leading the Way in Case-Depth SimulationsLei Zhang and Richard D. Sisson Jr. –

Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Worcester, Mass.

Heat treaters want an effective simulation tool that predicts

the carburization performance of a variety of steels. At

the Center for Heat Treating Excellence (CHTE) at

Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), researchers are

perfecting carbon-concentration profile predictions through

enhancements to CarbTool©, its simulation software.

Read it online at www.industrialheating.com/carbtool

Heat Treating

Distortion in Rolled and Heat-Treated RingsTaylan Altan, Jose Gonzales-Mendez,

Alisson Duarte da Silva and Xiaohui Jiang –

The Ohio State University; Columbus, Ohio

The rolling and heat treatment of forged rings

sometimes leaves residual stresses that cause

dimensional distortion. Corrective measures are

often based on trial-and-error techniques, but

ongoing research seeks to base corrective actions on

the laws of physics.

Read it online at www.industrialheating.com/distort

Ceramics & Refractories/Insulation

High-Temperature Insulating Wools: Classification (part 1)Rick Sabol – RATH Inc.; Newark, Del.

Back in the 1980s when I first started working in

refractories, an old refractory foreman at Bethlehem

Steel told me, “There are no bad refractories; you

just put them in the wrong spot.” Now all these years

later, I’ve come to realize he was right on both counts.

Read it online at www.industrialheating.com/htwools

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6 OCTOBER 2016 IndustrialHeating.com

INDUSTRIAL HEATING (ISSN: Print 0019-8374 and Digital 2328-7403) is published 12 times annually, monthly, by BNP Media, Inc., 2401 W. Big Beaver Rd., Suite 700, Troy, MI 48084-3333. Telephone: (248) 362-3700, Fax: (248) 362-0317. No charge for subscriptions to qualifi ed individuals. Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualifi ed individuals in the U.S.A.: $132.00 USD. Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualifi ed individuals in Canada: $169.00 USD (includes GST & postage); all other countries: $187.00 (int’l mail) payable in U.S. funds. Printed in the U.S.A. Copyright 2016, by BNP Media. All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the consent of the publisher. The publisher is not

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CONTENTS OCTOBER 2016

Editor’s PageIndustrial Education

Should everyone go to college? It’s time to question business as usual

and find a way to get more students interested in vocations rather than

professions. How can we do this? Check out this month’s editorial to

find out. Federal Triangle The Ultimate American Problem

What is the ultimate American problem? Barry Ashby contends that it’s

the declining educational competence of citizens. He discusses the subject’s

history and predicts its future, and he also ties it in with the 2016 elections.

The Heat Treat Doctor® The Navy C-Ring Test – A Practical Tool for the Heat Treater

Heat treaters are forever curious about how their furnaces are performing;

in particular the uniformity of properties that will be achieved throughout

the load. There is a simple, yet highly effective, method for quantifying

furnace performance – the Navy C-ring test.

MTI Profi leErie Steel Ltd.

IHEA Profi leWS Thermal Process Technology Inc.

DEPARTMENTS24 Industry News

28 Economic Indicators

51 Products

53 Industry Events

54 Literature Showcase

55 The Aftermarket

56 Classified Marketplace

62 Advertiser Index

SPECIALSECTION10 IH Connect

Connect with advertisers in this

issue through social media.

On the Cover:Forging of a large-diameter, distortion-prone ring is

shown (p. 42).

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MTI & IHEA Associate Member

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ADVERTISING SALES REPRESENTATIVESKathy Pisano Advertising Director and Online Advertising Manager, [email protected]; 412-306-4357, Fax: 412-531-3375Becky McClelland Classifi ed Advertising Mgr.,[email protected]; 412-306-4355Rick Groves Eastern Sales Manager, [email protected]; 248-244-6444; Fax: 248-502-2109Steve Roth West Coast Sales Mgr., [email protected];520-742-0175, Fax: 847-620-2525Hamilton Pearman European Sales Representative, +33 (1) 45 93 0858,[email protected] Mr. Arlen LUO Newsteel Media, China; [email protected];Tel: +86-10-82160060, Fax: +86-10-62150588Becky McClelland Reprint Quotes; [email protected]; 412-306-4355

SINGLE COPY SALESAnn Kalb [email protected]

CORPORATE DIRECTORSJohn R. Schrei PublishingRita M. Foumia Corporate StrategyMichelle Hucal Content DeploymentMichael T. Powell CreativeScott Wolters Events

Lisa L. Paulus FinanceScott Krywko Information TechnologyMarlene J. Witthoft Human ResourcesVincent M. Miconi Production

ONLINE

Pictured left to right

Darrell Dal Pozzo Group Publisher – Industrial Heating; [email protected]

Reed Miller Editorial Director – Industrial Heating; [email protected]

Daniel H. Herring President – The Herring Group, Inc.;[email protected]

Geoffrey Somary President; Ipsen

Herb Dwyer Chief Operating Officer/General Mgr.; Nanmac Corporation

Jonathan Markley Managing Director; SECO/WARWICK

Jim Nagy President; Solar Manufacturing

William J. Bernard lll (B.J.) President; Surface Combustion

Marc Glasser Director of Metallurgical Services; Rolled Alloys

Steve Kowalski President; Kowalski Heat Treating

Jim Oakes Vice President Business Development;Super Systems Inc.

2016 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

Web ExclusiveOvercoming the Challenges of 3D Printing with MetalsThe NextManufacturing Center has focused its attention on increasing widespread adoption

of additive-manufacturing technology. The center’s researchers are currently working on

research projects to overcome the current challenges in the field and developing an entirely

new approach to metal additive manufacturing. Read the first part of this two-part series from

Carnegie Mellon University on our website and in October’s 3D Printing Report enewsletter.

www.industrialheating.com/nextmanufacture

VIDEOMetals Production: Iron & Steelmaking with Chris PistoriusChris Pistorius, POSCO Professor of Materials Science & Engineering and Co-Director of

the Center for Iron & Steelmaking Research at Carnegie Mellon University, explains how we

can reduce CO2 emissions from metals production, ironmaking and steelmaking by including

natural gas in the process.

www.industrialheating.com/videos

WHITE PAPERBusch LLCCOBRA dry screw vacuum pumps are highly efficient for use in many industrial applications,

including heat-treatment processes. These models represent many years of experience in dry

vacuum technology and offer key design benefits. The COBRA vacuum pump is reliable,

robust and easy to service. www.industrialheating.com/COBRA

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Phone: 888-988-0899 Email: [email protected] Web: www.AcrossInternational.com

Heat Treatment Solutions from Across International

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IH CONNECT

Across Internationalwww.facebook.com/AcrossIntltwitter.com/acrossintlinfo@acrossinternational.comwww.acrossinternational.com

Avion [email protected]

Daniels [email protected]

Custom Electric [email protected]

G-M [email protected]

Gansu Haoshi Carbon [email protected]

Graphite Machining [email protected]

Graphite Metallizing [email protected]

HarbisonWalker Internationalwww.facebook.com/thinkhwiwww.linkedin.com/company/harbisonwalker-

internationaltwitter.com/thinkhwithinkhwi.com

[email protected]

Ipsenwww.facebook.com/IpsenUSAwww.linkedin.com/company/ipsenusatwitter.com/ipsenupdatewww.youtube.com/[email protected]

Jiangsu Fengdong Thermal [email protected]

Kanthal Sandvik Heating Technology USAwww.kanthal.com

Metallurgical High [email protected]

Pillarwww.linkedin.com/company/pillar-inductionwww.youtube.com/user/[email protected]; www.pillar.com

Praxairwww.facebook.com/PraxairIncwww.linkedin.com/company/praxairtwitter.com/praxairincwww.youtube.com/user/[email protected]; www.praxair.com

SECO/WARWICKwww.facebook.com/pages/

SECOWARWICK/149795378426980www.linkedin.com/company/seco-warwick-corp-twitter.com/SECOWARWICKwww.youtube.com/user/[email protected]

Sevenstar [email protected]

Super Systems Inc.www.linkedin.com/company/super-systems-incwww.youtube.com/user/[email protected]

Surface [email protected]

Thermal Product Solutionswww.facebook.com/pages/Thermal-Product-

Solutions/306794196091982www.linkedin.com/company/thermal-product-

solutionswww.youtube.com/user/TPSThermalProductsinfo@thermalproductsolutions.comwww.thermalproductsolutions.com

Welcome to IH Connect. Here’s a quick and convenient way to connect with

leading industry suppliers through social media, website or e-mail. Below is a list

of advertisers in this month’s issue. Connect with them

to stay abreast of the latest technologies in the industry.




As I write this, students are back in

school for the new year, and thoughts

of many of us return to those days.

Thoughts may also focus on your own

children’s post-high school education. If you have

kids who might attend college and want to help

them with the finances, you better be thinking

seriously about this future.

As parents or grandparents, have you

considered an industrial education instead of a

college education for your kids or grandkids? It’s

likely you have wished someone did if you have

ever tried to hire skilled workers for your plant.

When I had this conversation with my son, I

pointed it out in simple math. If you earn $25,000

per year for four years while others are paying

$25,000 per year, you are $200,000 better off

at the end of four years. Needless to say, that’s

probably a low-end estimate of the differences.

I believe we need a cultural paradigm switch,

and we may need to clean house at local high

schools where snobby counselors continue to

encourage everyone to attend college. In his

regular column, Walter Williams, a college

professor from Virginia’s George Mason

University, states simply, “Most college students

do not belong in college.” He and Robert

Samuelson, a Washington Post columnist, assert

that “it’s time to drop the college-for-all crusade.”

Due to the fact that college costs increase

by much more than the cost of living – about

a 450% growth since 1982 – college education

is continuing to lose its value. Add to that the

weak courses such as “Philosophy and Star

Trek” offered by Georgetown University, it’s no

wonder we have a “six-digit number of college-

educated janitors in the U.S,” as reported by Ohio

University professor Richard Vedder, who also

indicates that there are “one-third of a million

waiters and waitresses with college degrees.” In

2012, about 44% of college graduates worked jobs

that did not require a college degree.

It’s time to question business as usual and find

a way to get more students interested in vocations

rather than professions. How can we do this?

Here are a few thoughts from me or greater minds

than mine.

• Provide early exposure to all students to

let them know about job opportunities in

manufacturing. This could/should happen in

the schools, but groups like the Girl Scouts

are another possibility.

• Better utilize existing vocational-training

programs in high school.

• Provide some “diversity training” to high

school counselors to encourage them to

advise kids (particularly those less likely to

excel in an academic setting) that vocational

training is a good option.

• Encourage more women to enter the

manufacturing workforce. Only about 26%

of the manufacturing workforce in the U.S.

is female, compared to 50% of the overall

workforce.

• Companies should provide appropriate

vocational training for new hires.

The facts are that the majority of new

American jobs over the next decade will not

require a college degree, according to the U.S.

Labor Department. A USA Today analysis

estimated that about 2.5 million middle-skill

jobs – requiring high school but not college

training – will need to be filled between 2014

and 2017. Some of this is coming from the

retirement of baby boomers. In our local region

around Pittsburgh, a historically industrial area,

it is expected we could lose about 8% of the

1.2-million member workforce as older

workers retire.

In addition to workforce losses due to

retirements, another issue we are experiencing is

diminishing labor-participation rates. In June,

the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that

only 62.6% of adult Americans are working or

actively looking for a job. This is the lowest labor-

participation rate in 38 years. A separate White

House report showed something similar. Looking

at prime-age (25-54) males in the workforce,

the report showed that 98% of this group was

employed 60 years ago. Today, this number is 88%.

It’s clear our work is cut out for us. We need to

increase the number of people seeking vocational

training, encourage more women to pursue

manufacturing and get more able-bodied people

working. Consider what part of this challenge you

can invest your resources into. After all, a small

rudder can turn a large ship.

Industrial Education

REED MILLERAssociate Publisher/Editor

[email protected]

EDITOR'S PAGE


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Icontend that the outcome of the 2016 elections

and industrial job futures are interrelated. It

all comes down to the declining educational

competence of citizens. This subject’s history

and predicted future are brief ly discussed here.

Only half of U.S. children were enrolled in

school in 1900, and only 6% of 17-year-olds

graduated from high school. This latter figure

rose to 30% by 1930 and 50% by 1950. Between

1960 and 1990, spending on public-school educa-

tion doubled, but disquiet in the quality of public

schools and the growing lack of focus on results

became issues in the public eye. Concurrently,

from 1960 through today, teacher associations,

unions and government agencies grew in control

and inhibited most public education reforms …

while society was/is being distorted by rapidly

changing social and cultural trends.

Public education, once designed primarily to

impart skills and knowledge, took on political and

social tasks to inculcate objectives about racial

integration, social tolerance and environmental

awareness. President Reagan balked at these

trends and sought to eliminate the Department

of Education, wanting to leave state and local

government in control. Instead, an education

bureaucracy and unions took hold. From 1955 to

1990, the average pupil-teacher ratio dropped by

40%, annual expenditures per pupil exploded by

350% to $5,237 and public-school teacher salaries

rose 45% (adjusted for inf lation).

By 1986, only 6% of 11th graders could

solve multi-step math problems and use basic

algebra; 60% did not know who wrote or why

The Federalist was written; and 75% did not

know when Abraham Lincoln was President.

Meanwhile, teacher unions (with tenure and

salary for mediocre instructors) gained solid

control of public education. Pupil-staff ratios have

dropped from 18 to 1 in 1960 to 8 to 1 in 2010. To

put it nicely, the U.S. federal monopolistic, over-

regulated, bureaucratic system of public schools

is woefully unprepared to meet modern society’s

needs. And it costs far too much.

It is evident that union objectives have been to

raise member wages, grow membership, increase

share of labor force represented, preclude pay

based on performance and eliminate non-union

participation in school operation. Unionization

has increased per-pupil spending 9% relative to

non-union districts. Further, strongly opposed

performance-based pay has succeeded in bloating

budgets – public-school teachers are paid 42%

more than private-sector counterparts, and

performance accountability is nonexistent.

This failure in public education has prompted

the Association of American Colleges &

Universities to examine results of education in

terms of surveyed perceptions of students and

employers regarding student’s preparation for

employment. Of 615 interviews, the percentage of

those well prepared for work (applying knowledge

in work settings, critical thinking, written and

oral communications) shows wide perception

difference between students and employers (see

Table). These findings are an embarrassment for

American public education.

What this all means is that a larger and larger

portion of the population over the last 50 years is

less and less able to analyze and determine what

is best for America in a Presidential election or

in House and Senate races (or insist that school

boards relieve or fire non-performing public-

school teachers).

Furthermore, what all this means is that

industrial America needs competent employees for

operation and survival but has an existing and

rapidly growing problem. My advice is to talk to

your local government and require that this

“wrong world” be set “right.” If you don’t, who

will? And if you don’t, America loses.

The Ultimate American Problem

FEDERAL TRIANGLE

BARRY ASHBYWashington Editor

[email protected]


Table

Area of Preparation and Competence Students (%) Employers (%)

Work with others and teams 64 37

Staying current with technology 46 37

Judgement in decision-making 62 30

Locating, organizing and evaluating information 64 29

Oral communications 62 28

Work with numbers and statistics 55 28

Written communications 65 27

Analytical thinking 66 26

Creativity 57 25

Solve complex problems 59 24

Apply knowledge to real world 59 23

Staying current with global developments 43 18


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Heat treaters are forever curious about

how their furnaces are performing; in

particular the uniformity of properties

that will be achieved throughout the load.

We often look to sophisticated tools for answers,

but there is a simple, yet highly effective, method

for quantifying our furnace’s performance – the

Navy C-ring test. Let’s learn more.

Originally designed to study dimensional

changes that occur in the heat treatment of

hardened and/or case-hardened components,

the power of the Navy C-ring test is that it can

be adapted and used while running production

loads to determine both the overall performance

capability (i.e., condition) of the furnace and

the heat-treatment process being conducted in

it. It can also be used to compare in-house heat

treatment with that of outside commercial services.

This test can be structured in such a way

as to aid in the evaluation of atmosphere or

vacuum furnaces. Processes such as normalizing,

hardening and case hardening can be examined

and the performance of oil or high-pressure-gas

quenching methods studied. The test can be

extended from its original purpose to reveal the

following types of information (as a function of

position within the workload) in both the “as-

quenched” and “as-tempered” condition:

• Hardness uniformity (surface, core)

• Dimensional change (distortion)

• Quench system (oil type, agitation,

temperature) effectiveness/uniformity

• Carburizing uniformity (effective and total

case depth plus case variation by position)

• Microstructural uniformity (including

retained austenite levels)

• Material hardenability

• Material surface stress state

• Sensitivity to cracking (as a function of

various quench conditions or media)

One is not limited to a particular material

grade. As such, C-rings are made from both

ferrous (e.g., steel, stainless steel, tool steel) and

nonferrous (e.g., aluminum, titanium) materials.

For steel parts, SAE 1010, 4140, 4340, 8620 and

9310 are typical examples. It is important that the

C-rings are made of the same material (and ideally

from the same heat) as the production parts.

What is a Navy C-ring?Essentially, the Navy C-ring is a short cylinder with

an eccentric hole and open in one extreme (Fig. 1).

The original design (specified to conform to U.S.

Navy Department Specifications for Tool Steels,

No. 47S5c, July 1, 1921)[3] has a thickness of 25 mm

(1 inch). Modifications of this design are common

to mirror the size and thickness of the actual parts

being processed. It is important to run C-rings of

the same physical dimensions within a given load.

The Navy C-Ring Test – A Practical Tool for the Heat Treater

THE HEAT TREAT DOCTOR®

DANIEL H. HERRINGThe HERRING GROUP, Inc.

[email protected]

Fig. 1. Typical Navy C-rings; (a) – (c) Examples of size/type variation in Navy C-ring specimens (a) original design (b) original with hole (c) custom half-size with keyways.

1a) 1b) 1c )13 mm(0.50 in.)

13 mm(0.50 in.)

6.5 mm(0.25 in.)

25 mm(1.00 in.)

4.75 mm(0.1875 in.)

13 mm(0.50 in.)

127 mm(5.00 in.)

127 mm(5.00 in.)

48 mm(1.90 in.)

48 mm(1.90 in.)

74 mm(2.90 in.) 74 mm

(2.90 in.)37 mm

(1.45 in.)

6.5 mm(0.25 in.)

3 mm(0.125 in.)

3 mm(0.125 in.)64 mm (2.50 in.)

24 mm(0.90 in.)

φ6 mm(0.25 in.)

D D AB

BC

C

B

A

E E

A

B

C C




How to Conduct the TestAll parts should be measured before and after heat treatment

using a coordinate measuring system (CMM) to precisely

determine geometrical dimensions. This is critical for

subsequent statistical analysis of the data. The Navy C-ring

samples can then be positioned in a workload in either a vertical

(if an optional hole is drilled in the specimen for hanging) or

horizontal orientation. Typically, a minimum of nine rings is

used, positioned in the corners and center of the load (like a

temperature uniformity survey) along with production parts.

The rings can also be positioned in individual baskets stacked to

make up a load.

Testing of samples in both the as-quenched and as-tempered

condition should be done for surface and core hardness,

microstructure, case depth (via microhardness), retained

austenite and (if desired) residual stress via X-ray diffraction

(XRD) to obtain a complete data set.

Original Test FocusHistorically, the main focus of the Navy C-ring test has been to

evaluate dimensional changes. In simplest terms, distortion of an

engineered component can be defined as a change in its shape or

volume during either manufacturing (including heat treatment)

or in service.

Distortion during quenching is the result of differential

volume changes due to heat extraction and/or phase

transformations. These dimensional changes can dramatically

inf luence manufacturing productivity due to necessity for

post-heat-treatment machining operations. Furthermore, when

distortion is severe, the potential for crack formation becomes a

paramount concern.

The major factors that inf luence distortion[1] are cooling rate,

hardening treatment (e.g., carburizing, ferritic nitrocarburizing),

material hardenability and chemical composition.

Investigating these factors[1] has revealed that the rate of

cooling from carburizing is extremely important. Very fast

cooling rates (e.g., water quenching) completely outweigh the

effects of major changes in composition. By contrast, while the

carburizing process reduces dimensional movement in low-alloy

steels, it has a lesser effect in steels of high hardenability.

Steel composition is more complex, and distinctions must

be made between the effect of composition on increasing

hardenability and the effect on the depression of the martensite-

start temperature in fully hardenable grades. Both aspects

must be fully understood to correlate dimensional movement

over a wide range of compositions. To illustrate this point, the

distortional behavior of boron steels is entirely different from

non-boron steels of comparable hardenability.

The specification of steel chemistry to restricted-

hardenability grades has been reported to reduce the variability

of distortion. Even greater effect has been found by the use of

steels in which the hardenability is greater than that required for

through-hardening for a given section size.

The Navy C-ring has been effectively used to evaluate the

final distortion produced by quenching of steel parts. This

simple specimen can provide distortion information as a

function of heat-treatment condition and position within the

workload with respect to changes in the:

• ID

• OD

• Gap width

• Thickness

• Flatness

• Cylindrical dimensions

• Roundness

• Bore (if an optional hole is machined in the sample)

• Change in size on deep freeze or cryogenic treatment and single

or multiple tempers (as a function of both temperature and time)

In addition, one can understand the effect of material

(composition) and initial microstructure on size and shape

distortion, retained austenite and residual stress.

Furthermore, the test can help evaluate the effectiveness

of prior hardening processes such as (mill) annealing or

normalizing prior to carburizing. Retained austenite evaluation

of carburized components is another parameter of interest,

especially in carburized steels that can contain varying amounts

of retained austenite in the quenched-and-tempered condition –

depending on the material (i.e., alloying elements) and process

parameters used (e.g., carburizing and hardening temperature,

carbon potential, cooling rate). Retained austenite can influence

near-surface hardness and dimensional stability over time.

Heat-treat processes also create residual stress in a material,

which results in dimensional variation (i.e., size and shape

changes) both within a given part and from location to location

within a workload.

SummaryIn this day and age of uncompromising part quality, the

inclusion of Navy C-ring testing on a quarterly basis will

prove an invaluable aid in reducing both equipment- and

process-related variability. Testing of rings for other than

just dimensional change can serve as confirmation of process

stability with regard to such items as temperature variation

throughout the load, quench effectiveness, surface and core

hardness differences as a function of position and overall

material hardenability. The results of these tests can help qualify

process capability, evaluate process (recipe) changes, confirm the

validity of control instrumentation, direct maintenance activities

and act as an invaluable quality-control tool (especially when

statistical data analysis is performed). As they say, “Just do it.”

You’ll be glad you did.

References available online



SECO/WARWICK Meadville, PA USA814-332-8400 - [email protected]

Call Tom Hart for a Quote or More Information at 814 332 8549 or e-mail [email protected]

™

www.secowarwick.com

What Direction Are You Headed?

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Controls Intuitive, User-friendly, Touch Screen HMI

Uniformity Better than ± 10˚F

Hot Zone Graphite or Metal

Convective Heating Up to 1400˚F

Vacuum Up to 10-5 torr

Quenching 2, 6, 10, 15, 20 and 25 Bar, N2, Ar, He

Over 700 furnaces installed worldwide

Brazil China India European Union USA


MTI PROFILE

In 1961, something special happened in the

16,000-square-foot former home of Chevrolet

Toledo (Ohio) Transmission. That’s when Phil

Flynn, chief metallurgist of Buick Motor, and

Bill Durako, tool steel metallurgist of Crucible

Steel, founded Erie Steel Heat Treating.

The duo knew that heat treating was an

engineering discipline, not a black art, and they

knew they could do it better than most. Today, 55

years later in a modern 70,000-square-foot facility

in Toledo, Erie Steel Ltd. continues that tradition.

The thought that heat treating could be done

better has been transformed and enhanced over

the years to what is now a quest for excellence. A

quest involves inquiry, examination and pursuit,

and it has no endpoint. For Erie Steel, however, it

involves the following attributes.

• People: As Erie Steel’s preeminent resource, its

associates draw upon all other resources, fusing

them together to produce tangible results for

customers. Only people have the ability to com-

pensate for shortcomings in other resources –

making them truly unique. Erie Steel employs

nearly 60 employees from the local community.

• Process: This includes Erie Steel’s current

niche of precision atmosphere carburizing,

high-pressure-quench vacuum hardening,

atmosphere neutral hardening, carbonitriding,

normalizing and annealing, non-atmosphere

annealing and stress relieving.

• Equipment: This includes two vacuum

hardening units, a mesh belt, a four-unit

36-inch x 72-inch batch line with companion

temper and wash capability, two 36-inch square

single-row pusher units, and belt and tumble

blast cleaning with post-blast RP units.

• Integrated business system: Information is the

lifeblood of any organization. Erie Steel’s business

system houses all customer, process, quality and

equipment information. It is web-based, available

to all associates via mobile devices and interactive,

and it provides real-time process documentation

(including video and photo).

• Leadership: The purpose of leadership is to

maximize the efforts of the organization. At

Erie Steel, it not only involves strategic, but

tactical, direction based on knowledge of the

economy, business conditions, customer needs,

governmental regulations and technological

improvements. It also possesses a component of

internal evaluation and provides the organization

with an objective assessment of its condition.

Exemplary of Erie Steel’s quest is new

business involving the carburizing of heavy-truck

steering components. The company engineered,

constructed and installed a single-row pusher and

fixturing specifically for the application. Utilizing

its expertise, Erie Steel was able to successfully

demonstrate the capability of the process.

The future for Erie Steel is bright. The

company was recently awarded the 2016

Commercial Heat Treater of the Year award;

its experienced management team is focused

and stable; and the workforce is knowledgeable

and improving thanks to a corporate training

resource. Erie Steel is prepared to take on many

new challenges.

Visit www.erie.com for more information on Erie

Steel Ltd.

Erie Steel Ltd.2016 Commercial Heat Treater of the Year

MTI Metal Treating Institute

904-249-0448www.HeatTreat.net



T H E S C I E N C EO F V A C U U M

> Manufacturing vacuum furnaces and ovens in our New Jersey facility since 1965

> Unsurpassed temperature uniformity, precision control and data logging

> Easier AMS2750E and NADCAP conformance

> Offering a range of sizes and options to fit your budget

1-856-829-2000 www.tmvacuum.com [email protected] Cinnaminson, NJ USA

T-M Vacuum Products, Inc.

T-

M VACUUM

CELEBRATIN

G

50YEAR S


IHEA PROFILE

WS is the name; energy-saving gas

burners are its game.

WS Thermal Process Technol-

ogy is the U.S. subsidiary of WS

Wärmeprozesstechnik GmbH, which was founded

in 1982 in Renningen, Germany. The company

manufactures self-recuperative and self-regenerative

gas burners for the heat-treating and steel industries.

WS Thermal Process Technology opened its

doors in Lorain, Ohio, in 1997 and currently has

10 employees for sales, service, training and repairs.

The IHEA member’s signature product is the

REKUMAT® self-recuperative burner, which is

available in both direct-fired and indirect-fired

(radiant tube) versions and is equipped with a

recuperator of either metallic or ceramic (SiSiC)

composition. The latest WS burner innovations

are the REKUMAT® S and REKUMAT® CS

burners. Both burners utilize the so-called “gap

f low heat exchanger” to achieve efficiencies of

80% LHV or higher.

WS is also known for inventing the game-

changing f lameless oxidation (FLOX®)

technology, which enables high air preheat

temperatures (i.e., high combustion efficiency)

with low NOx emissions. The significance of

FLOX did not go unnoticed. Joachim G. and

Joachim A. Wuenning were awarded the German

Environmental Award in 2011 for inventing and

commercializing the technology. All WS burners

can be equipped with FLOX, thus achieving the

lowest NOx emissions with high-efficiency self-

recuperative and self-regenerative gas burners.

Speaking of self-regenerative burners,

REGEMAT® integrates regenerators and

switching valves into one compact unit so that

each burner can act individually. The highest

air preheat temperatures are achieved by using

ceramic honeycomb heat storage material. Both

direct-fired and indirect-fired versions are

available. REGEMAT can achieve efficiencies

up to 88% LHV, which can lead to tremendous

energy savings at high operating temperatures and

in continuously operated furnaces.

WS pioneered the use of ceramic single-ended

radiant tubes in industrial furnace applications,

achieving operating temperatures up to 2300°F,

unmatched temperature uniformity and long

lifetime with low maintenance. With tens of thou-

sands of tubes in operation around the globe, WS

has helped hundreds of customers improve their

processes and drastically reduce their energy costs.

Over the years, WS has proven the importance

of energy-efficient and low-emission combustion

systems in the heat-treating industry. The

company’s goal is to make combustion efficiency

greater than 80% LHV the industry standard

for gas-heated furnaces while maintaining NOx

emissions at a minimum level. This will lead to

significant fuel savings, drastically lower CO2

emissions and improved productivity.

Visit www.flox.com for more information on WS.

WS Thermal Process Technology Inc.Energy-Saving Burners for the Heat-Treat Industry

IHEAIndustrial Heating Equipment Assoc.

859-356-1575www.ihea.org





NewsEquipment & Business

EQUIPMENT NEWS

Aluminum Conveyor Forging FurnaceCan-Eng Furnaces International Ltd. has been contracted by Weber

Metals Inc. to design, manufacture and commission an aluminum

conveyor forging furnace. The automated furnace system will heat

aluminum-alloy preforms and billets prior to forging at Weber Metals’

Long Beach, Calif., facility. Can-Eng was selected for this project

because of its demonstrated capabilities in design and development of

large-capacity forging furnaces for the aerospace industry. The furnace

is part of Weber Metals’ 60,000-ton press expansion project, which will

allow the company to manufacture larger and lighter forgings utilizing

more advanced materials for global applications. www.can-eng.com

Nitriding SystemsNitrex Metal supplied three supersized nitriding systems to U.S.

commercial heat treater Nitrex Inc., which recently completed phase

one of a 12,000-square-foot expansion at its facility in Aurora,

Ill. The project has increased the plant’s nitriding capacities to

accommodate parts up to 177 inches (4.5 meters) long and loads

of up to 25,000 pounds (11,300 kg). All systems are equipped with

NITREG nitriding/nitrocarburizing technology, making it possible

to meet AMS 2759/10 specifications for nitriding and AMS 2759/12

specifications for ferritic nitrocarburizing. The expansion also included

upgrades to the company’s metallurgical laboratory. www.nitrex.com

Vacuum FurnaceIpsen shipped a global vertical (GV) vacuum furnace with 6-bar

gas quenching to a commercial heat treater on the West Coast. The

custom-built heat-treating system features a 60-inch-diameter x

60-inch-high (1,524-mm x 1,524-mm) graphite work zone and has

an 8,000-pound (3,629-kg) load capacity. It operates at temperatures

of 1000-2200°F (538-1204°C) with ±15°F (±8°C) temperature

uniformity. The furnace is also equipped with a 35-inch diffusion

pump and Ipsen’s CompuVac controls system. In addition, this GV

furnace is equipped with an argon and nitrogen gas cooling system

with gas injection nozzles located 360 degrees around the perimeter

of the hot zone as well as a variable-frequency drive on the gas

cooling motor for controlled cooling. www.ipsen.com

Heat-Treating OvenJPW Industrial Ovens & Furnaces supplied a northeastern U.S.

manufacturing company with an inert-gas oven capable of reaching

1200°F (650°C). It will be used for heat treating barrels for firearms.

The unit is built to operate with a low-oxygen environment inside the

chamber. By replacing the air with other gases during the process, it

prevents fire hazards and preserves the quality of the products being

treated inside. The oven starts its heat-treating process by purging the

chamber of oxygen. After switching to the process flow meter, heating

begins. www.jpwdesign.com

Laser SystemPreco Inc. received a $1.78 million order for a high-powered,

multi-laser development and manufacturing cell from Brazil’s Senai

Institute of Laser Innovation. The hybrid laser/MIG system, which



is being built in Somerset, Wis., includes two high-powered

lasers, one 10-kW disk laser and one 6-kW diode laser. It will

be capable of hybrid laser welding, additive manufacturing, heat

treatment and surface treatment. Preco Inc. is a laser system

manufacturer that also offers contract manufacturing services

for additive manufacturing, heat treating and welding. Senai is

a private non-profit and one of the largest technical training

organizations in the world. www.precoinc.com

Heat-Treatment LineSMS group received an order from TMK subsidiary Seversky

Tube Works for a heat-treatment line for tubes and pipes. The

company’s plant in Polevskoy, Russia, produces seamless and

welded pipe and tube mainly for oil and gas. The line, which is

scheduled to commence operation in the first quarter of 2018,

has a design capacity of 265,000 tons of heat-treated product

per year. Its main components include an austenitizing furnace

with walking-beam transport system, a walking-beam tempering

furnace and a cooling bed. SMS will also supply a complete

water treatment system. The line can perform processes such as

normalizing, quenching and tempering.

www.sms-group.com

Box FurnaceNutec Bickley received an order for a box furnace from a

forging company located in the Chicago area. The equipment,

which has an operating temperature range of 1500-2200°F

(815-1205°C), will be used for heating steel billets before

forging. The furnace has inside dimensions of approximately

7 feet wide x 10 feet high and a maximum capacity of 5,000

pounds of mainly 12-inch billets. The unit includes Allen

Bradley PLC-based instrumentation, pulse-firing combustion

control, pressure control and an assisted vertical opening

door. Insulation is made of a combination of ceramic-fiber

macromodules, IFB and hard refractory.

www.nutecbickley.com



NewsEquipment & Business

BUSINESS NEWSBodycote Acquires Nitrex Metal TechnologiesBodycote acquired Nitrex Metal Technologies of Burlington, Ontario. Nitrex Metal

Technologies, which is not affiliated with Nitrex Metal of Montreal, Quebec, specializes

in precision gas nitriding and ferritic nitrocarburizing in both batch and continuous forms.

Continuous gas nitriding and ferritic nitrocarburizing are unique in the industry and

particularly suited to high-volume automotive work. The acquisition adds to Bodycote’s

thermal-processing services, which already range from conventional atmosphere heat

treatments like batch IQ, vacuum and induction to specialty technologies like LPC,

BoroCote® and Corr-I-Dur®.

GE to Invest $1.4 Billion to Acquire AM CompaniesGeneral Electric plans to acquire Arcam AB and SLM Solutions Group AG, two suppliers

of additive-manufacturing (MA) equipment, for $1.4 billion. Sweden’s Arcam invented the

electron-beam melting machine for metal-based AM and also produces advanced metal

powders. Arcam also operates AP&C, a metal-powders operation in Canada, and DiSanto

Technology, a medical AM firm in Connecticut. Germany’s SLM Solutions Group produces

laser machines for metal-based AM and has sales and application sites worldwide. Both

companies, which will strengthen GE’s existing material science and AM capabilities, will

report to David Joyce, president and CEO of GE Aviation.

GKN Sinter Metals to Expand, Add Jobs in IndianaGKN Sinter Metals, a manufacturer of powder-metal products for the automotive

industry, announced plans to expand its operations in Salem, Ind. The company will invest

approximately $6.9 million to update equipment and renovate its 220,000-square-foot

facility, creating up to 24 new jobs by 2020. The new equipment will allow GKN Sinter

Metals to increase production of eight-speed and 10-speed transmissions. The first round

of enhanced equipment was installed this year, with the second phase scheduled to begin in

2017. The company also plans to make interior and exterior enhancements to its existing

building, including a room to showcase current advanced-manufacturing technologies.

Atlas Copco Completes Acquisition of Leybold VacuumEffective Sept. 1, 2016, Atlas Copco AB owns the former Oerlikon Leybold Vacuum GmbH,

renamed Leybold GmbH and now part of the Vacuum Solutions Division. The deal, worth

approximately $514 million, was first reported in November 2015. Leybold, headquartered

in Cologne, Germany, develops and delivers vacuum pumps, systems and customized vacuum

solutions and services for various industries. The company offers sustainable solutions for

industrial processes such as secondary metallurgy. Leybold’s product portfolio includes

rough-, medium-, high- and ultrahigh-vacuum pumps; vacuum systems; vacuum gauges; leak

detectors; components and valves; and consulting and engineering services.

Zhongwang USA LLC to Acquire Aleris for $2.33 BillionGlobal aluminum rolled products producer Aleris Corp. entered into a definitive agreement

to be acquired by Zhongwang USA LLC for $2.33 billion. Aleris will continue to be

headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio, and will be operated as an independent entity. The

company will retain its name and management team and continue to serve its customers

Induction Brazing with eldec.

Member of the EMAG Group

eldec, LLC3355 Bald Mountain Road, Unit 30Auburn Hills, MI 48326 USAph: +1 248 364 47 [email protected]

www.eldec-usa.com



For More Information Contact Us Today Tel: (845) 651-6600 Email: [email protected]

Alumina Fiber Thermal Insulation That Outperforms All Others.

Breakthrough Technology

Built upon four decades of cost effective 1700oC high performance!

Introducing PATI

Reinforced - Resists Cracking Like No Other!Microwave Transparent!

Avion Manufacturing Company2950 Westway Drive, Suite 106Brunswick, OH 44212

Phone: 330-220-2779Fax :330-220-3709Web: www.avionmfg.come-mail: [email protected]

Boronizing is a thermochemical surface treatment in which Boron atoms diffuse into the steel substrate for a very hard Borocoat-layer. Boronizing easily tops the performance of commonly used methods such as carburizing and nitriding.

High hardness 1400-2600 HV, even on non-alloyed steels Diffusion depth 10-250 μm High abrasion resistance, resistance against cold welding Excellent thermal stability Self-lubricating effect at high temperatures Superior bonding strength, no coating but diffusion layer Good resistance against molten metals (Al, Zn)

with no changes to current operations, contracts or commitments. It

will continue with the implementation of all strategic growth projects,

including its major expansion project in Lewisport, Ky., which will

enable Aleris to meet the North American automotive industry’s

growing demand for aluminum auto-body sheet.

JV to Produce Titanium Powder for Additive ManufacturingGKN Hoeganaes agreed to enter into a joint-venture agreement with

TLS Technik to manufacture titanium powders in North America

for additive-manufacturing (AM) applications. TLS of Bitterfeld,

Germany, has 20 years of experience manufacturing titanium powder

for the AM market. The joint venture complements GKN’s previously

announced powder R&D efforts in Cinnaminson, N.J., and provides

a North American source for titanium powders, especially for the

aerospace and medical markets. A new facility for the joint venture is

scheduled to open in 2017.

University Creates 3D Printing ConsortiumCarnegie Mellon University’s NextManufacturing Center in

Pittsburgh, Pa., created a consortium to bring together major

companies and organizations in industry, the nonprofit sector and

government to unlock the potential of 3D printing in the U.S. The

consortium’s founding members include: Alcoa, ANSYS, Bechtel

Marine Propulsion, Bosch, Carpenter Technology, Federal Aviation

Administration, General Electric, Ingersoll Rand, National Energy

Technology Laboratory, SAE International and United States Steel.

NextManufacturing Center, which includes faculty and students

from the College of Engineering, School of Computer Science and

Mellon College of Science, is committed to developing new ways of

thinking to make 3D printing a mainstream manufacturing process.

The center also is developing new tools for a wide range of complex

manufacturing processes.

Refractory Companies Enter into AgreementSeven Refractories of Slovenia entered into an agreement with the

refractory business of Dalmia Bharat Group to develop and supply a

wide range of monolithic refractories for the Indian market. Dalmia

Bharat Group supplies refractory bricks and solutions to steel plants

in India, while Seven Refractories supplies monolithic refractories to

the European market. The cooperation agreement is intended to lead

to a joint venture between the companies.

CORRECTIONThere was an error in our August 2016 article “New Approach to

Material Handling Within the Heating, Heat-Treatment Cell.”

The word “patented” in the deck of the article should have read

“patent-pending.”



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ORDERS

Values above 50 indicate growth or increase. Values below 50 indicate contraction or decrease.To participate in this survey, please contact Bill Mayer at [email protected]

When you need reproducibility, precision, andreliability, choose Praxair.With more than 100 years of experience in the useof industrial gases, Praxair can help you improve yourmanufacturing process. We offer a full range ofindustrial gases and services for heat treating andcombustion applications including:

• Heat treating atmosphere gases• Purging and inerting process gases• Award winning oxy-fuel combustion applications• Gas quenching• Thermal spray coating services• Furnace audits and process evaluations• Integrated gas supply capability• On-site evaluation, design, testing, and installation• Start-up and process support

For more information on how we can help your business, call 1-800-PRAXAIR or visitwww.praxair.com/heattreating.

Quality Stainless Fabrications • For all types and styles of industrial furnaces

All alloys incl. 304, 316, 309, 310, 330, RA253ma, 600, 601, RA602ca, Hast. C+X • Fabricated to customer specifications • Highest quality at a reasonable cost • High tech support available

Also Specializing in:

Radiant Heater Tubes Furnace Rolls Serpentine Trays Corrugated Boxes

Specialty Fixtures RetortsRecuperatorsAll Alloy Fabrications

34250 Mills Road, Avon, OH. 44011 (440) 327-5000 phone; (440) 327-5599 fax

Web: www.Qual-Fab.netEmail: [email protected]


Address: 2821 Old Route 15 | New Columbia, PA 17856 | USA Phone: (570) 538-7200 | Fax: (570) 538-7380

www.thermalproductsolutions.com

DESIGN THE PERFECT PRODUCTCustomize our thermal processing ovens and furnaces to fit your application needs, in any environment.

Call our Engineering Design Center 570-538-7200

Or email [email protected]

Applications Military and aerospace

Consumer product testing

Clean room applications

Explosive environments

Inert gas atmospheres

High temps and vacuums

Small footprint designs

Robotic load/unload

Web-based management

Pollution control

Aftermarket service Start-up and training

Installations

Temperature uniformity

Preventative maintenance

Retrofits

Refurbished equipment

Rental equipment



PROCESS CONTROL & INSTRUMENTATION

Vacuum heat treatment is evolving as quickly as any

of the other subsets within the industry. Changes

are ushered into the industry as customers, end users

and governing bodies (AMS, Nadcap, etc.) press for

increased visibility of both production and available historical

data. Production and labor costs also significantly inf luence

how equipment is evaluated as heat treaters look to increase

utilization and reduce operational, rework and maintenance

costs. As requirements become more demanding, many heat

treaters are faced with a difficult question: Do we buy new

equipment or upgrade what we have?

Considerations for Replacing the Entire FurnaceOnce disassembled, a seemingly complex vacuum furnace

consists of relatively few components: the shell, hot zone, VRT

heating system, diffusion pump, vacuum pumping system and

various plumbing/valves.

Once isolated, all of these components become much simpler

to maintain. Cooling jackets can be cleaned, and specialized

instrumentation determines weak points. Degrading hot zones

and failing diffusion/vacuum pumps can be easily repaired,

rebuilt and replaced. Working with one of the industry’s

many specialized contractors allows for equipment to be

well maintained, serviced and repaired – greatly extending

equipment life.

With routine maintenance, furnace replacement can be

determined largely from production requirements. One example

is a larger certified work zone, which can be difficult to increase

even by a few inches. Production demands may exceed the

throughput of a furnace, requiring a larger model. A new

customer may require a positive-pressure quench process when

the facility only offers atmosphere-rated equipment. Any of

these scenarios may limit one’s options, leaving a new purchase

as the best choice.

Considerations for Upgrading ControlsIf a new furnace is not inevitable, upgrading controls may provide

all the needed functionality at a fraction of the cost. During any

upgrade, it is important to review or work with your contractor to

develop a modern and safe control package. “NFPA86 Chapter 14:

Class D Furnaces” outlines what considerations need to be made

when performing such work (Fig. 1).

New Panel vs. “Swapping” Out HardwareThe first question every heat treater considers: Do we replace

the entire panel or just the outdated hardware? With a new

panel significantly increasing the retrofit’s price, the return on

investment must justify the expense. New panels provide a clean,

documented solution that certainly “shows better” to existing

and potential customers. If space is of concern, the footprint can

also be reduced with modern, smaller instrumentation allowing

older two- to three-door enclosures being replaced with

single-door equivalents (Fig. 2). In addition, new panels may

significantly reduce unplanned downtime, offsetting the initial

expense over the course of several years. Some considerations

that may reduce downtime include:

Steven Christopher – Super Systems, Inc.; Cincinnati, Ohio

Vacuum heat treatment’s requirements are rapidly changing, with several accreditations infl uencing how heat treaters ensure product integrity. As requirements inevitably become more demanding, equipment must be evaluated for compliance. Heat treaters often fi nd themselves questioning whether they should replace or retrofi t equipment.


Fig. 1. Design view

Automated Control of Vacuum Heat-Treat Equipment





• What is the condition of the motor starters, relays,

transformers and other components within the control

panel? As these components fail, each failure will result

in some type of downtime, perhaps impacting product –

potentially resulting in liability or rework costs.

• What is the availability of a programmable logic

controller (PLC), silicone-controlled rectifier (SCR),

vacuum instrumentation and other complex components?

Some of the components within a control panel may have

become obsolete or have lead times exceeding four to

six weeks. PLC failure from obsolete processors can be

the single-most disruptive failure, resulting in extended

downtimes. To help estimate the exposure to component

failure, it is recommended that you routinely audit

hardware, calling your local distributor to determine

which are still offered. If offered, what is the lead time?

This proactive approach can also help determine what

needs to be stocked as spare parts.

• Are electrical schematics available for the control panel?

If so, how accurate are they? Inaccurate schematics often

extend unplanned downtime. Before beginning repairs,

maintenance crews must trace and re-label wires to

understand how a furnace is wired.

Uniformity Improvement via Heating-Circuit RedesignMany furnaces struggle with passing both low- and high-

temperature uniformity survey (TUS) ranges. Even with

routine hot-zone maintenance, this may be

inevitable. Minor modifications to the

heating system can result in drastic

improvements.

Traditionally, heat chambers have

three to five distinct zones with the

same number of variable reactance

transformers (VRTs). Each VRT’s out-

put is proportional to a command signal

and generates from a single silicone-con-

trolled rectifier (SCR), split into three

to five distinct signals. Each is manually

trimmed via adjustable rheostats.

Unfortunately, ideal rheostat settings

often vary between temperature ranges.

Improvements are achieved by replacing

the original SCR and rheostats with a

dedicated SCR for each VRT.

The loop controller must also be

evaluated because it will require the same

number of isolated analog outputs as SCRs.

Another desired feature is the ability

to uniquely scale each output at various

temperatures, improving uniformity and

“centering” the load TC delta at setpoint.

Many controllers and PLCs can have

expansion outputs added or replaced with an equivalent model

supporting the appropriate number of outputs.

Recipe/Loop Controller ConsiderationsControllers have seen significant advancements in recent years,

gaining f lexibility from historically basic ramp/soak profiles.

Modern PLCs and controllers offer a wide range of custom

features focused solely on vacuum heat treatment. When

evaluating one’s current controller, the following questions

should be asked. Does my current controller:

• Provide all of the functionality required by my customers

and accreditations?

• Allow for customization?

• Allow for a sufficient number of recipes?

• Provide complete visibility as to furnace

operation, valve position and motor status?

• Allow for selectable load TC evaluations for

guaranteed soaks?

• Generate and maintain an alarm history for

all applicable alarms?

• Offer built-in PID tuning assistance?

• Load custom PIDs for various temperature

ranges? Or by recipe?

• Automatically provide vacuum and outgas

interlocks?

• Accommodate for expansion should

additional analog outputs; load TCs; and

diffusion pump, dew point or vacuum

sensors be added?

• Communicate with a data-acquisition

(SCADA) system and any external

instrumentation via industry-standard

protocols (RS232, RS485, Modbus TCP)?

• Include a built-in maintenance program?

• Allow for remote access for support?

Is my current controller still offered by the

manufacturer? Is it available “off the shelf,” or

is it an obsolete item?Fig. 2. Vacuum control panel

Fig. 3. Open control panel with prints



Built-In Maintenance ProgramsModern controllers also offer built-

in maintenance programs. Simple

maintenance programs record motor run

times and valve and production cycles.

Complex maintenance programs may

utilize a database allowing specific users

to track routine maintenance dates,

downtime and costs.

Custom reports and searches then

help shift from reactive to proactive

maintenance schedules. Preventive

maintenance reminders allow facilities

to reduce unplanned downtime, which

increases productivity. Plant-wide

maintenance costs can further be

reduced by performing maintenance on

actual run times rather than estimated

monthly intervals.

Vacuum Instrumentation ConsiderationsSeveral industry leaders have long

provided extremely accurate, robust

vacuum controllers to the heat-treating

industry (Fig. 3). Recent developments

in built-in communications may

inf luence the decision to replace

vacuum instrumentation. Does my

instrument support communications?

Communications are important because

they eliminate the inherently greater

error of analog signals. This not only

increases data accuracy but reduces the

need to calibrate chart recorder inputs.

Certain instruments allow

communication modules to be added to

the original design at a fraction of the

cost of a new controller. Others have to

be replaced with an equivalent model

supporting communications.

High-Limit Controller ConsiderationsSeveral specifications now require that

the high-limit controller’s temperature

be charted during production. Similar

to that of vacuum instrumentation, the

most accurate way to record data is to use

a controller with communications.

Certain models allow communication

modules to be added to the original

design, while others have to be replaced

with an equivalent model supporting communications.

Dew-Point MonitoringMany heat treaters are required to record each furnace’s inert gas dew point. Common

practices require an operator to manually sample gas into a handheld analyzer. This

requires the operator’s time and necessitates a handwritten log. Combined with the

trend chart, this creates two pieces of production documentation.

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Modern controls integrate in-situ dew-point sensors that can

be trended 24/7, eliminating the need for paper logs. SCADA

and process controllers allow the operator or recipe to define

alarm thresholds, alerting the operator should the dew point

rise above a specified temperature.

Increased Visibility via SoftwareAs electronic SCADA has become more common, the

requirements have also become more stringent. Customers and

governing bodies have organized to formalize what type of

electronic data is acceptable. At minimum, a SCADA system

must be of non-modifiable, read-only, write-once format.

Storage in a non-encrypted database has the potential for post-

process manipulation and is considered unacceptable.

When evaluating any SCADA system, it is important to

understand today’s requirements, as well as consider that new

requirements may develop in the future. Leading software

offers secure, web-based updates, allowing industry compliance

for not only the year of purchase but the life of the software.

Historically, SCADA systems have recorded data in one-

to two-minute intervals. As computer memory becomes less

expensive, many now offer logging intervals as short as one

second, sometimes mandated for shorter-cycle processing.

SCADA systems should offer data in both graphical and

tabular views, allowing heat treaters, customers and auditors

to have valuable, irrefutable evidence of processing parameters

such as load tracking, utilization and job status.

Load TrackingPlant-wide software can effortlessly integrate production

with a load-tracking database. Sophisticated databases allow

management to:

• Restrict which recipes furnaces can process

• Maintain recipe revision history

• Access data from multiple computers

• Search production history via key information

• Produce trend charts and custom reports

• Reduce audit time

UtilizationModern software also determines equipment utilization,

calculating daily, weekly or monthly efficiencies. Shifts and

departments can be compared to allow visibility during off

hours. Utilities (gas and electricity) can be monitored to

calculate per-lot and monthly costs.

E-mail and Phone-Based AlertsFacilities requiring 24/7 visibility can utilize web-based alert

software. Programming distinguishes which alarms warrant

alerts, sending emails (or text messages) to mobile phones.

Critical alarms can escalate so that an alert is immediately

sent to a supervisor, followed by an email to engineering if the

alarm is not resolved in a specified time.

Alerts can be used to notify production of job status,



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allowing them to reduce gap time. Example alerts include:

• Furnace alarms (high-limit condition, motor starter

tripped, process deviation)

• Monitoring (poor inert-gas dew point, warming water

temperatures)

• Maintenance alerts

• Production alerts (30 minutes remaining in cycle, end

of cycle)

SummaryWhen considering major equipment changes, the ideas

discussed within this article coupled with a practical,

production-minded and financially sound approach allow one

to answer the difficult question: Do we buy new equipment or

upgrade what we have?

Today’s technology can provide significant advantages for

equipment automation – increasing productivity, reducing

operating costs and maintaining compliance with the

constantly evolving industry that is vacuum heat treatment.

For more information: Contact Steven Christopher at Super Systems Inc.; 7205 Edington Dr., Cincinnati, Ohio 45249; tel: 513-772-0060; e-mail: [email protected]; web: www.supersystems.com



INDUSTRIAL GASES/COMBUSTION

Researchers at CHTE have been working on gas

and vacuum carburizing models that can be used to

optimize industrial carburizing-parameter processes,

eliminating much of the trial and error currently

happening in the industry. This report will focus on gas

carburization. As part of the research process, CarbTool®

predictions were compared with industrial experimental results

of four types of steels heat treated by gas carburization.

CarbTool® – Carburizing Simulation ToolThe solution algorithm used in CarbTool is based on the finite-

difference method (FDM), and the code is developed using

Microsoft Visual C++ in Window OS. Users can specify the

carbon potential or a f lux at the surface between gas and steel.[1]

The output of CarbTool is the carbon-concentration profile.

Users input carburization parameters, such as temperature, time

and carbon potential or f lux. After a quick simulation, the carbon

profile along the distance below the surface can be plotted, with

the case depth determined according to a user-defined value.

CarbTool has two modules: gas carburizing and vacuum

carburizing. Gas carburization functions include:

• Variable operating temperature

• Constant mass-transfer coefficient

• Variable carbon potential

• Single boost-diffuse process

• Data export of carbon profile at certain interval and final time

• Effective case-depth indication at 0.35 wt.% carbon or

other user-defined condition

Gas Carburizing ModelGas carburizing is a complex phenomenon that involves three

distinct stages: 1) carbon transport from the atmosphere to

the steel surface; 2) surface chemical reactions and absorption;

3) diffusion of the absorbed carbon atoms toward the bulk of the

steel down the chemical-potential gradient.[2]

Total carbon transfer from the atmosphere to the steel is

thus determined by a rate-limiting process, which kinetically

becomes the rate-controlling stage of carburizing. Figure 1


CarbTool© – Leading the Way in Case-Depth SimulationsLei Zhang and Richard D. Sisson Jr. – Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Worcester, Mass.

Heat treaters want an eff ective simulation tool that predicts the carburization perfor-mance of a variety of steels. At the Center for Heat Treating Excellence (CHTE) at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) in Massachusetts, researchers are perfecting carbon-concentration profi le predictions through enhancements to CarbTool©, its simulation software.

Fig. 1. Schematic of gas carburization process[1,2]

Cp

Cs

Dc

Co

Boundary layer

Vapor-solid interface

Gas atmosphere Metal

J = β (Cp – Cs ) Chemical reaction at surface

β

J=-Dc dc—

dx





shows the mechanisms of carbon transfer during carburizing and

the primary control parameters: the mass-transfer coefficient ( )

defining carbon atoms, f lux (J) from the atmosphere to the steel

surface and the coefficient of carbon diffusion in steel (D) at

austenizing temperatures.[1]

Mass-Transfer CoefficientA constant value for the mass-transfer coefficient is applicable

for most cases because once the carbon potential approaches

the near-solubility limit in austenite with carbon content

greater than 0.5 wt.%, the value of becomes consistent with

temperature and has little relation with gas compositions.[4]

The carbon potential of the carburizing atmosphere is set as

the boundary condition, which defines the physical problem.

The mass balance of the steel is:

β(Cp–C

s)=-D

c dc—

dx

[1]

Diffusivity DevelopmentDiffusivity data of 10XX, 51XX, 86XX and 48XX series

steels in the current version of CarbTool was experimentally

measured by O.K. Rowan.[1] Diffusivities of other alloys were

built-in based on the experience reference data. The comparison

of different alloys’ diffusivity is presented in Figure 2. These

curves are almost parallel to each other, so the diffusivity of

one alloy should be proportional to that of another alloy. For

example, 10XX and 51XX can be expressed as k in the following

equation; k is dependent on carbon concentration.

D51xx = k

51XX —D

10xx

From the f lux balance condition at the steel interface and the

continuity equation of the mass accumulation within the solid,

the rate at which the total f lux over the carburizing time is:

⌠⌡

x

xοC(x,t) dx =⌠

⌡

to

tf

Jdt

where x0 is the initial condition of the interface between the

two components of the diffusion couple, x∞ is the depth beyond

which no concentration gradient exists and t is the diffusion

time.

Assuming the isotropic media, based on Fick’s first law:

J(xo)=–D(x

o) dC

(x

o,t)

–dx

By equating the previous two equations, the expression of

diffusion coefficient from the carbon profile can be derived.[7]

D(xo)=-

⎛dC(xo,t)⎞ -1

•d ⌠

xo

Cdx– – ⎝ dx ⎠ dt ⌡

x∞

Based on this equation, two carbon profiles treated in the

same carbon potential and temperature but different time are

required. There are two parts: the negative inverse of the slope

Table 1. Chemical composition (wt.%) at room temperature

C Cr Fe Mn Mo Ni P S Si

8620 0.18-0.23 0.40-0.60 Bal 0.70-0.90 0.15-0.25 0.40-0.70 0-0.035 0-0.040 0.15-0.30

5120 0.17- 0.22 0.70-0.90 Bal 0.70-0.90 0 0 0-0.035 0-0.040 0.15-0.30

4320H 0.17-0.23 0.35-0.65 Bal 0.40-0.70 0.20-0.30 1.55-2.00 0-0.035 0-0.040 0.15-0.30

Table 2. Comparison between objective and experimental results

4320 8620 5120

Surface carbon (wt.%)

Target 0.7 ± 0.05 0.8 ± 0.05

Experiment 0.65 0.80 0.82

Simulation 0.69 0.83 0.83

Effective case depth (mm)

Target 0.89 ± 0.05

Experiment 0.87 0.82 0.84

Simulation 0.89 0.89 0.89

Fig. 3. Geometry of sample

Fig. 2. Carbon diffusivities as a function of alloy and carbon concentration

2.8E-07

2.4E-07

2.0E-07

1.6E-07

1.2E-07

8.0E-08

10XX

51XX

86XX

48XX

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Carb

on d

iffus

ivity

, cm

2 /s

Carbon concentration, wt.%

Φ9.525 mm

76.2 mm





of any position on the carbon profile and the differentiation

in terms of time-integrated area under the corresponding

section.[2]

To develop the diffusivity, samples of each alloy can be

treated in a carbon potential of 1.1 wt.% at three different

temperatures. Samples were kept for 1 hour, 2 hours and 3 hours

separately at each temperature.

Case StudyChallengeIn one study, a series of steels were to be carburized for

mechanical testing. The carbon profiles were achieved by gas

carburizing in endogas. CarbTool modeling was used to revise

the processes to achieve the same surface carbon concentration

and effective case depth.

Three materials are selected for the gas carburizing process.

Table 1 shows the chemistries (AISI and UNS). The carburizing

objectives are as follows:

• Case depth: 0.035 inch (0.9 mm) at C = 0.35 wt.%

• Surface carbon: 0.80 ± 0.05% for 8620 and 5120

• 0.70 ± 0.05% for 4320

Test samples were gas carburized in an industrial furnace

using a boost-and-diffuse method. Samples were heated up

to 1700°F and held 3.5 hours in endothermic gas at carbon

potential of 0.95%, then diffused at 1550°F for one hour in

carbon potential of 0.8%, quenched in oil at 140°F and tempered

at 350°F for two hours. Figure 4 shows the process schematic.

SolutionThe carbon depth-profile measurements of the carburized

parts were performed using an optical emission spectrometer

(OES). Modeling was calculated by inputting the parameters of

boost-and-diffuse cycles. Figure 5 shows the measured results

and model predictions from CarbTool. These results agreed very

well, which verified the effectiveness of CarbTool on predicting

gas carburizing.

The accuracy of CarbTool was demonstrated in Table 2.

CarbTool’s calculated surface concentration is compared with

the measured result. The effective case depth is also compared

for experimental and simulation results. They match each

other well.

Key Conclusions and Benefits• CarbTool is effective in predicting the carbon profile for gas

carburizing and vacuum carburizing.

• Carburization modeling helps heat treaters better

understand the effects of process parameters on the

diffusion process, distribution of carbon concentration, and

effective case depth and hardness.

• Effective modeling saves time and money over

experimental trials.

Fig. 4. Process schematic of gas carburizing

Tem

pera

ture

1700˚F1550˚F 1700˚F

Cp=0.95 wt.%

1550˚FCp=0.8wt.%

210 min 60 min

Time

Time

4.5 hours

Carburizing

TemperingQuenching

Cooling

2 hours25˚C

350˚F

140˚F

Fig. 5. Comparison of measured and predicted carbon profile of three alloys

0.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.1

0

0.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.1

0

0.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.1

0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

CarbToolExperimental



Carb

on c

onte

nt, w

t. %

Carb

on c

onte

nt, w

t. %

Carb

on c

onte

nt, w

t. %

Depth, mm Depth, mm Depth, mm

4320 8620 5120

Tem

pera

ture



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• The model will give engineers the ability to optimize

material, process and design for best results.

AcknowledgmentsCHTE member Timken Inc. provided the raw materials and

intellectual support for this research project. Carburization

heat treatments were performed at Bodycote Inc. and Surface

Combustion Inc. All are CHTE members. Their support is

greatly appreciated.

Lei Zhang is a graduate student and CHTE researcher at

Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Richard D. Sisson Jr. is the

George F. Fuller Professor of Mechanical Engineering and

technical director of CHTE at WPI.

For more information: If you are interested in learning more about this research study or about CHTE and its other projects, please visit www.wpi.edu/+chte, call 508-831-5592 or e-mail Richard Sisson at [email protected] or Lei Zhang at [email protected]




HEAT TREATING

After being rolled at forging temperature, most rings are

heat treated (i.e. normalized, quenched and tempered; see

Fig. 1). Because of this processing, some rings, especially

those with a large outer-diameter to wall-thickness ratio,

distort and become ovular (out of tolerance). This distortion is not

the only problem resulting from this phenomenon. Even if the

finished rings meet dimensional tolerances and are shipped to the

customer, residual stresses resulting from heat treatment may be-

come a problem during subsequent machining, causing additional

deformation and distortion.

A study on control of distortion and residual stresses in rolled

and heat-treated rings is being conducted by the Engineering

Research Center for Net Shape Manufacturing (ERC/NSM) in

partnership with the Forging Industry Association (FIA/FIERF),

Education and Consulting LCC and four forging companies

supplying the energy and aerospace industries. Understanding and

ultimately solving this problem is a challenging task considering

the three triggering mechanisms (thermal, metallurgical and

mechanical) that affect the ring during heat treatment and cause

the undesired results.

In light of the complexity of the problem, most ring-rolling

companies approach it with corrective rather than preventive

measures. Some manufacture the ring with large tolerances so

it can be machined to final dimensions. Others correct the ring

distortion by a mechanical method (compression or expansion),

which also partially relieves the residual stresses. However,

mechanical methods are fairly empirical, and there is a need for a

physics-based understanding and methodology to produce rings

with minimal distortion at an acceptable cost and lead time.

The ProcessRing rolling is conducted at a temperature around 2200°F

(1204°C). This leads us to an important assumption: The high

temperatures at which the ring is being formed will not create any

major residual stresses unless the rolling process itself is not well

controlled and leads to nonconcentric rings. Consequently, the

scope for this project does not include the finite element analysis

(FEA) of the ring-rolling process and focuses only on the heat-

treatment steps.

Before heat treatment, the rings are either arranged individually

or stacked in groups of four to six units. Then they are normalized

at approximately 1700°F (925°C) for two hours and air cooled.

Distortion in Rolled and Heat-Treated Rings

Forged rings with high outer-diameter to wall-thickness ratios are most prone to stresses from manufacturing and heat-

treating processes (courtesy of Scot Forge).

Normalizing(~925˚C, ~2 hours)

Air coolingQuenching tank

(54˚C)Air cooling

Austenitizing(~850˚C, ~2 hours)

Tempering(~590˚C, ~2 hours)

Fig. 1. Commonly used procedures in heat treatment of hot-rolled rings.

HEAT TREATING

Taylan Altan, Jose Gonzalez-Mendez, Alisson Duarte da Silva and Xiaohui Jiang – The Ohio State University; Columbus, Ohio

The rolling and thermal treatment of forged rings sometimes leaves residual stresses that cause dimensional distortion. Corrective measures in industry are often based on trial-and-error techniques. Ongoing research seeks to base corrective actions on the laws of physics.




HEAT TREATING

Industry experience indicates that, although ring stacking

will cause nonuniform cooling, the observed distortion is not

significant due to the slow cooling rate. Furthermore, the residual

stresses developed will vanish in the next heating stage.

Prior to quenching, austenitizing is typically carried out at

1515°F (850°C) with the same stack used during normalizing.

After exiting the furnace, the rings are submerged into a

quench tank. The cooling rate at which the rings reach the

bath temperature should be fast enough to generate martensitic

microstructure that will harden the ring material.

Microstructural IssueA microstructural change takes place during quenching. Ideally,

the ring has a homogeneous austenitic microstructure at the

beginning of this step. Depending on the cooling rate, the

microstructure will change to pearlite, bainite or martensite

(Fig. 2). The amount of transformation will not be the same

along the cross section of a ring.

How will this affect the distortion and residual stresses

development?

The strain and stress fields vary with time depending on

the thermal and mechanical properties of each phase, which

are, in turn, functions of temperature and cooling rate. Also,

the volume change at each phase and transformation plasticity

during phase transformation should be taken into account. All

these factors act together and cause the undesired phenomena,

namely that the stresses may

exceed the yield point at various

locations in the ring. Thus, non-

homogeneous plastic flow occurs,

causing distortion.

Heat-Treatment FEAThe commercial modeling

program used for this project

is DEFORM from Scientific

Forming Technologies of Columbus,

Ohio. This software allows us to conduct a thermomechanical

and metallurgical analysis to predict microstructural changes

and geometrical variations. The phase-transformation model

of the material is determined by the cooling rate and phase-

transformation kinetics. Since each phase carries particular thermal

and mechanical properties, these factors are integrated into

the model and calculated accordingly. The thermal component

considers the heat transfer between the ring and the environment,

whether it is air or a quenchant. Finally, the calculation of stresses

and strains through each phase constitutes the mechanical model.

For this project we selected an AISI 4140 ring that is

geometrically similar to rings produced and heat treated by the

sponsoring companies. The dimensions are given in Table 1. To

simplify our calculations, we assumed that a single ring is heat

treated. In actual industrial settings, only large rings are thermally

treated individually, while smaller rings are heat treated in stacks.

Normalizing and Austenitizing Heating StagesThe heating operations for normalizing and austenitizing were sim-

ulated for two reasons. First, volumetric expansion of the ring prior

An operator in a control room oversees the ring-rolling line (courtesy FRISA Industries).

100

80

60

40

20

0

Austenite

Martensite

Bainite

Ferrite

0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000Temperature, ˚C Temperature, ˚C

Austenite

Martensite

Bainite

Pearlite

Ferrite

100

80

60

40

20

0

Phas

e vo

lum

e, %

Phas

e vo

lum

e, %

Fig. 2. Microstructure evolution in 4140 steel during cooling at: a.) 20°C/s and b.) 5°C/s.

a. b.

Table 1. Ring dimensions

Dimensions in mm

Outer diameter (OD) 1,296

Inner diameter (ID) 1,164

Height (H) 163


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HEAT TREATING

to cooling was captured. Second, to corroborate that the heating

time is sufficient to achieve homogeneity at the desired temperature,

we assumed that austenite was formed with volume fraction 1.0 in

the ring at the end of every heating stage and before quenching.

Air CoolingConvection, conduction and radiation are the heat-transfer

mechanisms that act during air cooling. The finite element

(FE) simulation conducted considers that after heating for

normalizing, two rings are individually placed one next to

another on a resting surface. The heat-transfer coefficient

with the environment was selected assuming still air, while the

conduction coefficient was chosen upon free resting conditions

on the surface. The radiation phenomenon was modeled by the

Boltzmann equation, considering also the proximity effect of an

adjacent cooling ring that emits heat.

QuenchingThe heated rings are submerged in a quenching tank with

agitated solution (Fig. 3). In order to simulate the quenching, heat

conduction of the ring with the quenchant should be carefully

modeled. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool depicts the

heat-transfer conditions for a particular quenching system. This

approach, developed for academic purposes, has some limited

commercial application.

On the other hand, from an industrial point of view, the

number of possible quenching settings and ring geometries

make the CFD analysis impractical and expensive. Therefore,

we adapted a FE tool to achieve a close-to-reality and practical

quenching simulation.

The most critical parameter during quenching is the heat-

transfer coefficient, which depends on temperature, agitation

and stacking conditions. Some companies participating in this

project conducted temperature measurements on the ring during

quenching. This data was later analyzed to calculate the heat-

transfer coefficient. It is noteworthy that this calculation depicts

the specific quenching conditions (location in the tank and in the

stack, propeller proximity and orientation) for this ring and cannot

be standardized for any given ring that is quenched in this tank.

Figures 4 and 5 show examples of the distortion evolution

through time during quenching and the final estimated

distortion after heat-treatment simulation, respectively. Here,

different values of the heat-transfer coefficient were assumed at

various locations in the quenched rings.

The reliability of a quenching simulation is conditioned to

mostly two things. The first is the precision with which the

quenching tank conditions are emulated (in other words, how

reliable the heat-transfer calculations are). The second is the

accuracy of the mechanical (elastic and plastic), thermal and

metallurgical properties of the material to be simulated.

Fig. 3. Typical arrangement of ring stacks in the quenching tank.

Fig. 4. Example of distortion evolution during quenching (diameter comparison between X and Y direction).

Quenching tank with agitated solution X-dimension

Difference between X and Y dimension

0 5 10 15 20Quenching time, min.

Initial volumetric expansion due to heating prior to quenching1.61.41.2

10.80.60.40.2

0

A zero value would mean that the ring has returned to nominal diameter

Y-di

men

sion

Location of propellers (agitation) varies

according to tank design.

Y

YZ

XX

X dimensionY dimension

6.15mm

Fig. 5. Resulting geometrical distortion and residual stresses after FE simulation of heat treatment (original ring dimensions are given in Table 1).

570

499

428

356

285

214

143

71.3

0.000

Reference geometry

Maximum deviation from circumference: 6.15 mm Nominal outer diameter 1296 mm Geometry with magnified displacement X10

Y

OX

Fig. 6. Preliminary results for FEA of mechanical correction method (compression): a.) FE setup; and b.) residual stress distribution after corrective method.

Effe

ctiv

e st

ress

, MPa

570

499

428

356

285

214

143

71.3

0.000Compression stroke

Distorted geometry

Targetgeometry

a) b)

Flattools

Effe

ctiv

e st

ress

, MPa

Y Y

O OX X



SummaryAs progress is made, the ERC/NSM

is building its knowledge in heat-

treatment simulations and recognizing the

importance and intricacies of an integrated

metallurgical, mechanical and thermal

analysis. We can summarize our progress

as follows:

• Different steps of heat treatment (up

to quenching) have been simulated

in a commercial FE code in order

to predict ring distortion and

distribution of residual stresses.

• According to FEA results, air

cooling will not create any significant

distortion (ovality).

• Heat-transfer variation during

quenching as a function of

temperature, tank and stack location,

and quenchant agitation is the key

factor in calculating distortion, hence

the importance of correctly modeling

the heat-transfer coefficient.

• Through FEA, distortion and

residual-stress distribution have been

predicted assuming certain quenching

conditions.

Our ongoing work focuses on the

mechanical methods (e.g., compression or

expansion) used by ring-rolling companies

to correct geometrical distortion and

relieve residual stresses. Our goal is to

establish a physics-based methodology

that will optimize the procedure used for

mechanical correction (i.e., minimum

time and best achievable tolerances in

concentricity).

To this end, we considered the distorted

ring geometries obtained from quenching

simulations to investigate the compression

method by corrective tools already in

use. These, in our opinion, are not well

understood, since most of this experience

is built on trial and error. Our intent is to

find a relationship between the distortion-

to-diameter ratio and the compression

stroke needed to achieve the geometrical

tolerances for the ring.

Preliminary results (Fig. 6) show that a

number of compression steps at different

locations of the ring will correct ovality,

and residual stresses are relieved through

this plastic strain. Further work needs to be conducted to optimize the process.

For more information: Contact Taylan Altan, professor and director of ERC/NSM, The Ohio State

University, 339 Baker Systems, 1971 Neil Ave., Columbus, Ohio; tel: 614-292-9267; web:

www.ercnsm.org. Co-authors Jose Gonzalez-Mendez, Alisson Duarte da Silva and Xiaohui

Jiang are graduate research associates.

www.AjaxTocco.com

Scanners Single Shot Lift & Rotate Tooth by Tooth

Power Supplies Parts & Service Turn-Key Installation

1745 Overland Avenue Warren, Ohio USA 44483

P: 330-372-8511 F: 330-372-8608

24/7 Customer Service

800-547-1527

Ajax TOCCO is YOUR complete source for induction heat treating systems, power supplies & installation!

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CERAMICS & REFRACTORIES/INSULATION

Every refractory material has both technological and

economic advantages and disadvantages relative to

the specific application. For the correct selection, it

is important for the plant operator, the kiln/furnace

supplier and the refractory supplier to work in partnership to

achieve the optimum technical and economic solution. The

solution presented is based on using high-temperature insulating

wool (HTIW) products, which boast significant advantages

compared to traditional refractory products on investment cost,

operating expenses, reliability, overall efficiency and the fast

availability of the equipment following relining or maintenance

and repair work.

What is high-temperature insulating wool (HTIW)? HTIW

in the form of alumino-silicate fiber (ASW; Rath ALSITRA)

and mullite polycrystalline fiber (PCW; Rath ALTRA® 72)

provide excellent chemical, physical and thermomechanical

properties and belong in this group of high-temperature

insulating wools along with alkaline-earth silicate fiber (AES).

For our North American colleagues, refractory ceramic fiber

(RCF) and polycrystalline fiber are called HTIWool in most of

the world.

As a result of increased requirements on industrial furnaces

with application temperatures above 900°C (1652°F), the

use of HTIW has increased greatly in the last decade.

Much of this demand is where the insulation is exposed to

high thermomechanical (temperature shock), mechanical

or chemical stresses. Considering this general demand,

special ultra-lightweight products made of HTIW with

their outstanding thermal, thermomechanical and chemical

properties are particularly suitable for application in modern

industrial furnaces.

The advantages of these materials are obvious.

• Optimized specific energy consumption (with up to 50%

energy savings compared to conventional dense/heavy linings)

• Increase in the overall efficiency of high-temperature

furnaces

• Reduction of greenhouse-gas emissions

• Excellent chemical stability


High-Temperature Insulating Wools:Classification (part 1)

Rick Sabol – RATH Inc.; Newark, Del.

Back in the 1980s when I fi rst started working in refractories, an old refractory foreman at Bethlehem Steel told me, “There are no bad refractories; you just put them in the wrong spot.” Now all these years later, I’ve come to realize he was right on both counts. There are no bad refractories, and 50 isn’t old.

Refractory Materials

Wool

Mats/blankets

Modules

Paper

Boards

Functional products and shapes

Vacuum-formed products

Plastic mixes and foams

Ropes, textiles

Heat-insulating and insulatingrefractory bricks

Other heat-insulating materials

Materials made from high-temperature insulation wool

Heat-insulating materials

Dense shapedrefractory products

Unshapedrefractory materials

Functionalrefractory products

Fig. 1. Classification of refractory materials



• Outstanding thermomechanical properties (e.g., almost

unlimited thermal shock resistance)

This paper presents an overview and examples of the use of

HTIW products in thermal-process engineering in the steel

industry. Examples include:

• Module lining (combined systems) in forging furnaces

• Ultra-lightweight burner blocks

• Ultra-lightweight insulation for water-cooled rollers in

roller-hearth furnaces (e.g., continuous for casting/thin

casting compact-strip production – CSP/thin-slab casting)

Refractory Materials and Products of HTIWRefractory materials can be classified into four main groups in

accordance with Fig. 1:[1]

• Dense, shaped refractory products

• Unshaped refractory materials (monolithic)

• Functional refractory products

• Heat-insulating materials

The main group of heat-insulating materials includes HTIW

products, heat-insulating and insulating refractory bricks

and other heat-insulating materials (e.g., calcium-silicate and

microporous materials, etc.).

An overview of the HTIW products is also shown in Fig. 1.

The range of products formed from these ultra-lightweight

materials extends from wool through mats/blankets and

modules to vacuum-formed products in the form of boards,

functional products and shaped components.

HTIWs used as raw materials for the above-mentioned

ultra-lightweight refractories are part of the group of

inorganic, man-made mineral wools. An overview of HTIWs

is shown in Fig. 2.

The products made from alumino-silicate wool

(ALSITRA) and polycrystalline wool (ALTRA) are

undoubtedly most important in the group of HTIW for

thermal-processing installations and industrial furnace

construction. Thanks particularly to their outstanding

technical properties, these products are now indispensable

for a wide range of industrial applications in the temperature

range of 600-1800°C (1110-3270°F).

Products made of AES, another form of high-temperature

insulation wool, exhibit lower chemical resistance and are more

prone to recrystallization, thereby limiting their potential

application in thermal-process engineering. The main

application for these AES materials is in the domestic appliance

industry and in industrial processes for temperatures to a

maximum of 900°C.

Alumino-silicate wool (ALSITRA) and the AES wools

are produced in a melting process and a subsequent blowing

or spinning process. Crystallization, shrinkage and sintering

processes limit the application temperature of these products to

below 1300°C (2370°F).

In contrast, HTIWs on the basis of alumina (PCW, e.g.,

ALTRA 72) are produced with sol-gel technology and heat-

treated at temperatures up to 1400°C (2550°F) during the

production process. The materials produced in this way have

classification and application temperatures up to 1650°C

(3000°F). Application-specific and optimized delivery forms

(vacuum-formed components ALTRAFORM) ensure the

suitability of these products up to temperatures of 1800°C.

Table 1 lists the most important physical and chemical

Fig. 2. Overview of high-temperature insulation wools

High-temperature insulation wool (HTIW)

Wool alkaline-earth-silicate (AES)

Calcium-magnesium-silicate-wool

Aluminumsilicate-wool

Aluminum-zirconium-silicate-wool

Calcium-magnesium-zirconium-silicate-wool

Magnesium-silicate-wool

Aluminum silicatewool (ASW/RCF)

Polycrystalline wool alumina-wool (PCW)

Fig. 3. Temperature ranges for the application of synthetic mineral and high-temperature insulation wools

Tem

pera

ture

, ˚C

1600

1400

1200

900

600

300

20

Polycrystallinewool

Alumino-silicatewool

The width of the cone indicates the frequency

of application of thermal insulation materials in

specifi ed temperature range

AES-wool

Mineral wool(glass and rock wool)




properties for the evaluation of HTIWs.[2] The classification

temperature of HTIWs is defined as the temperature at which

a permanent linear change (shrinkage) of 4% is not exceeded

after 24-hour heat treatment in an electrically heated laboratory

furnace in a neutral atmosphere.[3]

The actual maximum application temperatures of amorphous

HTIW (ASW and AES wool) are generally at least 150-200°C

(safety allowance) below this classification temperature. This

is because, in contrast to the determination of the classification

temperature in ideal, neutral-firing conditions with a relatively

short exposure (24 hours), the products used in the field are not

only exposed to high temperatures but to additional chemical

and physical stresses that often deviate far from ideal conditions

and therefore limit the application temperature.

In contrast, products made of polycrystalline high-

temperature wool (PCW; e.g., ALTRA) can be used without a

safety allowance up to the actual classification temperature, even

in industrial applications.

Besides the typical chemical compositions and the resulting

classification temperatures, the actual application temperatures

under process conditions, chemical resistance to acids and bases

and apparent density are important for the use of the materials

in industrial furnaces. These conditions differ widely in the

field of thermal-process engineering applications in which

HTIW is used.

The most suitable materials, and especially the most

appropriate high-temperature insulation wool for the respective

application, can be selected based on the specifications in

TRGS 619 (Technical Rules for Hazardous Substances).[4]

This technical guideline is a valuable aid to all involved with

thermal-processing installations – plant operators, furnace and

refractories suppliers – in the selection of a suitable refractory

material.

At the same time, TRGS 619 provides an excellent possibility

for the documentation of the furnace lining concept for

regulatory agencies and/or for those responsible for occupational

health and safety and environmental protection.

The competent user and furnace supplier will, in

consideration of this directive, opt for the use of HTIW

as refractory lining material for a thermal-processing plant

providing this material proves technically suitable in an

objective analysis.

Figure 3 shows, in simplified and clear form, the possible

temperature ranges for the application of HTIW products,

with indication of the frequency of application in the respective

temperature window.

ConclusionWith regard to the enormous technical developments in the

construction of industrial furnaces and the energy savings

that have only been made possible thanks to the application

of high-temperature insulation wool products in different

industrial sectors, thermal insulation for progressive

companies with state-of-the-art processes and temperatures

exceeding 900°C would be unthinkable without these

materials.[7,8]

In part 2, we will continue our discussion of the benefits of

HTIW and cover some specific applications such as burner

blocks and roller-hearth furnaces.

For more information: Contact Rick Sabol, business development manager, RATH Inc., 300 Ruthar Drive, Newark, DE 19711; tel: 302-294-4458; e-mail: [email protected]; web: www.rath-usa.com


Table 1. Physical and chemical properties of high-temperature insulation wool

Product

Chemical properties Physical properties

Chemical composition

Acid/ alkaline

Classification temperature

Typical service temperature

Softening point

Bulk density

Thermal shock sensitivity

Mean fiber length

˚C ˚C ˚C kg/m3 μm

AES wool

CaO

-/+ 1000 <1000 ~~1280 96-128 + 1-3MgO

SiO2

MgOSiO2

-/+ 1250 <1100 ~~1360 96-128 + 1-3

Aluminum silicate wool

Al2O2 (48%); SiO2 (52%) +/- 1250 <1150 ~~ 1700 96-160 ++ 1-3

Al2O2 (54%); SiO2 (48%) +/- 1400 <1300 ~~1750 96-160 ++ 1-3

Al2O2 (35%); SiO2 (50%)ZrO2 (15%)

+/- 1400 <1300 ~~1570 96-160 ++ 1-3

Polycrystalline wool Al2O2 (72-80%); SiO2 (20-28%) +/+ 1850 <1850 ~~2000 80-120 ++ 2-4

Al2O3 (97%); SiO2 (3%) +/+ 1850 <1850 ~~2000 80-120 ++ 2-4



Silicon Carbide CeramicsSGL Group – The Carbon CompanySIGRASIC® Performance, which is produced from the carbon fiber

reinforced carbon (CFC) material SIGRABOND® Performance

by means of a special infiltration process, is used for charging

elements and systems. With its hi gh fiber content and low porosity,

this material combines the benefits of ceramic with the favorable

characteristics of carbon fiber material. For CARBOPRINT® Si,

the basic structure made of carbon

is established in a 3D printing

process. By infiltrating the

printed component with silicon, a

carbon-reinforced silicon carbide

ceramic is created that offers a

high ductility in combination

with resistance against corrosive

atmospheres and a high abrasion

resistance. www.sglgroup.com

Vacuum PumpBusch USAThe COBRA NX vacuum pump is ideal for industrial applications

and for wherever gases and vapors need to be pumped reliably and

without contamination. The pump provides dry screw technology,

which allows the compression chamber to be completely free

from operating fluids. This prevents condensation and deposits

from the pumping medium and stops the medium from becoming

contaminated with oil. The pump design allows for high, stable

pumping speed in the common operation pressure range. COBRA

NX is equipped with direct water cooling, which ensures optimum

cooling, and all functions required for maintenance are located on

one side of the pump. www.buschusa.com

Bearing AssembliesMetallized Carbon Corp.Cast iron pillow blocks and flange blocks with self-lubricating,

carbon-graphite bearing inserts can be used for applications where

oil/grease lubrication cannot. These bearing assemblies provide low

friction and long maintenance-free wear life in high-temperature

applications. They are ideal for high-temperature conveyors for

annealing and heat treating.

Three carbon-graphite grades are

supplied: Metcar Grade M-11,

carbon graphite, for light loads

at temperatures up to 700°F;

Metcar Grade 1515, copper-

impregnated carbon graphite,

for higher loads at temperatures

up to 750°F; and Metcar Grade 2500, high-temperature electro-

graphite, for temperatures up to 1000°F. www.metcar.com

Modular Vacuum ControllerThe Fredericks CompanyThe TELEVAC MX200 modular vacuum controller is suited for

use in heat-treating and vacuum furnaces, laboratories and research,

cryogenics, leak detection, and coating processes. An upgrade of the

TELEVAC MM200, it includes the addition of USB and enhances

existing RS-232/485 communications protocols for more efficient

interfacing. The device, which controls any TELEVAC vacuum

sensor, provides a 10-millisecond response time, which is 20 times

faster than the previous version. Users can access all features through

a new display panel, and the front panel shows up to eight sensors.

www.frederickscompany.com

ProductsThermalProcessing



ControllerBartlett Instrument CompanyThe Genesis touchscreen temperature controller features

a user-friendly display, WiFi communications, improved

diagnostics, data collection and real-time graphing. It is a

direct replacement for Bartlett-manufactured controllers,

and no extra wiring is necessary. Software upgrades can be

done via a WiFi connection, and users will soon be able to

monitor their kilns from a smartphone app.

www.bartinst.com

Fluid Monitor and Control SystemHoughton InternationalThe GREENLIGHT™ continuous concentration monitor is a completely self-contained

measurement system. Its small, modular design enables easy, reliable and low-cost

continuous monitoring of fluid concentration using state-of-the art refractive index

sensor technology with a user-friendly interface. The ACTS™ fluid monitor and control

system is a fully integrated system that measures pH, temperature, conductivity or other

fluid properties in addition to concentration via refractive index. It provides automatic

concentration control capability by independently controlling six separate programmable

relay outputs for additions of water, fluid concentrates or additives. www.houghtonintl.com

Gas-Fired FurnaceGrieveNo. 1042 is a 2000°F (1093°C), gas-fired heavy-duty furnace

designed for heat-treating applications. Workspace dimensions

measure 30 inches wide x 60 inches deep x 30 inches high, and

750,000 BTU/hour are installed in four modulating natural gas

burners with a floor mounted combustion air blower. The unit’s

insulated walls are

comprised of 5-inch-

thick 2300°F ceramic

fiber and 4-inch-

thick 1900°F block

insulation. It features

two lanes of roller

rails supported by

firebrick piers and an

air-operated platform

with roller rails to

bridge from loading

table to workspace.

Controls include a

digital indicating

temperature controller

and manual reset

excess temperature

controller with

separate contactors.

www.grievecorp.com

ProductsThermalProcessing

Quality Heat Treat Equipment & Atmosphere Generators

THERMO TRANSFER INC.

Radiant Tube Heated Roller Hearth Furnace

Our Gas Fired Roller Hearth Furnaces incorporate the latest features in furnace design including atmosphere, temperature and PLC controls.

We offer complete design, manufacturing, installation and service for all of your heat processing equipment needs.

Roller Hearths Tip-UpsMesh Belts Atmosphere EquipmentBox Furnaces Replacement PartsCar Bottoms Complete Rebuild ServicesCatalyst Repairs

For more information, write or call: Thermo Transfer Inc. 1601 Miller Ave. Shelbyville, IN 46176 (317) 398-3503; Fax (317) 398-3548 Website: www.thermotransferinc.com

CUSTOM HIGHEFFICIENCY

COMBUSTIONSYSTEMS

We custom design our 300O to 2300OF systemsto our customers’ specifications and offer

turnkey manufacturing and installation.

Call 704.814.9221www.AirAndEnergyInc.com

State Of The Art Design

Heavy Steel Construction

Highest Quality Materials



INDUSTRY EVENTSOctober 10-1212th China International Heat Treat and

Furnace Expo; Shanghai

www.cihtexpo.com

October 18-20European Brazing School, hosted by Wall

Colmonoy; Pontardawe, Wales

www.wallcolmonoy.com

October 23-27MS&T 16 – Materials, Science and

Technology 2016; Salt Lake City, Utah

http://matscitech.org/

October 26-28Heat Treatment Congress 2016;

Cologne, Germany

www.hk-awt.de/en

October 26-28TMP 2016 – Thermo-mechanical

Processing International Conference;

Milan, Italy

www.aimnet.it/tmp2016.htm

November 6-11AVS 63rd International Symposium and

Exhibition; Nashville, Tenn.

www.avs.org

November 15-17Fundaments of Brazing Seminar, hosted by

Kay & Associates; Simsbury, Conn.

www.kaybrazing.com

November 17-18Nitriding Symposium, hosted by Nitrex

Metal and United Process Controls; Las

Vegas, Nev.

www.nitriding.info

Nov. 29-Dec. 1Aluminium 2016 – 11th World Trade Fair

and Congress; Düsseldorf, Germany

www.aluminium-messe.com

Heat Treating Systems

Forging & Forming Systems

Tube & Pipe Systems

Brazing & Joining

Specialty Heating

Retrofits & Rebuilds

Field Service & Coil Repair

Induction Heating Equipment Solutions

If you would like to submit a thermal-processing

event to appear on our online calendar, visit www.

industrialheating.com/events and click the “Submit

an Event” button. You can also check out a full list

of industry events, including those coming in 2017.

SUBMIT AN EVENT



LITERATURE & WEBSITE SHOWCASE

Thermal Insulation MaterialHaoshi Carbon Fiber Co.We manufacture all of our own carbon and graphite thermal insulation materials under the strictest quality standards. We supply carbon fiber, carbon felt, graphite felt, rigid graphite board, hot zones and CFC for vacuum furnaceswww.hscf-group.com

AtmospheresPraxair Inc.Based on the proven benefits of nitrogen/hydrogen processes with customers who previously used disassociated ammonia or exothermic gas, Praxair has made advances in atmosphere use and pressure control for improved furnace operations.www.praxair.com

High-Temperature LensingMarshall ElectronicsMarshall Electronics Optical Systems Division is the global OEM leader of high-temperature lensing used worldwide in hot industrial process environments for real-time imaging. Our high-temperature pinhole to 1000°C lens products are used in thermal processes for temperature measurement monitoring; and vacuum processing, heat treatment, leak detection and industrial furnace applications.www.marshall-usa.com/electronics

Hexoloy Silicon CarbideSaint-Gobain CeramicsSaint-Gobain Ceramics' new brochure offers a comprehensive overview of its line of ceramic materials for high-performance applications, including Hexoloy® sintered silicon carbide, Norbide® hot-pressed boron carbide and Noralide® NBD-200 hot-pressed silicon nitride. Content includes technical information and fabrication processes. Call 716-278-6233 for more information. www.refractories.saint-gobain.com

InsulationUnifrax I LLCFoamfrax™ insulation offers exceptional energy savings, installation speed and lining performance for upgrades of existing fiber linings, lining over refractory, and furnace lining patches or refits. It can be gunned directly onto metal, refractory or fiber surfaces and installed at rates in excess of 1,000 board feet/hour. www.unifrax.com

Cooling TowersDelta Cooling TowersDelta Cooling Towers manufactures a complete line of corrosion-proof engineered-plastic cooling towers. The towers carry a 15-year warranty on the casing, which is molded into a unitary leak-proof structure of engineered plastic. All models are factory assembled and simple to install.www.deltacooling.com

Carbon Atmosphere AnalyzerSuper Systems Inc.The CAT-100 atmospheric carbon potential analyzer provides a measurement of carbon potential in a furnace with a carbon-bearing atmosphere. The easy-to-use product provides a fast reading based on analysis of a metal coil soaked in the furnace for about 30 minutes. The CAT-100 has a color touch screen with features that include logging stored readings and furnace settings.www.supersystems.com/cat.html

Heat-Processing EquipmentThermo Transfer Inc.Thermo Transfer Inc. provides complete design, manufacture and installation of new equipment. We also provide repairs and modifications to your existing heat-processing equipment. Thermo Transfer Inc. can provide replacement parts for the equipment it builds and for other manufacturer’s furnace and generator equipment. www.thermotransferinc.com

High-Temperature Ceramic MaterialsZIRCAR Ceramics Inc.ZIRCAR Ceramics Inc. manufactures ceramic-fiber-based high-temperature thermal and electrical insulation products for use at temperatures up to 1825°C (3317°F). We offer boards, cylinders, blankets, papers, textiles, coatings and adhesives. In addition, we provide furnace insulation assemblies and resistance heated modules.www.zircarceramics.com

Carbon Bonded Carbon Fiber (CBCF) InsulationGraphite Machining Inc.We specialize in elements, injection nozzles, connectors, hearth assemblies, furnace fixtures and our American-manufactured HEATGUARD insulation board. HEATGUARD is moisture- and gas-resistant, allowing rapid pump-down to deep vacuums. Superior insulating properties result in greater energy savings. www.graphitemachininginc.com



PARTS • SERVICE • CONSULTINGContact: Becky McClelland Phone: 412-306-4355 Fax: 248-502-1076 [email protected] Rates: Just $145 per month for a single card, $290 for a double card. We’ll post your ad online for an additional $30.

OEM PARTS SERVICE REBUILDS UPGRADES

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Call: 248-624-8191Fax: 248-668-9604

[email protected]

AFTERMARKET SERVICES Field Service Installation Vacuum Leak Testing/Repair Preventative Maintenance Used/Rebuilt Furnaces

55 Northeastern Blvd., Nashua, NH 03062Ph: 603-595-7233 Fax: 603-595-9220

[email protected]

Alan Fostier: [email protected] Demers: [email protected]

CUSTOM HIGH-TEMPERATUREVACUUM FURNACES

www.centorr.com

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®

www.AjaxTocco.com

GUARANTEED WORK FOR 33 YEARSPhone: 614-875-1447

Fax: 614-870-0236WWW.WONDERWELD.COM

WONDER WELDINDUCTION

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NEW DOUBLEAftermarket

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for a Small Price!Starting at $145 per month for a black & white card

Quality Used Heat Treating EquipmentInstallation and Start-Up Services

Appraisal Services Visit www.heattreatequip.com

for current inventoryJohn L. Becker, II Ph: 734-331-3939

Fax: 734-331-3915 Cell: 734-516-2814

PROFESSIONAL SUPPORT SERVICES TO INDUSTRYTHE HERRING GROUP, INC.

Home of “The Heat Treat Doctor”®

Education/Training - Consulting - Product/Process Analysis - Problem Solving -

Furnace Diagnostics

Ph: 630-834-3017; Fx: 630-834-3117email: [email protected]

Web: www.heat-treat-doctor.com

YOUNGMETALLURGICALCONSULTING

Training and expertise that make a difference

Young Metallurgical Consulting will work

with your staff to teach the day-to-day

processes necessary to manage and improve

your organization. Your employees will

learn the aspects of heat treating that are

not taught in the classroom and can only be

gained through direct hands on experience.

Production Scheduling Quality Procedures, Control Plans, Written Instructions, PFMEA &

CQI-9 compliance

Customer Service Essentials

www.youngmetallurgicalconsultinginfo@youngmetallurgicalconsulting.com

248-909-0038



THE AFTERMARKET

www.pillar.com

Induction Heating For more information

contact us at

800-558-7733 Used Heat Treating Furnaces and OvensContact: Michael J. Kay

30925 Aurora Road Solon, OH 44139

Ph: 440-519-3800 Fax: 440-519-1455Email: [email protected]

Website: www.whkay.com

42056 Michigan Avenue. Canton, MI 48188Phone: 734-331-3939 Fax: 734-331-3915

E-mail: [email protected]

Batch Temper FurnacesC0048 Sunbeam Batch Temper Furnace (24”W x 36”L x 24”H, 1400ºF,

electric)C0049 Can-Eng Batch Temper Furnace (30”W x 48”L x 30”H, 1400°F,

gas-fired)C0052 Surface Combustion Batch Temper Furnace (30”W x 48”L x 30”H,

1200°F, gas-fired)C0068 Despatch Box Furnace (48”W x 48”D x 72”H, 395ºF, electric)C0069 Enviro-Pak Drop Bottom Furnace (48”W x 48”D x 48”H, 500ºF,

electric)C0070 BeaverMatic Batch Temper Furnace (36”W x 48”D x 36”H, 0000ºF,

gas-fired)V1010 Dow Batch Temper Furnace (30”W x 20”H x 48”L, 1250ºF, gas-fired)V1024 PIFCO Batch Temper Furnace, Skid Hearth (36”W x 48”L x 30”H,

1300ºF, electric)V1049 Surface Combustion Batch Temper Furnace (87”W x 36”H x 87”L,

1350°F, gas-fired)V1064 Seco Warwick Batch Temper Furnace (48”W x 48”H x 72”D,

1250°F, electric)V1081 Lindberg Batch Temper Furnace (20”W x 30”D x 18”H, 1250ºF,

electric)V1090 Lindberg Nitrogen Batch Temper Furnace, 24”W x 36”D x 18”H,

1350ºF, electricV1095 Surface Combustion Temper Furnace (30”W x 48”D x 30”H,

1250°F, gas-fired)V1099 Surface Combustion Temper Furnace (30”W x 48”D x 30”H,

1400°F, electric, 81kw)V1106 Dow Batch Normalizer Furnace (43”W x 80”D x 34”H, 1800°F,

gas-fired)

Batch High-Temp FurnacesC0007 JL Becker Batch High-Temp Furnace with atmosphere (72”W x

72”H x 72”L, 1650ºF, gas-fired)C0041 Park Thermal Batch High-Temp Furnace (36”W x 24”H x 60”L,

1850°F, electric)C0042 Can-Eng Batch High-Temp Furnace (8’W x 22’4”L x 6’H, 1850°F,

electric)U3556 Pacific Industrial Batch High-Temp Furnace (24”W x 18”H x 36”L,

2800ºF, electric)V1013 Thermolyne Batch High-Temp Furnace, Front Door Loading (10”W

x 9”H x 14”L, 2000ºF, electric)V1067 Seco Warwick Batch High-Temp Furnace (24”W x 24”H x 36”D,

1800°F, electric)V1110 Holcroft Batch Temper Furnace (36”W x 48”D x 30”H, 1400ºF,

gas-fired)

Batch Oil Quench FurnacesC0058 Despatch Quick Quench Furnace (5’W x 20’L x 8’H, 1200°F, electric)V1068 Surface Combustion Batch/Oil Quench Furnace (30”W x 30”H x

48”D, 1800°F, electric)

Car Bottom FurnacesV1070 HeatTek Car Bottom Furnace (8’W x 17’D x 6’6”H, 1650°F, gas-

fired, radiant tube)V1079 Johnston Car Bottom Furnace (30’W x 40’D x 15H, 1800ºF,

gas-fired)

Drop Bottom FurnacesC0065 (2) Heat Processing Drop Bottom Furnaces with shared Quench

(68”W x 120”L x 84” H, 1100ºF, gas-fired)U3543 Despatch Drop Bottom Furnace (4’W x 4’H x 6’L, 1200ºF, electric)

Internal Quench FurnacesC0064 Lucifer IQ Furnace (18”W x 24”D x 18”H, 1900ºF, electric)U3569 Surface Combustion IQ Furnace (24”W x 18”H x 36”D, 1750ºF,

gas-fired)U3606 Dow/AFC IQ Furnace (30”W x 48”L x 24”H, 1850°F, gas-fired)U3620 Ipsen Straight-Thru IQ Furnace (24”W x 18”H x 36”D, 1850°F,

gas-fired)V1046 Surface Combustion IQ Furnace (87”W x 36”H x 87”L, 1850°F,

gas-fired)V1047 Surface Combustion IQ Furnace (62”W x 36”H x 62”L, 1850°F,

gas-fired)

V1048 Surface Combustion IQ Furnace (62”W x 36”H x 62”L, 1850°F, gas-fired)

V1062 Surface Combustion Super IQ Furnace (36”W x 36”H x 72”D, 1950°F, gas-fired)

V1082 Holcroft IQ Furnace with Top Cool (36”W x 48”D x 30”H, 1850ºF, gas-fired)

V1083 Holcroft IQ Furnace, Top Cool (36”W x 48”D x 30”H, 1850ºF, gas-fired)

V1093 Surface Combustion Allcase IQ Furnace (30”W x 48”:L x 30”H, 1850ºF, gas-fired)

V1111 Surface Combustion IQ Furnace (30”W x 48”D x 30”H, 1850ºF, gas-fired)

Mesh Belt Brazing FurnacesC0044 CGS Moore Mesh Belt Curing Oven (22”W x 20’L x 10”H, 500°F,

gas-fired)U3529 CI Hayes Mesh Belt Brazing Furnace (18”W X 6”H, 2100ºF,

electric)U3580 JL Becker Mesh Belt Brazing Furnace (14”W x 6”H, 2100ºF,

electric)U3592 JL Becker Mesh Belt Brazing Furnace (12”W x 6”H, 2100ºF,

electric)V1035 Seco Warwick Mesh Belt Brazing Furnace (18”W x 12”H, 2100ºF,

electric)

Mesh Belt Tempering FurnacesC0010 Despatch Mesh Belt Tempering Furnace (57”W x 14”H x 20’ L,

1000ºF, gas-fired)V1022 Surface Combustion Mesh Belt Tempering Furnace (42”W x 36’D

x 12”H, 1350ºF, gas-fired)

Pit FurnacesV1088 Leeds & Northrup Pit Furnace (24” ID x 30” deep, 750ºF, electric)

Roller Hearth & Rotary FurnacesC0025 Park Thermal Batch Temper Roller Hearth Furnace (36”W x 30”H

X 72”L, 1250ºF, gas-fired)U3550 PIFCO Powered Roller Hearth Temper Furnace (21”W x 16”H x

10’L, electric)V1009 Ipsen Continuous Temper Roller Hearth Furnace (24”W x 18”H x

10’L, 1350ºF, electric)V1091 Finn & Dreffein Rotary Hearth Furnace (13’3” ID x 5’3” ID x 4’ W

x 2’8” H, 2275ºF, electric)

Steam Tempering FurnaceU3616 Degussa Durferrit Steam Tempering Furnace (24” dia x 48”D,

1200ºF)

Tip Up FurnacesC0043 Industrial Furnace Tip-Up Furnace (36”W x 60”L x 24”H, 1850°F,

electric)

Vacuum FurnacesC0013 CI Hayes Oil Quench Vacuum Furnace (24”W x 18”H x 36”D,

electric)C0019 Surface Combustion Vacuum Temper Furnace (36”W x 24”H x

48”L, 1350°F, electric)C0027 Pacific Scientific Vacuum Temper Furnace (24”W x 24”H x 36”D,

1450ºF, electric)U3612 AVS Vacuum Annealing Furnace (18”W x 12”H x 24”D, 2400ºF,

electric)V1004 CI Hayes Vacuum Furnace, Oil Quench (18”W x 12”H x 30”L,

2400°F, electric)V1080 Ipsen Vacuum Furnace (18”W x 32”D x 12”H, 2100ºF, electric)V1108 Surface Combustion Vacuum Furnace, 2-Bar (36”W x 48”D x

36”H, 2250ºF, electric)

Endothermic Gas GeneratorsU3594 AFC-Holcroft Gas Generator (3,000 CFH Endo)U3614 Lindberg Gas Generator (1,000 CFH Endo)V1021 Surface Combustion Gas Generator (2,400 CFH Endo)V1075 Lindberg Gas Generator (3000 CFH Endo)V1105 Surface Combustion Gas Generator (5,600 CFH Endo, 1950°F)

Exothermic Gas GeneratorsU3581 CI Hayes Gas Generator (4,000 CFH Exo)U3593 JL Becker Exothermic Gas Generator (2,500 CFH with gas dryer)V1036 Seco Warwick Gas Generator (3,000 CFH Exo)

Material Handling - ConveyorsU3565 Conveyor - Roller (48”W x 20’L)

Ovens - CabinetC0037 Grieve Cabinet Oven (36”W x 36”L x 36”H, 650°F, electric)U020 Blue-M Oven/Ref (20”W x 20”H x 18”D), (-4°F/400°F)U3625 Lindberg Atmosphere Oven (38”W x 38”D x 38”H, 800ºF, electric)U3629 Cabinet Oven (30”W x 30”D x 36”H, 1200ºF, electric)

Ovens - Walk-InC0035 Park Thermal Walk-In Oven (48”W x 60”L x 48”H, 500°F, electric)C0036 Grieve Walk-In Oven (48”W x 48”L x 60”H, 500°F, electric)C0038 Despatch Walk-In Oven (54”W x 108”L x 72”H, 500°F, electric)C0039 Gehnrich Walk-In Oven (72”W x 96”L x 72”H, 400°F, electric)U3630 Michigan Oven Walk-In Oven (6’W x 10’D x 4’H, 950ºF, gas-fired)V1040 Despatch Walk-In Oven, Dual-Door, Straight-Thru (12’W x 12’D x

5’H, 1100ºF, gas-fired)

BlowersU018 Twin City Blower (20 HP, RBA-SW, Class 22)

Charge CarsU3621 Dow Charge Car, DEDP (66”W x 54”H x 60”D)V1043 Surface Combustion Charge Car (DEDPER, 30”W x48”L)V1051 Surface Combustion Charge Car (DEDPER, 87”W x 87”L)V1076 Surface Combustion Charge Car (30”W x 48”L, DEDP)V1085 Holcroft Charge Car (DE/DP, 36”W x 48”D)V1112 Surface Combustion Charge Car, SE, 30”W x48”D

CompressorsU019 Spencer Turbo Compressor (1.5 HP)U023 Spencer Turbo Compressor

Scissors Lifts & Holding StationsMany other holding stations - ask for detailsV1086 Holcroft Scissors Lift & (2) Holding Tables

Heat Exchanger SystemsU030 Graham Systems Heat Exchanger - PlateV1104 SBS Heat Exchanger

Holding & Cooling StationsV1107 (5) Holding Stations (36”W x 48”D)V1113 Forced Cool Station (30”W x 48”D x 30”H)

Water Cooling SystemsU3404 JL Becker Cooling Tower with Tank (Tower: 51”W x 64”H x 36”L,

Tank: 72”W x 66”H x 84”L)U3595 JL Becker 2-Tank Water Cooling System (2 Dayton 1HP Motors)V1038 Bell & Gossett Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger with Tank

WashersU3564 Holcroft Spray/Dunk Washer (36”W x 72”H x 36”L, gas-fired,

rebuilt)V1052 Surface Combustion BIQ Washer (87”W x 36”H x 87”L, 180°F,

gas-fired)V1077 Park Thermal Spray/Dunk Washer (30”W x 48”L x 30”H, 190°F)V1084 Holcroft Spray/Dunk Washer (36”W x 48”D x 30”H, 190ºF, gas-

fired)V1101 Surface Combustion Spray Washer (36”W x 48”D x 30”H, 180ºF,

electric, 58kw)

TransformersExtensive inventory of all types of transformers for any and all

applications

Baskets & BoxesExtensive inventory of heat treat baskets and boxes

For Miscellaneous Parts Inventory and Complete Equipment Listings visit www.heattreatequip.com

CLASSIFIED MARKETPLACE




http://twitter.com/IndHeat or www.industrialheating.com/FB-UsedEquip

offers high-impact packages so you canfind the most qualified job candidates!

2016 Print Rates: $145 per column inch for 1x frequency; $135 for 3x; $120 for 6x; $115 for 12x. Print ad PLUS online posting: Add $49.00 Print ad, Online Ad PLUS IH Daily News Brief Eblast: Add $75.00. ALL of the above PLUS a job listing in the Industrial Heating’s group on : Add $149.00

Web ONLY! Need Maximum Exposure Right Away? Online Ad Posting, IH Daily Newsbrief Listing, and : Listing in the IH Group: $250.00.

Contact Becky McClelland at: 412-306-4355 or [email protected]

PHONE TABLET COMPUTER

IT’S ALL ONLINE

2015 Buyers GuideOnline at: www.industrialheating.com/buyersguide

FIXTURE DESIGN We require the freelance services of

an experienced vacuum furnace fixture designer who is thoroughly familiar with

carbon/carbon composite material. This is a profit-sharing opportunity. Please reply in confidence to: Becky McClelland –

email: [email protected].

Heat Treat Equipment 42056 Michigan Ave.Canton, MI 48188 John L. Becker, II Ph: 734-331-3939Fax: 734-331-3915 Email: [email protected]

(3) V1096 Surface Combustion Temper Furnaces (30"W x 48"D x 30"H, 1250°F, gas-fi red)

(3) V1097 Surface Combustion Temper Furnaces (30"W x 48"D x 30"H, 1400°F, electric)

(1) V1049 Surface Combustion Temper Furnace (87"W x 87"L x 36"H, 1350°F, gas-fi red)

(1) V1111 Surface Combustion IQ Furnace (30"W x 48"D x 30"H, 1850ºF, gas-fi red)

(1) V1068 Surface Combustion IQ Furnace (30"W x 48"D x 30"H, 1800°F, electric)

(2) U3569 Surface Combustion IQ Furnaces (24”W x 36”D x 18”H, 1750ºF, gas-fi red)

(1) V1046 Surface Combustion IQ Furnace (87"W x 87"L x 36"H, 1850°F, gas-fi red)

(2) V1047 Surface Combustion IQ Furnaces (62"W x 62"L x 36"H, 1850°F, gas-fi red)

(1) V1062 Surface Combustion Super IQ Furnace (36”W x 72”D x 36”H, 1950°F, gas-fi red)

(3) V1092 Surface Combustion Allcase IQ Furnaces (30"W x 48":L x 30"H, 1850ºF, gas)

(1) V1021 Surface Combustion Gas Generator (2,400 CFH Endo)

(1) V1105 Surface Combustion Gas Generator (5,600 CFH Endo, 1950°F)

(1) V1043 Surface Combustion Charge Car (DEDPER, 30"W x 48"L)

(1) V1051 Surface Combustion Charge Car (DEDPER, 87"W x 87"L)

(1) V1076 Surface Combustion Charge Car (DEDP, 30"W x 48"L)

(1) V1112 Surface Combustion Charge Car (SE, 30"W x 48"L)

(1) V1052 Surface Combustion BIQ Washer (87"W x 87"L x 36"H, 180°F,

gas-fi red)

(1) V1077 Surface Combustion Spray/Dunk Washer (30"W x 48"L x 30"H)

(2) V1101 Surface Combustion Spray Washers (36"W x 48"D x 30"H, 180ºF, electric)

(1) V1113 Surface Combustion Forced Cool Station (30"W x 48"D x 30"H)

(2) V1113 Surface Combustion Holding Stations with rails (30"W x 48"D)

(1) V1113 Surface Combustion Holding Station with rollers (30"W x 48"D)

Surface Combustion Spring Cleaning All Equipment at Reduced Prices

EQUIPMENT FOR SALE

MECHANICAL ENGINEER/TECHNICAL SUPPORT

Lindberg/MPH in Riverside, MI is now

accepting applications for a mechanical

engineer and technical support

individual. Lindberg/MPH offers

competitive pay and benefit packages.

Please reply in confidence to:

[email protected]

ELECTRICAL ENGINEER–––– AND ––––

MECHANICAL ENGINEERSWisconsin Oven Corporation

in East Troy, WI is now accepting applications for an electrical engineer and mechanical engineers. Wisconsin

Oven offers competitive pay and benefit packages. Please reply in confidence to: [email protected].




Check out the latest Used Equipment Listings on Facebook and Twitter – #IHUsedEquip

Moist Creamy Putty Just Apply and Let DryBonds Most Materials

Resists Chemicals, Electricity, Molten Metals

and Abrasion

High TemperatureAdhesive & Sealant

[email protected] 718-788-5533

2300˚F

FOR SALEEQUIPMENT FOR SALEINTEGRAL QUENCH FURNACES

NEW INVENTORYGASMACGas Fired Car Bottom Furnace, 96” W x 168” D x 93” H, 1150°F Max Temperature, 3,000,000 BTUH, Free Standing Control Panel w/ Chart Recorder, Re-Circ. Fan and Powered Car.

IPSENVacuum Furnace, Model VFC-224R, 18” x 12” x 32” Chamber, 2 Chart Recorders, Stokes model 149-111 Vacuum Pump c/w New Chamber Basket, Load Cart and Controls. HUBERGas Fired Car Bottom Furnace, 10’ 4” W x 12’ 8” L x 14’ H, 1,800°F, 1,300,000 BTUH, fi ber lined with 4 Power Flame JD130 burners, power driven car, digital controls and recorder. WILSONWilson BP3002 Digital Hydraulic Bench Type Brinell Hardness Tester. BLOWERNew Combustion Blower, SMJ, Engineered Product, SMJ 8823-15, 85,000 CFH, suitable for 6,500,000 – 7,000,000 BTUH Furnace.

IMMACULATE EQUIPMENTSECO/WARWICKElectric Box Furnace, 48” W x 48” H x 72” L, Max Temp 1250°F, Powered Rollers, Load/Unload Table and Controls.

SECO/WARWICK High Temperature Electric Furnace, 24” W x 24”H x 36” L, Max. Temp. 1,800°F, Powered Rollers, Load/Unload Table & Controls.

SURFACE COMBUSTIONElectric Batch/Oil Quench Furnace,30” W x 30” H x 48”L, Max. Temp. 1,950°F, System 1 Rear Handler, 3500 Gal. Quench Tank, 2 Agitators & Controls.

Visit us online at:www.parkthermal.com

We have all the ancillary equipment available for the above such as Tempering Furnaces, Washers, Charge Cars and Endo Generators.

Park Thermal International (1996) Corp. 62 Todd Road, Georgetown, ON L7G 4R7257 Elmwood Avenue, Suite 300, Buffalo NY 14222-2249Tel: (905) 877-5254 | Fax: (905) 877-6205Toll Free: (877) 834-HEAT (4328)Email: [email protected]: www.parkthermal.com

2 Locations to Better

Serve You

MEDIUM INTEGRAL QUENCH FURNACESSURFACE COMBUSTION(3) INTEGRAL QUENCH FURNACES, 30”W x 30”H x 48”L, 1,750°F, 1,000,000 BTUH, Trident Tubes, Endo/Natural Gas/Ammonia, SSI Atmosphere Controllers, SSI Gold Probes, Oil Filters And SBS Coolers. System Comes Complete with a Gas Fired Temper, Washer and Charge Car.

LARGE INTEGRAL QUENCH FURNACESAFC - HOLCROFT(2) INTEGRAL QUENCH FURNACES, 36”W x 30”H x 48”L, 1,800°F Max, Recuperated with Top Cool, Rear Handler, Oil Heaters (54kW), Re-Circ. Fan, Control System.

SURFACE COMBUSTION(3) INTEGRAL QUENCH FURNACE, 5000 lb. Payload Each, 36”W x 36”H x 72”L, Recuperated Rear Handler And Controls.

KING SIZE INTEGRAL QUENCH FURNACESURFACE COMBUSTIONINTEGRAL QUENCH FURNACE, 10,000 lb. payload, 87” W x 87” L x 36” H, 1,850°F, 4,600,000 BTUH, 12,500 Gallons, 6 Agitators, Eclipse Burners, 3 Rear Handlers & Controls with PLC.

THE ECONOMY FOR 2016 SEEMS TO BE: IMPROVING NOT IMPROVING

Note: We have over 500 pieces of equipment in stock. If your needs are not listed above, please let us know and we will locate a furnace/oven to suit your needs.

PHOENIXINDUCTION CORPORATION

Qualified Induction Specialists with over 90 years of combined experience, providing on site:

Troubleshooting “down” equipment Quality preventative maintenance Acid flushing, thermal imaging & analysis Large inventory of OEM parts, as well as other manufacturers, AJAX*, AIH*, Bone Frontier*, IEH*, and Robotron*

24/7/365 days a year emergency phone support

Call: [email protected]*Registered trademarks of their respective companies

Build your brand and stay in front of prospective

customers by building on traditional print advertising

with one of IH’s many online options.

www.industrialheating.comContact Becky McClellan for Details @ 412-306-4355

ADVERTISE ONLINEWITH





––––– ATMOSPHERE GENERATORS –––––750CFH Endothermic Ipsen Gas1000CFH Exothermic Gas Atmos. Gas1500CFH Endothermic Lindberg (Air) Gas2000CFH Ammonia Dissoc. Drever (3) Elec3000CFH Endothermic Lindberg (3) - Air Gas3600CFH Endothermic Surface (2) Gas5600CFH Endothermic Surface (3) Gas6000CFH Gas Atmos. Nitrogen Generator Gas

–––––––––– BOX FURNACES ––––––––––12" × 24" × 10" Lindberg (Atmos.) Elec 2000°F12" × 24" × 10" Lindberg (Atmos.) Elec 2500°F12" × 24" × 12" Hevi Duty (2) Elec 1950°F12" × 32" × 12" L&L (Retort) Elec 2000°F13" × 24" × 12" Electra Up/Down Elec 2000°F16" × 24" × 15" C/K (Atmos) Elec 2300°F16" × 20" × 28" Nabertherm (New) Elec 2444°F17" × 14.5" × 12" L&L (New) Elec 2350°F18" x 30" x 13" Hevi-Duty Elec 1850°F18" x 36" x 18" Lindberg (Fan) Elec 1850°F18" x 48" x 18" L&L Mfg. Elec 2350°F20" x 48" x 12" Hoskins Elec 2000°F24" × 42"× 14" Hevi-Duty Elec 2300°F24" × 48"× 24" Hevi-Duty Elec 2350°F30" × 48"× 30" Lindberg (Atmos-Fan) Elec 1850°F36" × 48"× 30" Surface (Atmos.) RTB Gas 1800°F36" × 72"× 42" Eisenmann (Car Bottom) Gas 3100°F60"×216"×48" IFSI (Car Bottom) Gas 2400°F60"×156"×60" Lindberg Car Bottom Gas 1850°F64"×180"×68" Swindell-Dress. Car Bottom Gas 2350°F96"×360"×48" Sauder "Autotilt" Elec 1400°F126"×420"×72" Drever "Lift-Off" (2) (Atmos.) Gas 1450°F

–––––––––– PIT FURNACES ––––––––––14" Dia × 60"D Procedyne Fluid Bed Elec 1850°F42" Dia x 50"D Sunbeam Nitrider Elec 1200°F72" Dia x 72"D Flynn + Dreffein (2) Elec 1400°F

––––––––– VACUUM FURNACES –––––––––15" × 24" x 10" Ipsen - VFC 224 Elec 2400°F24" × 36" x 18" Hayes (Oil Quench) Elec 2400°F24" × 48" x 24" GCA (Vac. Indust) Elec 2400°F36" × 48" x 24" Surface (Temper) Elec 1350°F48" x 48" x 24" Surface(2-Bar) Elec 2400°F48" × 60" Ipsen Bottom Load Elec 2400°F

–––– INTEGRAL QUENCH FURNACES ––––24" × 36" × 24" AFC (Top-Cool-Line) Elec 1850°F30" × 48" × 20" Surface Gas 1750°F30" × 48" × 30" Surface Elec 1750°F

––––––– BELT FURNACES/OVENS –––––––12" × 120" × 15" Grieve (Solvent) Elec 450°F 30" × 15' × 18" Despatch Elec 500°F 32" × 24' × 12" OSI Slat Belt Gas 450°F 36" × 18' × 6" OSI Gas 1250°F 36" × 28' × 22" Lewco (2) Elec 350°F 60" × 40' × 14" GE Roller Hearth (Atmos) Elec 1650°F 60" × 40' × 14" Wellman Roller Hearth (Atmos) Elec 1650°F

–––––––––– MISCELLANEOUS –––––––––Combustion Air Blowers (All sizes)24" × 36" Lindberg Charge Car (Manual)36" × 48" × 30" Holcroft "D&S" Washer Elec30" × 48" Surface Charge Car (SE-ER)24" × 36" × 24" Salt Quench Tanks (2) Elec 1000°FWilson Hardness Testers (Superfi cial)(2) Bell & Gossett "Shell & Tube" Heat Exchangers24" x 36" x 24" Lindberg "Cooldown" Chamber36" x 48" AFC Charge Car (DE) ElecAFC Pusher Line (Atmos.) Gas 1750˚F 48" x 48" x 48" TSI Alum: Drop Bottom Elec 1100˚F 36" Wide Table – Rotary Hearth (Atmos.) Elec 1850˚F30" x 48" Surface Roller Table36" x 48" Holcroft Charge Car (DE)

––––––– OVENS/BOX TEMPERING ––––––8" × 18" × 8" Lucifer Elec 1250°F12" × 16" × 18" Lindberg (3) Elec 1250°F12" × 24" × 12" Lucifer Elec 1250°F14" × 14" × 14" Blue-M Elec 1050°F14" × 14" × 14" Gruenberg (2) Elec 1200°F14" × 14" × 14" Blue-M Elec 650°F14" × 14" × 14" Gruenberg (solvent) Elec 450°F15" × 24" × 12" Sunbeam (N2) Elec 1200°F18" × 24" × 12" Lucifer Elec 1250°F20" × 18" × 20" Blue-M Elec 400°F20" × 18" × 20" Despatch Elec 650°F20" × 18" × 20" Blue-M Elec 650°F20" × 18" × 20" Blue-M (2) Elec 800°F20" × 20" × 20" Grieve Elec 1250°F24" × 20" × 20" Blue-M Elec 1000°F24" × 26" × 24" Grieve Gas 500°F24" × 24" × 18" Lindberg Elec 1250°F24" × 24" × 36" New England Elec 800°F24" × 24" × 48" Blue-M Elec 600°F24" × 36" × 24" Demtec (N2) Elec 500°F24" × 36" × 18" SECO/WARWICK (N2) Elec 1400°F24" × 36" × 24" AFC (N2) Elec 1250°F24" × 36" × 24" Trent Elec 1400°F25" × 20" × 20" Blue-M Elec 650°F24" × 36" × 48" Gruenberg Elec 500°F25" × 20" × 20" Blue-M (Inert) Elec 1100°F26" × 26" × 38" Grieve (2) Elec 850°F27" × 24" × 18" Grieve (New) Elec 350°F30" × 30" × 60" Gruenberg Elec 450°F30" × 30" × 48" Process Heat Elec 650°F30" × 38" × 48" Gruenberg (Inert) (2) Elec 450°F30" × 48" × 30" Surface Elec 1250°F36" × 24" × 36" Grieve Elec 350°F36" × 36" × 36" Grieve Elec 350°F36" × 36" × 60" Grieve Elec 350°F36" × 36" × 72" Despatch Elec 500°F36" × 42" × 72" Gruenberg Elec 450°F36" × 48" × 36" AFC Gas 1250°F36" × 60" × 36" CEC (2) Elec 650°F36" × 84" × 36" Lindberg (1996) Gas 800°F48" × 48" × 48" Steelman (Solvent) Elec 450°F48" × 48" × 48" TRENT (7) Elec 1400°F48" × 48" × 60" Gasmac Burn-off (2) Gas 850°F48" × 48" × 60" P-Quincy Elec 500°F55" × 30" × 60" P. Quincy Elec 350°F54" × 68" × 64" Despatch Elec 850°F54" × 72" × 72" Grieve Elec 450°F54" × 102" × 72" Despatch Elec 500°F60" × 96" × 72" Grieve Gas 500°F72" × 72" × 48" Johnston Gas 1400°F 84" × 108" × 84" Blue-Surf Inc. Burnoff Gas 850°F 108" × 96" × 65" Eisenmann (5) Gas 1200°F 90" × 150" × 84" Gasmac (Car Bottom) Gas 1250°F 96" × 360" × 48" Sauder "Autotilt" Elec 1400°F 84" × 240" × 84" W.P. Miller Gas 450°F

Since 1936

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W.H. KAY COMPANY 1936 -2

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NEW DESIGN

283 East Hellen Road Palatine, IL 60067Tel: 847.202.0000 Fax: 847.202.0004www.duffycompany.com

*We offer both designs

Improved Performance Longer Life Larger Gap Floating Spark Direct Replacement

Call for model/ pricing information

SPARK IGNITER New Design

Used for the automatic ignition of recuperative burner systems.

FOR SALE

Increase productivity, lower energy and operating costs, improve worker output and satisfaction,

and increase company profi tability. Let our staff put their practical, engineering, and scientifi c

experience to work for you!

Professional SupportServices to Industry

Education/TrainingConsultingHT/MetProcess AnalysisProblem SolvingFurnace DiagnosticsMarketing Studies

THE HERRING GROUP, Inc. Home of The Heat Treat Doctor®

Phone: 630-834-3017 Email: [email protected]

Web: www.heat-treat-doctor.com




EQUIPMENT FOR SALE

EQUIPMENT FOR SALE

EQUIPMENT FOR SALE

EQUIPMENT FOR SALE

FOR SALE

HeavyCarbonCompany

Using a Tired CARBURIZING Atmosphere?

HEAVY CARBON CO.

Please ask for details:[email protected]

Booth #114 – ASM/AGMA Show COBO Ctr., Detroit Oct. 2015

Do more than just adding enriching gas to an endogas atmosphere to create a dead

1.0%C carburizing atmosphere

More Bang For Your Buck!!!Use the endocarb system for a highly

reactive atmosphere create clean 1.5% Carbon Potential for faster,

higher quality work

Mowry Enterprises, Inc.New Used Rebuilt Solutions

FOR SALE

www.mowryenterprises.comemail: [email protected]

Phone: 978-808-8634 Fax: 508-845-4769

VFS HL 50 2 Bar: 30 x 36 x 50 graphite hot zone, high vacuum, external quench, 2400˚F, PLC/ touch screen controls

Surface Combustion 2 Bar: 36 x 36 x 48 Graphite hot zone, internal quench rear mounted fan

TM 18 x 18 x 30 High vacuum, moly hot zone, stainless steel vessel, pressure quench

Heat Source 2 Bar: 1800˚C, 20 w x 10 h x 30 dep, Graphite, with debind, new PLC touch screen controls

Abar HR 26 2 Bar: 2400˚F, 18” x24” x36” graphite hot zone, high vacuum, 2 bar pressure quench

C.I. Hayes 24 x 24 x 36 Vacuum Temper: 1450˚F

Borel 18 x 24 x 36 Hydrogen retort furnace: 1832˚F

TM 12 x 12 x 20 Graphite hot zone, high vacuum, internal quench, 5 psig positive quench

Complete Surface Combustion IQ Line Available in October

Equipment Built in 2001Completely rebuilt by Surface Combustion in 2008 Completely new Allen Bradbury Compact Logic instrumentation added 2015.Equipment is LIKE NEW!! 1 Integral Quench Furnace, 36x72x36; 2 available: 1 with top cool & 1 without top cool 1 Uni-Draw Temper Furnace, 36x72x36 1 Spray-Dunk Washer, 36x72x36 1 DEDP Charge Car, 36x72 1 Handling Station

Note: Endothermic Generator available for this line

Heat Treat Equipment 42056 Michigan Ave.Canton, MI 48188John L. Becker, IIPh: 734-331-3939Fax: [email protected]

ONLINE 24/7 Industrial Heating's Buyers Guide

Aftermarket Services Directory

Commercial Heat Treat Capabilities Directory

Materials Characterization & Testing Directorywww.industrialheating.com/directories





SERVICESFOR SALE

Cleveland, OHPh: 440-519-3800Email: [email protected]

Sunbeam Pit Nitriding Furnace

ID: 42" Diam. x 50" Deep

85KW – Stainless Steel Lined

EXCELLENT CONDITION

CELE

BRATI

NG OUR 80TH ANNIVERSARY

W.H. KAY COMPANY 1936 -20

16

An excellent marketing opportunity! If it’s been printed in Industrial Heating, you can have it reprinted by Industrial Heating. Feature Articles, Technology Spotlights, MTI or IHEA Profi les, Literature Features, and much more. Customize your reprints with your company’s ad, special message or even the cover of Industrial Heating. Contact Becky McClelland at 412-306-4355

14 JANUARY 2015 IndustrialHeating.com

nce upon a time, in a science class far,

far removed, the subject of pH was

discussed. Little did we know at the

time how important these two simple

consonants, combined in such an odd way, were

to the water systems that cool our heat-treating

equipment. Let’s learn more.

The Water MoleculeAll substances are made up of millions of tiny

atoms. These atoms form small groups called

molecules. In water, for example, each molecule

is made up of two hydrogen (H) atoms and one

oxygen (O) atom (Fig. 1). The formula for a

molecule of water is H2O (there are two hydrogen

atoms needed for each oxygen atom to form a

stable compound).

Introduction to pHThe term pH is used to describe a unit of measure

to indicate the degree of acidity or alkalinity of

a solution. It is measured on a scale of 0-14. The

term pH is derived from “p” (the mathematical

symbol of the negative logarithm) and “H” (the

chemical symbol of hydrogen).

The formal definition of pH is the negative

logarithm of the hydrogen-ion activity. It is

expressed mathematically by the formula:

(1) pH = - log [H+]

Thus, pH provides a way of expressing the degree

of the activity of an acid or base in terms of its

hydrogen-ion activity.

The pH value of a substance is directly

related to the ratio of the hydrogen ion [H+]

and the hydroxyl ion [OH-] concentrations. If

the hydrogen ion concentration is greater than

the hydroxyl ion concentration, the compound

is acidic and the pH value is less than 7. If the

hydroxyl ion concentration is greater than the

hydrogen ion concentration, the compound is

basic with a pH value greater than 7. If equal

amounts of hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions are

present, the material is neutral with a pH of 7.

Acids and bases have, respectively, free

hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. Since the

relationship between hydrogen ions and hydroxyl

ions in a given solution is constant for a given set

of conditions, either one can be determined by

knowing the other. Thus, pH is a measurement

of both acidity and alkalinity, even though

by definition it is a selective measurement of

The Importance of pH


DANIEL H. HERRINGThe HERRING GROUP, Inc.

[email protected]

O

Table 2. Typical water requirements for open systems[2]

Description Value

Hardness (calcium carbonate)

7-10 grains/gallon[a] (120-170 ppm)

Total suspended solids 10 ppm

Total dissolved solids 200 ppm

Iron 0.3 mg/liter

Aluminum 0.05-0.2 mg/liter

Copper 1.0 mg/liter

pH 7.0-8.0

Odor 3 threshold odor number

Conductance ≤ 300 μS/cm

Maximum water temperature (inlet) 31°C (88°F)

System drain pressure ≤ 3.5 psig

Notes: [a] Grains per gallon is defined as 64.8 mg (1 grain) of calcium carbonate per 3.79 liters (1 U.S. gallon) or 17.1 ppm.[b] For best cooling efficiency and component longevity, the water supply should be treated to prevent corrosion and scale (controlled by phosphonate test; range 15-20 ppm), scum formation, algae and other biological agent buildup and the like.

Table 1. pH chart[2]

Concentration of hydrogen ions compared

to distilled waterpH level Examples of solutions at this pH

10,000,000 pH=0 Battery acid, Strong hydrofl uoric acid

1,000,000 PH=1 Hydrochloric acid secreted by stomach lining

100,000 pH=2 Lemon juice, gastric acid, vinegar

10,000 pH-3 Grapefruit, orange juice, soda

1,000 pH=4 Acid rain, tomato juice

100 pH=5 Soft drinking water, black coffee

10 pH=6 Urine, saliva

1 pH=7 "Pure" water

1/10 pH=8 Sea water

1/100 pH=9 Baking soda

1/1,000 pH=10 Great salt lake, milk of magnesia

1/10,000 pH=11 Ammonia solution

1/100,000 pH=12 Soapy water

1/1,000,000 pH=13 Bleaches, oven cleaner

1/10,000,000 pH=14 Liquid drain cleaner

The International Journal of Thermal Processing MAY 2015

32

AUTOMOTIVEIndustry Overview

3D Printing, Sintering and More

e

A Publication Vol. LXXXIII No. 5 www.industrialheating.com

INSIDE

36 Understanding Jominy40 Maintaining Vacuum Pumps44 Purchasing Induction48 Corporate Profi les 28 JANUARY 2015 IndustrialHeating.com

VACUUM/SURFACE TREATING

In order to establish a basis for projecting the future

of the heat-treating industry in North America, it is

important that we analyze the industry over the past

20 years.

Heat Treating: Past and Future The Metal Treating Institute (MTI) produces monthly records

of sales from its members and provides a Heat Treating (HT)

Index to cover up-to-date current and historical performance.

This index highlights the past ups and downs of the industry

and tends to ref lect market trends.

Using the above historical data and trends as well as

additional data from other sources qualified to analyze and

make future projections, we have determined the following:

• Major downturns seem to occur approximately every 10

years as seen in 2000 and 2009-2010.

• The HT Index growth from 1994 to 2004 was

approximately 18.5%.

• The HT Index growth from 2004 to 2014 was

approximately 17.0%

• We are projecting growth from 2014 to 2024 will

be approximately 15.5%. Although this might seem

conservative, we foresee a small downturn in 2016 and a

more serious downturn in 2020.

• The major downturn in 2009 was approximately 33%. We

predict the major downturn in 2020 may be on the order of

18-19%.

The historical HT Index and our projection for the next 10

years are shown in Figure 1.

Comparing the HT Index to the S&P 500 IndexIt is interesting to compare the industry past-performance

index with an established financial index. We selected the

S&P 500 as a major financial index to illustrate the relative

performance of the two indices and created the chart shown in

Figure 2. Notice how closely they follow each other.

North American Furnace MarketsThe North American furnace market continues to grow, with a

trend away from atmosphere-type equipment toward increasing

use of vacuum furnaces.

Atmosphere FurnacesAs is illustrated in Figure 3, atmosphere furnaces can be very

dangerous to operate and control. They are rarely shut down and

Futuristic LookAat the North American Heat-Treating World

COVER FEATUREVACUUM/SURFACE TREATING

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

HT monthly index actualHT monthly index projectedLinear (HT monthly index projected)

2008 2018

-33%-18.5%

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

2024

Inde

x va

lue

Index year

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

Heat treat index

S&P index

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Hea

t tre

at in

dex

S&P

inde

x

YearFig. 1. (above) Heat Treating (HT) Index history and projection

Fig. 2. (right) Comparison of the HT Index to the S&P 500 index

William R. Jones and Réal J Fradette – Solar Atmospheres Inc.; Souderton, Pa.

The objective of this paper is to highlight the heat-treating markets of North America with respect to equipment and processing, comparing current 2014 status and projecting expectations for 2024. Historical growth and industry expectations for the future will be discussed.

IndustrialHeating.com JANUARY 2015 29

therefore consume excessive process gas when not in use. This is

inefficient from an operating standpoint. From an environmental

standpoint, they are becoming more and more challenged.

From a process standpoint, they do not have the capacity for

close monitoring of work temperature.

Vacuum FurnacesThe vacuum furnace is an environmentally friendly piece of

equipment (Fig. 4). It is typically easy to load and unload, and

an operator can view the work positioned in the furnace prior to

closing the furnace door. Thermocouples can be attached to the

work for exact processing temperatures to ensure accurate cycle

performance and satisfactory resulting metallurgy of the parts.

NFPA StandardsFurnace manufacturers must comply with standards that have

been established by the NFPA committees. These are recom-

mended guidelines that are not necessarily enforceable by law

but will be recognized by the “Authority Having Jurisdiction”

(AHJ), who may rule on such things as zoning codes and occu-

pancy permits, meeting local fire codes, and possibly insurability.

The following NFPA standards apply:

• NFPA 86 and 86D (Furnace Standards)

• NFPA 55 (Compressed gases and 29 CFR 1910.103

hydrogen systems)

• NFPA 70 (National Electrical Code [N.E.C.])

Furnace Sales and Market Share 2014Figure 5 illustrates the North American total furnace market as

established for 2014. These annual sales numbers are based on

various financial reports and other multipliers, such as sales per

employee, and represent as accurate an estimate as possible.

As shown in Figure 5, the atmosphere furnace market is

approximately 1.69 times that of the vacuum furnace market.

However, this ratio is continually decreasing as processing

changes occur. These changes lean toward vacuum processing.

Projected Furnace Sales and Market Share 2024Based on projected HT Index growth and other factors, we

are able to create a chart (Fig. 6) highlighting furnace sales

projected for 2024.

Figure 6 ref lects the growth of the vacuum furnace market

and its acceptance by the heat-treating world. We expect this

trend to continue in future years.

The pie charts (Fig. 7) ref lect the projected growth of the

vacuum furnace industry comparing furnace sales of 2014

versus 2024.

In-House/Captive vs. Commercial Heat-Treating MarketsBased on financial information from MTI and other

sources, we are able to state the approximate current sales

volume for commercial heat treaters in North America

Fig. 3. Atmosphere furnace Fig. 4. Vacuum furnace

Fig. 6. Projected furnace sales for 2024

Type of equipment 2024

Number of

manufacturers

Numberof

employees

Estimated total annual

sales

Percent of

total

Atmosphere 45 1,940 $ 306,825,000 48%

Salt bath 5 192 $ 32,285,000 4%

Vacuum 22 862 $ 306,375,000 48%

Totals for North America 2024 72 2,994 $ 645,000,000 100%

Fig. 5. North American 2014 total furnace market

Type of equipment2014

Number of

manufacturers

Number of

employees

Estimated total annual

sales

Percentof

total

Atmosphere 44 2,012 $ 332,000,000 60%

Salt bath 5 187 $ 31,000,000 5%

Vacuum 20 653 $ 196,000,000 35%

Totals for North America 2014 69 2,852 $ 559,000,000 100%

44 FEBRUARY 2015 IndustrialHeating.com


Engineering design and the lining materials chosen

are key factors in controlling the efficiency and

energy usage of equipment used in iron and steel

applications. As a result, it is critical that industrial

designers understand the advantages and disadvantages of the

materials they choose. For example, it is especially important

to select insulating firebricks (IFBs) that minimize energy

losses. Recent studies conducted on IFBs produced using the

three most common manufacturing methods – cast, slinger and

extrusion – show that the cast process offers the lowest thermal

conductivity and provides the greatest energy savings.

IFB Manufacturing Techniques Vary Widely in Ability to Control Energy LossesThe versatile IFB is used in numerous iron and steel

applications, including: blast furnaces, ductwork in direct-

reduction processes and reheat furnaces, backup insulation in

coke ovens, and in tundishes and ladles. They are also used

extensively to form the sidewalls, roofs and hearths of a wide

variety of heat-treatment, annealing and galvanizing lines.

Figure 1 shows their use in a coke oven stack (top) and in a

tunnel kiln (bottom).

IFBs are manufactured using a variety of techniques, the

most common of which are casting, slinger and extrusion. The

cast process uses gypsum plaster as a rapid-setting medium for

a high water-content clay mix containing additional burnout

additives. The slinger process is a form of low-pressure extrusion

of a wet clay mix containing high levels of burnout additives.

It includes an additional processing step in which the semi-

extruded material gets “slung” onto a continuous belt to generate

additional porosity before drying and firing. The extrusion

process forces a damp-clay mixture containing burnout additives

through an extrusion nozzle, where the extruded material is

subsequently cut into bricks, dried and fired.

The brick chemistries and microstructures produced can

differ widely among these methods, leading to a extensive

variety of thermal conductivities within products of the same

temperature rating. This variation, in turn, has an effect on the

ability of different IFB types to control energy loss.

Comparing Manufacturing MethodsTo understand the effect of the three main IFB manufacturing

methods on thermal conductivity and energy-loss behavior,

researchers conducted a study to quantify the differences in

energy usage that can be achieved within Class 23 and Class 26

IFBs.

Figure 2 shows the thermal conductivity of the IFBs

tested, a critical property since IFBs are primarily used for

their insulating abilities. In each class of IFB, cast brick has

the lowest thermal conductivity, followed by the slinger-

produced brick, with the extruded brick displaying the highest

conductivity.

Researchers designed two identical electrically heated

laboratory muffle kilns (Fig. 3) and conducted energy-usage

studies comparing the IFB bricks. They lined the first kiln with

Class-23 cast IFBs, and this formed the benchmark since they

had the lowest thermal conductivity in the class. Test results are

Using Insulating Firebricks to

Maximize Energy Savings

Steve Chernack – Morgan Thermal Ceramics; Augusta, Ga.

Selecting products made with the right manufacturing process makes the diff erence.

Fig. 1. IFBs are widely used in iron and steel applications.

The International Journal of Thermal Processing FEBRUARY 2015

INSIDE

6 IH Connect34 Combustion Resources44 Firebricks Save Energy48 Cutting-Edge StainlessA Publication Vol. LXXXIII No. 2www.industrialheating.com

The Other White Metal 38

38 FEBRUARY 2015 IndustrialHeating.com

COVER FEATURENONFERROUS HEAT TREATING

The downside, however, is that plant specialization

can lead to a false sense of security based on a

single market focus and tentativeness to broaden

the company’s capabilities and services. While

specialty houses will separate ferrous heat treaters from those

of the nonferrous variety, broadening processing services can

protect the company from the loss of key clients and business

that occurs in changing markets. This is most evident in the

steel versus aluminum processing arena.

Aluminum is a completely different animal than steel. A

simple comparison is that when steel is quenched, it becomes

hard and brittle, whereas aluminum becomes soft and ductile.

Hopefully, this article will demystify aluminum processing to

a degree and encourage you to consider adding aluminum to

spread your economic risks across different industrial markets.

Why is this important? As I see it, the heat-treating industry is

entering a theater of change. Adapting to this change could re-

quire adding new services and client types to position the com-

pany as more diversified and capable to meet future demands.

To know aluminum, you first must be able to decode the

way different aluminum conditions are defined. There is no

basic qualification statement such as “harden, quench and

temper” to conform to a certain HRC. Instead there are

defined conditions that are more like landing zones as opposed

to re-temper zones that steel processing so kindly affords. You

will become more familiar with the various conditions as you

read on. Knowing these key properties allows us to navigate

the zones that are defined by process steps as well as minimum

mechanical properties. I have also included a few actual

case studies written in layman’s language to help clarify the

processing of aluminum.

Condition OThe full-annealed condition is the softest, most ductile

and most easily workable of all aluminum conditions. This

condition in age-hardenable alloys (2000, 6000 and 7000

series) is arrived at by soaking at a setpoint below the solution-

treating temperature followed by a controlled slow cooling

Peter Hushek – Phoenix Heat Treating, Inc.; Phoenix, Ariz.

While many heat-treating companies have moved from general processing to selective processes, the trend has been mainly to one of specialization. The thinking is that specializing will simplify focus on process improvement, enhance productivity and increase profitability.

The Other White Metal

(above) Workers push the auxillary liquid-nitrogen tank from under

a drop-bottom solution heat-treat furnace on a track to where the

aluminum components can be removed. The furnace is designed for

solution treating of small batches of aluminum parts to large forgings

and castings. PHT operates two identical solution-treating systems,

primarily to serve the aerospace industry. The systems quench with

liquid nitrogen, glycol and glycol/water.

IndustrialHeating.com FEBRUARY 2015 39

typically to 500°F (260°C). The ductility can be enhanced

by reducing the descent in temperature as a function of time.

Soak time at the high-temperature phase of the cycle must be

carefully controlled to prevent grain growth.

Condition AQ or WThis condition is extremely unstable and will vary based on the

degree with which the maximum solubility of the alloying agent

has been brought to complete solid solution by the soak and

quench steps (commonly called the solution-treating process). In

order for this condition to maintain its maximum formability,

it must be quickly stored at 0°F or lower. Many alloys will

continue to naturally age at temperatures as low as 0°F (-18°C),

which is why the use of dry ice for storage and transport is

encouraged. The 2000- and 7000-series alloys are especially

vulnerable to this low-temperature natural-aging process.

Condition T-4T-4 is the condition typically referred to as the “natural age”

since it occurs at room temperature. The standard timeframe

associated with the natural-aged condition is 96 hours. When

the degree of complete solid solution is high, the reaction

time for reaching this condition can be reduced. While the

minimum hardness may be met in less time than the 96-hour

standard, the material will continue to transform itself until the

maximum hardness (for the combination of alloy composition),

degree of solid-solution attained, rate of the quenching and

room temperature of the surroundings are met.

Condition T-3T-3 condition is very similar to T-4 with one slight variation – it

receives a cold working, stretching or rolling after the quench

phase and prior to the natural age hardening. The bonus of the

T-3 over the T-4 is the increased yield strength. This provides the

designer with a greater range of applicable uses but comes at the

loss of ductility. The reduced ductility and general formability

make it useful for large surface-area parts with limited bend radii.

Gentle bends are OK, squared corners are not.

Condition T-6T-6 is the highest-strength condition for most alloys that have

not received cold working (work strengthening) after the quench

phase. It is extremely stable in its mechanical properties and can

be subjected to lower-temperature stress-relief processes without

degradation of these properties. This state is achieved by an

artificial-age process after the solution-treat and quench steps.

It is referred to as “artificial” since it requires setpoints greater

than room temperature. The cycle times can range from four

hours all the way to 36 hours followed by an air cool.

Condition T-7-3, T-7-4, etc.These conditions are often referred to as the “over-aged”

condition. This means that the material will be lower in

mechanical properties than T-6 but have unique properties

based on the alloy. In some cases, it will allow for use at

elevated service temperatures without loss of strength. For

example, the corrosion resistance of 7075 is increased due to

this over-age process, which increases its service life. T-7-3

is often used in aerospace manufacturing, where corrosion

resistance on nonflying structural components is critical

TerminologyFinally, there is much confusion about the correct wording in

the processing of aluminum, specifically that caused by the

Close-up image of the large Brinell testing equipment that PHT modified to test large aluminum

forgings and castings.

6061 aluminum forging of a physical vapor

deposition (PVD) vacuum chamber that is

used in the semiconductor industry. PHT built

specialized tooling to lift and move large

forgings, such as this, of varying shapes

and sizes. The Brinell mill bed will support

components weighing up to 600 pounds.

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INDEX OFADVERTISERS IN THIS ISSUE

ADVERTISER NAME PAGE PHONE WEBSITE

Across International LLC 9 888-988-0899 www.acrossinternational.com

Air & Energy Systems Inc. 52 704-814-9221 www.airandenergyinc.com

Ajax TOCCO Magnethermic Corp. 47 800-547-1527 www.ajaxtocco.com

Avion Manufacturing Co. 27 330-220-2779 www.avionmfg.com

Daniels Fans, A Cincinnati Fan Company Inside Back Cover 800-628-1200 www.danielsfans.com

Delta Cooling Towers 34 800-289-3358 www.deltacooling.com

Dry Coolers Inc. 7 800-525-8173 www.drycoolers.com

Eldec Induction U.S.A. 26 248-364-4750 www.eldec-usa.com

Fengdong 31 086-515-83282811 www.fengdong.com

Forge Fair 2017 11 216-781-6260 www.forgefair.com

G-M Enterprises Back Cover 951-340-4646 www.gmenterprises.com

Graphite Machining, Inc. 35 610-682-0080 www.graphitemachininginc.com

Graphite Metallizing Corp. 41 914-968-8400 www.graphalloy.com/IH

HaoShi Carbon Fiber Co., Ltd. GanSu 37 0086-931-8893573 www.chinahaoshi.net.cn

Harbison Walker International 15 800-492-8349 www.thinkhwi.com

INEX Incorporated 35 716-537-2270 www.INEXinc.net

Ipsen Inc. 3 800-727-7625 www.ipsenusa.com

Kanthal Sandvik Heating Technology USA 33 716-691-4010 www.kanthal.com

L & L Special Furnace Co., Inc. 34 910-459-9216 www.llfurnace.com

Lindberg/MPH 17 269-849-2700 www.lindbergmph.com

Marshall Electronics 51 310-333-0606 www.marshall-usa.com/optical

Metal Treating Institute (FNA 2016) 45 904-249-0448 www.furnacesnorthamerica.com

Metallurgical High Vacuum Corp. 41 269-543-4291 www.methivac.com

Neturen 43 86(0)515-83857909 www.neturen.com.cn

Pillar Induction 53 800-558-7733 www.pillar.com

Praxair 28 800-PRAXAIR www.praxair.com

Qual-Fab Inc. 28 440-327-5000 www.qual-fab.net

SECO/WARWICK Corporation 19 814-332-8400 www.secowarwick.com

Sevenstar Electronics Co., Ltd. Industrial Furnace 39 8610-84572692 www.sevenstar.com.cn

Solar Manufacturing 13 267-384-5040 www.solarmfg.com

Super Systems Inc. 25 513-772-0060 www.supersystems.com

Surface Combustion Inc. 4 800-537-8980 www.surfacecombustion.com

T-M Vacuum Products, Inc. 21 856-829-2000 www.tmvacuum.com

Thermo Transfer Inc. 52 317-398-3503 www.thermotransferinc.com

Thermal Products Solutions (TPS) 29 570-538-7200 www.thermalproductsolutions.com

Unifrax, LLC Inside Front Cover 716-768-6500 www.unifrax.com

Wisconsin Oven Corp. 23 262-642-3938 www.wisoven.com

ZIRCAR Ceramics Inc. 27 845-651-6600 www.zircarceramics.com

Get Connected with Facebookwww.facebook.com/IndustrialHeating

Twitterwww.industrialheating.com/twitter

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YouTubewww.youtube.com/industrialheating


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