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The Internationalisation and Globalisation of Higher Education:
Implications for China
Stamenka Uvalić-Trumbić & Sir John DanielEducation Masters: DeTao Masters Academy
Plan: 5 sessions
1.Internationalisation & Globalisation
2.Ranking universities
3.Access to higher education
4.Qualifications and credentials
5. Wrap-up and conclusions
Plan: 5 sessions
1.Internationalisation & Globalisation
2.Ranking universities
3.Access to higher education
4.Qualifications and credentials
5. Wrap-up and conclusions
DEFINITIONS
Globalization
Internationalization
Cross-Border Higher Education
INTERNATIONALISATION
INTERNATIONALISATION
•Between and among nations(e.g. inter-university
agreements)
•Nation is basic unit(e.g. China Education Association for International Exchange)
GLOBALIZATION
GLOBALIZATION
• Global economic integration(e.g. McDonald’s)
• World: a single Market(e.g. MOOCs, Rankings)
What is Cross-Border HE?
“… teacher, student, programme, institution/provider or course materials cross national jurisdictional borders”
CROSS-BORDERbranch campuses student mobility joint programmesonline learning
International Branch Campuses
• International Branch Campuses distinct form of CBHE
• 32 international branch campuses in China (2014)
BUT
Branch campuses remain a marginal phenomenon.
In China branch campuses and joint programmes combined account for 1% of student enrolments.
STUDENT MOBILITY
STUDENT MOBILITY
•4 million students abroad (2012)
•Majority Asian (53%)
•700,000 Chinese students abroad (2012)
GRADUATE MIGRATION•30% of migrants to OECD countries (2010) are graduetes – total 27 m
•20% of them from China, India and Philippines
•70% increase since 2000
16
FACULTY MOBILITYDeTao Masters from the Whole World
FACULTY MOBILITYDeTao Masters from the Whole World
ONLINE LEARNING
3,850 MOOCS are now available!
QUESTIONS?
COMMENTS?
Mr Jiang Bo with Stamenka Uvalic-TrumbicBeijing, 2012
GROUP DISCUSSIONS
•What lessons from China’s experience of study abroad?
•What impact of internationalisation and globalisation on migration?
PLENARY DISCUSSION
•What are the most productive modes of educational cooperation between China and the rest of the world?
Plan: 5 sessions
1.Internationalisation & Globalisation
2.Ranking universities
3.Access to higher education
4.Qualifications and credentials
5. Wrap-up and conclusions
UNIVERSITY RANKINGS
•US News and World Report(beginning of 1980s – US only)
Global Rankings:•Academic Rankings of World Universities (ARWU) – 2003•THE Rankings – 2004•…and others followed
WHAT DO RANKINGS MEASURE?
•Research output- articles, citations, Nobel Prizes…
•Industry innovation/finance
•Internationalism
•Teaching quality (hard to measure?)
NEW APPROACHES TO RANKINGS?
•Develop rankings that fit local situations (e.g. Nigeria / AU)
•U Multi-rank (Europe)
• Measure a variety of dimensions
BRITAIN’S TOP NINE UNIVERSITIES
Quality Rankings of Teaching
based on all subject assessments 1995-2004(Sunday Times University Guide 2004)
1 CAMBRIDGE 96%
2 LOUGHBOROUGH 95%
3= LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS 88%
3= YORK 88%
5 THE OPEN UNIVERSITY 87%
6 OXFORD 86%
7 IMPERIAL COLLEGE 82%
8 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON 77%
9 ESSEX 77%
…and OU top for student satisfaction
The top 20 most searched universities on Google:
1. University of Phoenix2. Massachusetts Institute of Technology3. Open University4. University of Calicut5. University of California, Los Angeles6. Anna University7. Stanford University8. London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE)9. Columbia University10. New York University11. University of Mumbai12. University College London (UCL)13. University of Oxford14. Florida State University (FSU)15. Harvard University16. University of Cambridge17. Liberty University18. University of Rajasthan19. University of Michigan20. Annamalai University
Source: Google/BBC
WHAT POLICY TO ADOPT?
•Dismiss rankings?
•Take them seriously?
•Use them intelligently?
“World Class”
university or system?
Students’ Choices
UNESCO Forum, 2011
Students’ statements
“Huge shortcomings regarding the provision of comparable information on HE and programmes”. (Allan Pall, Estonia) “University rankings are a useful tool for making choices” but “University rankings should not be singular” (Vimonmas Vachatimanont, Thailand) “Cambridge and Oxford are not best in all disciplines”(Lydienne Machi, Cameroon)
RANKINGS: QUESTIONS
•Rankings = quality?
•What does “world class” mean?
QUESTIONS?
COMMENTS?
GROUP DISCUSSIONS
•Are rankings a measure of quality?
•What is a world-class university?
The Internationalisation and Globalisation of Higher Education:
Implications for China
Stamenka Uvalić-Trumbić & Sir John DanielEducation Masters: DeTao Masters Academy
Plan: 5 sessions
1.Internationalisation & Globalisation
2.Ranking universities
3.Access to higher education
4.Qualifications and credentials
5. Wrap-up and conclusions
INCREASING DEMAND
Global enrollment:
2000 = 97 million 2007 = 155.2 million2012 = 196.1 million (Asia 98.07 m)
2030 - 412 million (estimate)2035 - 522 million (estimate)
TERTIARY GROSS ENROLMENT RATE
TERTIARY ENROLMENTS - CHINA
2012 = 32 million2020 = 37 million (estimate)(India 28 m, US 20 m, Brazil 9 m)
ACCESS: TO SUCCESS?
•Successful completion
•Success in employment
•Fulfilling work
UNDEREMPLOYMENT?
China has shown little evidence of rising unemployment despite the slowest growth rate since the global financial crisis—and is nowhere near the jobless rates seen in some of the countries hardest hit by the euro-zone debt crisis. But slowing growth underscores a fundamental challenge to China's economic development: the underemployment of huge numbers of graduates that Chinese colleges are churning out.
Wall Street Journal 2012
QUESTIONS?
COMMENTS?
ONLINE LEARNING
US Universities Data
A Guide to QualityIn Online Learning
Authors:Neil Butcher & Merridy Wilson-Strydom
Editors:Stamenka Uvalić-Trumbić & Sir John Daniel
A Guide to Quality in Online Learning
POST-TRADITIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION
Open Educational Resources, Open Badges, MOOCs, etc.
What is a MOOC?
Massive Open Online Course
Course x6002 Circuits and Electronics
155,000 registrations23,000 tried first test
9,000 passed mid-term7157 passed = < 5%
MOOCs ventures outside North America
3,850 MOOCS are now available!
What is higher education?
Teac
hing
Learning
Credentials
A Guide to Quality in Post-Traditional Online Higher Education
Authors:Neil Butcher & Sarah Hoosen
Editors:Stamenka Uvalić-Trumbić & Sir John Daniel
QUESTIONS?
COMMENTS?
GROUP DISCUSSIONS
•How should higher education respond to a changing labour market?
•What good practices can be shared?
PLENARY DISCUSSION
•How are Chinese universities responding to the labour market?
•How can Chinese universities become world-class?
Plan: 5 sessions
1.Internationalisation & Globalisation
2.Ranking universities
3.Access to higher education
4.Qualifications and credentials
5. Wrap-up and conclusions
…to create the most dynamic and attractive higher education system in the world…
(1999)
THE BOLOGNA PROCESS IN EUROPE
•Bologna Declaration signed by 47 Ministers by 2010 - EHEA
•Main objectives:- easily comparable degrees
(Bachelors, Masters, PhDs)- quality assurance frameworks
(European Standards and Guidelines)-fair recognition of foreign degrees
MUTUAL RECOGNITION OF QUALIFICATIONS
THE LISBON RECOGNITION CONVENTION (1997)- Europe
THE TOKYO RECOGNITION CONVENTION (2011)- Asia - Pacific
FEASIBILITY OF A GLOBAL CONVENTION (2014)
CONVENTIONS AND QUALIFICATIONFRAMEWORKS TO FACILITATE
STUDENT MOBILITY
The Death of the Degree
Allan Pall, ESU
Higher Learning to be more focused on validating the learning process and its outcomes
What we really need is liberation from the degree
Employers need the right mix of skills and competences matched with job requirements
New credentials appearing
NANODEGREES
DeTao Masters Academypioneering Open Badges in China
QUESTIONS?
COMMENTS?
GROUP DISCUSSIONS
•Are Open Badges an opportunity for China?
•Are employers content with existing credentials?
PLENARY DISCUSSION
•Are qualifications structure changing in China?
•Are new credentials emerging in China?
Plan: 5 sessions
1.Internationalisation & Globalisation
2.Ranking universities
3.Access to higher education
4.Qualifications and credentials
5. Wrap-up and conclusions
THANK YOU
Stamenka Uvalić-Trumbić Sir John Daniel
For text and slides:
www.sirjohn.ca