CHAPTER 10The Jefferson Era

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How did the events of the Jefferson Era strengthen the nation?

IMPORTANT VOCABULARY Thomas Jefferson- 3rd president of the United States,

elected in 1801 Judiciary Act of 1801 – law that let president John

Adams fill federal judgeships with Federalists John Marshall- chief justice of the Supreme Court that

has the final say in interpreting the Constitution. Judicial Review: principle that states that the Supreme

court has the final say in interpreting the Constitution. Radical: person who takes extreme political positions. Federalists: political party of Hamilton and Adams

supported a strong central government Democratic- Republican – Jefferson’s political party,

feared a strong central government.

SECTION 1 JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY

1800 Election was a contest between two parties with different roles about government.

Federalists John Adams 65 electoral college

Democratic Republican

Thomas Jefferson

73 electoral college

Thought they both threatened the Constitution

Dem/Rep- Thought they were saving the US from monarchy and oppression

Argued the Alien Sedition Act Federalists –thought nation to be ruined by

radicals *** Remember French Revolution Radicals – People who take extreme political

positions Federalists: were split (Dem-Rep) wanted

Aaron Burr as Vice President he received 73 electoral votes / so they had to decide Jefferson or Aaron Burr.

Hamilton backed Jefferson Election of 1800: Jefferson President

and Burr Vice President Jefferson’s Personal library will be

one of (Library of Congress) Love of Architecture of ancient Greece and Rome reflected of the capital.

JEFFERSON’S DEMOCRACY

1st order of new president was to heal political wounds. He urged enemies to unite.

Promote common way of life Small independent farmers Strong morals and democratic ideals An enormous amount of land would prevent

people crowding into cities. Avoid having to much government Limited central government- people govern

themselves.

Marbury v. Madison (1803) Marshall Decision strengthened the

Constitution’s system of checks and balances

Lasting balance among 3 branches

JEFFERSON AND THE FEDERALISTS

Jefferson wanted less power than under Federalists.

Reduced Federal Employees Reduced Military Ended federalist programs Alien –Sedition Act ended (Released

Prisoners) End many taxes – Whiskey Tax

CONFLICT WITH THE COURTS

Jefferson had very little power over the courts

Judiciary Act of 1801- appointed federalist judges for life

Chief Justice John Marshall – upheld Federal Authority and strengthened federal courts

Judicial Review- A final authority of the supreme court on the meaning of the constitution.

SECTION 2 IMPORTANT VOCABULARY Meriwether Lewis: army captain appointed by

President Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory and lands west to the Pacific Ocean.

William Clark: co leader of the Lewis and Clark expedition.

Sacagawea: Shoshone woman who assisted the Lewis and Clark expedition

Louisiana Purchase: American purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803.

Lewis and Clark Expedition: group that explored the Louisiana Territory and lands west also known as the Corps of Discovery.

Zebulon Pike: leader of a southern expedition in the Louisiana Territory

Corps: a number of people acting together for a similar purpose.

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE AND EXPLORATION

Lewis and Clark- set to explore American West. Hired French trapper as an interpreter with Native Americans.

His young wife Sacagawea- Shoshone Indian

Led many of Native American Tribes that they come in peace.

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE

West was defined as the area between the Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River in 1800.

France and Spain – negotiating ownership of the Louisiana Territory region Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains.

THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND NEW ORLEANS

Secret Treaty in 1800 – Spain returned the port back to France.

The United States Expands U.S. offered to buy New Orleans from

France – France asked to buy all the Louisiana Purchase- 15 million – 3cents an acre

Exploring the Louisiana Territory Had to learn about the Territory

LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION

Corps of Discovery – Later called Lewis and Clark Expedition.

York--- African American Slave hunting skills – 1st black man the Native American had seen.

THE JOURNEY BEGINS

Set out Summer of 1803- St. Louis (Gateway to the West)

March 1804- American flag flew over St. Louis for 1st time.

West to Ocean Jefferson instructed to explore the Missouri River in

hopes of water route across Continent. Est. food relations with native Americans

1. Landscape 2. Plants 3. Animals

Continued on to the Columbia River which reaches the Pacific Ocean

Learned – all water route did not exist

Good maps of the Territory Zebulon Pike- (1806) Explorer left

Saint Louis on a Southerly route to find sources of the Arkansas and Red Rivers.

SECTION 3 IMPORTANT VOCABULARY Embargo Act of 1807: law that forbade American

Ships from sailing from sailing to foreign ports and closed American ports British ships.

Tecumseh : Shawnee chief who sought to stop the loss of Native American land to white settlers

War Hawk: western who supported the war of 1812 Oliver Hazard Perry: naval officer who led the U.S.

victory over the British on Lake Erie in 1813. Tribute: Payment in exchange for protection Impressments: the act of seizing by force, between

1803 and 1812, the British impressed, or kidnapped about 6,000 American sailors to work on British ships.

Coercion: Practice of forcing someone to act in a certain way by use of pressure or threats.

THE WAR OF 1812

U.S. at War with Tripoli- a state of Barbary Coast – North Africa

Barbary Pirates- U.S. Paying tribute or protection money attacking U.S. Ships (Wanted more Money)

Stephen Decatur- set a fire to U.S. ship Philadelphia

A PATH TO WAR

Jefferson wanted friendships with all nations- (Alliances with none)

Trouble due to American merchants throughout the world.

Problems with France and England U.S. ships bound for Britain captured by France U.S. ships bound for France captured by Britain.Lack of British sailors – Great Britain used Impressments

or Kidnapping of American Merchant Sailors (1803- 1812) 6,000 sailors

No More Trade Jefferson instead of Declaring War – Legislation to stop all

foreign trade. Peaceable Coercion- Act certain way by pressure or threats.

EMBARGO ACT OF 1807

Forbade American ships from sailing to foreign ports.

Closed American ports to British. Most lost money 1. Farmers : 2. Merchants : Became part of election on 1808- Madison won-

Repeated the Act Allowed merchants to trade with anyone but Great

Britain and France. Law not effective

TECUMSEH AND NATIVE AMERICAN UNITY

Americans also felt Great Britain was stirring up the Native Americans to stop our expansion.

Tecumseh: Shawnee Chief- vowed to stop the movement west to unite tribes

William Henry Harrison- Governor of Indiana Territory had some tribes sell land – Tecumseh declared treaty void.

Harrison’s forces defeated Shawnee and The Battle of Tippecanoe

THE WAR OF 1812

Those who wanted to go to war with Great Britain for helping American / Policy on Seas

War Hawks: President Madison – asked to declare war on

Britain 1812 1812-1814 Great Britain – concentrated on

war with France Battled on the Seas- Constitution and United

States won battles at sea. Most important U.S. Naval victories took place

on Lake Erie – Commodore- Oliver Hazard Perry- “Don’t Give up the Ship”

General Harrison attacked a retreating British army in Canada- defeated British at the Battle of Thames. Took life of Tecumseh

THE SECOND PHASE OF THE WAR

British defeated Napoleon in Europe Britain now free to attack U.S. British burned Whitehouse and capital building British attacked Fort McHenry Francis Scott Key wrote The Star Spangle Banner American fleet defeated British battle of Lake

Champlain Battle of New Orleans

General Andrew Jackson Treaty of Ghent – slow mail –ended the war- 2 weeks

earlier No Clear winner in war of 1812.