The Jefferson Era

The Election of 1800

• John Adams vs. Thomas Jefferson• At the time, the Constitution

stated that electors were to cast 2 ballots without indicating which one was for president and which one was for vice president.• The candidate with the

majority of votes became president, and the candidate with the next-largest number of votes became vice president.

The Election of 1800

• The Democratic-Republicans had planned to vote for Jefferson and his running mate Aaron Burr. • One of the electors was instructed to

abstain from casting his second vote for Aaron Burr, which would have allowed Jefferson to have one more electoral vote than Burr.• The plan was mishandled though, and

each elector voted for both Jefferson and also Burr. • The result was a tie between Jefferson

and Burr.

The Election of 1800

• Because of the tie, the House of Representatives had to decide the election.• In the House, Federalists tried to

keep Jefferson from becoming president by supporting Burr.• For 35 ballots, the election

remained tied.• Finally, on the 36th ballot, one

Federalist decided not to vote for Burr. Jefferson had finally won.• Clip

The 12th Amendment

• As a result of the 1800 election, Congress passed the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution in 1803.• The Twelfth Amendment states that electors in the Electoral College must cast one of their votes for president and the other for vice president.

Thomas Jefferson – 3rd President of the United States• Born in Virginia• Founding Father• Author of the Declaration of Independence• Governor of Virginia• First U.S. Secretary of State • Organized the Democratic-Republican Party• 2nd Vice President of the U.S.• Clip

Jefferson as President

• As President, Jefferson reduced the national debt and cut down on military expenses.• His government got rid of

federal taxes. They only collected taxes on imported goods.• Under Jefferson, the

government’s income came from customs duties and the sale of western lands.

Marbury vs. Madison

• In the months leading up to Jefferson’s inauguration, Adams appointed William Marbury as justice of the peace for the District of Columbia.• When Marbury did not receive

his commission, he asked the Supreme Court to force its delivery. • The court said it did not have

the jurisdiction to do so.• The result was the case Marbury

vs. Madison.

Marbury vs. Madison

• Marbury vs. Madison established three principles of judicial review:• 1. The Constitution is

the supreme law of the land.• 2. The Constitution

must be followed when there is a conflict with any other law.• 3. The judicial branch

can declare laws unconstitutional.

The Haitian Revolution

• Inspired by the ideas of the French Revolution, Toussant L’Ouverture led enslaved Africans and other laborers in a revolt on the French colony of Saint Domingue.• After fierce fighting, the rebels won and

declared the colony an independent republic. • The new country became known as

Haiti.• The Haitian Revolution is the only slave revolt which led to the founding of a state (or nation).

The Louisiana Purchase

• At the beginning of Jefferson’s presidency, the territory of the United States extended only to the Mississippi River.• The territory west of that –

Louisiana – belonged to Spain.• In 1802, Spain transferred the

territory to France.• Jefferson became worried that

the French leader, Napoleon Bonaparte, might try to create an empire in America.

The Louisiana Purchase -1803

• When France offered to sell the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million, the United States quickly accepted the offer. • Jefferson worried the purchase might not be legal as the Constitution said nothing about acquiring new territory.• The Senate approved the purchase in October 1803.• The purchase of the Louisiana Territory doubled the size of the United States.

The Lewis and Clark Expedition

• Americans knew little about the land west of the Mississippi, and Jefferson wanted to learn about the territory he had just acquired.• He persuaded Congress to

sponsor an expedition to gather information on the new land.• The expedition would document

the territory’s people, plants, and animals.• The expedition also hoped to find

the fabled Northwest Passage, a water route across North America.

Lewis and Clark

• Jefferson chose Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to head the expedition of the newly acquired Louisiana Territory.• Together, Lewis and Clark

assembled a crew of expert sailors, gunsmiths, carpenters, scouts, and a cook. Two men served as interpreters.• The began their expedition in

St. Louis in the spring of 1804.

Lewis and Clark / Sacagewea

• Along the way, the Lewis and Clark expedition encountered many Native American groups.

• A Shoshone woman named Sacagewea joined the group as a guide.

• After 18 months and nearly 4,000 miles, Lewis and Clark reached the Pacific Ocean.

• They finally made it back east in September of 1806.

• Their journey inspired many people to move westward.

• Clip• Clip - America the Story of Us

Lewis and Clark Assignment – worth 25 points• Using the timeline that you have been provided, you need to create

an illustrated map of Lewis and Clark’s expedition.• Specifically, you need to trace Lewis and Clark’s voyage, and

illustrate various events (at least 10) that happened along the way. • Some events you may want to include are: the starting point of the

voyage, entering the Great Plains, encountering the Natives, employing Sacagawea as a guide, the birth of Sacagawea’s son, and reaching the Pacific Ocean.• I will be grading as follows:

• Ten Events – 1 point each• Accuracy of Content – 5 points• Color – 5 points• Creativity – 5 points

Pike’s Expedition

• Lewis and Clark were not the only people Jefferson sent to explore the wilderness.• Lieutenant Zebulon Pike led two

expeditions west between 1805 and 1807.• From Pike’s travels, he learned

about the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains.• In Colorado, Pike found a snowcapped mountain that we now call Pike’s Peak.

The Burr-Hamilton Duel• The Burr-Hamilton Duel arose from a long-standing animosity between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton.• Burr and Hamilton had opposing political

beliefs, and were fierce rivals.• In 1804, Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel.• The duel took place in Weehawken, NJ, and it resulted in the death of Alexander Hamilton.• Burr was charged with murder, but was never tried. The charges were eventually dropped.• Clip• Commercial

Burr-Hamilton Duel Assignment – worth 20 points• For this assignment, you are to pretend that you witnessed the duel

between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton and create a 1-page written account of the event. Your account can be in any of the following formats: news story, poem, rap, diary entry, or letter.• In the account, you need to mention the circumstances that led to

the duel, and you will also need to mention the facts relating to the duel itself. • I will be grading as follows:

• Accuracy of Content – 5 points• Effort – 5 points• Followed Instructions – 5 points• Creativity – 5 points

Barbary Pirates

• During Jefferson’s presidency, pirates from the Barbary States of North Africa terrorized European ships sailing on the Mediterranean Sea.• The pirates demanded

that governments pay tribute to allow their country’s ships to pass safely.• If tribute was not paid, the

pirates attacked and took ships, and imprisoned crews.

First Barbary War (1801-1805)

• The Barbary States also demanded that the United States pay tribute. • When President Jefferson refused to pay tribute, the Barbary States declared war on the United States.• In response, Jefferson sent

ships to blockade Tripoli (on the coast of North Africa).• The First Barbary War ended with an American victory.

The Election of 1808

• James Madison vs. Charles Pinckney• Madison was

Democratic-Republican. Pinckney was Federalist.• Madison won the

presidency with 122 electoral votes. Pinckney received just 47 votes.

James Madison – 4th President of the United States• Born in Virginia• Author of the Virginia Plan• Father of the Constitution• Father of the Bill of Rights• Congressman (1789-1797)• Organized the Democratic-Republican Party• Secretary of State (1801-1809)• Clip

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

• The Battle of Tippecanoe was fought between the United States and the Shawnee tribe over Shawnee opposition to American expansion.• The Shawnee’s leader was Tecumseh.• While Tecumseh was away, the U.S.

forces attacked. • The Americans, led by William Henry Harrison, won at Tippecanoe, but the battle convinced the Shawnee that they should create an alliance with the British.

The War of 1812 - Causes

• In the early 1800s, Britain and France were once again at war.• This led to various trade restrictions between the U.S. and both Britain and France.• In addition, the British began practicing impressment by stopping American ships and forcing American sailors to join the Royal Navy.• The British also began supporting behind Native American tribes who were against American expansion.

The War of 1812

• The war began in June 1812.• The United States was unprepared. Many had underestimated the power of the British and their Native allies.• The war was fought on 3 principal theatres:• At sea• The American-Canadian

frontier• The American South /

Gulf Coast

The War of 1812 – Major Battles / Events• The British blockade the coast (1812)• Americans defeat the British on Lake Erie (1813)• Americans defeat the British at the Battle of Thames

(1813)• The British burn Washington, D.C. (1814)• The Americans re-capture Washington, D.C., and defeat the British at Ft. McHenry (1814)• Americans win the Battle of Champlain (1814)• General Andrew Jackson defeats the British at New Orleans (1815)

The Burning of Washington• In August 1814, the British sailed into Chesapeake Bay and launched an attack on Washington, D.C.• The British quickly overpowered the American

militia, and marched into the capital.• They proceeded to burn everything connected to the government, including the Capitol and the president’s mansion.• While the presidential mansion was being evacuated, First Lady Dolley Madison is credited with ordering that the portrait of George Washington be removed to a safe location. • Clip

The Star Spangled Banner• The British did not try to hold Washington,

D.C. Instead, they headed to Baltimore.• In Baltimore, a determined American defense force at Ft. McHenry was able to keep the British from entering the city.• As bombs burst over Ft. McHenry that night, a local attorney Francis Scott Key watched.• When he saw the American flag still flying over the for the next morning, he was inspired to write a poem called “The Star Spangled Banner.” • Since 1931, “The Star Spangled Banner” has been our national anthem.• Clip

Create your own National Anthem

• For this assignment, you are to apply your knowledge of the Star Spangled Banner to create your own national anthem. Your anthem should come in the form of a poem, although the poem does not necessarily have to rhyme.• Your anthem needs to have a name, and it should

consist of at least 4 verses. Your anthem should express what the United States means to you.• I will be grading as follows:• Creativity – 5 points• 4 Verses – 5 points each

One Final Battle – The Battle of New Orleans• One final, ferocious battle occurred before

word of the treaty reached the United States.• On January 8, 1815, the British advanced

on New Orleans.• Waiting for them were Andrew Jackson and

his troops.• The advancing British provided easy targets

for the American troops. • In a short but gruesome battle, hundreds of

British soldiers were killed. • The Battle of New Orleans ended with a decisive American victory, and it made Andrew Jackson a national hero.

The End of the War

• By late 1814, the British realized the war in America was too costly and unnecessary.• In December 1814, representatives from both nations met to sign a peace agreement called the Treaty of Ghent.• Although there were no boundary changes, the War of 1812 gave Americans a new sense of patriotism.• The young nation also gained new respect from other nations around the world.