Date post: | 26-May-2015 |
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History, hysteria and hypertext
A look at how we landed in Cyberland
Clyde H. Bentley, Ph.D.Associate ProfessorMissouri School of
Journalism
Resources
Available in the “Readings” Section• Sterling: History of the Internet• Hobbes’ Internet Timeline• How e-mail was invented• What is New Media?• Four Fundamental Traits of New Media
http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/
How old is old?
My 1990 Geo – the WWW-free car
Packet Switching
• 1961 Leonard Kleinrock of MIT writes first paper, similar to
• Message divided into “packets” of data
• Each packet separately addressed
• Each packet finds its own way through the maze to the final destinationhttp://www.lk.cs.ucla.edu/
Leonard Kleinrock
1962 - A bombproof plan
RAND Corporation research by Paul Baran • How do you establish a communications system that can survive a nuclear war?– No central authority or switching facility– No single expert
• Information packets passed from station to station via “hot potato routing”
• MIT’s JCR Licklider invisions a “Galactic Network” of interconnected computers.
Networks and nodes
• Local linked machines
• Can only talk to each other
• Node is central computer that connects to other networks
• 1969: First node at UCLA started ARPANET under Pentagon sponsorship (Advanced Research Project Agency)
Internet – Interconnected Networks
A key feature: each network is individually designed and maintained (“open architecture”)
Early Growth• Idea was that researchers could exchange data, work together
• Within a year it became clear that it was more an electronic post office
• But individual mailing awkward, so “mailing lists” created.That created a corps
of users who “collected” postings for their own enjoyment. ARPANET September 1971
E-mail• 1971 Ray Tomlinson invents email program for networks
• 1972 Tomlinson program put on ARPANET
Email quickly becomes main use of ARPANET1976 Queen Elizabeth sends email
Ray Tomlinson and his famous symbol
Protocols
• ARPA’s original standard was NCP – Network Control Protocol
• 1974 Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn publish TCP – Transmission Control Program. Higher level code.
• Later spit between TCP and IP (Internet Protocol)
IPTCP
TCP/IP
• The “ground crew”• Converts messages into streams of packets at the source
• Reassembles them back it messages at the destination.
• The “pilot”• Addressing• Negotiates across several nodes
• Negotiates with other networks and protocols
Popular use
• Browsability is key• USENET launched in 1979 between Duke and UNC
• Networks used TCP/IP to interconnect, hence name “Internet”
• ARPANET dies 1989• Non-official use of network grows
The term “surfing” only arose in 1992
USENET, news groups, etc.
• E-mail like set of discussion groups
• Information is post in bulletin-board fashion
• Can include photos (binaries)
• Nearly 3,000 groups, 7 million words per day
• Immediately popular with marginalized populations
(USEr NETwork)
Thousands of posts
Uses of Internet
1.Mail2.Discussion groups3.Long-distance computing4.File transfers
6.…. But what of Entertainment?
World Wide Web
• Entertainment really kicked in with establishment of WWW in 1991, developed by Tim Berners-Lee
Takes off with Gore-sponsored bill, US High Performance Computing Act (1991)
That’s REALLY entertainment
The WWW gave entertainment multiple dimensions:
• Combines graphics and text• Sound and video• Information can be viewed multiple times (unlike broadcast)
• Consumers can produce their own sites.
The Rest of Us
• 1993 Mosaic browser popularizes WWW.
• Native support for using World Wide Web, gopher, Anonymous FTP, and NNTP (Usenet News) protocols. Support for archie, finger, whois, and Veronica. 1994: Communities begin to wire directly to net
First banner ad: October 1994 for Zima and AT&T
1995: RealAudio brings sound to Web
And now?WWW Web sites• 1993= 130 1999= 9,560,866 2012 =2.4 billion
Internet 2 (http://www.internet2.edu)• 187 Universities, plus industry and government
• Researching advanced applications and hardware
• Current success: multicasting, extremely high speed
• New “new media?” Mobile Phones Personal Digital Assistants, Personal Communicators, expanded use of CD-ROM, Digital video, MP3 Audio
Internet Growth
In 1969, the ARPAnet had 4 hostsBy 1992 the Internet 727,000 hostsGoogle’s crawler now tracks 1 trillion pages, a fraction of the whole Web
It’s a worldwide medium
Internet2: Super fast
04/12/23 – 26 – ©Internet2 2009
So is the Internet a mass medium?
• How does it compete against the “Traditional Four?”– Newspapers – Credibility, coverage resources
– Magazines – Depth, color, niche coverage
– Radio – Immediacy, portability, targeting, music
– Television – Motion, immediacy, nuance, color
New creature?
• A “massively delivered” niche medium
(Vin Crosbie)http://www.digitaldeliverance.com
• Three type of media– Mass media– Interpersonal media– New media
New Media
• Individualized messages can simultaneously be delivered to an infinite number of people.
• Each of the people involved shares reciprocal control over that content.
Four Fundamentalshttp://www.digitaldeliverance.com
• 'Bits, Not Atoms' • Digital Addressability. • A Quantum Shift in Control Towards Consumers.
• Open, Autonomous Systems Triumph over Closed, Proprietary Systems.
But what of old media?
• What value to we put on words and images?
• Are we interested only in utility, or also comfort?
• Who should pay the bill?
Enjoy the ride